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Radwan MO, Abd-Alla HI, Alsaggaf AT, El-Mezayen H, Abourehab MAS, El-Beeh ME, Tateishi H, Otsuka M, Fujita M. Gypsogenin Battling for a Front Position in the Pentacyclic Triterpenes Game of Thrones on Anti-Cancer Therapy: A Critical Review-Dedicated to the Memory of Professor Hanaa M. Rady. Molecules 2023; 28:5677. [PMID: 37570648 PMCID: PMC10420691 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, gypsogenin has attracted widespread attention from medicinal chemists by virtue of its prominent anti-cancer potential. Despite its late identification, gypsogenin has proved itself as a new anti-proliferative player battling for a frontline position among other classic pentacyclic triterpenes such as oleanolic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid, ursolic acid, betulinic acid, and celastrol. Herein, we present the most important reactions of gypsogenin via modification of its four functional groups. Furthermore, we demonstrate insights into the anti-cancer activity of gypsogenin and its semisynthetic derivatives and go further by introducing our perspective to judiciously guide the prospective rational design. The present article opens a new venue for a better exploitation of gypsogenin chemical entity as a lead compound in cancer chemotherapy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review article exploring the anti-cancer activity of gypsogenin derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed O. Radwan
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Howaida I. Abd-Alla
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Azhaar T. Alsaggaf
- Department of Chemistry, Taibah University, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Mohammed A. S. Abourehab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed E. El-Beeh
- Biology Department, Al-Jumum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hiroshi Tateishi
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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Namdeo P, Gidwani B, Tiwari S, Jain V, Joshi V, Shukla SS, Pandey RK, Vyas A. Therapeutic potential and novel formulations of ursolic acid and its derivatives: an updated review. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:4275-4292. [PMID: 36597140 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce biologically active metabolites that have been utilised to cure a variety of severe and persistent illnesses. There is a possibility that understanding how these bioactive molecules work would allow researchers to come up with better treatments for diseases including malignancy, cardiac disease and neurological disorders. A triterpene called ursolic acid (UA) is a pentacyclic prevalent triterpenoid found in fruits, leaves, herbs and blooms. The biological and chemical aspects of UA, as well as their presence, plant sources and biosynthesis, and traditional and newer technologies of extraction, are discussed in this review. Because of its biological function in the creation of new therapeutic techniques, UA is a feasible option for the evolution and medical management of a wide range of medical conditions, including cancer and other life threatening diseases. Despite this, the substance's poor solubility in aquatic environments makes it unsuitable for medicinal purposes. This hurdle was resolved in many different ways. The inclusion of UA into various pharmaceutical delivery approaches was found to be quite effective in this respect. This review also describes the properties of UA and its pharmacokinetics, as well as therapeutic applications of UA for cancer, inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases, in addition to its anti-diabetic, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective and anti-microbial properties. Some of the recent findings related to novel nano-sized carriers as a delivery system for UA and the patents related to the applications of UA and its various derivatives are covered in this review. The analytical study of UA, oleanolic acid and other phytoconstituents by UV, HPLC, high-performance thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography is also discussed. In the future, UA could be explored in vivo using various animal models and, in addition, the regulatory status regarding UA needs to be explored. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Namdeo
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
| | | | - Sakshi Tiwari
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
| | - Vishal Jain
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
| | - Veenu Joshi
- Center for Basic Science and Research, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
| | | | | | - Amber Vyas
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
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The Chemo-Sensitizing Effect of Doxorubicin of Apple Extract-Enriched Triterpenic Complex on Human Colon Adenocarcinoma and Human Glioblastoma Cell Lines. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122593. [PMID: 36559087 PMCID: PMC9781225 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells' resistance to anticancer drugs represents a major clinical problem and the most important failure of treatment. Combination chemotherapy is more effective than monotherapy due to additive or synergistic effects. The aim of our research was to assess the effects of the combinations of apple extract's triterpenic compounds, individual triterpenic acids, and doxorubicin (DOX) on human colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29) and human glioblastoma (U-87) cell lines in 2D and 3D cultures. The effect of the combination of apple extracts, the triterpenic standards, and DOX against HT-29 and U-87 cell viability was tested by the MTT and spheroid growth assays. Cell line HT-29 was more sensitive to DOX when incubated with all tested apple extracts than DOX alone. Cell line HT-29 was the most strongly sensitive to DOX when it was treated with 5 µM oleanolic acid (change of EC50 = -64.6% ± 4.4%) and with 5 µM ursolic acid (change of EC50 = -61.9% ± 8.8%) in 2D culture. Meanwhile, cell line U-87 was the most strongly sensitive to DOX when treated with 2 µM betulinic acid (change of EC50 = -45.1% ± 4.5%) in 2D culture. The combination of apple extract (E3) and DOX reduced the viability of HT-29 spheroids the most (spheroid viability reduced from -19.9% to -10.9%, compared to spheroids treated with DOX alone). Our study in 2D and 3D cultures showed that combining apple extract's triterpenic complexes or individual triterpenic acids with DOX may sensitize chemotherapeutic drugs and increase the cytotoxicity effects in HT-29 and U-87 cell lines.
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Rodriguez S, Skeet K, Mehmetoglu-Gurbuz T, Goldfarb M, Karri S, Rocha J, Shahinian M, Yazadi A, Poudel S, Subramani R. Phytochemicals as an Alternative or Integrative Option, in Conjunction with Conventional Treatments for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225753. [PMID: 34830907 PMCID: PMC8616323 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is globally ranked as the sixth most diagnosed cancer, and the second most deadly cancer. To worsen matters, there are only limited therapeutic options currently available; therefore, it is necessary to find a reservoir from which new HCC treatments may be acquired. The field of phytomedicine may be the solution to this problem, as it offers an abundance of plant-derived molecules, which show capabilities of being effective against HCC proliferation, invasion, migration, and metastasis. In our review, we collect and analyze current evidence regarding these promising phytochemical effects on HCC, and delve into their potential as future chemotherapies. Additionally, information on the signaling behind these numerous phytochemicals is provided, in an attempt to understand their mechanisms. This review makes accessible the current body of knowledge pertaining to phytochemicals as HCC treatments, in order to serve as a reference and inspiration for further research into this subject. Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most abundant form of liver cancer. It accounts for 75–85% of liver cancer cases and, though it ranks globally as the sixth most common cancer, it ranks second in cancer-related mortality. Deaths from HCC are usually due to metastatic spread of the cancer. Unfortunately, there are many challenges and limitations with the latest HCC therapies and medications, making it difficult for patients to receive life-prolonging care. As there is clearly a high demand for alternative therapy options for HCC, it is prudent to turn to plants for the solution, as their phytochemicals have long been used and revered for their many medicinal purposes. This review explores the promising phytochemical compounds identified from pre-clinical and clinical trials being used either independently or in conjunction with already existing cancer therapy treatments. The phytochemicals discussed in this review were classified into several categories: lipids, polyphenols, alkaloids, polysaccharides, whole extracts, and phytochemical combinations. Almost 80% of the compounds failed to progress into clinical studies due to lack of information regarding the toxicity to normal cells and bioavailability. Although large obstacles remain, phytochemicals can be used either as an alternative or integrative therapy in conjunction with existing HCC chemotherapies. In conclusion, phytochemicals have great potential as treatment options for hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl Rodriguez
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer Research, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (S.R.); (T.M.-G.); (S.P.)
| | - Kristy Skeet
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (K.S.); (J.R.); (M.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Tugba Mehmetoglu-Gurbuz
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer Research, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (S.R.); (T.M.-G.); (S.P.)
| | - Madeline Goldfarb
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (M.G.); (S.K.)
| | - Shri Karri
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (M.G.); (S.K.)
| | - Jackelyn Rocha
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (K.S.); (J.R.); (M.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Mark Shahinian
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (K.S.); (J.R.); (M.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Abdallah Yazadi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (K.S.); (J.R.); (M.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Seeta Poudel
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer Research, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (S.R.); (T.M.-G.); (S.P.)
| | - Ramadevi Subramani
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer Research, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (S.R.); (T.M.-G.); (S.P.)
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (K.S.); (J.R.); (M.S.); (A.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-915-215-6851
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Li AL, Hao Y, Wang WY, Liu QS, Sun Y, Gu W. Design, Synthesis, and Anticancer Evaluation of Novel Indole Derivatives of Ursolic Acid as Potential Topoisomerase II Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2876. [PMID: 32326071 PMCID: PMC7215373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a series of new indole derivatives of ursolic acid bearing different N-(aminoalkyl)carboxamide side chains were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activities against two human hepatocarcinoma cell lines (SMMC-7721 and HepG2) and normal hepatocyte cell line (LO2) via MTT assay. Among them, compound 5f exhibited the most potent activity against SMMC-7721 and HepG2 cells with IC50 values of 0.56 ± 0.08 μM and 0.91 ± 0.13 μM, respectively, and substantially lower cytotoxicity to LO2 cells. A follow-up enzyme inhibition assay and molecular docking study indicated that compound 5f can significantly inhibit the activity of Topoisomerase IIα. Further mechanistic studies performed in SMMC-7721 cells revealed that compound 5f can elevate the intracellular ROS levels, decrease mitochondrial membrane potential, and finally lead to the apoptosis of SMMC-7721 cells. Collectively, compound 5f is a promising Topoisomerase II (Topo II) inhibitor, which exhibited the potential as a lead compound for the discovery of novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wen Gu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (A-L.L.); (Y.H.); (W.-Y.W.); (Q.-S.L.); (Y.S.)
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6
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Mazumder K, Biswas B, Raja IM, Fukase K. A Review of Cytotoxic Plants of the Indian Subcontinent and a Broad-Spectrum Analysis of Their Bioactive Compounds. Molecules 2020; 25:E1904. [PMID: 32326113 PMCID: PMC7221707 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer or uncontrolled cell proliferation is a major health issue worldwide and is the second leading cause of deaths globally. The high mortality rate and toxicity associated with cancer chemotherapy or radiation therapy have encouraged the investigation of complementary and alternative treatment methods, such as plant-based drugs. Moreover, over 60% of the anti-cancer drugs are molecules derived from plants or their synthetic derivatives. Therefore, in the present review, an attempt has been made to summarize the cytotoxic plants available in the Indian subcontinent along with a description of their bio-active components. The review covers 99 plants of 57 families as well as over 110 isolated bioactive cytotoxic compounds, amongst which at least 20 are new compounds. Among the reported phytoconstituents, artemisinin, lupeol, curcumin, and quercetin are under clinical trials, while brazilin, catechin, ursolic acid, β-sitosterol, and myricetin are under pharmacokinetic development. However, for the remaining compounds, there is little or no information available. Therefore, further investigations are warranted on these subcontinent medicinal plants as an important source of novel cytotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor Mazumder
- Department of Pharmacy, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh; (B.B.); (I.M.R.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma St, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
| | - Biswajit Biswas
- Department of Pharmacy, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh; (B.B.); (I.M.R.)
| | - Iqbal Mahmud Raja
- Department of Pharmacy, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh; (B.B.); (I.M.R.)
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Li C, Chen J, Yuan W, Zhang W, Chen H, Tan H. Preventive effect of ursolic acid derivative on particulate matter 2.5-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease involves suppression of lung inflammation. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:632-640. [PMID: 31840927 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with the presence of particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) in the air. In the present study, the effect of synthesized ursolic acid derivatives on mice model of PM2.5-induced COPD was investigated in vivo. The mice model of COPD was established by the administration of 25 μL of PM2.5 suspension through intranasal route daily for 1 week. The levels of oxidative stress markers and inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factors-α and interleukin-6 in the mice bronchoalveolar fluids increased markedly on administration with PM2.5. However, treatment with ursolic acid derivative caused a significant suppression in PM2.5-induced increase in oxidative stress markers and inflammatory cytokines in dose-dependent manner. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed excessive inflammatory cell infiltration in pulmonary tissues in mice with COPD. The inflammatory cell infiltration was inhibited on treatment of the mice with ursolic acid derivative. The ursolic acid derivative treatment increased level of superoxide dismutase in mice with COPD. The lung injury induced by PM2.5 in mice was also prevented on treatment with ursolic acid derivative. Thus, ursolic acid derivative inhibits pulmonary tissues damage in mice through suppression of inflammatory cytokine and oxidative enzymes. Therefore, ursolic acid derivative can be of therapeutic importance for treatment of PM2.5-induced COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuini Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Haizhu District Changgang Street Community Service Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junxian Chen
- The First College of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiwei Yuan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Huizhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Huizhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongtao Tan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou Huiyang Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
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Deepthi A, Krishnan D, Sanju A. Semisynthesis of ursolic acid‐2‐(2‐thienylidene)‐oxadiazole hybrid molecule and an evaluation of its COX inhibition property. J Heterocycl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ani Deepthi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India
- Department of Computational Biology and BioinformaticsUniversity of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India
| | - Deepa Krishnan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India
| | - Anuroopa Sanju
- Department of Computational Biology and BioinformaticsUniversity of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India
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Srinivasan R, Aruna A, Lee JS, Kim M, Shivakumar MS, Natarajan D. Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Potential of Bioactive Molecules Ursolic Acid and Thujone Isolated from Memecylon edule and Elaeagnus indica and Their Inhibitory Effect on Topoisomerase II by Molecular Docking Approach. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8716927. [PMID: 32149143 PMCID: PMC7042705 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8716927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and antiproliferative potential of ursolic acid and thujone isolated from leaves of Elaeagnus indica and Memecylon edule and their inhibitory effect on topoisomerase II using molecular docking study. The isolated ursolic acid and thujone were examined for different types of free radicals scavenging activity, the antiproliferative potential on U-937 and HT-60 cell lines by adopting standard methods. Further, these compounds were docked with the active site of the ATPase region of topoisomerase II. The findings of the research revealed that ursolic acid harbor strong antioxidant and antiproliferative capacity with low IC50 values than the thujone in all tested methods. Moreover, ursolic acid shows significant inhibition effect on topoisomerase II with a considerable docking score (-8.0312) and GLIDE energy (-51.86 kca/mol). The present outcome concludes that ursolic acid possesses significant antioxidant and antiproliferative potential, which can be used in the development of novel antioxidant and antiproliferative agents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramalingam Srinivasan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38541, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, K. S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science, K. S. R. Kalvi Nagar, Tiruchengode 637215, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arumugam Aruna
- Department of Biotechnology, K. S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science, K. S. R. Kalvi Nagar, Tiruchengode 637215, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jong Suk Lee
- Department of Food & Nutrition & Cook, Taegu Science University, Daegu 41453, Republic of Korea
| | - Myunghee Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38541, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Devarajan Natarajan
- Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
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Feng B, Zhao C, Li J, Yu J, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Tian T, Zhao L. The Novel Synthetic Triterpene Methyl 3β-O-[4-(2-Aminoethylamino)-4-oxo-butyryl]olean-12-ene-28-oate Inhibits Breast Tumor Cell Growth in Vitro and in Vivo. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2020; 68:962-970. [PMID: 32999148 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oleanolic and ursolic acids were used as lead compounds to synthesize a series of pentacyclic triterpenoid derivatives bearing ethylenediamine, butanediamine, or hexanediamine groups at the C-3 position. The potential antiproliferative activity of these compounds was examined in A549 (human non-small cell lung cancer cells), MCF-7 (human breast cancer cells), and HeLa (human cervical carcinoma cells) cells. Methyl 3β-O-[4-(2-aminoethylamino)-4-oxo-butyryl]olean-12-ene-28-oate (DABO-Me) was identified as a promising antiproliferative agent in vitro and in vivo. DABO-Me strongly suppressed the proliferation of A549, MCF-7, and HeLa cells (IC50 = 4-7 µM). In MCF-7 cells, DABO-Me upregulated the pro-apoptotic protein Bax, downregulated the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, promoted the release of cytochrome c, and activated caspase-3/9. Transwell and flow cytometry assays showed that DABO-Me inhibited MCF-7 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and induced apoptosis and S phase arrest. In vitro and in vivo experiments indicated that DABO-Me inhibited MCF-7 cell proliferation and suppressed tumor growth. Taken together, these results indicate that DABO-Me could be developed as an effective antitumor drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Feng
- Dalian Medical University, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Biotechnology
| | - Chunhui Zhao
- Liaoning Normal University, School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Dalian Medical University, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Biotechnology
| | - Jiawen Yu
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University
| | - Yang Zhang
- Dalian Medical University, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Biotechnology
| | - Xiyue Zhang
- Dalian Medical University, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Biotechnology
| | - Tian Tian
- Liaoning Normal University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Longxuan Zhao
- Liaoning Normal University, School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery
- Liaoning Normal University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
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11
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Kim SH, Jin H, Meng RY, Kim DY, Liu YC, Chai OH, Park BH, Kim SM. Activating Hippo Pathway via Rassf1 by Ursolic Acid Suppresses the Tumorigenesis of Gastric Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4709. [PMID: 31547587 PMCID: PMC6801984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is often dysregulated in many carcinomas, which results in various stages of tumor progression. Ursolic acid (UA), a natural compound that exists in many herbal plants, is known to obstruct cancer progression and exerts anti-carcinogenic effect on a number of human cancers. In this study, we aimed to examine the biological mechanisms of action of UA through the Hippo pathway in gastric cancer cells. MTT assay showed a decreased viability of gastric cancer cells after treatment with UA. Following treatment with UA, colony numbers and the sizes of gastric cancer cells were significantly diminished and apoptosis was observed in SNU484 and SNU638 cells. The invasion and migration rates of gastric cancer cells were suppressed by UA in a dose-dependent manner. To further determine the gene expression patterns that are related to the effects of UA, a microarray analysis was performed. Gene ontology analysis revealed that several genes, such as the Hippo pathway upstream target gene, ras association domain family (RASSF1), and its downstream target genes (MST1, MST2, and LATS1) were significantly upregulated by UA, while the expression of YAP1 gene, together with oncogenes (FOXM1, KRAS, and BATF), were significantly decreased. Similar to the gene expression profiling results, the protein levels of RASSF1, MST1, MST2, LATS1, and p-YAP were increased, whereas those of CTGF were decreased by UA in gastric cancer cells. The p-YAP expression induced in gastric cancer cells by UA was reversed with RASSF1 silencing. In addition, the protein levels in the Hippo pathway were increased in the UA-treated xenograft tumor tissues as compared with that in the control tumor tissues; thus, UA significantly inhibited the tumorigenesis of gastric cancer in vivo in xenograft animals. Collectively, UA diminishes the proliferation and metastasis of gastric cancer via the regulation of Hippo pathway through Rassf1, which suggests that UA can be used as a potential chemopreventive and therapeutic agent for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Hun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Korea.
| | - Hua Jin
- Department of Physiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Korea.
| | - Ruo Yu Meng
- Department of Physiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Korea.
| | - Da-Yeah Kim
- Department of Physiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Korea.
| | - Yu Chuan Liu
- Department of Physiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Korea.
| | - Ok Hee Chai
- Department of Anatomy and Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Korea.
| | - Byung Hyun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Korea.
| | - Soo Mi Kim
- Department of Physiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Korea.
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54907, Korea.
- Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Korea.
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12
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Fan H, Geng L, Yang F, Dong X, He D, Zhang Y. Ursolic acid derivative induces apoptosis in glioma cells through down-regulation of cAMP. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 176:61-67. [PMID: 31096119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to synthesize and evaluate ursolic acid hybrid compounds against glioma cells. Initial screening revealed that most of the synthesized compounds displayed better inhibitory effect on glioma cell proliferation compared to parent ursolic acid. The mechanism of inhibitory effect of the most potent compound 6d on glioma cells was investigated in detail. Treatment with compound 6d significantly (p < 0.001) reduced U251 and C6 cell proliferation at 48 h. The growth of U251 and C6 glioma cells was reduced to minimum level (17 and 21%) on treatment with 10 μM concentration of compound 6d. Treatment of the U251 cells with 10 μM concentration of compound 6d caused a significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of cAMP level. In U251 cell cultures treatment with compound 6d at 10 μM concentration enhanced proportion of apoptotic cells to 69.32% compared to 2.34% in the control cultures. The compound 6d treatment of U251 cells for 48 h caused arrest of cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase with consequent decrease of cell population in G2/M and S phases. The results from TEM showed that compound 6d treatment of U251 cells for 48 h caused blebbing of the cell membranes, chromatin condensation, appearance of foamy cytoplasmic material and autophagic vacuoles. The results from SEM revealed that compound 6d treatment of U251 cells caused a marked inhibition of microvilli and extensions on the cell surfaces. Thus present study demonstrates that compound 6d inhibits glioma cell growth, induces apoptosis and arrest cell cycle through metabolic pathway down-regulation. Therefore, compound 6d can be evaluated further for the treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Li Geng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Xushuai Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Dong He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Yongchao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
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13
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Ali SA, Ibrahim NA, Mohammed MM, El-Hawary S, Refaat EA. The potential chemo preventive effect of ursolic acid isolated from Paulownia tomentosa, against N-diethylnitrosamine: initiated and promoted hepatocarcinogenesis. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01769. [PMID: 31193530 PMCID: PMC6536727 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study discusses the isolation of ursolic acid from the chloroform extract of Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb) Steud fruits and its cytotoxic effect has been assessed in-vitro was performed in different cells lines (A-549, MCF-7, HepG2) and in-vivo using N-diethylnitrosamine. The obtained results revealed that ursolic acid showed significant cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 and HepG2 cell lines in comparison to Doxorubicin as a reference drug. Moreover, we have assessed the inhibitory effects of Paulownia tomentosa fruit chloroform extract and the isolated ursolic acid on hepatocarcinogenesis was carried out for the first time using N-diethylnitrosamine, where the group treated with ursolic acid given orally after 8 weeks of cancer induction showed the most significant results in comparison to the chloroform extract. The effect of ursolic acid on intoxicated rats caused significant restoration of most of the normal hepatocytes architecture with regular dark nuclei and the group treated with Paulownia tomentosa fruits showed remarkable results with improvement in biochemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaa A. Ali
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Center, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Nabaweya A. Ibrahim
- Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Magdy M.D. Mohammed
- Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Seham El-Hawary
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Esraa A. Refaat
- Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
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14
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Wei ZY, Chi KQ, Wang KS, Wu J, Liu LP, Piao HR. Design, synthesis, evaluation, and molecular docking of ursolic acid derivatives containing a nitrogen heterocycle as anti-inflammatory agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1797-1803. [PMID: 29678461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ursolic acid derivatives containing oxadiazole, triazolone, and piperazine moieties were synthesized in an attempt to develop potent anti-inflammatory agents. Structures of the synthesized compounds were elucidated by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS. Most of the synthesized compounds showed pronounced anti-inflammatory effects at 100 mg/kg. In particular, compound 11b, which displayed the most potent anti-inflammatory activity of all of the compounds prepared, with 69.76% inhibition after intraperitoneal administration, was more potent than the reference drugs indomethacin and ibuprofen. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was also assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and no compounds showed any appreciable cytotoxic activity (IC50 >100 μmol/L). Furthermore, molecular docking studies of the synthesized compounds were performed to rationalize the obtained biological results. Overall, the results indicate that compound 11b could be a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yu Wei
- Medical College of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116622, China
| | - Ke-Qiang Chi
- Medical College of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116622, China
| | - Ke-Si Wang
- Medical College of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116622, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Li-Ping Liu
- Medical College of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116622, China.
| | - Hu-Ri Piao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.
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15
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Prophetic medicine as potential functional food elements in the intervention of cancer: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:614-648. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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16
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Bergamin LS, Figueiró F, Dietrich F, Manica FDM, Filippi-Chiela EC, Mendes FB, Jandrey EHF, Lopes DV, Oliveira FH, Nascimento IC, Ulrich H, Battastini AMO. Interference of ursolic acid treatment with glioma growth: An in vitro and in vivo study. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 811:268-275. [PMID: 28663034 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most devastating tumor in the brain. Ursolic acid (UA) is found in a variety of plants, and exhibits several pharmacological activities. In this study, we investigated the effects of UA in vitro, clarifying the mechanisms that mediate its toxicity and the long-lasting actions of UA in C6 glioma cells. We also evaluated the antitumor activity of UA in an in vivo orthotopic glioma model. Cell numbers were assessed using the Trypan blue exclusion test, and the cell cycle was characterized by flow cytometry using propidium iodide staining. Apoptosis was analyzed using an Annexin V kit and by examining caspase-3. Akt immunocontent was verified by Western blot and the long-lasting actions of UA were measured by cumulative population doubling (CPD). In vivo experiments were performed in rats to measure the effects on tumor size, malignant features and toxicological parameters. In vitro results showed that UA decreased glioma cell numbers, increased the sub-G1 fraction and induced apoptotic death, accompanied by increased active caspase-3 protein levels. Akt phosphorylation/activation in cells was also diminished by UA. With regard to CPD, cell proliferation was almost completely restored upon single UA treatments, but when the UA was added again, the majority of cells died, demonstrating the importance of re-treatment cycles with chemotherapeutic agents for abolishing tumor growth. In vivo, ursolic acid slightly reduced glioma tumor size but did not decrease malignant features. Ursolic acid may be a potential candidate as an adjuvant for glioblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Scussel Bergamin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Figueiró
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabrícia Dietrich
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiana de Mattos Manica
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo C Filippi-Chiela
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gastroenterologia e Hepatologia, Faculdade de Medicina, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Franciane Brackman Mendes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Francine H Oliveira
- Serviço de Patologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Isis C Nascimento
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Oliveira Battastini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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17
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Jiang K, Chi T, Li T, Zheng G, Fan L, Liu Y, Chen X, Chen S, Jia L, Shao J. A smart pH-responsive nano-carrier as a drug delivery system for the targeted delivery of ursolic acid: suppresses cancer growth and metastasis by modulating P53/MMP-9/PTEN/CD44 mediated multiple signaling pathways. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:9428-9439. [PMID: 28660943 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr01677h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) has been recently used as a promising anti-tumor and cancer metastatic chemo-preventive agent due to its low toxicity and liver-protecting property. However, the low bioavailability and nonspecific tumor targeting restrict its further clinical application. To address the problem, a silica-based mesoporous nanosphere (MSN) controlled-release drug delivery system (denoted UA@M-CS-FA) was designed and successfully synthesized, and was functionalized with folic acid (FA) and pH-sensitive chitosan (CS) for the targeted delivery of UA to folate receptor (FR) positive tumor cells. UA@M-CS-FA were spherical with mean diameter below 150 nm, and showed about -20 mV potential. Meanwhile, UA@M-CS-FA exhibited a pH-sensitive release manner and high cellular uptake in FR over-expressing HeLa cancer cells. Also, in vitro cellular assays suggested that UA@M-CS-FA inhibited cancer cell growth, invasion and migration. Mechanistically, UA@M-CS-FA induced cancer cell apoptosis and inhibited migration via cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 stage, regulating the PARP/Bcl-2/MMP-9/CD44/PTEN/P53. Importantly, in vivo experiments further confirmed that UA@M-CS-FA significantly suppressed the tumor progression and lung metastasis in tumor-bearing nude mice. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that UA@M-CS-FA treatment regulated CD44, a biomarker of cancer metastasis. Overall, our data demonstrated that a CS and FA modified MSN controlled-release drug delivery system could help broaden the usage of UA and reflect the great application potential of the UA as an anticancer or cancer metastatic chemopreventive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jiang
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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18
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Rodríguez Villanueva J, Rodríguez Villanueva L. Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology ofZiziphus jujubaMills. Phytother Res 2017; 31:347-365. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rodríguez Villanueva
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Unit; 28805 Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Alcalá; Ctra. de Madrid-Barcelona (Autovía A2) Km. 33,600 28805 Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - Laura Rodríguez Villanueva
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Alcalá; Ctra. de Madrid-Barcelona (Autovía A2) Km. 33,600 28805 Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
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19
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Villar VH, Vögler O, Barceló F, Martín-Broto J, Martínez-Serra J, Ruiz-Gutiérrez V, Alemany R. Down-Regulation of AKT Signalling by Ursolic Acid Induces Intrinsic Apoptosis and Sensitization to Doxorubicin in Soft Tissue Sarcoma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155946. [PMID: 27219337 PMCID: PMC4878803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Several important biological activities have been attributed to the pentacyclic triterpene ursolic acid (UA), being its antitumoral effect extensively studied in human adenocarcinomas. In this work, we focused on the efficacy and molecular mechanisms involved in the antitumoral effects of UA, as single agent or combined with doxorubicin (DXR), in human soft tissue sarcoma cells. UA (5-50 μM) strongly inhibited (up to 80%) the viability of STS cells at 24 h and its proliferation in soft agar, with higher concentrations increasing apoptotic death up to 30%. UA treatment (6-9 h) strongly blocked the survival AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signalling pathway, which led to a concomitant reduction of the anti-apoptotic proteins c-Myc and p21, altogether resulting in the activation of intrinsic apoptosis. Interestingly, UA at low concentrations (10-15 μM) enhanced the antitumoral effects of DXR by up to 2-fold, while in parallel inhibiting DXR-induced AKT activation and p21 expression, two proteins implicated in antitumoral drug resistance and cell survival. In conclusion, UA is able to induce intrinsic apoptosis in human STS cells and also to sensitize these cells to DXR by blocking the AKT signalling pathway. Therefore, UA may have beneficial effects, if used as nutraceutical adjuvant during standard chemotherapy treatment of STS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hugo Villar
- Group of Clinical and Translational Research, Department of Biology, Institut Universitari d’Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Oliver Vögler
- Group of Clinical and Translational Research, Department of Biology, Institut Universitari d’Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Francisca Barceló
- Group of Clinical and Translational Research, Department of Biology, Institut Universitari d’Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Javier Martín-Broto
- Group of Clinical and Translational Research, Department of Biology, Institut Universitari d’Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío and Biomedicine Institute of Sevilla (IBIS), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jordi Martínez-Serra
- Group of Clinical and Translational Research, Department of Biology, Institut Universitari d’Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Valentina Ruiz-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
- CIBER:CB06/03 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud, Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain
| | - Regina Alemany
- Group of Clinical and Translational Research, Department of Biology, Institut Universitari d’Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- CIBER:CB06/03 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud, Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain
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20
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Dar BA, Lone AM, Shah WA, Qurishi MA. Synthesis and screening of ursolic acid-benzylidine derivatives as potential anti-cancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 111:26-32. [PMID: 26854375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ursolic acid present abundantly in plant kingdom is a well-known compound with various promising biological activities including, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antiallergic and anti-HIV properties. Herein, a library of ursolic acid-benzylidine derivatives have been designed and synthesized using Claisen Schmidt condensation of ursolic acid with various aromatic aldehydes in an attempt to develop potent antitumor agents. The compounds were evaluated against a panel of four human carcinoma cell lines including, A-549 (lung), MCF-7 (breast), HCT-116 (colon), THP-1 (leukemia) and a normal human epithelial cell line (FR-2). The results from MTT assay revealed that all the compounds displayed high level of antitumor activities compared with the triazole analogs (previously reported) and the parent ursolic acid. However, compound 3b, the most active derivative was subjected to mechanistic studies to understand the underlying mechanism. The results revealed that compound 3b induced apoptosis in HCT-116 cell lines, arrest cell cycle in the G1 phase, caused accumulation of cytochrome c in the cytosol and increased the expression levels of caspase-9 and caspase-3 proteins. Therefore, compound 3b induces apoptosis in HCT-116 cells through mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ahmad Dar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Ali Mohd Lone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India.
| | - Wajaht Amin Shah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
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21
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Prasad S, Yadav VR, Sung B, Gupta SC, Tyagi AK, Aggarwal BB. Ursolic acid inhibits the growth of human pancreatic cancer and enhances the antitumor potential of gemcitabine in an orthotopic mouse model through suppression of the inflammatory microenvironment. Oncotarget 2016; 7:13182-96. [PMID: 26909608 PMCID: PMC4914350 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of chemoresistance in human pancreatic cancer is one reason for the poor survival rate for patients with this cancer. Because multiple gene products are linked with chemoresistance, we investigated the ability of ursolic acid (UA) to sensitize pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine, a standard drug used for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. These investigations were done in AsPC-1, MIA PaCa-2, and Panc-28 cells and in nude mice orthotopically implanted with Panc-28 cells. In vitro, UA inhibited proliferation, induced apoptosis, suppressed NF-κB activation and its regulated proliferative, metastatic, and angiogenic proteins. UA (20 μM) also enhanced gemcitabine (200 nM)-induced apoptosis and suppressed the expression of NF-κB-regulated proteins. In the nude mouse model, oral administration of UA (250 mg/kg) suppressed tumor growth and enhanced the effect of gemcitabine (25 mg/kg). Furthermore, the combination of UA and gemcitabine suppressed the metastasis of cancer cells to distant organs such as liver and spleen. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that biomarkers of proliferation (Ki-67) and microvessel density (CD31) were suppressed by the combination of UA and gemcitabine. UA inhibited the activation of NF-κB and STAT3 and the expression of tumorigenic proteins regulated by these inflammatory transcription factors in tumor tissue. Furthermore, the combination of two agents decreased the expression of miR-29a, closely linked with tumorigenesis, in the tumor tissue. UA was found to be bioavailable in animal serum and tumor tissue. These results suggest that UA can inhibit the growth of human pancreatic tumors and sensitize them to gemcitabine by suppressing inflammatory biomarkers linked to proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahdeo Prasad
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Cytokine Research Laboratory, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vivek R. Yadav
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Cytokine Research Laboratory, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bokyung Sung
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Cytokine Research Laboratory, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Subash C. Gupta
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Cytokine Research Laboratory, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amit K. Tyagi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Cytokine Research Laboratory, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bharat B. Aggarwal
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Cytokine Research Laboratory, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Anti-inflammatory Research Institute, San Deigo, CA, USA
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22
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Zhang X, Song X, Yin S, Zhao C, Fan L, Hu H. p21 induction plays a dual role in anti-cancer activity of ursolic acid. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:501-8. [PMID: 26582056 PMCID: PMC4950478 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215616195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that induction of G1 arrest and apoptosis by ursolic acid is associated with up-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) protein p21 in multiple types of cancer cells. However, the functional role of p21 induction in G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and the mechanisms of p21 induction by ursolic acid have not been critically addressed. In the current study, we demonstrated that p21 played a mediator role in G1 cell cycle arrest by ursolic acid, whereas p21-mediated up-regulation of Mcl-1 compromised apoptotic effect of ursolic acid. These results suggest that p21 induction plays a dual role in the anti-cancer activity of ursolic acid in terms of cell cycle and apoptosis regulation. p21 induction by ursolic acid was attributed to p53 transcriptional activation. Moreover, we found that ursolic acid was able to inhibit murine double minute-2 protein (MDM2) and T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK), the two negative regulator of p53, which in turn contributed to ursolic acid-induced p53 activation. Our findings provided novel insights into understanding of the mechanisms involved in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction in response to ursolic acid exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China Development Center of Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinhua Song
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shutao Yin
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chong Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lihong Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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23
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Kashyap D, Tuli HS, Sharma AK. Ursolic acid (UA): A metabolite with promising therapeutic potential. Life Sci 2016; 146:201-13. [PMID: 26775565 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plants are known to produce a variety of bioactive metabolites which are being used to cure various life threatening and chronic diseases. The molecular mechanism of action of such bioactive molecules, may open up new avenues for the scientific community to develop or improve novel therapeutic approaches to tackle dreadful diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. Ursolic acid (UA) is one among the categories of such plant-based therapeutic metabolites having multiple intracellular and extracellular targets that play role in apoptosis, metastasis, angiogenesis and inflammatory processes. Moreover, the synthetic derivatives of UA have also been seen to be involved in a range of pharmacological applications, which are associated with prevention of diseases. Evidences suggest that UA could be used as a potential candidate to develop a comprehensive competent strategy towards the treatment and prevention of health disorders. The review article herein describes the possible therapeutic effects of UA along with putative mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharambir Kashyap
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, Punjab 160012, India
| | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India.
| | - Anil K Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
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Jeong JW, Shim JJ, Choi ID, Kim SH, Ra J, Ku HK, Lee DE, Kim TY, Jeung W, Lee JH, Lee KW, Huh CS, Sim JH, Ahn YT. Apple Pomace Extract Improves Endurance in Exercise Performance by Increasing Strength and Weight of Skeletal Muscle. J Med Food 2015; 18:1380-6. [PMID: 26331671 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.3401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ursolic acid is a lipophilic pentacyclic triterpenoid found in many fruits and herbs and is used in several herbal folk medicines for diabetes. In this study, we evaluated the effects of apple pomace extract (APE; ursolic acid content, 183 mg/g) on skeletal muscle atrophy. To examine APE therapeutic potential in muscle atrophy, we investigated APE effects on the expression of biomarkers associated with muscle atrophy and hypertrophy. We found that APE inhibited atrophy, while inducing hypertrophy in C2C12 myotubes by decreasing the expression of atrophy-related genes and increasing the expression of hypertrophy-associated genes. The in vivo experiments using mice fed a diet with or without APE showed that APE intake increased skeletal muscle mass, as well as grip strength and exercise capacity. In addition, APE significantly improved endurance in the mice, as evidenced by increased exhaustive running time and muscle weight, and reduced the expression of the genes involved in the development of muscle atrophy. APE also decreased the concentration of serum lactate and lactate dehydrogenase, inorganic phosphate, and creatinine, the indicators of accumulated fatigue and exercise-induced stress. These results suggest that APE may be useful as an ergogenic functional food or dietary supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Woong Jeong
- 1 R&BD Center, Korea Yakult Co, Ltd. , Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jung Shim
- 1 R&BD Center, Korea Yakult Co, Ltd. , Yongin, Republic of Korea
- 2 College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Dong Choi
- 1 R&BD Center, Korea Yakult Co, Ltd. , Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Kim
- 1 R&BD Center, Korea Yakult Co, Ltd. , Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehyeon Ra
- 1 R&BD Center, Korea Yakult Co, Ltd. , Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Keun Ku
- 1 R&BD Center, Korea Yakult Co, Ltd. , Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Eun Lee
- 1 R&BD Center, Korea Yakult Co, Ltd. , Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Youl Kim
- 1 R&BD Center, Korea Yakult Co, Ltd. , Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Woonhee Jeung
- 1 R&BD Center, Korea Yakult Co, Ltd. , Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Lee
- 1 R&BD Center, Korea Yakult Co, Ltd. , Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Won Lee
- 2 College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Sung Huh
- 3 Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University , Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hun Sim
- 1 R&BD Center, Korea Yakult Co, Ltd. , Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Tae Ahn
- 1 R&BD Center, Korea Yakult Co, Ltd. , Yongin, Republic of Korea
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Hua SX, Huang RZ, Ye MY, Pan YM, Yao GY, Zhang Y, Wang HS. Design, synthesis and in vitro evaluation of novel ursolic acid derivatives as potential anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 95:435-52. [PMID: 25841199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel ursolic acid (UA) derivatives modified at the C-3 and the C-28 positions were designed and synthesized in an attempt to develop potential antitumor agents. The in vitro cytotoxicity were evaluated against five cancer cell lines (MGC-803, HCT-116, T24, HepG2 and A549 cell lines) and a normal cell (HL-7702) by MTT assay. The screening results indicated that some of these target compounds displayed moderate to high levels of antiproliferative activities compared with ursolic acid and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and exhibited much lower cytotoxicity than 5-FU, indicating that the targeted compounds had selective and significant effect on the cell lines. The induction of apoptosis and affects on the cell cycle distribution of compound 6r were investigated by acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining, Hoechst 33258 staining, JC-1 mitochondrial membrane potential staining and flow cytometry, which revealed that the antitumor activity of 6r was possibly achieved through the induction of cell apoptosis by G1 cell-cycle arrest. Western blot and qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time PCR) experiments demonstrated that compound 6r may induce apoptosis through both of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Xian Hua
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Science of Guangxi Normal University, Yucai Road 15, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Ri-Zhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Science of Guangxi Normal University, Yucai Road 15, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Man-Yi Ye
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Science of Guangxi Normal University, Yucai Road 15, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Ying-Ming Pan
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Science of Guangxi Normal University, Yucai Road 15, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Gui-Yang Yao
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Science of Guangxi Normal University, Yucai Road 15, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Ye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Science of Guangxi Normal University, Yucai Road 15, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, PR China; Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Science, Guilin Normal College, Xinyi Road 15, Guangxi 541001, PR China.
| | - Heng-Shan Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Science of Guangxi Normal University, Yucai Road 15, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, PR China.
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Yuan Y, Gao Y, Song G, Lin S. Ursolic Acid and Oleanolic Acid from Eriobotrya fragrans Inhibited the Viability of A549 Cells. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Loquat { Eriobotrya japonica (Lindl.)}, a kind of Chinese herb, has many efficacies such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and curing chronic bronchitis. However, reports on the pharmacological action of wild loquat extract are limited. In this work, the A549 cell line was selected to study the inhibitory effect of ursolic acid and oleanolic acid (UA, OA) from the leaves of E. fragrans. Results showed that UA/OA inhibited A549 cell viability and induced apoptosis in a dose and time dependent manner. The cell fraction in the G0/G1 phase dramatically increased under treatment with UA/OA. Data showed that UA activated the expression of PARP. UA and OA down-regulated MMP-2 and Bcl-2; on the contrary, they up-regulated Bid. This work demonstrated that UA/OA extracted from wild loquat leaves can significantly inhibit the viability of A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongshun Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Gang Song
- Cancer Research Center, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shunquan Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Han SK, Kim YG, Kang HC, Huh JR, Kim JY, Baek NI, Lee DK, Lee DG. Oleanolic acid from Fragaria ananassa calyx leads to inhibition of α-MSH-induced melanogenesis in B16-F10 melanoma cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13765-014-4225-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wu P, He P, Zhao S, Huang T, Lu Y, Zhang K. Effects of ursolic acid derivatives on Caco-2 cells and their alleviating role in streptozocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats. Molecules 2014; 19:12559-76. [PMID: 25153871 PMCID: PMC6270814 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190812559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effect and mechanism of a series of ursolic acid (UA) derivatives on glucose uptake were investigated in a Caco-2 cells model. Their effect on hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress were also demonstrated in streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-glucose (2-NBDG) was used as a fluorescein in Caco-2 cells model to screen UA derivatives by glucose uptake and expression of glucose transporter protein (SGLT-1, GLUT-2). Moreover, STZ-induced diabetic rats were administered with these derivatives for 4 weeks of treatment. The fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin levels, biochemical parameters, lipid levels, and oxidative stress markers were finally evaluated. The results of this study indicated that compounds 10 and 11 significantly inhibited 2-NBDG uptake under both Na+-dependent and Na+-independent conditions by decreasing SGLT-1 and GLUT-2 expression in the Caco-2 cells model. Further in vivo studies revealed that compound 10 significantly reduced hyperglycemia by increasing levels of serum insulin, total protein, and albumin, while the fasting blood glucose, body weight and food intake were restored much closer to those of normal rats. Compounds 10 and 11 showed hypolipidemic activity by decreasing the total amounts of cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG). Furthermore, compound 10 showed antioxidant potential which was confirmed by elevation of glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the liver and kidney of diabetic rats. It was concluded that compound 10 caused an apparent inhibition of intestinal glucose uptake in Caco-2 cells and hypoglycemia, hypolipidemia and augmented oxidative stress in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Thus, compound 10 could be developed as a potentially complementary therapeutic or prophylactic agent for diabetics mellitus and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Suqing Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Tianming Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yujing Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Xiang F, Pan C, Kong Q, Wu R, Jiang J, Zhan Y, Xu J, Gu X, Kang X. Ursolic Acid Inhibits the Proliferation of Gastric Cancer Cells by Targeting miR-133a. Oncol Res 2014; 22:267-73. [PMID: 26629938 PMCID: PMC7842598 DOI: 10.3727/096504015x14410238486685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA), a potential chemotherapeutic agent, has the properties of inhibition of the growth of many human cancer cell lines. Whether UA can inhibit the growth and metastasis of human gastric cancer cells remains unknown. In this study, it was found that UA inhibited the growth and metastasis of human gastric cancer cells in vitro. Our results showed the increase of the percent of apoptotic cells and G1 phase, the inhibition of cell migrations well as the decrease of the expression of Bax, caspase 3 and Bcl-2 in BGC-823 cells after the treatment with UA. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that UA treatment upregulated the level of miR-133a in BGC-823 cells. Overexpression of miR-133a increased the G1 phase of cell cycle and decreased Akt1 expression in BGC-823 cells. These outcomes might be secondary to the increased expression of miR-133a after the treatment with UA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenfen Xiang
- *Department of Laboratory Medicine, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Chunying Pan
- †Department Ultrasound, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Kong
- *Department of Laboratory Medicine, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Rong Wu
- *Department of Laboratory Medicine, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jiemin Jiang
- *Department of Laboratory Medicine, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yueping Zhan
- ‡Department of Central Lab, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jian Xu
- ‡Department of Central Lab, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xingang Gu
- †Department Ultrasound, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiangdong Kang
- *Department of Laboratory Medicine, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Highlights of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids in the Cancer Settings. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63294-4.00002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Rashid S, Dar BA, Majeed R, Hamid A, Bhat BA. Synthesis and biological evaluation of ursolic acid-triazolyl derivatives as potential anti-cancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 66:238-45. [PMID: 23811086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A series of ursolic acid-1-phenyl-1H-[1,2,3]triazol-4-ylmethylester congeners have been designed and synthesized in an attempt to develop potent antitumor agents. A regioselective approach using Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of ursolic acid-alkyne derivative with various aromatic azides was employed to target an array of triazolyl derivatives in an efficient manner. Their structures were confirmed by using (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, IR and MS analysis. All the compounds were evaluated for anti-cancer activity against a panel of four human cancer cell lines including A-549 (lung), MCF-7 (breast), HCT-116 (colon), THP-1 (leukemia) and a normal human epithelial cell line (FR-2) using sulforhodamine-B assay. The pharmacological results showed that most of the compounds displayed high level of antitumor activities against the tested cancer cell lines compared with ursolic acid. Compounds 7b, 7g, 7p and 7r were found to be the most potent compounds in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Showkat Rashid
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar-Srinagar 190005, Jammu & Kashmir, India
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Kazmi I, Narooka AR, Afzal M, Singh R, Al-Abbasi FA, Ahmad A, Anwar F. Anticancer effect of ursolic acid stearoyl glucoside in chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Physiol Biochem 2013; 69:687-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-013-0245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Yang S, Zhao Q, Xiang H, Liu M, Zhang Q, Xue W, Song B, Yang S. Antiproliferative activity and apoptosis-inducing mechanism of constituents from Toona sinensis on human cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2013; 13:12. [PMID: 23394678 PMCID: PMC3620677 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-13-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Natural products, including plants, microorganisms and marines, have been considered as valuable sources for anticancer drug discovery. Many Chinese herbs have been discovered to be potential sources of antitumor drugs. Methods In the present study, we investigated the antitumor efficacy of the compounds isolated from Toona sinensis, an important herbal medicine. The inhibitory activities of these compounds were investigated on MGC-803, PC3, A549, MCF-7, and NIH3T3 cells in vitro by MTT assay. The mechanism of the antitumor action of active compounds was investigated through AO/EB staining, Hoechst 33258 staining, TUNEL assay, flow cytometry analysis, and western blotting analysis. Results Fifteen compounds were isolated from the roots of Toona sinensis. Betulonic acid (BTA) and 3-oxours-12-en-28-oic acid (OEA) isolated from the plant inhibited the proliferation of MGC-803 and PC3 cells, with IC50 values of 17.7 μM and 13.6 μM, 26.5 μM and 21.9 μM, respectively. Both could lead to cell apoptosis, and apoptosis ratios reached 27.3% and 24.5% in MGC-803 cells at 72 h after treatment at 20 μM, respectively. Moreover, the study of cancer cell apoptotic signaling pathway indicated that both of them could induce cancer cell apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway, involving the expressions of p53, Bax, caspase 9 and caspase 3. Conclusions The study shows that most of the compounds obtained from Toona sinensis could inhibit the growth of human cancer cells. Furthermore, BTA and OEA exhibited potent antitumor activities via induction of cancer cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Yang
- State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, P,R, China.
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Loizzo MR, Menichini F, Tundis R. Recent Insights into the Emerging Role of Triterpenoids in Cancer Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59603-1.00001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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Venugopal R, Liu RH. Phytochemicals in diets for breast cancer prevention: The importance of resveratrol and ursolic acid. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zhao J, Chen J, Liu T, Fang J, Wan J, Zhao J, Li W, Liu J, Zhao X, Chen S. Anti-viral effects of urosolic acid on guinea pig cytomegalovirus in vitro. JOURNAL OF HUAZHONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. MEDICAL SCIENCES = HUA ZHONG KE JI DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE YING DE WEN BAN = HUAZHONG KEJI DAXUE XUEBAO. YIXUE YINGDEWEN BAN 2012; 32:883-887. [PMID: 23271291 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-012-1052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the anti-viral effect of ursolic acid on guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) and explored the steps of viral replication targeted by ursolic acid. Cytopathic effect assay and MTT method were employed to determine the 50% cellular cytotoxicity (CC(50)), 50% effective concentration (EC(50)) and therapeutic index (TI) with GPCMV. To investigate the specific anti-viral effect of ursolic acid at different temperatures and time points, two other medicines, ganciclovir and Jinyebaidu (JYBD), serving as controls, were studied for comparison. Our results showed that the CC50 of ganciclovir, JYBD and ursolic acid were 333.8, 3015.6, 86.7 μg/mL, respectively; EC(50) of ganciclovir, JYBD and ursolic acid was 48.1, 325.5 and 6.8 μg/mL, respectively; TI of ganciclovir, JYBD and ursolic acid was 7, 9, 13, respectively. Similar with ganciclovir, ursolic acid could inhibit the viral synthesis, but did not affect the viral adsorption onto and penetration into cells. We are led to conclude that the anti-cytomegalovirus effect of ursolic acid is significantly stronger than ganciclovir or JYBD, and the cytotoxic effect of ursolic acid lies in its ability to inhibit viral synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China
| | - Juanjuan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jin Wan
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xianzhe Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Suhua Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Liu MC, Yang SJ, Jin LH, Hu DY, Xue W, Song BA, Yang S. Synthesis and cytotoxicity of novel ursolic acid derivatives containing an acyl piperazine moiety. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 58:128-35. [PMID: 23124210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study designed and synthesized a series of novel ursolic acid derivatives in an attempt to develop potent antitumor agents. Their structures were confirmed using MS, IR, (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR. The inhibitory activities of the title compounds against the MGC-803 (gastric cancer cell) and Bcap-37 (breast cancer cell) human cancer cell lines were evaluated using standard MTT assay in vitro. The pharmacological results showed that some of the compounds displayed moderate to high levels of antitumor activities against the tested cancer cell lines and that most exhibited more potent inhibitory activities compared with ursolic acid. The mechanism of compound 4b was preliminarily investigated by acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining, Hoechst 33258 staining, TUNEL assay and flow cytometry, which revealed that the compound can induce cell apoptosis in MGC-803 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
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Leal AS, Wang R, Salvador JAR, Jing Y. Synthesis of novel ursolic acid heterocyclic derivatives with improved abilities of antiproliferation and induction of p53, p21waf1 and NOXA in pancreatic cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:5774-86. [PMID: 22959527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of new heterocyclic derivatives of ursolic acid 1 were synthesized and evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against AsPC-1 pancreatic cancer cells. Compounds 24-32, with an α,β unsaturated ketone in conjugation with an heterocyclic ring in ring A have improved antiproliferative activities. Compound 32 is the most active compound with an IC(50) of 1.9 μM which is sevenfold more active than ursolic acid 1. Compound 32 arrests cell cycle in G1 phase and induces apoptosis in AsPC-1 cells with upregulation of p53, p21(waf1) and NOXA protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Leal
- Laboratório de Química Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbra, Poló das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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Prasad S, Yadav VR, Sung B, Reuter S, Kannappan R, Deorukhkar A, Diagaradjane P, Wei C, Baladandayuthapani V, Krishnan S, Guha S, Aggarwal BB. Ursolic acid inhibits growth and metastasis of human colorectal cancer in an orthotopic nude mouse model by targeting multiple cell signaling pathways: chemosensitization with capecitabine. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:4942-53. [PMID: 22832932 PMCID: PMC3677707 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Development of chemoresistance, poor prognosis, and metastasis often renders the current treatments for colorectal cancer (CRC) ineffective. Whether ursolic acid, a component of numerous medicinal plants, either alone or in combination with capecitabine, can inhibit the growth and metastasis of human CRC was investigated. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The effect of ursolic acid on proliferation of CRC cell lines was examined by mitochondrial dye uptake assay, apoptosis by esterase staining, NF-κB activation by DNA-binding assay, and protein expression by Western blot. The effect of ursolic acid on the growth and chemosensitization was also examined in orthotopically implanted CRC in nude mice. RESULTS We found that ursolic acid inhibited the proliferation of different colon cancer cell lines. This is correlated with inhibition of constitutive NF-κB activation and downregulation of cell survival (Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, cFLIP, and survivin), proliferative (cyclin D1), and metastatic (MMP-9, VEGF, and ICAM-1) proteins. When examined in an orthotopic nude mouse model, ursolic acid significantly inhibited tumor volume, ascites formation, and distant organ metastasis, and this effect was enhanced with capecitabine. Immunohistochemistry of tumor tissue indicated that ursolic acid downregulated biomarkers of proliferation (Ki-67) and microvessel density (CD31). This effect was accompanied by suppression of NF-κB, STAT3, and β-catenin. In addition, ursolic acid suppressed EGF receptor (EGFR) and induced p53 and p21 expression. We also observed bioavailability of ursolic acid in the serum and tissue of animals. CONCLUSION Overall, our results show that ursolic acid can inhibit the growth and metastasis of CRC and further enhance the therapeutic effects of capecitabine through the suppression of multiple biomarkers linked to inflammation, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahdeo Prasad
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Vivek R. Yadav
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Bokyung Sung
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Simone Reuter
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Ramaswamy Kannappan
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Amit Deorukhkar
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Parmeswaran Diagaradjane
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Caimiao Wei
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Veerabhadran Baladandayuthapani
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Sushovan Guha
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Bharat B. Aggarwal
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
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Leal AS, Wang R, Salvador JAR, Jing Y. Semisynthetic ursolic acid fluorolactone derivatives inhibit growth with induction of p21(waf1) and induce apoptosis with upregulation of NOXA and downregulation of c-FLIP in cancer cells. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1635-46. [PMID: 22807348 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
A series of ursolic acid ((1S,2R,4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,14bS)-10-hydroxy-1,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylic acid) derivatives with a 12-fluoro-13,28β-lactone moiety were synthesized using the electrophilic fluorination reagent Selectfluor. The antiproliferative effects of these novel compounds were evaluated in AsPC-1 pancreatic cancer cells, and the structure-activity relationships (SARs) were evaluated. Of the compounds synthesized, ursolic acid derivatives carrying a heterocyclic ring, such as imidazole or methylimidazole, and cyanoenones were among the more potent inhibitors of AsPC-1 pancreatic cancer cell growth. 2-Cyano-3-oxo-12α-fluoro-urs-1-en-13,28β-olide, compound 20, was the most effective inhibitor with IC(50) values of 0.7, 0.9 and 1.8 μM in pancreatic cancer cell lines AsPC-1, MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1, respectively. This compound also exhibited better antiproliferative activities against breast (MCF7), prostate (PC-3), hepatocellular (Hep G2) and lung (A549) cancer cell lines, with IC(50) values lower than 1 μM. The mechanism of action by which these compounds exert their biological effect was evaluated in AsPC-1 cells using the most potent inhibitor synthesized, compound 20. At 1 μM, the cell cycle arrested at the G1 phase with upregulation of p21(waf1). Apoptosis was induced at an inhibitor concentration of 8 μM with upregulation of NOXA and downregulation of c-FLIP. These data indicate that fluorolactone derivatives of ursolic acid have improved antiproliferative activity, acting through arrest of the cell cycle and induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Leal
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Poló das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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Wang J, Li Y, Wang X, Jiang C. Ursolic acid inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human glioblastoma cell lines U251 by suppressing TGF-β1/miR-21/PDCD4 pathway. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 111:106-12. [PMID: 22353043 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2012.00870.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
New chemotherapeutic strategy should be investigated to enhance clinical management in human gliomas. Recently, ursolic acid (UA), as a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpene, has exhibited a potent anticancer activity in various tumour cells but remains uncertain in human glioma cells. Here, we examined whether UA could suppress the proliferation of human glioma cell line U251, and if so, its possible molecular targets. Cell survival, apoptosis and molecular targets were identified by multiple detecting techniques, including trypan blue dye exclusion assay, electron microscopy, AO/EB staining, Real-time PCR and immunoblotting in U251 cells. The results showed that 5-20 μM of UA suppressed proliferation and induced apoptosis of U251 cells in dose- and time-dependent manners. UA increased the activation of caspase-3 and markedly suppressed levels of microRNA-21 (miR-21) in a time-dependent manner. The expression of programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), which is a miR-21 targeting apoptotic gene, has also been enhanced by UA. And over-expression of miR-21 in U251 cells abolished the enhancement of PDCD4 protein by UA. More importantly, TGF-β1/smads signalling, as critical upstream regulators of miR-21, has also been suppressed by UA. These findings suggest that UA inhibits cell growth via causing apoptosis in U251 cells by a UA-triggered TGF-β1/miR-21/PDCD4 pathway. This study provides an evidence for testing UA efficacy in vivo and warranting future investigations examining the clinical potential of UA in human gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
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Figueiredo VC, Nader GA. Ursolic acid directly promotes protein accretion in myotubes but does not affect myoblast proliferation. Cell Biochem Funct 2012; 30:432-7. [PMID: 22411156 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) has been recently proposed as a potential candidate for the treatment of muscle wasting conditions because of its protein sparring/anabolic effects. Despite this finding, it is unknown whether this response is the consequence of a direct effect on the muscle fibre or if it is mediated by neural or other systemic factors. In the present study, we sought to determine if UA has direct effects in skeletal muscle cells, whether it can increase myoblast proliferation and whether UA can become myotoxic at higher doses. Our results demonstrate that UA directly promoted protein accretion in cultured myotubes but did not modulate myoblast proliferation. At higher doses, UA compromised cell viability in both myoblasts and myotubes. We conclude that the anabolic properties of UA seen in vivo and in vitro are likely a direct effect on the muscle cell, but at higher doses, the benefits decline in favour of a myotoxic outcome.
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Li N, Liu C, Mi S, Wang N, Zheng X, Li Y, Huang X, He S, Chen H, Xu X. Simultaneous Determination of Oleanolic Acid, p-Coumaric Acid, Ferulic Acid, Kaemperol and Quercetin in Rat Plasma by LC–MS-MS and Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study of Oldenlandia diffusa Extract in Rats. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 50:885-92. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Bag P, Chattopadhyay D, Mukherjee H, Ojha D, Mandal N, Sarkar MC, Chatterjee T, Das G, Chakraborti S. Anti-herpes virus activities of bioactive fraction and isolated pure constituent of Mallotus peltatus: an ethnomedicine from Andaman Islands. Virol J 2012; 9:98. [PMID: 22624581 PMCID: PMC3430555 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral infections, particularly the infections caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV), represent one of the most serious public health concerns globally because of their devastating impact. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiviral potential of methanolic crude extract of an ethnomedicine Mallotus peltatus, its active fraction and pure compound, against HSV-1 F and HSV-2 G. RESULT The cytotoxicity (CC(50), the concentration of 50% cellular toxicity), antiviral effective concentration (EC(50), the concentration required to achieve 50% protection against virus-induced cytopathic effect), plaque reduction and the selectivity index (SI, the ratio of CC(50) and EC(50)) was determined. Results showed that the crude methanolic extract of M. peltatus possessed weak anti-HSV activity. In contrast, the active fraction A and isolated ursolic acid from fraction A exhibited potent antiherpesvirus activity against both HSV-1 (EC(50)= 7.8 and 5.5 μg/ml; SI = 22.3 and 20) and HSV-2 (EC(50)= 8.2 and 5.8 μg/ml, and SI = 21.2 and 18.97). The fraction A and isolated ursolic acid (10 μg/ml) inhibited plaque formation of HSV-1 and HSV-2 at more than 80% levels, with a dose dependent antiviral activity, compared to acyclovir. The time response study revealed that the anti-HSV activity of fraction A and isolated ursolic acid is highest at 2-5 h post-infection. Moreover, the time kinetics study by indirect immunofluorescence assay showed a characteristic pattern of small foci of single fluorescent cells in fraction A- treated virus infected cells at 2 h and 4 h post-infection, suggesting drug inhibited viral dissemination. Further, the PCR study with infected cell cultures treated with fraction A and isolated ursolic acid at various time intervals, failed to show amplification at 48-72 h, like acyclovir treated HSV-infected cells. Moreover, fraction A or isolated ursolic acid showed no interaction in combination with acyclovir. CONCLUSION This study revealed that bioactive fraction A and isolated ursolic acid of M. peltatus has good anti-HSV activity, probably by inhibiting the early stage of multiplication (post-infection of 0-5 h), with SI value of 20, suggesting its potential use as anti-HSV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paromita Bag
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID & BG Hospital, General Block 4, First floor, 57 Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID & BG Hospital, General Block 4, First floor, 57 Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Hemanta Mukherjee
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID & BG Hospital, General Block 4, First floor, 57 Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Durbadal Ojha
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID & BG Hospital, General Block 4, First floor, 57 Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Nilanjan Mandal
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID & BG Hospital, General Block 4, First floor, 57 Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Mamta Chawla Sarkar
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Tapan Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Gobardhan Das
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sekhar Chakraborti
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID & BG Hospital, General Block 4, First floor, 57 Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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Shanmugam MK, Nguyen AH, Kumar AP, Tan BKH, Sethi G. Targeted inhibition of tumor proliferation, survival, and metastasis by pentacyclic triterpenoids: potential role in prevention and therapy of cancer. Cancer Lett 2012; 320:158-70. [PMID: 22406826 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, extensive research on plant-based medicinal compounds has revealed exciting and important pharmacological properties and activities of triterpenoids. Fruits, vegetables, cereals, pulses, herbs and medicinal plants are all considered to be biological sources of these triterpenoids, which have attracted great attention especially for their potent anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. Published reports in the past have described the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the various biological activities of triterpenoids which range from inhibition of acute and chronic inflammation, inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, suppression of angiogenesis and metastasis. However systematic analysis of various pharmacological properties of these important classes of compounds has not been done. In this review, we describe in detail the pre-clinical chemopreventive and therapeutic properties of selected triterpenoids that inhibit multiple intracellular signaling molecules and transcription factors involved in the initiation, progression and promotion of various cancers. Molecular targets modulated by these triterpenoids comprise, cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen intermediates, oncogenes, inflammatory enzymes such as COX-2, 5-LOX and MMPs, anti-apoptotic proteins, transcription factors such as NF-κB, STAT3, AP-1, CREB, and Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor) that regulate tumor cell proliferation, transformation, survival, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, chemoresistance and radioresistance. Finally, this review also analyzes the potential role of novel synthetic triterpenoids identified recently which mimic natural triterpenoids in physical and chemical properties and are moving rapidly from bench to bedside research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthu K Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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Sultana N. Clinically useful anticancer, antitumor, and antiwrinkle agent, ursolic acid and related derivatives as medicinally important natural product. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2011; 26:616-42. [PMID: 21417964 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2010.546793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants are becoming an important research area for novel and bioactive molecules for drug discovery. Novel therapeutic strategies and agents are urgently needed to treat different incurable diseases. Many plant derived active compounds are in human clinical trials. Currently ursolic acid is in human clinical trial for treating cancer, tumor, and skin wrinkles. This review includes the clinical use of ursolic acid in various diseases including anticancer, antitumor, and antiwrinkle chemotherapies, and the isolation and purification of this tritepernoid from various plants to update current knowledge on the rapid analysis of ursolic acid by using analytical methods. In addition, the chemical modifications of ursolic acid to make more effective and water soluble derivatives, previous and current information regarding, its natural and semisynthetic analogs, focusing on its anticancer, cytotoxic, antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV, acetyl cholinesterase, α-glucosidase, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective activities, briefly discussion is attempted here for its research perspectives. This review article contains fourteen medicinally important ursolic acid derivatives and 351 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nighat Sultana
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Karachi, Pakistan.
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Wang X, Ikejima K, Kon K, Arai K, Aoyama T, Okumura K, Abe W, Sato N, Watanabe S. Ursolic acid ameliorates hepatic fibrosis in the rat by specific induction of apoptosis in hepatic stellate cells. J Hepatol 2011; 55:379-87. [PMID: 21168456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Specific induction of cell death in activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is a promising therapeutic strategy for hepatic fibrosis. In this study, we evaluated the cell-killing effect of ursolic acid (UA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid, in activated HSCs both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Culture-activated rat HSCs were treated with UA (0-40μM), and the mechanisms of cell death were evaluated. The cell killing effect of UA on activated HSCs in rats chronically treated with thioacetamide (TAA) was detected by dual staining of TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and smooth muscle α-actin (αSMA) immunohistochemistry, and resolution of hepatic fibrosis was evaluated. Further, the protective effects of UA on progression of hepatic fibrosis caused by TAA and bile duct ligation (BDL) were evaluated. RESULTS UA induced apoptotic cell death in culture-activated HSCs, but not in isolated hepatocytes and quiescent HSCs. Mitochodrial permeability transition (MPT) preceded the cleavage of caspase-3 and -9 following UA treatment. UA also decreased phosphorylation levels of Akt, and diminished nuclear localization of NFκB in these cells. In rats pretreated with TAA for 6weeks, a single injection of UA induced remarkable increases in TUNEL- and αSMA-dual-positive cells in 24h, and significant regression of hepatic fibrosis within 48h. Moreover, UA ameliorated hepatic fibrogenesis caused by both chronic TAA administration and BDL. CONCLUSIONS UA ameliorated experimental hepatic fibrosis most likely through specific induction of apoptosis in activated HSCs. It is therefore postulated that UA is a potential therapeutic reagent for resolution of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Shao JW, Dai YC, Xue JP, Wang JC, Lin FP, Guo YH. In vitro and in vivo anticancer activity evaluation of ursolic acid derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:2652-61. [PMID: 21514015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-three ursolic acid (1) derivatives 2-24 (ten novel compounds 8-10, 14-17 and 22-24) modified at the C-3 and the C-28 positions were synthesized, and their structures were confirmed by IR, (1)H NMR, MS, and elemental analysis. The single crystals of compounds 15 and 17 were obtained. The cytotoxic activity of the derivatives was evaluated against HepG2, BGC-823, SH-SY5Y, HeLa and HELF cells by the MTT assay. The induction of apoptosis and affects on the cell cycle distribution with compound 14 were assessed by fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry and the activity of caspase-3 in HepG2 cells. Compounds 14-17 had more significant antiproliferative ability against the four cancer cell lines and low cytotoxicity to human embryonic lung fibroblast cells (HELF). Compounds 11, 14-16, 21 and 23 were particularly active against HepG2 cell growth. Compound 14 was selected to investigate cell apoptosis and cell cycle distribution. Flow cytometric analysis and morphologic changes of the cell exhibited that treatment of HepG2 cells with compound 14 led to cell apoptosis accompanied by cell cycle arrest at the S phase in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the activity of the caspase-3 enzyme was increased in the treated cells. In vivo studies using H22 xenografts in Kunming mice were conducted with compound 14 at doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg body weight. The results revealed that the medium dosage group (100 mg/kg) showed significant anticancer activity (45.6 ± 4.3%) compared to the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wei Shao
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College of Fuzhou University, #2, Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, PR China.
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