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Korkutata M, De Luca R, Fitzgerald B, Arrigoni E, Scammell TE. Afferent projections to the Calca /CGRP-expressing parabrachial neurons in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.07.593004. [PMID: 38766214 PMCID: PMC11100666 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.07.593004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The parabrachial nucleus (PB), located in the dorsolateral pons, contains primarily glutamatergic neurons which regulate responses to a variety of interoceptive and cutaneous sensory signals. The lateral PB subpopulation expressing the Calca gene which produces the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) relays signals related to threatening stimuli such as hypercarbia, pain, and nausea, yet the afferents to these neurons are only partially understood. We mapped the afferent projections to the lateral part of the PB in mice using conventional cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) retrograde tracing, and then used conditional rabies virus retrograde tracing to map monosynaptic inputs specifically targeting the PB Calca /CGRP neurons. Using vesicular GABA (vGAT) and glutamate (vGLUT2) transporter reporter mice, we found that lateral PB neurons receive GABAergic afferents from regions such as the lateral part of the central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral dorsal subnucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, substantia innominata, and the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray. Additionally, they receive glutamatergic afferents from the infralimbic and insular cortex, paraventricular nucleus, parasubthalamic nucleus, trigeminal complex, medullary reticular nucleus, and nucleus of the solitary tract. Using anterograde tracing and confocal microscopy, we then identified close axonal appositions between these afferents and PB Calca /CGRP neurons. Finally, we used channelrhodopsin-assisted circuit mapping to test whether some of these inputs directly synapse upon the PB Calca /CGRP neurons. These findings provide a comprehensive neuroanatomical framework for understanding the afferent projections regulating the PB Calca /CGRP neurons.
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Bak MS, Park H, Yoon H, Chung G, Shin H, Shin S, Kim TW, Lee K, Nägerl UV, Kim SJ, Kim SK. Machine learning-based evaluation of spontaneous pain and analgesics from cellular calcium signals in the mouse primary somatosensory cortex using explainable features. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1356453. [PMID: 38450042 PMCID: PMC10915002 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1356453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pain that arises spontaneously is considered more clinically relevant than pain evoked by external stimuli. However, measuring spontaneous pain in animal models in preclinical studies is challenging due to methodological limitations. To address this issue, recently we developed a deep learning (DL) model to assess spontaneous pain using cellular calcium signals of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in awake head-fixed mice. However, DL operate like a "black box", where their decision-making process is not transparent and is difficult to understand, which is especially evident when our DL model classifies different states of pain based on cellular calcium signals. In this study, we introduce a novel machine learning (ML) model that utilizes features that were manually extracted from S1 calcium signals, including the dynamic changes in calcium levels and the cell-to-cell activity correlations. Method We focused on observing neural activity patterns in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) of mice using two-photon calcium imaging after injecting a calcium indicator (GCaMP6s) into the S1 cortex neurons. We extracted features related to the ratio of up and down-regulated cells in calcium activity and the correlation level of activity between cells as input data for the ML model. The ML model was validated using a Leave-One-Subject-Out Cross-Validation approach to distinguish between non-pain, pain, and drug-induced analgesic states. Results and discussion The ML model was designed to classify data into three distinct categories: non-pain, pain, and drug-induced analgesic states. Its versatility was demonstrated by successfully classifying different states across various pain models, including inflammatory and neuropathic pain, as well as confirming its utility in identifying the analgesic effects of drugs like ketoprofen, morphine, and the efficacy of magnolin, a candidate analgesic compound. In conclusion, our ML model surpasses the limitations of previous DL approaches by leveraging manually extracted features. This not only clarifies the decision-making process of the ML model but also yields insights into neuronal activity patterns associated with pain, facilitating preclinical studies of analgesics with higher potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong Seong Bak
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of AI and Data Analysis, Neurogrin Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Haney Park
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Preclinical R&D, Neurogrin Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heera Yoon
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Preclinical R&D, Neurogrin Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Geehoon Chung
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Shin
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonho Shin
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai Wan Kim
- Department of Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjoon Lee
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - U. Valentin Nägerl
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, CNRS UMR 5297 and University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sang Jeong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Kwang Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Li SH, Li S, Kirouac GJ. Analysis of Monosynaptic Inputs to Thalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Neurons Innervating the Shell of the Nucleus Accumbens and Central Extended Amygdala. Neuroscience 2024; 537:151-164. [PMID: 38056620 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) sends dense projections to the shell of the nucleus accumbens (NAcSh), dorsolateral region of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTDL) and the lateral region of central nucleus of the amygdala (CeL). Projection specific modulation of these pathways has been shown to regulate appetitive and aversive behavioral responses. The present investigation applied an intersectional monosynaptic rabies tracing approach to quantify the brain-wide sources of afferent input to PVT neurons that primarily project to the NAcSh, BSTDL and CeL. The results demonstrate that these projection neurons receive monosynaptic input from similar brain regions. The prefrontal cortex and the ventral subiculum of the hippocampus were major sources of input to the PVT projection neurons. In addition, the lateral septal nucleus, thalamic reticular nucleus and the hypothalamic medial preoptic area, dorsomedial, ventromedial, and arcuate nuclei were sources of input. The subfornical organ, parasubthalamic nucleus, periaqueductal gray matter, lateral parabrachial nucleus, and nucleus of the solitary tract were consistent but lesser sources of input. This input-output relationship is consistent with recent observations that PVT neurons have axons that bifurcate extensively to divergently innervate the NAcSh, BSTDL and CeL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Hong Li
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Sa Li
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Gilbert J Kirouac
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0W2, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0W2, Canada.
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4
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Gonzalo-Martín E, Alonso-Martínez C, Sepúlveda LP, Clasca F. Micropopulation mapping of the mouse parafascicular nucleus connections reveals diverse input-output motifs. Front Neuroanat 2024; 17:1305500. [PMID: 38260117 PMCID: PMC10800635 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1305500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In primates, including humans, the centromedian/parafascicular (CM-Pf) complex is a key thalamic node of the basal ganglia system. Deep brain stimulation in CM-Pf has been applied for the treatment of motor disorders such as Parkinson's disease or Tourette syndrome. Rodents have become widely used models for the study of the cellular and genetic mechanisms of these and other motor disorders. However, the equivalence between the primate CM-Pf and the nucleus regarded as analogous in rodents (Parafascicular, Pf) remains unclear. Methods Here, we analyzed the neurochemical architecture and carried out a brain-wide mapping of the input-output motifs in the mouse Pf at micropopulation level using anterograde and retrograde labeling methods. Specifically, we mapped and quantified the sources of cortical and subcortical input to different Pf subregions, and mapped and compared the distribution and terminal structure of their axons. Results We found that projections to Pf arise predominantly (>75%) from the cerebral cortex, with an unusually strong (>45%) Layer 5b component, which is, in part, contralateral. The intermediate layers of the superior colliculus are the main subcortical input source to Pf. On its output side, Pf neuron axons predominantly innervate the striatum. In a sparser fashion, they innervate other basal ganglia nuclei, including the subthalamic nucleus (STN), and the cerebral cortex. Differences are evident between the lateral and medial portions of Pf, both in chemoarchitecture and in connectivity. Lateral Pf axons innervate territories of the striatum, STN and cortex involved in the sensorimotor control of different parts of the contralateral hemibody. In contrast, the mediodorsal portion of Pf innervates oculomotor-limbic territories in the above three structures. Discussion Our data thus indicate that the mouse Pf consists of several neurochemically and connectively distinct domains whose global organization bears a marked similarity to that described in the primate CM-Pf complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Francisco Clasca
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Autónoma de Madrid University, Madrid, Spain
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Kamali A, Milosavljevic S, Gandhi A, Lano KR, Shobeiri P, Sherbaf FG, Sair HI, Riascos RF, Hasan KM. The Cortico-Limbo-Thalamo-Cortical Circuits: An Update to the Original Papez Circuit of the Human Limbic System. Brain Topogr 2023; 36:371-389. [PMID: 37148369 PMCID: PMC10164017 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-023-00955-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The Papez circuit, first proposed by James Papez in 1937, is a circuit believed to control memory and emotions, composed of the cingulate cortex, entorhinal cortex, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and thalamus. Pursuant to James Papez, Paul Yakovlev and Paul MacLean incorporated the prefrontal/orbitofrontal cortex, septum, amygdalae, and anterior temporal lobes into the limbic system. Over the past few years, diffusion-weighted tractography techniques revealed additional limbic fiber connectivity, which incorporates multiple circuits to the already known complex limbic network. In the current review, we aimed to comprehensively summarize the anatomy of the limbic system and elaborate on the anatomical connectivity of the limbic circuits based on the published literature as an update to the original Papez circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Kamali
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Neuroradiology Section, University of Texas at Houston, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | | | - Anusha Gandhi
- Baylor College of Medicine Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kinsey R Lano
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Parnian Shobeiri
- Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University Medical School, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Ghazi Sherbaf
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Neuroradiology, The Russell H. Morgan, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Haris I Sair
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Neuroradiology, The Russell H. Morgan, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Roy F Riascos
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Neuroradiology Section, University of Texas at Houston, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Khader M Hasan
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Neuroradiology Section, University of Texas at Houston, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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Wang F, Chen Y, Lin Y, Wang X, Li K, Han Y, Wu J, Shi X, Zhu Z, Long C, Hu X, Duan S, Gao Z. A parabrachial to hypothalamic pathway mediates defensive behavior. eLife 2023; 12:85450. [PMID: 36930206 PMCID: PMC10023160 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Defensive behaviors are critical for animal's survival. Both the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) have been shown to be involved in defensive behaviors. However, whether there are direct connections between them to mediate defensive behaviors remains unclear. Here, by retrograde and anterograde tracing, we uncover that cholecystokinin (CCK)-expressing neurons in the lateral PBN (LPBCCK) directly project to the PVN. By in vivo fiber photometry recording, we find that LPBCCK neurons actively respond to various threat stimuli. Selective photoactivation of LPBCCK neurons promotes aversion and defensive behaviors. Conversely, photoinhibition of LPBCCK neurons attenuates rat or looming stimuli-induced flight responses. Optogenetic activation of LPBCCK axon terminals within the PVN or PVN glutamatergic neurons promotes defensive behaviors. Whereas chemogenetic and pharmacological inhibition of local PVN neurons prevent LPBCCK-PVN pathway activation-driven flight responses. These data suggest that LPBCCK neurons recruit downstream PVN neurons to actively engage in flight responses. Our study identifies a previously unrecognized role for the LPBCCK-PVN pathway in controlling defensive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Labotatory of Brain-machine intelligence, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yuge Chen
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Labotatory of Brain-machine intelligence, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yuxin Lin
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Labotatory of Brain-machine intelligence, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xuze Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Labotatory of Brain-machine intelligence, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Kaiyuan Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Labotatory of Brain-machine intelligence, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yong Han
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Labotatory of Brain-machine intelligence, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jintao Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Labotatory of Brain-machine intelligence, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xingyi Shi
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Labotatory of Brain-machine intelligence, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Zhenggang Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Labotatory of Brain-machine intelligence, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Chaoying Long
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Labotatory of Brain-machine intelligence, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xiaojun Hu
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Shumin Duan
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Labotatory of Brain-machine intelligence, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Institute for Translational Brain Research, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- The Institute of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Zhejiang University City CollegeHangzhouChina
- Chuanqi Research and Development Center of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Zhihua Gao
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Labotatory of Brain-machine intelligence, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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Gao C, Gohel CA, Leng Y, Ma J, Goldman D, Levine AJ, Penzo MA. Molecular and spatial profiling of the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus. eLife 2023; 12:81818. [PMID: 36867023 PMCID: PMC10014079 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) is known to regulate various cognitive and behavioral processes. However, while functional diversity among PVT circuits has often been linked to cellular differences, the molecular identity and spatial distribution of PVT cell types remain unclear. To address this gap, here we used single nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) and identified five molecularly distinct PVT neuronal subtypes in the mouse brain. Additionally, multiplex fluorescent in situ hybridization of top marker genes revealed that PVT subtypes are organized by a combination of previously unidentified molecular gradients. Lastly, comparing our dataset with a recently published single-cell sequencing atlas of the thalamus yielded novel insight into the PVT's connectivity with the cortex, including unexpected innervation of auditory and visual areas. This comparison also revealed that our data contains a largely non-overlapping transcriptomic map of multiple midline thalamic nuclei. Collectively, our findings uncover previously unknown features of the molecular diversity and anatomical organization of the PVT and provide a valuable resource for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gao
- National Institute of Mental HealthBethesdaUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - Chiraag A Gohel
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and AlcoholismRockvilleUnited States
| | - Yan Leng
- National Institute of Mental HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Jun Ma
- National Institute of Mental HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - David Goldman
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and AlcoholismRockvilleUnited States
| | - Ariel J Levine
- National Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentBethesdaUnited States
| | - Mario A Penzo
- National Institute of Mental HealthBethesdaUnited States
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Santana NNM, Silva EHA, dos Santos SF, Costa MSMO, Nascimento Junior ES, Engelberth RCJG, Cavalcante JS. Retinorecipient areas in the common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus): An image-forming and non-image forming circuitry. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1088686. [PMID: 36817647 PMCID: PMC9932520 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1088686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian retina captures a multitude of diverse features from the external environment and conveys them via the optic nerve to a myriad of retinorecipient nuclei. Understanding how retinal signals act in distinct brain functions is one of the most central and established goals of neuroscience. Using the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a monkey from Northeastern Brazil, as an animal model for parsing how retinal innervation works in the brain, started decades ago due to their marmoset's small bodies, rapid reproduction rate, and brain features. In the course of that research, a large amount of new and sophisticated neuroanatomical techniques was developed and employed to explain retinal connectivity. As a consequence, image and non-image-forming regions, functions, and pathways, as well as retinal cell types were described. Image-forming circuits give rise directly to vision, while the non-image-forming territories support circadian physiological processes, although part of their functional significance is uncertain. Here, we reviewed the current state of knowledge concerning retinal circuitry in marmosets from neuroanatomical investigations. We have also highlighted the aspects of marmoset retinal circuitry that remain obscure, in addition, to identify what further research is needed to better understand the connections and functions of retinorecipient structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelyane Nayara M. Santana
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Department of Physiology and Behavior, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Eryck H. A. Silva
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Department of Physiology and Behavior, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Sâmarah F. dos Santos
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Department of Physiology and Behavior, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Miriam S. M. O. Costa
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Department of Morphology, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Expedito S. Nascimento Junior
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Department of Morphology, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Rovena Clara J. G. Engelberth
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Department of Physiology and Behavior, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Jeferson S. Cavalcante
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Department of Physiology and Behavior, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil,*Correspondence: Jeferson S. Cavalcante,
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Vertes RP, Linley SB, Rojas AKP. Structural and functional organization of the midline and intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:964644. [PMID: 36082310 PMCID: PMC9445584 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.964644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The midline and intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus form a major part of the "limbic thalamus;" that is, thalamic structures anatomically and functionally linked with the limbic forebrain. The midline nuclei consist of the paraventricular (PV) and paratenial nuclei, dorsally and the rhomboid and nucleus reuniens (RE), ventrally. The rostral intralaminar nuclei (ILt) consist of the central medial (CM), paracentral (PC) and central lateral (CL) nuclei. We presently concentrate on RE, PV, CM and CL nuclei of the thalamus. The nucleus reuniens receives a diverse array of input from limbic-related sites, and predominantly projects to the hippocampus and to "limbic" cortices. The RE participates in various cognitive functions including spatial working memory, executive functions (attention, behavioral flexibility) and affect/fear behavior. The PV receives significant limbic-related afferents, particularly the hypothalamus, and mainly distributes to "affective" structures of the forebrain including the bed nucleus of stria terminalis, nucleus accumbens and the amygdala. Accordingly, PV serves a critical role in "motivated behaviors" such as arousal, feeding/consummatory behavior and drug addiction. The rostral ILt receives both limbic and sensorimotor-related input and distributes widely over limbic and motor regions of the frontal cortex-and throughout the dorsal striatum. The intralaminar thalamus is critical for maintaining consciousness and directly participates in various sensorimotor functions (visuospatial or reaction time tasks) and cognitive tasks involving striatal-cortical interactions. As discussed herein, while each of the midline and intralaminar nuclei are anatomically and functionally distinct, they collectively serve a vital role in several affective, cognitive and executive behaviors - as major components of a brainstem-diencephalic-thalamocortical circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P. Vertes
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Stephanie B. Linley
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
- Department of Psychological Science, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, GA, United States
| | - Amanda K. P. Rojas
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
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Kirouac GJ, Li S, Li S. Convergence of monosynaptic inputs from neurons in the brainstem and forebrain on parabrachial neurons that project to the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:2409-2437. [PMID: 35838792 PMCID: PMC9418111 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02534-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) projects to areas of the forebrain involved in regulating behavior. Homeostatic challenges and salient cues activate the PVT and evidence shows that the PVT regulates appetitive and aversive responses. The brainstem is a source of afferents to the PVT and the present study was done to determine if the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB) is a relay for inputs to the PVT. Retrograde tracing experiments with cholera toxin B (CTB) demonstrate that the LPB contains more PVT projecting neurons than other regions of the brainstem including the catecholamine cell groups. The hypothesis that the LPB is a relay for signals to the PVT was assessed using an intersectional monosynaptic rabies tracing approach. Sources of inputs to LPB included the reticular formation; periaqueductal gray (PAG); nucleus cuneiformis; and superior and inferior colliculi. Distinctive clusters of input cells to LPB-PVT projecting neurons were also found in the dorsolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTDL) and the lateral central nucleus of the amygdala (CeL). Anterograde viral tracing demonstrates that LPB-PVT neurons densely innervate all regions of the PVT in addition to providing collateral innervation to the preoptic area, lateral hypothalamus, zona incerta and PAG but not the BSTDL and CeL. The paper discusses the anatomical evidence that suggests that the PVT is part of a network of interconnected neurons involved in arousal, homeostasis, and the regulation of behavioral states with forebrain regions potentially providing descending modulation or gating of signals relayed from the LPB to the PVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert J Kirouac
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W2, Canada. .,Departments of Psychiatry and Human Anatomy and Cell Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W2, Canada.
| | - Sa Li
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Shuanghong Li
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W2, Canada
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11
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Karthik S, Huang D, Delgado Y, Laing JJ, Peltekian L, Iverson GN, Grady F, Miller RL, McCann CM, Fritzsch B, Iskusnykh IY, Chizhikov VV, Geerling JC. Molecular ontology of the parabrachial nucleus. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:1658-1699. [PMID: 35134251 PMCID: PMC9119955 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This article has been removed because of a technical problem in the rendering of the PDF. 11 February 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dake Huang
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | | | | | - Lila Peltekian
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | | | - Fillan Grady
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Rebecca L. Miller
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyWashington University School of MedicineSaint LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Corey M. McCann
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyWashington University School of MedicineSaint LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Bernd Fritzsch
- Iowa Neuroscience InstituteIowa CityIowaUSA
- Department of BiologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Igor Y. Iskusnykh
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Victor V. Chizhikov
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Joel C. Geerling
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
- Iowa Neuroscience InstituteIowa CityIowaUSA
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12
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Kamel LY, Xiong W, Gott BM, Kumar A, Conway CR. Vagus nerve stimulation: An update on a novel treatment for treatment-resistant depression. J Neurol Sci 2022; 434:120171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Pauli JL, Chen JY, Basiri ML, Park S, Carter ME, Sanz E, McKnight GS, Stuber GD, Palmiter RD. Molecular and anatomical characterization of parabrachial neurons and their axonal projections. eLife 2022; 11:81868. [PMID: 36317965 PMCID: PMC9668336 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The parabrachial nucleus (PBN) is a major hub that receives sensory information from both internal and external environments. Specific populations of PBN neurons are involved in behaviors including food and water intake, nociceptive responses, breathing regulation, as well as learning and responding appropriately to threatening stimuli. However, it is unclear how many PBN neuron populations exist and how different behaviors may be encoded by unique signaling molecules or receptors. Here we provide a repository of data on the molecular identity, spatial location, and projection patterns of dozens of PBN neuron subclusters. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified 21 subclusters of neurons in the PBN and neighboring regions. Multiplexed in situ hybridization showed many of these subclusters are enriched within specific PBN subregions with scattered cells in several other regions. We also provide detailed visualization of the axonal projections from 21 Cre-driver lines of mice. These results are all publicly available for download and provide a foundation for further interrogation of PBN functions and connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L Pauli
- Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Jane Y Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Marcus L Basiri
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States,Department of Pharmacology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Sekun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Matthew E Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Elisenda Sanz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - G Stanley McKnight
- Department of Pharmacology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Garret D Stuber
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States,Department of Pharmacology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Richard D Palmiter
- Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
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14
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Mercer Lindsay N, Chen C, Gilam G, Mackey S, Scherrer G. Brain circuits for pain and its treatment. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabj7360. [PMID: 34757810 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abj7360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Mercer Lindsay
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Biology, CNC Program, Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chong Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Gadi Gilam
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Sean Mackey
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Grégory Scherrer
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,New York Stem Cell Foundation-Robertson Investigator, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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15
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Ahmed N, Headley DB, Paré D. Optogenetic study of central medial and paraventricular thalamic projections to the basolateral amygdala. J Neurophysiol 2021; 126:1234-1247. [PMID: 34469705 PMCID: PMC8560422 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00253.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The central medial (CMT) and paraventricular (PVT) thalamic nuclei project strongly to the basolateral amygdala (BL). Similarities between the responsiveness of CMT, PVT, and BL neurons suggest that these nuclei strongly influence BL activity. Supporting this possibility, an electron microscopic study reported that, in contrast with other extrinsic afferents, CMT and PVT axon terminals form very few synapses with BL interneurons. However, since limited sampling is a concern in electron microscopic studies, the present investigation was undertaken to compare the impact of CMT and PVT thalamic inputs on principal and local-circuit BL neurons with optogenetic methods and whole cell recordings in vitro. Optogenetic stimulation of CMT and PVT axons elicited glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) or excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in principal cells and interneurons, but they generally had a longer latency in interneurons. Moreover, after blockade of polysynaptic interactions with tetrodotoxin (TTX), a lower proportion of interneurons (50%) than principal cells (90%) remained responsive to CMT and PVT inputs. Although the presence of TTX-resistant responses in some interneurons indicates that CMT and PVT inputs directly contact some local-circuit cells, their lower incidence and amplitude after TTX suggest that CMT and PVT inputs form fewer synapses with them than with principal BL cells. Together, these results indicate that CMT and PVT inputs mainly contact principal BL neurons such that when CMT or PVT neurons fire, limited feedforward inhibition counters their excitatory influence over principal BL cells. However, CMT and PVT axons can also recruit interneurons indirectly, via the activation of principal cells, thereby generating feedback inhibition.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Midline thalamic (MTh) nuclei contribute major projections to the basolateral amygdala (BL). Similarities between the responsiveness of MTh and BL neurons suggest that MTh neurons exert a significant influence over BL activity. Using optogenetic techniques, we show that MTh inputs mainly contact principal BL neurons such that when MTh neurons fire, little feedforward inhibition counters their excitatory influence over principal cells. Thus, MTh inputs may be major determinants of BL activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nowrin Ahmed
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Drew B Headley
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Denis Paré
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, New Jersey
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16
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Neural Plasticity in the Brain during Neuropathic Pain. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060624. [PMID: 34072638 PMCID: PMC8228570 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is an intractable chronic pain, caused by damage to the somatosensory nervous system. To date, treatment for neuropathic pain has limited effects. For the development of efficient therapeutic methods, it is essential to fully understand the pathological mechanisms of neuropathic pain. Besides abnormal sensitization in the periphery and spinal cord, accumulating evidence suggests that neural plasticity in the brain is also critical for the development and maintenance of this pain. Recent technological advances in the measurement and manipulation of neuronal activity allow us to understand maladaptive plastic changes in the brain during neuropathic pain more precisely and modulate brain activity to reverse pain states at the preclinical and clinical levels. In this review paper, we discuss the current understanding of pathological neural plasticity in the four pain-related brain areas: the primary somatosensory cortex, the anterior cingulate cortex, the periaqueductal gray, and the basal ganglia. We also discuss potential treatments for neuropathic pain based on the modulation of neural plasticity in these brain areas.
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17
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Cover KK, Mathur BN. Rostral Intralaminar Thalamus Engagement in Cognition and Behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:652764. [PMID: 33935663 PMCID: PMC8082140 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.652764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The thalamic rostral intralaminar nuclei (rILN) are a contiguous band of neurons that include the central medial, paracentral, and central lateral nuclei. The rILN differ from both thalamic relay nuclei, such as the lateral geniculate nucleus, and caudal intralaminar nuclei, such as the parafascicular nucleus, in afferent and efferent connectivity as well as physiological and synaptic properties. rILN activity is associated with a range of neural functions and behaviors, including arousal, pain, executive function, and action control. Here, we review this evidence supporting a role for the rILN in integrating arousal, executive and motor feedback information. In light of rILN projections out to the striatum, amygdala, and sensory as well as executive cortices, we propose that such a function enables the rILN to modulate cognitive and motor resources to meet task-dependent behavioral engagement demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara K Cover
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brian N Mathur
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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18
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Mair RG, Francoeur MJ, Gibson BM. Central Thalamic-Medial Prefrontal Control of Adaptive Responding in the Rat: Many Players in the Chamber. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:642204. [PMID: 33897387 PMCID: PMC8060444 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.642204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has robust afferent and efferent connections with multiple nuclei clustered in the central thalamus. These nuclei are elements in large-scale networks linking mPFC with the hippocampus, basal ganglia, amygdala, other cortical areas, and visceral and arousal systems in the brainstem that give rise to adaptive goal-directed behavior. Lesions of the mediodorsal nucleus (MD), the main source of thalamic input to middle layers of PFC, have limited effects on delayed conditional discriminations, like DMTP and DNMTP, that depend on mPFC. Recent evidence suggests that MD sustains and amplifies neuronal responses in mPFC that represent salient task-related information and is important for detecting and encoding contingencies between actions and their consequences. Lesions of rostral intralaminar (rIL) and ventromedial (VM) nuclei produce delay-independent impairments of egocentric DMTP and DNMTP that resemble effects of mPFC lesions on response speed and accuracy: results consistent with projections of rIL to striatum and VM to motor cortices. The ventral midline and anterior thalamic nuclei affect allocentric spatial cognition and memory consistent with their connections to mPFC and hippocampus. The dorsal midline nuclei spare DMTP and DNMTP. They have been implicated in behavioral-state control and response to salient stimuli in associative learning. mPFC functions are served during DNMTP by discrete populations of neurons with responses related to motor preparation, movements, lever press responses, reinforcement anticipation, reinforcement delivery, and memory delay. Population analyses show that different responses are timed so that they effectively tile the temporal interval from when DNMTP trials are initiated until the end. Event-related responses of MD neurons during DNMTP are predominantly related to movement and reinforcement, information important for DNMTP choice. These responses closely mirror the activity of mPFC neurons with similar responses. Pharmacological inactivation of MD and adjacent rIL affects the expression of diverse action- and outcome-related responses of mPFC neurons. Lesions of MD before training are associated with a shift away from movement-related responses in mPFC important for DNMTP choice. These results suggest that MD has short-term effects on the expression of event-related activity in mPFC and long-term effects that tune mPFC neurons to respond to task-specific information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Mair
- Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
| | - Miranda J Francoeur
- Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States.,Neural Engineering and Translation Lab, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Brett M Gibson
- Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
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19
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Xu Q, Wang DR, Dong H, Chen L, Lu J, Lazarus M, Cherasse Y, Chen GH, Qu WM, Huang ZL. Medial Parabrachial Nucleus Is Essential in Controlling Wakefulness in Rats. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:645877. [PMID: 33841086 PMCID: PMC8027131 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.645877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the parabrachial nucleus (PB) in the brainstem induced wakefulness in rats, suggesting which is an important nucleus that controls arousal. However, the sub-regions of PB in regulating sleep-wake cycle is still unclear. Here, we employ chemogenetics and optogenetics strategies and find that activation of the medial part of PB (MPB), but not the lateral part, induces continuous wakefulness for 10 h without sleep rebound in neither sleep amount nor the power spectra. Optogenetic activation of glutamatergic MPB neurons in sleeping rats immediately wake rats mediated by the basal forebrain (BF) and lateral hypothalamus (LH), but not the ventral medial thalamus. Most importantly, chemogenetic inhibition of PB neurons decreases wakefulness for 10 h. Conclusively, these findings indicate that the glutamatergic MPB neurons are essential in controlling wakefulness, and that MPB-BF and MPB-LH pathways are the major neuronal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dian-Ru Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael Lazarus
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoan Cherasse
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Gui-Hai Chen
- Department of Sleep Disorders and Neurology, The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei-Min Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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20
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Huang D, Grady FS, Peltekian L, Laing JJ, Geerling JC. Efferent projections of CGRP/Calca-expressing parabrachial neurons in mice. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:2911-2957. [PMID: 33715169 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The parabrachial nucleus (PB) is composed of glutamatergic neurons at the midbrain-hindbrain junction. These neurons form many subpopulations, one of which expresses Calca, which encodes the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). This Calca-expressing subpopulation has been implicated in a variety of homeostatic functions, but the overall distribution of Calca-expressing neurons in this region remains unclear. Also, while previous studies in rats and mice have identified output projections from CGRP-immunoreactive or Calca-expressing neurons, we lack a comprehensive understanding of their efferent projections. We began by identifying neurons with Calca mRNA and CGRP immunoreactivity in and around the PB, including populations in the locus coeruleus and motor trigeminal nucleus. Calca-expressing neurons in the PB prominently express the mu opioid receptor (Oprm1) and are distinct from neighboring neurons that express Foxp2 and Pdyn. Next, we used Cre-dependent anterograde tracing with synaptophysin-mCherry to map the efferent projections of these neurons. Calca-expressing PB neurons heavily target subregions of the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, basal forebrain, thalamic intralaminar and ventral posterior parvicellular nuclei, and hindbrain, in different patterns depending on the injection site location within the PB region. Retrograde axonal tracing revealed that the previously unreported hindbrain projections arise from a rostral-ventral subset of CGRP/Calca neurons. Finally, we show that these efferent projections of Calca-expressing neurons are distinct from those of neighboring PB neurons that express Pdyn. This information provides a detailed neuroanatomical framework for interpreting experimental work involving CGRP/Calca-expressing neurons and opioid action in the PB region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dake Huang
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
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21
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The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus: an integrative node underlying homeostatic behavior. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:538-549. [PMID: 33775435 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Early anatomical evidence suggested that the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) regulates arousal, as well as emotional and motivated behaviors. We discuss recent studies using modern techniques which now confirm and expand the involvement of the rodent PVT in these functions. Despite the emerging notion that the PVT is implicated in various behavioral processes, a recurrent theme is that activity in this brain region depends on internal state information arriving from the hypothalamus and brainstem, and is influenced by prior experience. We propose that the primary function of the PVT is to detect homeostatic challenges by integrating information about prior experiences, competing needs, and internal state to guide adaptive behavioral responses aimed at restoring homeostasis.
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22
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Cassel JC, Ferraris M, Quilichini P, Cholvin T, Boch L, Stephan A, Pereira de Vasconcelos A. The reuniens and rhomboid nuclei of the thalamus: A crossroads for cognition-relevant information processing? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 126:338-360. [PMID: 33766671 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Over the past twenty years, the reuniens and rhomboid (ReRh) nuclei, which constitute the ventral midline thalamus, have received constantly growing attention. Since our first review article about the functional contributions of ReRh nuclei (Cassel et al., 2013), numerous (>80) important papers have extended anatomical knowledge, including at a developmental level, introduced new and very original electrophysiological insights on ReRh functions, and brought novel results on cognitive and non-cognitive implications of the ReRh. The current review will cover these recent articles, more on Re than on Rh, and their contribution will be approached according to their affiliation with work before 2013. These neuroanatomical, electrophysiological or behavioral findings appear coherent and point to the ReRh nuclei as two major components of a multistructural system supporting numerous cognitive (and non-cognitive) functions. They gate the flow of information, perhaps especially from the medial prefrontal cortex to the hippocampus and back, and coordinate activity and processing across these two (and possibly other) brain regions of major cognitive relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Cassel
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; LNCA, UMR 7364 - CNRS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Maëva Ferraris
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, France
| | - Pascale Quilichini
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, France
| | - Thibault Cholvin
- Institute for Physiology I, University Clinics Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laurine Boch
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; LNCA, UMR 7364 - CNRS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Aline Stephan
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; LNCA, UMR 7364 - CNRS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Pereira de Vasconcelos
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; LNCA, UMR 7364 - CNRS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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23
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Kirouac GJ. The Paraventricular Nucleus of the Thalamus as an Integrating and Relay Node in the Brain Anxiety Network. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:627633. [PMID: 33732118 PMCID: PMC7959748 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.627633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain anxiety network is composed of a number of interconnected cortical regions that detect threats and execute appropriate defensive responses via projections to the shell of the nucleus accumbens (NAcSh), dorsolateral region of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTDL) and lateral region of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeL). The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) is anatomically positioned to integrate threat- and arousal-related signals from cortex and hypothalamus and then relay these signals to neural circuits in the NAcSh, BSTDL, and CeL that mediate defensive responses. This review describes the anatomical connections of the PVT that support the view that the PVT may be a critical node in the brain anxiety network. Experimental findings are reviewed showing that the arousal peptides orexins (hypocretins) act at the PVT to promote avoidance of potential threats especially following exposure of rats to a single episode of footshocks. Recent anatomical and experimental findings are discussed which show that neurons in the PVT provide divergent projections to subcortical regions that mediate defensive behaviors and that the projection to the NAcSh is critical for the enhanced social avoidance displayed in rats exposed to footshocks. A theoretical model is proposed for how the PVT integrates cortical and hypothalamic signals to modulate the behavioral responses associated with anxiety and other challenging situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert J. Kirouac
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Le May MV, Peris-Sampedro F, Stoltenborg I, Schéle E, Bake T, Adan RAH, Dickson SL. Functional and Neurochemical Identification of Ghrelin Receptor (GHSR)-Expressing Cells of the Lateral Parabrachial Nucleus in Mice. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:633018. [PMID: 33658910 PMCID: PMC7917048 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.633018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The lateral parabrachial nucleus (lPBN), located in the pons, is a well-recognized anorexigenic center harboring, amongst others, the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-expressing neurons that play a key role. The receptor for the orexigenic hormone ghrelin (the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, GHSR) is also abundantly expressed in the lPBN and ghrelin delivery to this site has recently been shown to increase food intake and alter food choice. Here we sought to explore whether GHSR-expressing cells in the lPBN (GHSR lPBN cells) contribute to feeding control, food choice and body weight gain in mice offered an obesogenic diet, involving studies in which GHSR lPBN cells were silenced. We also explored the neurochemical identity of GHSR lPBN cells. To silence GHSR lPBN cells, Ghsr-IRES-Cre male mice were bilaterally injected intra-lPBN with a Cre-dependent viral vector expressing tetanus toxin-light chain. Unlike control wild-type littermates that significantly increased in body weight on the obesogenic diet (i.e., high-fat high-sugar free choice diet comprising chow, lard and 9% sucrose solution), the heterozygous mice with silenced GHSR lPBN cells were resistant to diet-induced weight gain with significantly lower food intake and fat weight. The lean phenotype appeared to result from a decreased food intake compared to controls and caloric efficiency was unaltered. Additionally, silencing the GHSR lPBN cells altered food choice, significantly reducing palatable food consumption. RNAscope and immunohistochemical studies of the lPBN revealed considerable co-expression of GHSR with glutamate and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), and much less with neurotensin, substance P and CGRP. Thus, the GHSR lPBN cells are important for diet-induced weight gain and adiposity, as well as in the regulation of food intake and food choice. Most GHSR lPBN cells were found to be glutamatergic and the majority (76%) do not belong to the well-characterized anorexigenic CGRP cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie V Le May
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fiona Peris-Sampedro
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Iris Stoltenborg
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Schéle
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tina Bake
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Roger A H Adan
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Suzanne L Dickson
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Suarez-Roca H, Mamoun N, Sigurdson MI, Maixner W. Baroreceptor Modulation of the Cardiovascular System, Pain, Consciousness, and Cognition. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:1373-1423. [PMID: 33577130 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Baroreceptors are mechanosensitive elements of the peripheral nervous system that maintain cardiovascular homeostasis by coordinating the responses to external and internal environmental stressors. While it is well known that carotid and cardiopulmonary baroreceptors modulate sympathetic vasomotor and parasympathetic cardiac neural autonomic drive, to avoid excessive fluctuations in vascular tone and maintain intravascular volume, there is increasing recognition that baroreceptors also modulate a wide range of non-cardiovascular physiological responses via projections from the nucleus of the solitary tract to regions of the central nervous system, including the spinal cord. These projections regulate pain perception, sleep, consciousness, and cognition. In this article, we summarize the physiology of baroreceptor pathways and responses to baroreceptor activation with an emphasis on the mechanisms influencing cardiovascular function, pain perception, consciousness, and cognition. Understanding baroreceptor-mediated effects on cardiac and extra-cardiac autonomic activities will further our understanding of the pathophysiology of multiple common clinical conditions, such as chronic pain, disorders of consciousness (e.g., abnormalities in sleep-wake), and cognitive impairment, which may result in the identification and implementation of novel treatment modalities. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1373-1423, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heberto Suarez-Roca
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Negmeldeen Mamoun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Martin I Sigurdson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Landspitali, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - William Maixner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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26
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Boorman DC, Brown R, Keay KA. Periaqueductal gray inputs to the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus: Columnar topography and glucocorticoid (in)sensitivity. Brain Res 2020; 1750:147171. [PMID: 33132167 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability to cope with a novel acute stressor in the context of ongoing chronic stress is of critical adaptive value. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis contributes to the integrated physiological and behavioural responses to stressors. Under conditions of chronic stress, the posterior portion of the paraventricular thalamic nucleus (pPVT) mediates the 'habituation' of HPA-axis responses, and also facilitates HPA-axis reactivation to novel acute stressors amidst this habituation. Since pPVT neurons are sensitive to the inhibitory effects of circulating glucocorticoids, a glucocorticoid-insensitive neural pathway to the pPVT is likely essential for this reactivation process. The pPVT receives substantial inputs from neurons of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) region, which is organised into longitudinal columns critical for processing acute and/or chronic stressors. We investigated the columnar organisation of PAG → pPVT projections and for the first time determined their glucocorticoid sensitivity. Retrograde tracer injections were made into different rostro-caudal regions of the pPVT, and their PAG columnar inputs compared. Glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity (GR-ir) was quantified in these projection neurons. We found that the dorsolateral PAG projected most strongly to rostral pPVT and the ventrolateral PAG most strongly to the caudal pPVT. Despite abundant GR-ir in the PAG, we report a striking absence of GR-ir in PAG → pPVT neurons. Our data suggests that these pathways, which are insensitive to the direct actions of circulating glucocorticoids, likely play an important role in both the habituation of HPA-axis to chronic stressors and its facilitation to acute stressors in chronically stressed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien C Boorman
- School of Medical Sciences (Anatomy & Histology), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rebecca Brown
- School of Medical Sciences (Anatomy & Histology), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kevin A Keay
- School of Medical Sciences (Anatomy & Histology), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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A Neural Circuit from Thalamic Paraventricular Nucleus to Central Amygdala for the Facilitation of Neuropathic Pain. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7837-7854. [PMID: 32958568 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2487-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the thalamic midline nuclei, the thalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVT) is considered to be an important signal integration site for many descending and ascending pathways that modulate a variety of behaviors, including feeding, emotions, and drug-seeking. A recent study has demonstrated that the PVT is implicated in the acute visceral pain response, but it is unclear whether the PVT plays a critical role in the central processing of chronic pain. Here, we report that the neurons in the posterior portion of the PVT (pPVT) and their downstream pathway are involved in descending nociceptive facilitation regarding the development of neuropathic pain conditions in male rats. Lesions or inhibition of pPVT neurons alleviated mechanical allodynia induced by spared nerve injury (SNI). The excitability of pPVT-central amygdala (CeA) projection neurons was significantly increased in SNI rats. Importantly, selective optogenetic activation of the pPVT-CeA pathway induced obvious mechanical hypersensitivity in naive rats. In addition, we used rabies virus (RV)-based and cell-type-specific retrograde transsynaptic tracing techniques to define a novel neuronal circuit in which glutamatergic neurons in the vlPAG were the target of the pPVT-CeA descending facilitation pathway. Our data suggest that this pPVTGlu+-CeA-vlPAGGlu+ circuit mediates central mechanisms of descending pain facilitation underlying persistent pain conditions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Studies have shown that the interactions between the posterior portion of the thalamic paraventricular nucleus (pPVT) and central amygdala (CeA) play a critical role in pain-related emotional regulation. However, most reports have associated this circuit with fear and anxiety behaviors. Here, an integrative approach of behavioral tests, electrophysiology, and immunohistochemistry was used to advance the novel concept that the pPVT-CeA pathway activation facilitates neuropathic pain processing. Using rabies virus (RV)-based and cell-type-specific retrograde transsynaptic tracing techniques, we found that glutamatergic neurons in the vlPAG were the target of the pPVT-CeA pathway. Thus, this study indicates the involvement of a pPVTGlu+-CeA-vlPAGGlu+ pathway in a descending facilitatory mechanism underlying neuropathic pain.
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28
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Huang D, Grady FS, Peltekian L, Geerling JC. Efferent projections of Vglut2, Foxp2, and Pdyn parabrachial neurons in mice. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:657-693. [PMID: 32621762 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The parabrachial nucleus (PB) is a complex structure located at the junction of the midbrain and hindbrain. Its neurons have diverse genetic profiles and influence a variety of homeostatic functions. While its cytoarchitecture and overall efferent projections are known, we lack comprehensive information on the projection patterns of specific neuronal subtypes in the PB. In this study, we compared the projection patterns of glutamatergic neurons here with a subpopulation expressing the transcription factor Foxp2 and a further subpopulation expressing the neuropeptide Pdyn. To do this, we injected an AAV into the PB region to deliver a Cre-dependent anterograde tracer (synaptophysin-mCherry) in three different strains of Cre-driver mice. We then analyzed 147 neuroanatomical regions for labeled boutons in every brain (n = 11). Overall, glutamatergic neurons in the PB region project to a wide variety of sites in the cerebral cortex, basal forebrain, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, amygdala, diencephalon, and brainstem. Foxp2 and Pdyn subpopulations project heavily to the hypothalamus, but not to the cortex, basal forebrain, or amygdala. Among the few differences between Foxp2 and Pdyn cases was a notable lack of Pdyn projections to the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. Our results indicate that genetic identity determines connectivity (and therefore, function), providing a framework for mapping all PB output projections based on the genetic identity of its neurons. Using genetic markers to systematically classify PB neurons and their efferent projections will enhance the translation of research findings from experimental animals to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dake Huang
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Fillan S Grady
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Lila Peltekian
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Joel C Geerling
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Deng J, Zhou H, Lin JK, Shen ZX, Chen WZ, Wang LH, Li Q, Mu D, Wei YC, Xu XH, Sun YG. The Parabrachial Nucleus Directly Channels Spinal Nociceptive Signals to the Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei, but Not the Amygdala. Neuron 2020; 107:909-923.e6. [PMID: 32649865 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The parabrachial nucleus (PBN) is one of the major targets of spinal projection neurons and plays important roles in pain. However, the architecture of the spinoparabrachial pathway underlying its functional role in nociceptive information processing remains elusive. Here, we report that the PBN directly relays nociceptive signals from the spinal cord to the intralaminar thalamic nuclei (ILN). We demonstrate that the spinal cord connects with the PBN in a bilateral manner and that the ipsilateral spinoparabrachial pathway is critical for nocifensive behavior. We identify Tacr1-expressing neurons as the major neuronal subtype in the PBN that receives direct spinal input and show that these neurons are critical for processing nociceptive information. Furthermore, PBN neurons receiving spinal input form functional monosynaptic excitatory connections with neurons in the ILN, but not the amygdala. Together, our results delineate the neural circuit underlying nocifensive behavior, providing crucial insight into the circuit mechanism underlying nociceptive information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Deng
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science & Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Hua Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science & Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jun-Kai Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science & Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yu-quan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zi-Xuan Shen
- Department of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei-long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wen-Zhen Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science & Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yu-quan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin-Han Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science & Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yu-quan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science & Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Di Mu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science & Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yi-Chao Wei
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science & Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science & Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yan-Gang Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science & Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 201210, China.
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Sato F, Kado S, Tsutsumi Y, Tachibana Y, Ikenoue E, Furuta T, Uchino K, Bae YC, Uzawa N, Yoshida A. Ascending projection of jaw-closing muscle-proprioception to the intralaminar thalamic nuclei in rats. Brain Res 2020; 1739:146830. [PMID: 32278724 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
An invasive intralaminar thalamic stimulation and a non-invasive application of oral splint are both effective in treating tic symptoms of patients with Tourette syndrome (TS). Therefore, these two treatments may exert some influence on the same brain region in TS patients. We thus hypothesized that the proprioceptive input arising from the muscle spindles of jaw-closing muscles (JCMSs), known to be increased by the application of oral splint, is transmitted to the intralaminar thalamic nuclei. To test this issue, we morphologically and electrophysiologically examined the thalamic projections of proprioceptive input from the JCMSs to the intralaminar thalamic nuclei of rats. We first injected an anterograde tracer, biotinylated dextranamine, into the electrophysiologically identified supratrigeminal nucleus, which is known to receive proprioceptive inputs from the JCMSs via the trigeminal mesencephalic neurons. A moderate number of biotinylated dextranamine-labeled axon terminals were bilaterally distributed in the oval paracentral nucleus (OPC) of the intralaminar thalamic nuclei. We also detected electrophysiological responses to the electrical stimulation of bilateral masseter nerves and to sustained jaw-opening in the OPC. After injection of retrograde tracer (cholera toxin B subunit or Fluorogold) into the OPC, neuronal cell bodies were retrogradely labeled in the rostrodorsal portion of the bilateral supratrigeminal nucleus. Here, we show that proprioceptive inputs from the JCMSs are conveyed to the OPC in the intralaminar nuclei via the supratrigeminal nucleus. This study can help to understand previously unrecognized pathways of proprioception ascending inputs from the brainstem to the thalamus, which may contribute to treatments of TS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Sato
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Seiya Kado
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yumi Tsutsumi
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Tachibana
- Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Etsuko Ikenoue
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takahiro Furuta
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katsuro Uchino
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Acupuncture, Takarazuka University of Medical and Health Care, Takarazuka, Hyogo 666-0162, Japan
| | - Yong Chul Bae
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-412, Republic of Korea
| | - Narikazu Uzawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yoshida
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Kamali A, Karbasian N, Ghazi Sherbaf F, Wilken LA, Aein A, Sair HI, Arevalo Espejo O, Rabiei P, Choi SJ, Mirbagheri S, Riascos RF, Hasan KM. Uncovering the Dorsal Thalamo-hypothalamic Tract of the Human Limbic System. Neuroscience 2020; 432:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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32
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Fu Y, Depue RA. A novel neurobehavioral framework of the effects of positive early postnatal experience on incentive and consummatory reward sensitivity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:615-640. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Zhou K, Zhu Y. The paraventricular thalamic nucleus: A key hub of neural circuits underlying drug addiction. Pharmacol Res 2019; 142:70-76. [PMID: 30772461 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing brain disease characterized by compulsive, out-of-control drug use and the appearance of negative somatic and emotional consequences when drug access is prevented. The limited efficacy of treatment urges researchers toward a deeper understanding of the neural mechanism of drug addiction. Brain circuits that regulate reward and motivation are considered to be the neural substrate of drug addiction. An increasing body of literature indicates that the paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PVT) could serve as a key node in the neurocircuits that control goal-directed behaviors. In this review, we summarize the anatomical and functional evidence that the PVT regulates drug-related behaviors. The PVT receives extensive inputs from the brainstem and hypothalamus, and is reciprocally connected with the limbic system. Neurons in the PVT are recruited by drug exposure as well as cues and context associated with drug taking. Pathway-specific perturbation studies have begun to decipher the precise role of PVT circuits in drug-related behaviors. We also highlight recent findings about the involvement of neural plasticity of the PVT pathways in drug addiction and provide perspectives on future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuikui Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yingjie Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Amir A, Paré JF, Smith Y, Paré D. Midline thalamic inputs to the amygdala: Ultrastructure and synaptic targets. J Comp Neurol 2018; 527:942-956. [PMID: 30311651 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the main subcortical inputs to the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BL) originates from a group of dorsal thalamic nuclei located at or near the midline, mainly from the central medial (CMT), and paraventricular (PVT) nuclei. Although similarities among the responsiveness of BL, CMT, and PVT neurons to emotionally arousing stimuli suggest that these thalamic inputs exert a significant influence over BL activity, little is known about the synaptic relationships that mediate these effects. Thus, the present study used Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHAL) anterograde tracing and electron microscopy to shed light on the ultrastructural properties and synaptic targets of CMT and PVT axon terminals in the rat BL. Virtually all PHAL-positive CMT and PVT axon terminals formed asymmetric synapses. Although CMT and PVT axon terminals generally contacted dendritic spines, a substantial number ended on dendritic shafts. To determine whether these dendritic shafts belonged to principal or local-circuit cells, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAMKIIα) immunoreactivity was used as a selective marker of principal BL neurons. In most cases, dendritic shafts postsynaptic to PHAL-labeled CMT and PVT terminals were immunopositive for CaMKIIα. Overall, these results suggest that CMT and PVT inputs mostly target principal BL neurons such that when CMT or PVT neurons fire, little feed-forward inhibition counters their excitatory influence over principal cells. These results are consistent with the possibility that CMT and PVT inputs constitute major determinants of BL activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Amir
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Jean-Francois Paré
- Department of Neurology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yoland Smith
- Department of Neurology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Denis Paré
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, New Jersey
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The Mechanism of Action of Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Current Conceptualizations. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2018; 41:395-407. [PMID: 30098653 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of the left cervical vagus nerve, or vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), brings about an antidepressant response in a subset of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) patients. How this occurs is poorly understood; however, knowledge of the neuroanatomic vagal pathways, in conjunction with functional brain imaging studies, suggests several brain regions associated with mood regulation are critical: brainstem nuclei (locus coeruleus, dorsal raphe, and ventral tegmental area), thalamus, and insular and prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, animal studies suggest that VNS enhances neuroplasticity and changes in neuronal firing patterns. Continued study to better understand the mechanism of action of VNS in TRD is warranted.
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Matzeu A, Martin-Fardon R. Drug Seeking and Relapse: New Evidence of a Role for Orexin and Dynorphin Co-transmission in the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Thalamus. Front Neurol 2018; 9:720. [PMID: 30210441 PMCID: PMC6121102 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The long-lasting vulnerability to relapse remains the main challenge for the successful treatment of drug addiction. Neural systems that are involved in processing natural rewards and drugs of abuse overlap. However, neuroplasticity that is caused by drug exposure may be responsible for maladaptive, compulsive, and addictive behavior. The orexin (Orx) system participates in regulating numerous physiological processes, including energy metabolism, arousal, and feeding, and is recruited by drugs of abuse. The Orx system is differentially recruited by drugs and natural rewards. Specifically, we found that the Orx system is more engaged by drugs than by non-drugs, such as sweetened condensed milk (SCM) or a glucose saccharin solution (GSS), in an operant model of reward seeking. Although stimuli (S+) that are conditioned to cocaine (COC), ethanol, and SCM/GSS equally elicited reinstatement, Orx receptor blockade reversed conditioned reinstatement for drugs vs. non-drugs. Moreover, the hypothalamic recruitment of Orx cells was greater in rats that were tested with the COC S+ vs. SCM S+, indicating of a preferential role for the Orx system in perseverative, compulsive-like COC seeking and not behavior that is motivated by palatable food. Accumulating evidence indicates that the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT), which receives major Orx projections, mediates drug-seeking behavior. All Orx neurons contain dynorphin (Dyn), and Orx and Dyn are co-released. In the VTA, they play opposing roles in reward and motivation. To fully understand the physiological and behavioral roles of Orx transmission in the PVT, one important consideration is that Orx neurons that project to the PVT may co-release Orx with another peptide, such as Dyn. The PVT expresses both Orx receptors and κ opioid receptors, suggesting that Orx and Dyn act in tandem when released in the PVT, in addition to the VTA. The present review discusses recent findings that suggest the maladaptive recruitment of Orx/Dyn-PVT neurotransmission by drugs of abuse vs. a highly palatable food reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Matzeu
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Palmiter RD. The Parabrachial Nucleus: CGRP Neurons Function as a General Alarm. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:280-293. [PMID: 29703377 PMCID: PMC5929477 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The parabrachial nucleus (PBN), which is located in the pons and is dissected by one of the major cerebellar output tracks, is known to relay sensory information (visceral malaise, taste, temperature, pain, itch) to forebrain structures including the thalamus, hypothalamus, and extended amygdala. The availability of mouse lines expressing Cre recombinase selectively in subsets of PBN neurons and viruses for Cre-dependent gene expression is beginning to reveal the connectivity and functions of PBN component neurons. This review focuses on PBN neurons expressing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRPPBN) that play a major role in regulating appetite and transmitting real or potential threat signals to the extended amygdala. The functions of other specific PBN neuronal populations are also discussed. This review aims to encourage investigation of the numerous unanswered questions that are becoming accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Palmiter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Departments of Biochemistry and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Unzai T, Kuramoto E, Kaneko T, Fujiyama F. Quantitative Analyses of the Projection of Individual Neurons from the Midline Thalamic Nuclei to the Striosome and Matrix Compartments of the Rat Striatum. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:1164-1181. [PMID: 26672610 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental organizing principle of the striatum is the striosome/matrix system that is defined by inputs/outputs and neurochemical markers. The thalamostriatal projection is highly heterogeneous originating in many subnuclei of the thalamus including the midline (ML) and intralaminar (IL) nuclei. We examined the dendritic morphology and axonal trajectory of 15 ML and 11 IL neurons by single-neuron labeling with viral vectors in combination with mu-opioid receptor immunostaining in rat brains. Dendritic and axonal morphology defined ML neurons as type II cells consisting of at least two subclasses according to the presence or absence of striatal axon collaterals. In the striatum, ML neurons preferentially innervated striosomes, whereas parafascicular neurons preferentially innervated the matrix. Almost all single thalamostriatal neurons favoring striosome or matrix compartments also innervated the cerebral cortical areas that supplied cortical input to the same striatal compartment. We thus revealed that thalamostriatal projections are highly organized 1) by the similarity in morphological characteristics and 2) their preference for the striatal compartments and cortical areas. These findings demonstrate that the functional properties of striatal compartments are influenced by both their cortical and thalamic afferents presumably with a different time latency and support selective dynamics for the striosome and matrix compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomo Unzai
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto 619-0394, Japan.,Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Eriko Kuramoto
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kaneko
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Fumino Fujiyama
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto 619-0394, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
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Nouraei N, Mason DM, Miner KM, Carcella MA, Bhatia TN, Dumm BK, Soni D, Johnson DA, Luk KC, Leak RK. Critical appraisal of pathology transmission in the α-synuclein fibril model of Lewy body disorders. Exp Neurol 2018; 299:172-196. [PMID: 29056362 PMCID: PMC5736319 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lewy body disorders are characterized by the emergence of α-synucleinopathy in many parts of the central and peripheral nervous systems, including in the telencephalon. Dense α-synuclein+ pathology appears in regio inferior of the hippocampus in both Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies and may disturb cognitive function. The preformed α-synuclein fibril model of Parkinson's disease is growing in use, given its potential for seeding the self-propagating spread of α-synucleinopathy throughout the mammalian brain. Although it is often assumed that the spread occurs through neuroanatomical connections, this is generally not examined vis-à-vis the uptake and transport of tract-tracers infused at precisely the same stereotaxic coordinates. As the neuronal connections of the hippocampus are historically well defined, we examined the first-order spread of α-synucleinopathy three months following fibril infusions centered in the mouse regio inferior (CA2+CA3), and contrasted this to retrograde and anterograde transport of the established tract-tracers FluoroGold and biotinylated dextran amines (BDA). Massive hippocampal α-synucleinopathy was insufficient to elicit memory deficits or loss of cells and synaptic markers in this model of early disease processes. However, dense α-synuclein+ inclusions in the fascia dentata were negatively correlated with memory capacity. A modest compensatory increase in synaptophysin was evident in the stratum radiatum of cornu Ammonis in fibril-infused animals, and synaptophysin expression correlated inversely with memory function in fibril but not PBS-infused mice. No changes in synapsin I/II expression were observed. The spread of α-synucleinopathy was somewhat, but not entirely consistent with FluoroGold and BDA axonal transport, suggesting that variables other than innervation density also contribute to the materialization of α-synucleinopathy. For example, layer II entorhinal neurons of the perforant pathway exhibited somal α-synuclein+ inclusions as well as retrogradely labeled FluoroGold+ somata. However, some afferent brain regions displayed dense retrograde FluoroGold label and no α-synuclein+ inclusions (e.g. medial septum/diagonal band), supporting the selective vulnerability hypothesis. The pattern of inclusions on the contralateral side was consistent with specific spread through commissural connections (e.g. stratum pyramidale of CA3), but again, not all commissural projections exhibited α-synucleinopathy (e.g. hilar mossy cells). The topographical extent of inclusions is displayed here in high-resolution images that afford viewers a rich opportunity to dissect the potential spread of pathology through neural circuitry. Finally, the results of this expository study were leveraged to highlight the challenges and limitations of working with preformed α-synuclein fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Nouraei
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Daniel M Mason
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Kristin M Miner
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Michael A Carcella
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Tarun N Bhatia
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Benjamin K Dumm
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Dishaben Soni
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - David A Johnson
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Kelvin C Luk
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19147, United States
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States.
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Tseng MT, Lin CH. Pain in early-stage Parkinson's disease: Implications from clinical features to pathophysiology mechanisms. J Formos Med Assoc 2017; 116:571-581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2017.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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41
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Orofacial proprioceptive thalamus of the rat. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:2655-2669. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1363-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Boudjarane MA, Grandgeorge M, Marianowski R, Misery L, Lemonnier É. Perception of odors and tastes in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review of assessments. Autism Res 2017; 10:1045-1057. [PMID: 28371114 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Olfaction and gustation are major sensory functions implied in processing environmental stimuli. Some evidences suggest that loss of olfactory function is an early biomarker for neurodegenerative disorders and atypical processing of odor and taste stimuli is present in several neurodevelopmental disorders, notably in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). In this paper, we conducted a systematic review investigating the assessments of olfaction and gustation with psychophysics methods in individuals with ASD. Pubmed, PMC and Sciencedirect were scrutinized for relevant literature published from 1970 to 2015. In this review, fourteen papers met our inclusion criteria. They were analyzed critically in order to evaluate the occurrence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in ASD, as well as to report the methods used to assess olfaction and gustation in such conditions. Regarding to these two senses, the overall number of studies is low. Most of studies show significant difference regarding to odor or taste identification but not for detection threshold. Overall, odor rating through pleasantness, intensity and familiarity do not differ significantly between control and individuals with ASD. The current evidences can suggest the presence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in ASD. Therefore, our analysis show a heterogeneity of findings. This is due to several methodological limitations such as the tools used or population studied. Understanding these disorders could help to shed light on other atypical behavior in this population such as feeding or social behavior. Autism Res 2017, 0: 000-000. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Autism Res 2017, 10: 1045-1057. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Boudjarane
- Laboratory of Neurosciences of Brest (EA4685), University of Western Brittany, Brest, France
| | - Marine Grandgeorge
- Laboratory of Neurosciences of Brest (EA4685), University of Western Brittany, Brest, France.,UMR-CNRS 6552, Animal and Human Ethology University of Rennes 1-CNRS, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Rémi Marianowski
- Laboratory of Neurosciences of Brest (EA4685), University of Western Brittany, Brest, France.,Department of ENT, University Hospital of Brest, Brest Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Misery
- Laboratory of Neurosciences of Brest (EA4685), University of Western Brittany, Brest, France.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brest, Brest Cedex, France
| | - Éric Lemonnier
- Laboratory of Neurosciences of Brest (EA4685), University of Western Brittany, Brest, France.,University Hospital of Limoges, Expert Center of Autism Limousin, Limoges Cedex, France (É.L.)
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da Silva FTG, Browne RAV, Pinto CB, Saleh Velez FG, do Egito EST, do Rêgo JTP, da Silva MR, Dantas PMS, Fregni F. Transcranial direct current stimulation in individuals with spinal cord injury: Assessment of autonomic nervous system activity. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2017; 35:159-169. [PMID: 28282844 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-160685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We hypothesized in this study that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of primary motor cortex could exert top-down modulation over subcortical systems associated with autonomic control and thus be useful to revert some of the dysfunctional changes found in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) of subjects with spinal cord injuries (SCI). OBJECTIVE To explore the acute effect of tDCS on ANS indexed by Heart Rate Variability (HRV) in individuals with SCI and analyze whether this effect depends on the gender, degree, level and time of injury. METHODS In this randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover, double-blinded study, 18 adults with SCI (32.9±7.9 years old) were included; the intervention consisted of a single 12-minute session of active tDCS (anodal, 2 mA) and a control session of sham tDCS applied over Cz (bihemispheric motor cortex). HRV was calculated using spectral analysis. Low-frequency (LF), high-frequency (HF), and LF/HF ratio variables were evaluated before, during, and post tDCS. RESULTS A two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed that after active (anodal) stimulation, LF/HF ratio was significantly increased (P = 0.013). There was a trend for an interaction between time and stimulation for both LF and HF (P = 0.052). Paired exploratory t-tests reported effects on the difference of time [post-pre] between stimulation conditions for LF (P = 0.052), HF (P = 0.052) and LF/HF (P = 0.003). CONCLUSION Anodal tDCS of the motor cortex modulated ANS activity in individuals with SCI independent of gender, type and time of lesion. These changes were in the direction of normalization of ANS parameters, thus confirming our initial hypothesis that an enhancement of cortical excitability by tDCS could at least partially restore some of the dysfunctional activity in the ANS system of subjects with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Tenório Gomes da Silva
- Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Center of Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Psychology institute, Department of Neurosciences and behavior, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Alberto Vieira Browne
- Department of Physical Education, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Camila Bonin Pinto
- Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Center of Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Faddi Ghassan Saleh Velez
- Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Center of Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eryvaldo Sócrates Tabosa do Egito
- Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Tafarel Pereira do Rêgo
- Department of Physical Education, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Marília Rodrigues da Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Paulo Moreira Silva Dantas
- Department of Physical Education, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Center of Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Silvani A. Orexins and the cardiovascular events of awakening. Temperature (Austin) 2017; 4:128-140. [PMID: 28680929 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2017.1295128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This brief review aims to provide an updated account of the cardiovascular events of awakening, proposing a testable conceptual framework that links these events with the neural control of sleep and the autonomic nervous system, with focus on the hypothalamic orexin (hypocretin) neurons. Awakening from non-rapid-eye-movement sleep entails coordinated changes in brain and cardiovascular activity: the neural "flip-flop" switch that governs state transitions becomes biased toward the ascending arousal systems, arterial blood pressure and heart rate rise toward waking values, and distal skin temperature falls. Arterial blood pressure and skin temperature are sensed by baroreceptors and thermoreceptors and may positively feedback on the brain wake-sleep switch, thus contributing to sharpen, coordinate, and stabilize awakening. These effects may be enhanced by the hypothalamic orexin neurons, which may modulate the changes in blood pressure, heart rate, and skin temperature upon awakening, while biasing the wake-sleep switch toward wakefulness through direct neural projections. A deeper understanding of the cardiovascular events of awakening and of their links with skin temperature and the wake-sleep neural switch may lead to better treatments options for patients with narcolepsy type 1, who lack the orexin neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Silvani
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Strigo IA, Craig ADB. Interoception, homeostatic emotions and sympathovagal balance. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20160010. [PMID: 28080968 PMCID: PMC5062099 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We briefly review the evidence for distinct neuroanatomical substrates that underlie interoception in humans, and we explain how they substantialize feelings from the body (in the insular cortex) that are conjoined with homeostatic motivations that guide adaptive behaviours (in the cingulate cortex). This hierarchical sensorimotor architecture coincides with the limbic cortical architecture that underlies emotions, and thus we regard interoceptive feelings and their conjoint motivations as homeostatic emotions We describe how bivalent feelings, emotions and sympathovagal balance can be organized and regulated efficiently in the bicameral forebrain as asymmetric positive/negative, approach/avoidance and parasympathetic/sympathetic components. We provide original evidence supporting this organization from studies of cardiorespiratory vagal activity in monkeys and functional imaging studies in healthy humans showing activation modulated by paced breathing and passively viewed emotional images. The neuroanatomical architecture of interoception provides deep insight into the functional organization of all emotional feelings and behaviours in humans.This article is part of the themed issue 'Interoception beyond homeostasis: affect, cognition and mental health'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Strigo
- Research Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Arthur D Bud Craig
- Neurosurgery Research, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
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Gökdeniz E, Özgür A, Canbeyli R. Automated Neuroanatomical Relation Extraction: A Linguistically Motivated Approach with a PVT Connectivity Graph Case Study. Front Neuroinform 2016; 10:39. [PMID: 27708573 PMCID: PMC5030238 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2016.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the relations among different regions of the brain is vital for a better understanding of how the brain functions. While a large number of studies have investigated the neuroanatomical and neurochemical connections among brain structures, their specific findings are found in publications scattered over a large number of years and different types of publications. Text mining techniques have provided the means to extract specific types of information from a large number of publications with the aim of presenting a larger, if not necessarily an exhaustive picture. By using natural language processing techniques, the present paper aims to identify connectivity relations among brain regions in general and relations relevant to the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) in particular. We introduce a linguistically motivated approach based on patterns defined over the constituency and dependency parse trees of sentences. Besides the presence of a relation between a pair of brain regions, the proposed method also identifies the directionality of the relation, which enables the creation and analysis of a directional brain region connectivity graph. The approach is evaluated over the manually annotated data sets of the WhiteText Project. In addition, as a case study, the method is applied to extract and analyze the connectivity graph of PVT, which is an important brain region that is considered to influence many functions ranging from arousal, motivation, and drug-seeking behavior to attention. The results of the PVT connectivity graph show that PVT may be a new target of research in mood assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinç Gökdeniz
- Department of Computer Engineering, Boğaziçi University İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Arzucan Özgür
- Department of Computer Engineering, Boğaziçi University İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Reşit Canbeyli
- Department of Psychology, Boğaziçi University İstanbul, Turkey
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Complex Multiplexing of Reward-Cue- and Licking-Movement-Related Activity in Single Midline Thalamus Neurons. J Neurosci 2016; 36:3567-78. [PMID: 27013685 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1107-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Midline thalamus is implicated in linking visceral and exteroceptive sensory information with behavior. However, whether neuronal activity is modulated with temporal precision by cues and actions in real time is unknown. Using single-neuron recording and a Pavlovian visual-cue/liquid-reward association task in rats, we discovered phasic responses to sensory cues, appropriately timed to modify information processing in output targets, as well as tonic modulations within and between trials that were differentially reward modulated, which may have distinct arousal functions. Many of the cue-responsive neurons also responded to repetitive licks, consistent with sensorimotor integration. Further, some lick-related neurons were activated only by the first rewarded lick and only if that lick were also part of a conditioned response sequence initiated earlier, consistent with binding action decisions to their ensuing outcome. This rich repertoire of responses provides electrophysiological evidence for midline thalamus as a site of complex information integration for reward-mediated behavior. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Disparate brain circuits are involved in sensation, movement, and reward information. These must interact in order for the relationships between cues, actions, and outcomes to be learned. We found that responses of single neurons in midline thalamus to sensory cues are increased when associated with reward. This output may amplify similar signals generated in parallel by the dopamine system. In addition, some neurons coded a three-factor decision in which the neuron fired only if there was a movement, if it was the first one after the reward becoming available, and if it was part of a sequence triggered in response to a preceding cue. These data highlight midline thalamus as an important node integrating multiple types of information for linking sensation, actions, and rewards.
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Liang SH, Yin JB, Sun Y, Bai Y, Zhou KX, Zhao WJ, Wang W, Dong YL, Li YQ. Collateral projections from the lateral parabrachial nucleus to the paraventricular thalamic nucleus and the central amygdaloid nucleus in the rat. Neurosci Lett 2016; 629:245-250. [PMID: 27423318 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Combined the retrograde double tracing with immunofluorescence histochemical staining, we examined the neurons in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB) sent collateral projections to the paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PVT) and central amygdaloid nucleus (CeA) and their roles in the nociceptive transmission in the rat. After the injection of Fluoro-gold (FG) into the PVT and tetramethylrhodamine-dextran (TMR) into the CeA, respectively, FG/TMR double-labeled neurons were observed in the LPB. The percentages of FG/TMR double-labeled neurons to the total number of FG- or TMR-labeled neurons were 6.18% and 9.09%, respectively. Almost all of the FG/TMR double-labeled neurons (95%) exhibited calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity. In the condition of neuropathic pain, 94% of these neurons showed FOS immunoreactivity. The present data indicates that some of CGRP-expressing neurons in the LPB may transmit nociceptive information toward the PVT and CeA by way of axon collaterals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hua Liang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Jun-Bin Yin
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Kai-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Student Brigade, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhao
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Student Brigade, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China.
| | - Yu-Lin Dong
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Yun-Qing Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China; Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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49
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Abstract
Neuronal networks that are linked to the peripheral vestibular system contribute to gravitoinertial sensation, balance control, eye movement control, and autonomic function. Ascending connections to the limbic system and cerebral cortex are also important for motion perception and threat recognition, and play a role in comorbid balance and anxiety disorders. The vestibular system also shows remarkable plasticity, termed vestibular compensation. Activity in these networks is regulated by an interaction between: (1) intrinsic neurotransmitters of the inner ear, vestibular nerve, and vestibular nuclei; (2) neurotransmitters associated with thalamocortical and limbic pathways that receive projections originating in the vestibular nuclei; and (3) locus coeruleus and raphe (serotonergic and nonserotonergic) projections that influence the latter components. Because the ascending vestibular interoceptive and thalamocortical pathways include networks that influence a broad range of stress responses (endocrine and autonomic), memory consolidation, and cognitive functions, common transmitter substrates provide a basis for understanding features of acute and chronic vestibular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Balaban
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Neurobiology, Communication Sciences and Disorders, and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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50
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The parvicellular portion of the ventroposteromedial nucleus (VPMpc) is the part of the thalamus that processes gustatory information. Anatomical evidence shows that the VPMpc receives ascending gustatory inputs from the parabrachial nucleus (PbN) in the brainstem and sends projections to the gustatory cortex (GC). Although taste processing in PbN and GC has been the subject of intense investigation in behaving rodents, much less is known on how VPMpc neurons encode gustatory information. Here we present results from single-unit recordings in the VPMpc of alert rats receiving multiple tastants. Thalamic neurons respond to taste with time-varying modulations of firing rates, consistent with those observed in GC and PbN. These responses encode taste quality as well as palatability. Comparing responses to tastants either passively delivered, or self-administered after a cue, unveiled the effects of general expectation on taste processing in VPMpc. General expectation led to an improvement of taste coding by modulating response dynamics, and single neuron ability to encode multiple tastants. Our results demonstrate that the time course of taste coding as well as single neurons' ability to encode for multiple qualities are not fixed but rather can be altered by the state of the animal. Together, the data presented here provide the first description that taste coding in VPMpc is dynamic and state-dependent. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Over the past years, a great deal of attention has been devoted to understanding taste coding in the brainstem and cortex of alert rodents. Thanks to this research, we now know that taste coding is dynamic, distributed, and context-dependent. Alas, virtually nothing is known on how the gustatory thalamus (VPMpc) processes gustatory information in behaving rats. This manuscript investigates taste processing in the VPMpc of behaving rats. Our results show that thalamic neurons encode taste and palatability with time-varying patterns of activity and that thalamic coding of taste is modulated by general expectation. Our data will appeal not only to researchers interested in taste, but also to a broader audience of sensory and systems neuroscientists interested in the thalamocortical system.
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