1
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Wang X, Wan W, Zhang J, Lu J, Liu P. Efficient pulmonary fibrosis therapy via regulating macrophage polarization using respirable cryptotanshinone-loaded liposomal microparticles. J Control Release 2024; 366:1-17. [PMID: 38154539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Lung inflammation and fibrogenesis are the two main characteristics during the development of pulmonary fibrosis (PF), which are particularly associated with pulmonary macrophages. In this context, whether cryptotanshinone (CTS) could alleviate PF through regulating macrophage polarization were preliminarily demonstrated in vitro. Then the time course of PF and its relationship with macrophage polarization was determined in BLM-induced mice based on cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), lung histopathology, flow cytometric analysis, mRNA and protein expression. CTS was loaded into macrophage-targeted and responsively released mannose-modified liposomes (Man-lipo), and the liposomes were then embedded into mannitol microparticles (M-MPs) using spray drying to achieve efficient pulmonary delivery. Afterwards, how CTS regulates macrophage polarization in vivo during different time courses of PF was probed. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of CTS against PF by regulating macrophage polarization were elucidated in vivo and in vitro. The full-course therapy group could achieve comparable therapeutic effects compared with the positive control drug PFD group. CTS can alleviate PF through regulating macrophage polarization, mainly by inhibiting NLRP3/TGF-β1 pathway during the inflammation course and modulating MMP-9/TIMP-1 balance during the fibrosis development course, providing new insights into chronic PF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhua Wang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratoty for Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wei Wan
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratoty for Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiguo Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Jing Lu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratoty for Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Peiqing Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratoty for Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong 271016, China.
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2
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N-glycosylation of mannose receptor (CD206) regulates glycan binding by C-type lectin domains. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102591. [PMID: 36244450 PMCID: PMC9672410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The macrophage mannose receptor (MR, CD206) is a transmembrane endocytic lectin receptor, expressed in selected immune and endothelial cells, and is involved in immunity and maintaining homeostasis. Eight of the ten extracellular domains of the MR are C-type lectin domains (CTLDs) which mediate the binding of mannose, fucose, and GlcNAc in a calcium-dependent manner. Previous studies indicated that self-glycosylation of MR regulates its glycan binding. To further explore this structure-function relationship, we studied herein a recombinant version of mouse MR CTLD4-7 fused to human Fc-portion of IgG (MR-Fc). The construct was expressed in different glycosylation-mutant cell lines to study the influence of differential glycosylation on receptor glycan-binding properties. We conducted site-specific N- and O-glycosylation analysis and glycosylation site characterization using mass spectrometry by which several novel O-glycosylation sites were identified in mouse MR and confirmed in human full-length MR. This information guided experiments evaluating the receptor functionality by glycan microarray analysis in combination with glycan-modifying enzymes. Treatment of active MR-Fc with combinations of exoglycosidases, including neuraminidase and galactosidases, resulted in the loss of trans-binding (binding of MR CTLDs to non-MR glycans), due to unmasking of terminal, nonreducing GlcNAc in N-glycans of the MR CTLDs. Regalactosylation of N-glycans rescues mannose binding by MR-Fc. Our results indicate that glycans within the MR CTLDs act as a regulatory switch by masking and unmasking self-ligands, including terminal, nonreducing GlcNAc in N-glycans, which could control MR activity in a tissue- and cell-specific manner or which potentially affect bacterial pathogenesis in an immunomodulatory fashion.
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3
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Carbohydrates from Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms interact with immune C-type lectins and interfere with their receptor function. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2021; 7:87. [PMID: 34880222 PMCID: PMC8655052 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-021-00257-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms represent a challenge to the healthcare system because of their resilience against antimicrobials and immune attack. Biofilms consist of bacterial aggregates embedded in an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) composed of polysaccharides, nucleic acids and proteins. We hypothesised that carbohydrates could contribute to immune recognition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by engaging C-type lectins. Here we show binding of Dendritic Cell-Specific Intercellular adhesion molecule-3-Grabbing Non-integrin (DC-SIGN, CD209), mannose receptor (MR, CD206) and Dectin-2 to P. aeruginosa biofilms. We also demonstrate that DC-SIGN, unlike MR and Dectin-2, recognises planktonic P. aeruginosa cultures and this interaction depends on the presence of the common polysaccharide antigen. Within biofilms DC-SIGN, Dectin-2 and MR ligands appear as discrete clusters with dispersed DC-SIGN ligands also found among bacterial aggregates. DC-SIGN, MR and Dectin-2 bind to carbohydrates purified from P. aeruginosa biofilms, particularly the high molecular weight fraction (HMW; >132,000 Da), with KDs in the nM range. These HMW carbohydrates contain 74.9–80.9% mannose, display α-mannan segments, interfere with the endocytic activity of cell-associated DC-SIGN and MR and inhibit Dectin-2-mediated cellular activation. In addition, biofilm carbohydrates reduce the association of the DC-SIGN ligand Lewisx, but not fucose, to human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs), and alter moDC morphology without affecting early cytokine production in response to lipopolysaccharide or P. aeruginosa cultures. This work identifies the presence of ligands for three important C-type lectins within P. aeruginosa biofilm structures and purified biofilm carbohydrates and highlights the potential for these receptors to impact immunity to P. aeruginosa infection.
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4
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Alzhrani RF, Xu H, Valdes SA, Naguib YW, Cui Z. Effect of surface mannosylation on the cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of stearoyl gemcitabine-incorporated, acid-sensitive micelles. COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 43:100441. [PMID: 34307073 PMCID: PMC8294156 DOI: 10.1016/j.colcom.2021.100441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Elevated expression of C-type like receptors (CLRs) by tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) present a unique target for the delivery of anticancer agents. Stearoyl gemcitabine (GemC18)-incorporated, acid-sensitive micelles (G-AS-M) prepared with a stearoyl polyethylene glycol (PEG2000) hydrazone were surface-mannosylated in this study for potential targeted killing of tumor cells and TAMs. The surface mannosylated micelles (i.e. G-MAS-M) were significantly more cytotoxic than the G-AS-M micelles to macrophages and tumor cells that express CLRs. Surprisingly, the uptake of GemC18 in the mannosylated G-MAS-M micelles by the macrophages and tumor cells was lower than that of GemC18 in the G-AS-M micelles. The lack of correlation between the cytoxicity and cellular uptake of GemC18 in the micelles was likely caused by a reduction in the sensitivity of the hydrazone bond linking the PEG2000 to the mannosylated G-MAS-M micelles to hydrolysis, resulting in more stable micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyad F. Alzhrani
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy,
Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Haiyue Xu
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy,
Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Solange A. Valdes
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy,
Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Youssef W. Naguib
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy,
Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, Texas, USA
- Deparment of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia
University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy,
Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, Texas, USA
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5
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Stavenhagen K, Laan LC, Gao C, Mehta AY, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Glickman JN, van Die I, Cummings RD. Tumor cells express pauci- and oligomannosidic N-glycans in glycoproteins recognized by the mannose receptor (CD206). Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5569-5585. [PMID: 34089345 PMCID: PMC11072813 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03863-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The macrophage mannose receptor (CD206, MR) is an endocytic lectin receptor which plays an important role in homeostasis and innate immunity, however, the endogenous glycan and glycoprotein ligands recognized by its C-type lectin domains (CTLD) have not been well studied. Here we used the murine MR CTLD4-7 coupled to the Fc-portion of human IgG (MR-Fc) to investigate the MR glycan and glycoprotein recognition. We probed 16 different cancer and control tissues using the MR-Fc, and observed cell- and tissue-specific binding with varying intensity. All cancer tissues and several control tissues exhibited MR-Fc ligands, intracellular and/or surface-located. We further confirmed the presence of ligands on the surface of cancer cells by flow cytometry. To characterize the fine specificity of the MR for glycans, we screened a panel of glycan microarrays. Remarkably, the results indicate that the CTLD4-7 of the MR is highly selective for specific types of pauci- and oligomannose N-glycans among hundreds of glycans tested. As lung cancer tissue and the lung cancer cell line A549 showed intense MR-Fc binding, we further investigated the MR glycoprotein ligands in those cells by immunoprecipitation and glycoproteomic analysis. All enriched glycoproteins, of which 42 were identified, contained pauci- or oligomannose N-glycans, confirming the microarray results. Our study demonstrates that the MR CTLD4-7 is highly selective for pauci- and oligomannosidic N-glycans, structures that are often elevated in tumor cells, and suggest a potential role for the MR in tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Stavenhagen
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC (VU Medical Center), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa C Laan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC (VU Medical Center), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Akul Y Mehta
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan N Glickman
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Irma van Die
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC (VU Medical Center), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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6
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Wang F, Ullah A, Fan X, Xu Z, Zong R, Wang X, Chen G. Delivery of nanoparticle antigens to antigen-presenting cells: from extracellular specific targeting to intracellular responsive presentation. J Control Release 2021; 333:107-128. [PMID: 33774119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An appropriate delivery system can improve the immune effects of antigens against various infections or tumors. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are specialized to capture and process antigens in vivo, which link the innate and adaptive immune responses. Functionalization of vaccine delivery systems with targeting moieties to APCs is a promising strategy for provoking potent immune responses. Additionally, the internalization and intracellular distribution of antigens are closely related to the initiation of downstream immune responses. With a deeper understanding of the intracellular microenvironment and the mechanisms of antigen presentation, vehicles designed to respond to endogenous and external stimuli can modulate antigen processing and presentation pathways, which are critical to the types of immune response. Here, an overview of extracellular targeting delivery of antigens to APCs and intracellular stimulus-responsiveness strategies is provided, which might be helpful for the rational design of vaccine delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Aftab Ullah
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xuelian Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhou Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Rongling Zong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Gang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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7
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Cao H, Antonopoulos A, Henderson S, Wassall H, Brewin J, Masson A, Shepherd J, Konieczny G, Patel B, Williams ML, Davie A, Forrester MA, Hall L, Minter B, Tampakis D, Moss M, Lennon C, Pickford W, Erwig L, Robertson B, Dell A, Brown GD, Wilson HM, Rees DC, Haslam SM, Alexandra Rowe J, Barker RN, Vickers MA. Red blood cell mannoses as phagocytic ligands mediating both sickle cell anaemia and malaria resistance. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1792. [PMID: 33741926 PMCID: PMC7979802 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21814-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In both sickle cell disease and malaria, red blood cells (RBCs) are phagocytosed in the spleen, but receptor-ligand pairs mediating uptake have not been identified. Here, we report that patches of high mannose N-glycans (Man5-9GlcNAc2), expressed on diseased or oxidized RBC surfaces, bind the mannose receptor (CD206) on phagocytes to mediate clearance. We find that extravascular hemolysis in sickle cell disease correlates with high mannose glycan levels on RBCs. Furthermore, Plasmodium falciparum-infected RBCs expose surface mannose N-glycans, which occur at significantly higher levels on infected RBCs from sickle cell trait subjects compared to those lacking hemoglobin S. The glycans are associated with high molecular weight complexes and protease-resistant, lower molecular weight fragments containing spectrin. Recognition of surface N-linked high mannose glycans as a response to cellular stress is a molecular mechanism common to both the pathogenesis of sickle cell disease and resistance to severe malaria in sickle cell trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Cao
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Sadie Henderson
- grid.476695.f0000 0004 0495 4557Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Heather Wassall
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - John Brewin
- grid.46699.340000 0004 0391 9020Department of Haematology, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alanna Masson
- grid.417581.e0000 0000 8678 4766Department of Haematology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jenna Shepherd
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Gabriela Konieczny
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Bhinal Patel
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maria-Louise Williams
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Adam Davie
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Megan A. Forrester
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Lindsay Hall
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Beverley Minter
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Dimitris Tampakis
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Centre for Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University and Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Moss
- grid.476695.f0000 0004 0495 4557Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Charlotte Lennon
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Wendy Pickford
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Lars Erwig
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Beverley Robertson
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anne Dell
- grid.46699.340000 0004 0391 9020Department of Haematology, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gordon D. Brown
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK ,grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024Medical Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Heather M. Wilson
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - David C. Rees
- grid.46699.340000 0004 0391 9020Department of Haematology, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Stuart M. Haslam
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J. Alexandra Rowe
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert N. Barker
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Mark A. Vickers
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK ,grid.476695.f0000 0004 0495 4557Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Aberdeen, UK ,grid.417581.e0000 0000 8678 4766Department of Haematology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK
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8
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Prabhu VM, Padwal V, Velhal S, Salwe S, Nagar V, Patil P, Bandivdekar AH, Patel V. Vaginal Epithelium Transiently Harbours HIV-1 Facilitating Transmission. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:634647. [PMID: 33816339 PMCID: PMC8011497 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.634647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaginal transmission accounts for majority of newly acquired HIV infections worldwide. Initial events that transpire post-viral binding to vaginal epithelium leading to productive infection in the female reproductive tract are not well elucidated. Here, we examined the interaction of HIV-1 with vaginal epithelial cells (VEC) using Vk2/E6E7, an established cell line exhibiting an HIV-binding receptor phenotype (CD4-CCR5-CD206+) similar to primary cells. We observed rapid viral sequestration, as a metabolically active process that was dose-dependent. Sequestered virus demonstrated monophasic decay after 6 hours with a half-life of 22.435 hours, though residual virus was detectable 48 hours' post-exposure. Viral uptake was not followed by successful reverse transcription and thus productive infection in VEC unlike activated PBMCs. Intraepithelial virus was infectious as evidenced by infection in trans of PHA-p stimulated PBMCs on co-culture. Trans-infection efficiency, however, deteriorated with time, concordant with viral retention kinetics, as peak levels of sequestered virus coincided with maximum viral output of co-cultivated PBMCs. Further, blocking lymphocyte receptor function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) expressed on PBMCs significantly inhibited trans-infection suggesting that cell-to-cell spread of HIV from epithelium to target cells was LFA-1 mediated. In addition to stimulated PBMCs, we also demonstrated infection in trans of FACS sorted CD4+ T lymphocyte subsets expressing co-receptors CCR5 and CXCR4. These included, for the first time, potentially gut homing CD4+ T cell subsets co-expressing integrin α4β7 and CCR5. Our study thus delineates a hitherto unexplored role for the vaginal epithelium as a transient viral reservoir enabling infection of susceptible cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha M Prabhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Varsha Padwal
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Shilpa Velhal
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Sukeshani Salwe
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Vidya Nagar
- Department of Medicine, The Grant Medical College & Sir J. J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India
| | - Priya Patil
- Department of Medicine, The Grant Medical College & Sir J. J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India
| | - Atmaram H Bandivdekar
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Vainav Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
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9
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Bijnen M, Bajénoff M. Gland Macrophages: Reciprocal Control and Function within Their Niche. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:120-136. [PMID: 33423933 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The human body contains dozens of endocrine and exocrine glands, which regulate physiological processes by secreting hormones and other factors. Glands can be subdivided into contiguous tissue modules, each consisting of an interdependent network of cells that together perform particular tissue functions. Among those cells are macrophages, a diverse type of immune cells endowed with trophic functions. In this review, we discuss recent findings on how resident macrophages support tissue modules within glands via the creation of mutually beneficial cell-cell circuits. A better comprehension of gland macrophage function and local control within their niche is essential to achieve a refined understanding of gland physiology in homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Bijnen
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France.
| | - Marc Bajénoff
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
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10
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Gillotay P, Shankar M, Haerlingen B, Sema Elif E, Pozo‐Morales M, Garteizgogeascoa I, Reinhardt S, Kränkel A, Bläsche J, Petzold A, Ninov N, Kesavan G, Lange C, Brand M, Lefort A, Libert F, Detours V, Costagliola S, Sumeet Pal S. Single-cell transcriptome analysis reveals thyrocyte diversity in the zebrafish thyroid gland. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e50612. [PMID: 33140917 PMCID: PMC7726803 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid gland regulates growth and metabolism via production of thyroid hormone in follicles composed of thyrocytes. So far, thyrocytes have been assumed to be a homogenous population. To uncover heterogeneity in the thyrocyte population and molecularly characterize the non-thyrocyte cells surrounding the follicle, we developed a single-cell transcriptome atlas of the region containing the zebrafish thyroid gland. The 6249-cell atlas includes profiles of thyrocytes, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, immune cells, and fibroblasts. Further, the thyrocytes show expression heterogeneity, including bimodal expression of the transcription factor pax2a. To validate thyrocyte heterogeneity, we generated a CRISPR/Cas9-based pax2a knock-in line that monitors pax2a expression in the thyrocytes. A population of pax2a-low mature thyrocytes interspersed in individual follicles can be distinguished. We corroborate heterogeneity within the thyrocyte population using RNA sequencing of pax2a-high and pax2a-low thyrocytes, which demonstrates 20% differential expression in transcriptome between the two subpopulations. Our results identify and validate transcriptional differences within the presumed homogenous thyrocyte population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meghna Shankar
- IRIBHMUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)BrusselsBelgium
| | | | - Eski Sema Elif
- IRIBHMUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)BrusselsBelgium
| | | | | | - Susanne Reinhardt
- DRESDEN‐concept Genome CenterDFG NGS Competence Center, c/o Center for Molecular and Cellular BioengineeringTU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Annekathrin Kränkel
- DRESDEN‐concept Genome CenterDFG NGS Competence Center, c/o Center for Molecular and Cellular BioengineeringTU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Juliane Bläsche
- DRESDEN‐concept Genome CenterDFG NGS Competence Center, c/o Center for Molecular and Cellular BioengineeringTU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Andreas Petzold
- DRESDEN‐concept Genome CenterDFG NGS Competence Center, c/o Center for Molecular and Cellular BioengineeringTU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Nikolay Ninov
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD)TU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Gokul Kesavan
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden TU Dresden (CRTD), and Cluster of ExcellencePhysics of Life (PoL)TU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Christian Lange
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden TU Dresden (CRTD), and Cluster of ExcellencePhysics of Life (PoL)TU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Michael Brand
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden TU Dresden (CRTD), and Cluster of ExcellencePhysics of Life (PoL)TU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Anne Lefort
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden TU Dresden (CRTD), and Cluster of ExcellencePhysics of Life (PoL)TU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Frédérick Libert
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden TU Dresden (CRTD), and Cluster of ExcellencePhysics of Life (PoL)TU DresdenDresdenGermany
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11
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Vendele I, Willment JA, Silva LM, Palma AS, Chai W, Liu Y, Feizi T, Spyrou M, Stappers MHT, Brown GD, Gow NAR. Mannan detecting C-type lectin receptor probes recognise immune epitopes with diverse chemical, spatial and phylogenetic heterogeneity in fungal cell walls. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1007927. [PMID: 31999794 PMCID: PMC7012452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
During the course of fungal infection, pathogen recognition by the innate immune system is critical to initiate efficient protective immune responses. The primary event that triggers immune responses is the binding of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), which are expressed at the surface of host immune cells, to Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) located predominantly in the fungal cell wall. Most fungi have mannosylated PAMPs in their cell walls and these are recognized by a range of C-type lectin receptors (CTLs). However, the precise spatial distribution of the ligands that induce immune responses within the cell walls of fungi are not well defined. We used recombinant IgG Fc-CTLs fusions of three murine mannan detecting CTLs, including dectin-2, the mannose receptor (MR) carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) 4–7 (CRD4-7), and human DC-SIGN (hDC-SIGN) and of the β-1,3 glucan-binding lectin dectin-1 to map PRR ligands in the fungal cell wall of fungi grown in vitro in rich and minimal media. We show that epitopes of mannan-specific CTL receptors can be clustered or diffuse, superficial or buried in the inner cell wall. We demonstrate that PRR ligands do not correlate well with phylogenetic relationships between fungi, and that Fc-lectin binding discriminated between mannosides expressed on different cell morphologies of the same fungus. We also demonstrate CTL epitope differentiation during different phases of the growth cycle of Candida albicans and that MR and DC-SIGN labelled outer chain N-mannans whilst dectin-2 labelled core N-mannans displayed deeper in the cell wall. These immune receptor maps of fungal walls of in vitro grown cells therefore reveal remarkable spatial, temporal and chemical diversity, indicating that the triggering of immune recognition events originates from multiple physical origins at the fungal cell surface. Invasive fungal infections remain an important health problem in immunocompromised patients. Immune recognition of fungal pathogens involves binding of specific cell wall components by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) and subsequent activation of immune defences. Some cell wall components are conserved among fungal species while other components are species-specific and phenotypically diverse. The fungal cell wall is dynamic and capable of changing its composition and organization when adapting to different growth niches and environmental stresses. Differences in the composition of the cell wall lead to differential immune recognition by the host. Understanding how changes in the cell wall composition affect recognition by PRRs is likely to be of major diagnostic and clinical relevance. Here we address this fundamental question using four soluble immune receptor-probes which recognize mannans and β-glucan in the cell wall. We use this novel methodology to demonstrate that mannan epitopes are differentially distributed in the inner and outer layers of fungal cell wall in a clustered or diffuse manner. Immune reactivity of fungal cell surfaces was not correlated with relatedness of different fungal species, and mannan-detecting receptor-probes discriminated between cell surface mannans generated by the same fungus growing under different conditions. These studies demonstrate that mannan-epitopes on fungal cell surfaces are differentially distributed within and between the cell walls of fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrida Vendele
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Aberdeen Fungal Group, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Janet A. Willment
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Aberdeen Fungal Group, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Lisete M. Silva
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Angelina S. Palma
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- UCIBIO, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Wengang Chai
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yan Liu
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ten Feizi
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Spyrou
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Aberdeen Fungal Group, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mark H. T. Stappers
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Aberdeen Fungal Group, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon D. Brown
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Aberdeen Fungal Group, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A. R. Gow
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Aberdeen Fungal Group, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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12
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Subramanian K, Henriques-Normark B, Normark S. Emerging concepts in the pathogenesis of the Streptococcus pneumoniae: From nasopharyngeal colonizer to intracellular pathogen. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13077. [PMID: 31251447 PMCID: PMC6899785 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is a human respiratory tract pathogen and a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Although the pneumococcus is a commensal bacterium that colonizes the nasopharynx, it also causes lethal diseases such as meningitis, sepsis, and pneumonia, especially in immunocompromised patients, in the elderly, and in young children. Due to the acquisition of antibiotic resistance and the emergence of nonvaccine serotypes, the pneumococcus has been classified as one of the priority pathogens for which new antibacterials are urgently required by the World Health Organization, 2017. Understanding molecular mechanisms behind the pathogenesis of pneumococcal infections and bacterial interactions within the host is crucial to developing novel therapeutics. Previously considered to be an extracellular pathogen, it is becoming evident that pneumococci may also occasionally establish intracellular niches within the body to escape immune surveillance and spread within the host. Intracellular survival within host cells also enables pneumococci to resist many antibiotics. Within the host cell, the bacteria exist in unique vacuoles, thereby avoiding degradation by the acidic lysosomes, and modulate the expression of its virulence genes to adapt to the intracellular environment. To invade and survive intracellularly, the pneumococcus utilizes a combination of virulence factors such as pneumolysin (PLY), pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), pneumococcal adhesion and virulence protein B (PavB), the pilus‐1 adhesin RrgA, pyruvate oxidase (SpxB), and metalloprotease (ZmpB). In this review, we discuss recent findings showing the intracellular persistence of Streptococcus pneumoniae and its underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Subramanian
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Henriques-Normark
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKC) and Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Staffan Normark
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKC) and Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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13
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Jackson DG. Leucocyte Trafficking via the Lymphatic Vasculature- Mechanisms and Consequences. Front Immunol 2019; 10:471. [PMID: 30923528 PMCID: PMC6426755 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatics fulfill a vital physiological function as the conduits through which leucocytes traffic between the tissues and draining lymph nodes for the initiation and modulation of immune responses. However, until recently many of the molecular mechanisms controlling such migration have been unclear. As a result of careful research, it is now apparent that the process is regulated at multiple stages from initial leucocyte entry and intraluminal crawling in peripheral tissue lymphatics, through to leucocyte exit in draining lymph nodes where the migrating cells either participate in immune responses or return to the circulation via efferent lymph. Furthermore, it is increasingly evident that most if not all leucocyte populations migrate in lymph and that such migration is not only important for immune modulation, but also for the timely repair and resolution of tissue inflammation. In this article, I review the latest research findings in these areas, arising from new insights into the distinctive ultrastructure of lymphatic capillaries and lymph node sinuses. Accordingly, I highlight the emerging importance of the leucocyte glycocalyx and its novel interactions with the endothelial receptor LYVE-1, the intricacies of endothelial chemokine secretion and sequestration that direct leucocyte trafficking and the significance of the process for normal immune function and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Jackson
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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14
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Vieira ACC, Chaves LL, Pinheiro M, Lima SAC, Ferreira D, Sarmento B, Reis S. Mannosylated solid lipid nanoparticles for the selective delivery of rifampicin to macrophages. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:653-663. [PMID: 29433346 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1434186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is still a devastating disease and more people have died of TB than any other infectious diseases throughout the history. The current therapy consists of a multidrug combination in a long-term treatment, being associated with the appearance of several adverse effects. Thus, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were developed using mannose as a lectin receptor ligand conjugate for macrophage targeting and to increase the therapeutic index of rifampicin (RIF). The developed SLNs were studied in terms of diameter, polydispersity index, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading capacity (LC). Morphology, in vitro drug release and differential scanning calorimetry studies, macrophage uptake studies, cell viability and storage stability studies were also performed. The diameter of the SLNs obtained was within the range of 160-250 nm and drug EE was above 75%. The biocompatibility of M-SLNs was verified and the internalization in macrophages was improved with the mannosylation. The overall results suggested that the developed mannosylated formulations are safe and a promising tool for TB therapy targeted for macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre C C Vieira
- a UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas , Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Luíse L Chaves
- a UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas , Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Marina Pinheiro
- a UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas , Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Sofia A Costa Lima
- a UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas , Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Domingos Ferreira
- b UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências do Medicamento , Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- c I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,d INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,e CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde , Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde , Gandra , Portugal
| | - Salette Reis
- a UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas , Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
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15
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Abstract
Macrophages are present in all vertebrate tissues, from mid-gestation throughout life, constituting a widely dispersed organ system. They promote homeostasis by responding to internal and external changes within the body, not only as phagocytes in defence against microbes and in clearance of dead and senescent cells, but also through trophic, regulatory and repair functions. In this review, we describe macrophage phenotypic heterogeneity in different tissue environments, drawing particular attention to organ-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamon Gordon
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan. .,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
| | - Annette Plüddemann
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
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16
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Hammami M, Soussou A, Idoudi F, Cohen-Bouhacina T, Bouhaouala-Zahar B, Baccar ZM. Development of an Immunosensor Based on Layered Double Hydroxides for MMR Cancer Biomarker Detection. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2015; 14:688-93. [DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2015.2462025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Motoyama K, Mitsuyasu R, Akao C, Abu Hashim II, Sato N, Tanaka T, Higashi T, Arima H. Potential Use of Thioalkylated Mannose-Modified Dendrimer (G3)/α-Cyclodextrin Conjugate as an NF-κB siRNA Carrier for the Treatment of Fulminant Hepatitis. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:3129-36. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500814f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Motoyama
- Department
of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Mitsuyasu
- Department
of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Chiho Akao
- Department
of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Irhan Ibrahim Abu Hashim
- Department
of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Nana Sato
- Department
of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tanaka
- Department
of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Taishi Higashi
- Department
of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Arima
- Department
of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- Program
for Leading Graduate Schools “HIGO (Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary
and Glocal Oriented) Program”, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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18
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Ahmed AMM, Kadaru AGY, Omer I, Musa AM, Enan K, El Khidir IM, Williams R. Macrophages from patients with cirrhotic ascites showed function alteration of host defense receptor. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2014; 4:279-86. [PMID: 25755574 PMCID: PMC4298631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with cirrhotic ascites (PCA) are susceptible to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) which has increased morbidity and mortality. Since some host defense aspects of peritoneal macrophages (PMф) from PCA are altered this study examined factors related to receptor-mediated phagocytosis. METHODS Twelve PCA were studied. PMɸ were isolated from ascitic fluid (AF) samples removed from these patients. Uptake of mannose receptor (MR)-specific ligand, fluorescein isothiocyanate-mannosylated-bovine serum albumin (FITC-man-BSA), by patients' PMɸ and controls, a human monocytic cell line, was measured pre- and post-IL-4 treatment. Phagocytosis of FITC-labeled yeast particles by patients' PMɸ was measured pre- and post-IL-4 treatment. Fluorescence values were obtained using a spectrofuorometer. MRC1 gene was analyzed in blood samples from PCA and controls, healthy donors, using standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. RESULTS Past SBP episode(s) were reported in 58.3% of patients. Mean AF volume analyzed per patient was 1.3L. PMɸ ratio in cell yield was 53.73% (SD 18.1). Mean uptake absorbance of patients' PMф was 0.0841 (SD 0.077) compared to 0.338 (SD 0.34) of controls, P = 0.023. Following IL-4 treatment absorbance increased to 0.297 (SD 0.28) in patients' PMф (P = 0.018 on paired sample t-test), and to 0.532 (SD 0.398 in controls (P = 0.053 on independent sample t-test). Mean phagocytosis absorbance of patients' PMф was 0.1250 (SD 0.032) before IL-4 treatment compared to 0.2300 (SD 0.104) after (P = 0.026). PCR analysis for MRC1 gene was negative in all PCA samples compared to positive results in all controls. CONCLUSION Since decreased phagocytosis and MR uptake were enhanced post-IL-4 treatment MR downregulation pre-treatment is plausible. Negative PCR results for MRC1 might suggest an anomaly, but this awaits further ellucidation. These altered host defense findings are relevant to infection pathophysiology, and their relevance to SBP susceptibility in PCA is worth verifying.
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Key Words
- AF, ascitic fluid
- FBS, foetal bovine serum
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- IL-4, interleukin-4
- MR, mannose receptor
- MRC1 gene
- MRC1, gene encoding human MR
- PCA, patients with cirrhotic ascites
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PMф, peritoneal macrophages
- RPMI and DMEM, cell culture media
- cirrhosis
- macrophage host defense
- man-BSA, mannosylated bovine serum albumin
- mannose receptor
- spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Motaal M. Ahmed
- Department of Medicine, The National University for Medical and Allied Sciences, Khartoum 11123, Sudan
- Address for correspondence: Abdel Motaal M. Ahmed, Consultant Gastroenterologist and Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, The National University for Medical and Allied Sciences, Khartoum 11123, Sudan. Tel.: +249 114624484 (mobile); fax: +249 183789554.
| | - Abdel Gadir Y. Kadaru
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11123, Sudan
| | - Ibtihal Omer
- Microbiology Department, Ribat University, Khartoum 11123, Sudan
| | - Ahmed M. Musa
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11123, Sudan
| | - Khalid Enan
- Molecular Biology Unit, The National Research Laboratory Centre, Khartoum 11123, Sudan
| | - Isam M. El Khidir
- Virology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11123, Sudan
| | - Roger Williams
- Institute of Hepatology, The Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
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19
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Alonso-Sande M, des Rieux A, Fievez V, Sarmento B, Delgado A, Evora C, Remuñán-López C, Préat V, Alonso MJ. Development of PLGA-Mannosamine Nanoparticles as Oral Protein Carriers. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:4046-52. [DOI: 10.1021/bm401141u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alonso-Sande
- CIMUS
Research Institute, Campus Vida - University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Spain
| | - Anne des Rieux
- Louvain
Drug Research Institute, Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Research
Group, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Virginie Fievez
- Louvain
Drug Research Institute, Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Research
Group, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- INEB
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Araceli Delgado
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of La Laguna, Spain
| | - Carmen Evora
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of La Laguna, Spain
| | - Carmen Remuñán-López
- Nanobiofar
Group, Department of Pharmacy
and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Véronique Préat
- Louvain
Drug Research Institute, Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Research
Group, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Maria J. Alonso
- CIMUS
Research Institute, Campus Vida - University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Spain
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20
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Carvalho LA, Nobrega AF, Soares ID, Carvalho SL, Allodi S, Baetas-da-Cruz W, Cavalcante LA. The mannose receptor is expressed by olfactory ensheathing cells in the rat olfactory bulb. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:1572-80. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Litia A. Carvalho
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratory of Comparative and Developmental Neurobiology; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Alberto F. Nobrega
- Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Igor D.P. Soares
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratory of Comparative and Developmental Neurobiology; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Sergio L. Carvalho
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratory of Comparative and Developmental Neurobiology; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Silvana Allodi
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratory of Comparative and Developmental Neurobiology; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Wagner Baetas-da-Cruz
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratory of Comparative and Developmental Neurobiology; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Centro de Cirurgia Experimental, Departamento de Cirurgia; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Medicina; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Leny A. Cavalcante
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratory of Comparative and Developmental Neurobiology; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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Scharenberg M, Schwardt O, Rabbani S, Ernst B. Target Selectivity of FimH Antagonists. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9810-6. [PMID: 23088608 DOI: 10.1021/jm3010338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mannose-based FimH antagonists are considered new therapeutics for the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs). They prevent the adhesion of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) to urothelial cell surfaces triggered by the lectin FimH, which is located at the tip of bacterial type 1 pili. Because all reported FimH antagonists are α-d-mannosides, they are also potential ligands of mannose receptors of the human host system. We therefore investigated the selectivity range of five FimH antagonists belonging to different compound families by comparing their affinities for FimH and eight human mannose receptors. On the basis of the detected selectivity range of approximately 5 orders of magnitude, no adverse side effects resulting from nonselective binding to the human receptors have to be expected. FimH antagonists can therefore be further considered as potential therapeutics for the treatment of UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Scharenberg
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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22
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Driessen NN, Boshoff HI, Maaskant JJ, Gilissen SA, Vink S, van der Sar AM, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM, Bewley CA, Appelmelk BJ, Geurtsen J. Cyanovirin-N inhibits mannose-dependent Mycobacterium-C-type lectin interactions but does not protect against murine tuberculosis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 189:3585-92. [PMID: 22942435 PMCID: PMC3448799 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cyanovirin-N (CV-N) is a mannose-binding lectin that inhibits HIV-1 infection by blocking mannose-dependent target cell entry via C-type lectins. Like HIV-1, Mycobacterium tuberculosis expresses mannosylated surface structures and exploits C-type lectins to gain cell access. In this study, we investigated whether CV-N, like HIV-1, can inhibit M. tuberculosis infection. We found that CV-N specifically interacted with mycobacteria by binding to the mannose-capped lipoglycan lipoarabinomannan. Furthermore, CV-N competed with the C-type lectins DC-SIGN and mannose receptor for ligand binding and inhibited the binding of M. tuberculosis to dendritic cells but, unexpectedly, not to macrophages. Subsequent in vivo infection experiments in a mouse model demonstrated that, despite its activity, CV-N did not inhibit or delay M. tuberculosis infection. This outcome argues against a critical role for mannose-dependent C-type lectin interactions during the initial stages of murine M. tuberculosis infection and suggests that, depending on the circumstances, M. tuberculosis can productively infect cells using different modes of entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole N. Driessen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Free university medical center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Helena I.M. Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Janneke J. Maaskant
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Free university medical center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan A.C. Gilissen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Free university medical center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Simone Vink
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Free university medical center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Astrid M. van der Sar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Free university medical center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Carole A. Bewley
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ben J. Appelmelk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Free university medical center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Geurtsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Free university medical center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Vigerust DJ, Vick S, Shepherd VL. Characterization of functional mannose receptor in a continuous hybridoma cell line. BMC Immunol 2012; 13:51. [PMID: 22967244 PMCID: PMC3495026 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-13-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mannose receptor is the best described member of the type I transmembrane C-type lectins; however much remains unanswered about the biology of the receptor. One difficulty has been the inability to consistently express high levels of a functional full length mannose receptor cDNA in mammalian cells. Another difficulty has been the lack of a human macrophage cell line expressing a fully functional receptor. Commonly used human macrophage cell lines such as U937, THP-1, Mono-Mac and HL60 do not express the mannose receptor. We have developed a macrophage hybridoma cell line (43MR cells) created by fusion of U937 cells with primary human monocyte-derived macrophages, resulting in a non-adherent cell line expressing several properties of primary macrophages. The purpose of this study was to identify and select mannose receptor-expressing cells using fluorescence-activated cell sorting and to characterize the expression and function of the receptor. Results In the current study we show that the mannose receptor found on this novel cell has endocytic characteristics consistent with and similar to the mannose receptor found on the surface of monocyte-derived human macrophages and rat bone marrow-derived macrophages. In addition, we demonstrate that these cells engage and internalize pathogen particles such as S. aureus and C. albicans. We further establish the transfectability of these cells via the introduction of a plasmid expressing influenza A hemagglutinin. Conclusions The 43MR cell line represents the first naturally expressed MR-positive cell line derived from a human macrophage background. This cell line provides an important cell model for other researchers for the study of human MR biology and host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Vigerust
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Medical Center/Research Service, 1310 24th Ave,, South, Nashville TN 37212, USA
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Martinez-Pomares L. Analysis of the targeting properties of Fc chimeric proteins and antibodies in mice in vivo. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2012; Chapter 18:Unit 18.18.1-12. [PMID: 22470135 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1818s97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This unit includes protocols for the analysis of the targeting properties of Fc chimeric proteins and antibodies in mice in vivo. We present procedures to prepare the reagents to be tested under endotoxin-free conditions, suitable injection sites, methodology for tissue collection, and processing, and labeling procedures to detect the injected material in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Martinez-Pomares
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Shkurupiy VA, Guseva EV, Potapova OV, Nadeev AP. Morphological changes in the brain of mice with systemic candidiasis treated with composition of amphotericin B and oxidized dextran. Bull Exp Biol Med 2012; 151:95-8. [PMID: 22442811 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-011-1267-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We observed morphological manifestation of encephalitis 3, 7, 10 and 28 days after intravenous infection of adult male CBA mice with Candida albicans. Compounds were administered intraperitoneally every other day starting from the next day postinfection. Untreated animals (100%) died over the period between days 18 and 20 postinfection; 60% animals receiving oxidized dextran alone survived by day 28 of observation. All animals treated with amphotericin B and composition of amphotericin B and oxidized dextran survived. On day 3 postinfection, the count of macrophage infiltrates and granulomas in the cerebral interstitium of mice treated with amphotericin B was equal to that in untreated mice, but was sufficiently lower in animals treated with the composition or oxidized dextran alone. On day 10, this index was similar in all groups and was approximately 5 times lower than in untreated animals on day 3. On day 28, macrophage infiltrates and granulomas were absent in the brain of all treated mice. These data suggest that oxidized dextran produced a therapeutic effect, which manifested earlier than the effect of amphotericin B and potentiated its effect, probably due to its competition with Candida albicans for mannose receptors on the brain-blood barrier endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Shkurupiy
- Research Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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26
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Ohnishi H, Oka K, Mizuno S, Nakamura T. Identification of mannose receptor as receptor for hepatocyte growth factor β-chain: novel ligand-receptor pathway for enhancing macrophage phagocytosis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:13371-81. [PMID: 22354962 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.318568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a heterodimer composed of the α-chain and β-chain, exerts multifunctional actions for tissue repair and homeostasis via its receptor, MET. HGF is cleaved by proteases secreted from inflammatory cells, and NK4 and β-chain remnant (HGF-β) are generated. Here, we provide evidence that HGF-β binds to a new receptor other than MET for promoting a host cell clearance system. By an affinity cross-linking, radiolabeled HGF-β was bound to liver non-parenchymal cells, particularly to Kupffer cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells, but not to parenchymal hepatocytes. The cross-linked complex was immunoprecipitated by anti-HGF antibody, but not anti-MET antibody, implying that HGF-β binds to non-parenchymal cells at a site distinct from MET. Mass spectrometric detection of the ligand receptor complex revealed that the binding site of HGF-β was the mannose receptor (MR). Actually, an ectopic expression of MR in COS-7 cells, which express no endogenous MR or MET, enabled HGF-β to bind these cells at a K(D) of 89 nM, demonstrating that MR is the new receptor for HGF-β. Interaction of HGF-β and MR was diminished by EGTA, and by an enzymatic digestion of HGF-β sugar chains, suggesting that MR may recognize the glycosylation site(s) of HGF-β in a Ca(2+)-dependent fashion. Notably, HGF-β, but not other MR ligands, enhanced the ingestion of latex beads, or of apoptotic neutrophils, by Kupffer cells, possibly via an F-actin-dependent pathway. Thus, the HGF-β·MR complex may provide a new pathway for the enhancement of cell clearance systems, which is associated with resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ohnishi
- Kringle Pharma Joint Research Division for Regenerative Drug Discovery, Center for Advanced Science and Innovation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Uptake of blood coagulation factor VIII by dendritic cells is mediated via its C1 domain. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129:501-9, 509.e1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Dangaj D, Abbott KL, Mookerjee A, Zhao A, Kirby PS, Sandaltzopoulos R, Powell DJ, Lamazière A, Siegel DL, Wolf C, Scholler N. Mannose receptor (MR) engagement by mesothelin GPI anchor polarizes tumor-associated macrophages and is blocked by anti-MR human recombinant antibody. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28386. [PMID: 22163010 PMCID: PMC3232216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating macrophages respond to microenvironmental signals by developing a tumor-associated phenotype characterized by high expression of mannose receptor (MR, CD206). Antibody cross-linking of CD206 triggers anergy in dendritic cells and CD206 engagement by tumoral mucins activates an immune suppressive phenotype in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Many tumor antigens are heavily glycosylated, such as tumoral mucins, and/or attached to tumor cells by mannose residue-containing glycolipids (GPI anchors), as for example mesothelin and the family of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). However, the binding to mannose receptor of soluble tumor antigen GPI anchors via mannose residues has not been systematically studied. To address this question, we analyzed the binding of tumor-released mesothelin to ascites-infiltrating macrophages from ovarian cancer patients. We also modeled functional interactions between macrophages and soluble mesothelin using an in vitro system of co-culture in transwells of healthy donor macrophages with human ovarian cancer cell lines. We found that soluble mesothelin bound to human macrophages and that the binding depended on the presence of GPI anchor and of mannose receptor. We next challenged the system with antibodies directed against the mannose receptor domain 4 (CDR4-MR). We isolated three novel anti-CDR4-MR human recombinant antibodies (scFv) using a yeast-display library of human scFv. Anti-CDR4-MR scFv #G11 could block mesothelin binding to macrophages and prevent tumor-induced phenotype polarization of CD206(low) macrophages towards TAMs. Our findings indicate that tumor-released mesothelin is linked to GPI anchor, engages macrophage mannose receptor, and contributes to macrophage polarization towards TAMs. We propose that compounds able to block tumor antigen GPI anchor/CD206 interactions, such as our novel anti-CRD4-MR scFv, could prevent tumor-induced TAM polarization and have therapeutic potential against ovarian cancer, through polarization control of tumor-infiltrating innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denarda Dangaj
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Karen L. Abbott
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ananda Mookerjee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Aizhi Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Pamela S. Kirby
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Raphael Sandaltzopoulos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Daniel J. Powell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Antonin Lamazière
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine Saint Antoine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Don L. Siegel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Claude Wolf
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine Saint Antoine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Scholler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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The Mannose Receptor (CD206) is an important pattern recognition receptor (PRR) in the detection of the infective stage of the helminth Schistosoma mansoni and modulates IFNγ production. Int J Parasitol 2011; 41:1335-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Macedo-Ramos H, Campos FSO, Carvalho LA, Ramos IB, Teixeira LM, De Souza W, Cavalcante LA, Baetas-da-Cruz W. Olfactory ensheathing cells as putative host cells for Streptococcus pneumoniae: evidence of bacterial invasion via mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis. Neurosci Res 2010; 69:308-13. [PMID: 21192991 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a special glia that ensheath olfactory receptor axons that enter the brain via olfactory phila, thus, providing a potential route for access of pathogens. Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp), that has a capsule rich in mannosyl residues, is the most common cause of rhinosinusitis that may evolve to meningitis. We have tested whether OECs in vitro express the mannose receptor (MR), and could internalize Sp via MR. Cultures were infected by a suspension of Sp (ATCC 49619), recognized by an anti-Sp antibody, in a 100:1 bacteria:cells ratio. Competition assays, by means of mannan, showed around a 15-fold reduction in the number of internalized bacteria. To verify whether MR could be involved in Sp uptake, OECs were reacted with an antibody against the MR C-terminal peptide (anti-cMR) and bacteria were visualized with Sytox Green. Selective cMR-immunoreaction was seen in perinuclear compartments containing bacteria whereas mannan-treated cultures showed an extremely low percentage of internalized bacteria and only occasional adhered bacteria. Our data suggest the involvement of MR in adhesion of bacteria to OEC surface, and in their internalization. Data are also coherent with a role of OECs as a host cell prior to (and during) bacterial invasion of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Macedo-Ramos
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Glycosylation of surface Ig creates a functional bridge between human follicular lymphoma and microenvironmental lectins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:18587-92. [PMID: 20937880 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1009388107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface Ig (sIg) of follicular lymphoma (FL) is vital for tumor cell survival. We found previously that the Ig in FL is unusual, because the variable region genes carry sequence motifs for N-glycan addition. These are introduced by somatic mutation and are tumor specific. Unexpectedly, added glycans terminate at high mannose, suggesting a potentially important interaction of FL cells with mannose-binding lectins of the innate immune system. We have now identified mannosylated IgM at the surface of primary lymphoma cells. Recombinant lectin domains of the mannose receptor (MR) or DC-SIGN bind mannosylated Igs in vitro and bind to FL cells, signaling sIgM-associated increases in intracellular Ca(2+). Lectins also bind to normal B cells but fail to signal. In contrast, anti-Ig signaled similarly in both FL and normal B cells. Mannosylation patterns were mimicked by FL Ig-derived single-chain Fvs (scFv), providing probes for potential receptors. Mannosylated scFv bound specifically to the lectin domains of the MR and DC-SIGN and blocked signaling. Mannosylated scFv also bound to DC-SIGN on the surface of dendritic cells. This unique lymphoma-specific interaction of sIg with lectins of innate immunity reveals a potential route for microenvironmental support of tumor cells, mediated via the key B-cell receptor.
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Sha O, Yew DTW, Cho EYP, Ng TB, Yuan L, Kwong WH. Mechanism of the specific neuronal toxicity of a type I ribosome-inactivating protein, trichosanthin. Neurotox Res 2009; 18:161-72. [PMID: 19851719 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9122-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to study the mechanism of neuronal toxicity, the cellular pathway, and the glial cell reactions induced by trichosanthin (TCS), a type I ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP). Ricin A chain (RTA) was included for comparison. TCS, RTA, and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled TCS and RTA were separately injected into rat eyes. Saline or pure FITC was used as the control. Electron microscopy, confocal microscopy, and lectin and immunohistochemical staining were used to study the neurotoxic mechanism. TCS mainly induced apoptosis by causing degeneration of the mitochondria. TCS was able to enter the Müller and pigment cells. It caused a change in cell number of the following types of glial cells: a decrease in Müller cells, an increase in astrocytes, and little change in microglia. In contrast, RTA mainly induced necrosis and entered vascular endothelial cells. Astrocyte and microglia reactions were stronger in the RTA-treated retinas than those in the TCS-treated retinas. In conclusion, TCS appears to selectively enter and destroy Müller and pigment epithelia cells, which subsequently induce the death of photoreceptors. Degeneration of mitochondria is involved in the pathways of apoptosis of the photoreceptors caused by TCS. In sharp contrast, RTA can enter vascular endothelial cells and damage the vascular endothelium, resulting in retinitis and necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ou Sha
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong, China.
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Misharin AV, Nagayama Y, Aliesky HA, Mizutori Y, Rapoport B, McLachlan SM. Attenuation of induced hyperthyroidism in mice by pretreatment with thyrotropin receptor protein: deviation of thyroid-stimulating to nonfunctional antibodies. Endocrinology 2009; 150:3944-52. [PMID: 19389831 PMCID: PMC2717879 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Graves'-like hyperthyroidism is induced by immunizing BALB/c mice with adenovirus expressing the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) or its A-subunit. Nonantigen-specific immune strategies can block disease development and some reduce established hyperthyroidism, but these approaches may have unforeseen side effects. Without immune stimulation, antigens targeted to the mannose receptor induce tolerance. TSHR A-subunit protein generated in eukaryotic cells binds to the mannose receptor. We tested the hypothesis that eukaryotic A-subunit injected into BALB/c mice without immune stimulation would generate tolerance and protect against hyperthyroidism induced by subsequent immunization with A-subunit adenovirus. Indeed, one sc injection of eukaryotic, glycosylated A-subunit protein 1 wk before im A-subunit-adenovirus immunization reduced serum T(4) levels and the proportion of thyrotoxic mice decreased from 77 to 22%. Prokaryotic A-subunit and other thyroid proteins (thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase) were ineffective. A-subunit pretreatment reduced thyroid-stimulating and TSH-binding inhibiting antibodies, but, surprisingly, TSHR-ELISA antibodies were increased. Rather than inducing tolerance, A-subunit pretreatment likely expanded B cells that secrete nonfunctional antibodies. Follow-up studies supported this possibility and also showed that eukaryotic A-subunit administration could not reverse hyperthyroidism in mice with established disease. In conclusion, glycosylated TSHR A-subunit is a valuable immune modulator when used before immunization. It acts by deviating responses away from pathogenic toward nonfunctional antibodies, thereby attenuating induction of hyperthyroidism. However, this protein treatment does not reverse established hyperthyroidism. Our findings suggest that prophylactic TSHR A-subunit protein administration in genetically susceptible individuals may deviate the autoantibody response away from pathogenic epitopes and provide protection against future development of Graves' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Misharin
- Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute and University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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Su Y, Royle L, Radcliffe CM, Harvey DJ, Dwek RA, Martinez-Pomares L, Rudd PM. Detailed N-glycan analysis of mannose receptor purified from murine spleen indicates tissue specific sialylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 384:436-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.04.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Baetas-da-Cruz W, Alves L, Pessolani MCV, Barbosa HS, Régnier-Vigouroux A, Corte-Real S, Cavalcante LA. Schwann cells express the macrophage mannose receptor and MHC class II. Do they have a role in antigen presentation? J Peripher Nerv Syst 2009; 14:84-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8027.2009.00217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Martinez-Pomares L. Exploiting Fc chimaeric proteins for the identification of ligands specific for the mannose receptor. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 531:103-22. [PMID: 19347314 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-396-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of chimaeric molecules bearing tags easily recognised by secondary reagents has facilitated the discovery of protein-protein and protein-carbohydrate interactions using binding assays in situ, in solution and in solid phase. In this chapter we describe our experience in the use of proteins containing selected regions of the mannose receptor fused to the Fc region of human IgG1 or murine IgG2b. Using these reagents we have discovered new and unexpected ligands for the mannose receptor. These ligands were first detected in tissue section using standard histological techniques or ligand blots of whole tissue lysates, identified using affinity chromatography and N-terminal protein sequencing and confirmed using ligand blots or solid-phase-binding assays using purified proteins. These findings have dramatically changed the way we think about this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Martinez-Pomares
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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Abstract
Abstract
Macrophage mannose receptor (MR) participates in pathogen recognition, clearance of endogenous serum glycoproteins, and antigen presentation. MR is also present on lymphatic vessels, where its function is unknown. Here we show that migration of lymphocytes from the skin into the draining lymph nodes through the afferent lymphatics is reduced in MR-deficient mice, while the structure of lymphatic vasculature remains normal in these animals. Moreover, in a tumor model the primary tumors grow significantly bigger in MR−/− mice than in the wild-type (WT) controls, whereas the regional lymph node metastases are markedly smaller. Adhesion of both normal lymphocytes and tumor cells to lymphatic vessels is significantly decreased in MR-deficient mice. The ability of macrophages to present tumor antigens is indistinguishable between the 2 genotypes. Thus, MR on lymphatic endothelial cells is involved in leukocyte trafficking and contributes to the metastatic behavior of cancer cells. Blocking of MR may provide a new approach to controlling inflammation and cancer metastasis by targeting the lymphatic vasculature.
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Dasgupta S, Navarrete AM, Bayry J, Delignat S, Wootla B, André S, Christophe O, Nascimbeni M, Jacquemin M, Martinez-Pomares L, Geijtenbeek TBH, Moris A, Saint-Remy JM, Kazatchkine MD, Kaveri SV, Lacroix-Desmazes S. A role for exposed mannosylations in presentation of human therapeutic self-proteins to CD4+ T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:8965-70. [PMID: 17502612 PMCID: PMC1885611 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702120104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several therapeutic self-proteins elicit immune responses when administered to patients. Such adverse immune responses reduce drug efficacy. To induce an immune response, a protein must interact with different immune cells, including antigen-presenting cells, T cells, and B cells. Each cell type recognizes distinct immunogenic patterns on antigens. Mannose-terminating glycans have been identified as pathogen-associated molecular patterns that are essential for internalization of microbes by antigen-presenting cells, leading to presentation. Here, we have investigated the importance of exposed mannosylation on an immunogenic therapeutic self-protein, procoagulant human factor VIII (FVIII). Administration of therapeutic FVIII to hemophilia A patients induces inhibitory anti-FVIII antibodies in up to 30% of the cases. We demonstrate that entry of FVIII into human dendritic cells (DC) leading to T cell activation, is mediated by mannose-terminating glycans on FVIII. Further, we identified macrophage mannose receptor (CD206) as a candidate endocytic receptor for FVIII on DC. Saturation of mannose receptors on DC with mannan, and enzymatic removal of mannosylated glycans from FVIII lead to reduced T cell activation. The interaction between FVIII and CD206 was blocked by VWF, suggesting that, under physiological conditions, the intrinsic mannose-dependent immunogenicity of FVIII is quenched by endogenous immunochaperones. These data provide a link between the mannosylation of therapeutic self-proteins and their iatrogenic immunogenicity. Such a link would be of special relevance in the context of replacement therapy where mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance have not been established during ontogeny because of the absence of the antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryasarathi Dasgupta
- Unité 872, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75006 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Santé 872, 75006 Paris, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche–Santé 872, Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Ana-Maria Navarrete
- Unité 872, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75006 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Santé 872, 75006 Paris, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche–Santé 872, Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Unité 872, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75006 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Santé 872, 75006 Paris, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche–Santé 872, Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Delignat
- Unité 872, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75006 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Santé 872, 75006 Paris, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche–Santé 872, Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Bharath Wootla
- Unité 872, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75006 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Santé 872, 75006 Paris, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche–Santé 872, Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien André
- Unité 872, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75006 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Santé 872, 75006 Paris, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche–Santé 872, Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Christophe
- Unité 770, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Université Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Michelina Nascimbeni
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104), 75014 Paris, France
- Unité 567, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Marc Jacquemin
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luisa Martinez-Pomares
- School of Molecular Medical Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Teunis B. H. Geijtenbeek
- Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Arnaud Moris
- Groupe Virus et Immunité, Unité de Recherche Associée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 1930, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Saint-Remy
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michel D. Kazatchkine
- Unité 872, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75006 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Santé 872, 75006 Paris, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche–Santé 872, Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Srinivas V. Kaveri
- Unité 872, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75006 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Santé 872, 75006 Paris, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche–Santé 872, Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Lacroix-Desmazes
- Unité 872, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75006 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Santé 872, 75006 Paris, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche–Santé 872, Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France
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McKenzie EJ, Taylor PR, Stillion RJ, Lucas AD, Harris J, Gordon S, Martinez-Pomares L. Mannose Receptor Expression and Function Define a New Population of Murine Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:4975-83. [PMID: 17404279 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.8.4975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In vitro the mannose receptor (MR) mediates Ag internalization by dendritic cells (DC) and favors the presentation of mannosylated ligands to T cells. However, in vivo MR seems to play a role not in Ag presentation but in the homeostatic clearance of endogenous ligands, which could have the secondary benefit of reducing the levels of endogenous Ag available for presentation to the adaptive immune system. We have now observed that while MR(+) cells are consistently absent from T cell areas of spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (LN), peripheral LN of untreated adult mice contain a minor population of MR(+)MHCII(+) in the paracortex. This novel MR(+) cell population can be readily identified by flow cytometry and express markers characteristic of DC. Furthermore, these MR(+) DC-like cells located in T cell areas can be targeted with MR ligands (anti-MR mAb). Numbers of MR(+)MHCII(+) cells in the paracortex are increased upon stimulation of the innate immune system and, accordingly, the amount of anti-MR mAb reaching MR(+)MHCII(+) cells in T cell areas is dramatically enhanced under these conditions. Our results indicate that the MR can act as an Ag-acquisition system in a DC subpopulation restricted to lymphoid organs draining the periphery. Moreover, the effect of TLR agonists on the numbers of these MR(+) DC suggests that the immunogenicity of MR ligands could be under the control of innate stimulation. In accordance with these observations, ligands highly specific for the MR elicit enhanced humoral responses in vivo only when administered in combination with endotoxin.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigen Presentation
- Dendritic Cells/physiology
- Flow Cytometry
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunization
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Lectins, C-Type/analysis
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/physiology
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Mannose Receptor
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/analysis
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/immunology
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Rats
- Receptors, Cell Surface/analysis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Skin/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J McKenzie
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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40
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Abstract
Myoblast fusion is critical for the formation, growth, and maintenance of skeletal muscle. The initial formation of nascent myotubes requires myoblast-myoblast fusion, but further growth involves myoblast-myotube fusion. We demonstrate that the mannose receptor (MR), a type I transmembrane protein, is required for myoblast-myotube fusion. Mannose receptor (MR)-null myotubes were small in size and contained a decreased myonuclear number both in vitro and in vivo. We hypothesized that this defect may arise from a possible role of MR in cell migration. Time-lapse microscopy revealed that MR-null myoblasts migrated with decreased velocity during myotube growth and were unable to migrate in a directed manner up a chemoattractant gradient. Furthermore, collagen uptake was impaired in MR-null myoblasts, suggesting a role in extracellular matrix remodeling during cell motility. These data identify a novel function for MR during skeletal muscle growth and suggest that myoblast motility may be a key aspect of regulating myotube growth.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Fusion
- Cell Movement
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Collagen/metabolism
- Culture Media, Conditioned
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Lectins, C-Type/deficiency
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Mannose Receptor
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/deficiency
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/genetics
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/metabolism
- Mice
- Muscle Development/physiology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Myoblasts/cytology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/deficiency
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Regeneration
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Jansen
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Biochemistry, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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41
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Martinez-Pomares L, Wienke D, Stillion R, McKenzie EJ, Arnold JN, Harris J, McGreal E, Sim RB, Isacke CM, Gordon S. Carbohydrate-independent recognition of collagens by the macrophage mannose receptor. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:1074-82. [PMID: 16619293 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mannose receptor (MR) is the best characterised member of a family of four endocytic molecules that share a common domain structure; a cysteine-rich (CR) domain, a fibronectin-type II (FNII) domain and tandemly arranged C-type lectin-like domains (CTLD, eight in the case of MR). Two distinct lectin activities have been described for MR. The CR domain recognises sulphated carbohydrates while the CTLD mediate binding to mannose, fucose or N-acetylglucosamine. FNII domains are known to be important for collagen binding and this has been studied in the context of two members of the MR family, Endo180 and the phospholipase A2 receptor. Here, we have investigated whether the broad and effective lectin activity mediated by the CR domain and CTLD of MR is favoured to the detriment of FNII-mediated interaction(s). We show that MR is able to bind and internalise collagen in a carbohydrate-independent manner and that MR deficient macrophages have a marked defect in collagen IV and gelatin internalisation. These data have major implications at the molecular level as there are now three distinct ligand-binding sites described for MR. Furthermore our findings extend the range of endogenous ligands recognised by MR, a molecule firmly placed at the interface between homeostasis and immunity.
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42
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Abstract
Targeting antigens to endocytic receptors on professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) represents an attractive strategy to enhance the efficacy of vaccines. Such APC-targeted vaccines have an exceptional ability to guide exogenous protein antigens into vesicles that efficiently process the antigen for major histocompatibility complex class I and class II presentation. Efficient targeting not only requires high specificity for the receptor that is abundantly expressed on the surface of APCs, but also the ability to be rapidly internalised and loaded into compartments that contain elements of the antigen-processing machinery. The mannose receptor (MR) and related C-type lectin receptors are particularly designed to sample antigens (self and non-self), much like pattern recognition receptors, to integrate the innate with adaptive immune responses. In fact, a variety of approaches involving delivery of antigens to the MR have demonstrated effective induction of potent cellular and humoral immune responses. Yet, although several lines of evidence in diverse experimental systems attest to the efficacy of targeted vaccine strategies, it is becoming increasingly clear that additional signals, such as those afforded by adjuvants, may be critical to elicit sustained immunity. Therefore, MR-targeted vaccines are likely to be most efficacious in vivo when combined with agents that elicit complementary activation signals. Certainly, a better understanding of the mechanism associated with the induction of immune responses as a result of targeting antigens to the MR, will be important in exploiting MR-targeted vaccines not only for mounting immune defenses against cancer and infectious disease, but also for specific induction of tolerance in the treatment of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Keler
- Medarex, Inc., 519 Route 173 West, Bloomsbury, NJ 08804, USA.
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43
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McGreal EP, Rosas M, Brown GD, Zamze S, Wong SYC, Gordon S, Martinez-Pomares L, Taylor PR. The carbohydrate-recognition domain of Dectin-2 is a C-type lectin with specificity for high mannose. Glycobiology 2006; 16:422-30. [PMID: 16423983 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwj077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the carbohydrate-binding potential of the C-type lectin-like receptor Dectin-2 (Clecf4n). The carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD) of Dectin-2 exhibited cation-dependent mannose/fucose-like lectin activity, with an IC(50) for mannose of approximately 20 mM compared to an IC(50) of 1.5 mM for the macrophage mannose receptor when assayed by similar methodology. The extracellular domain of Dectin-2 exhibited binding to live Candida albicans and the Saccharomyces-derived particle zymosan. This binding was completely abrogated by cation chelation and was competed by yeast mannans. We compared the lectin activity of Dectin-2 with that of two other C-type lectin receptors (mannose receptor and SIGNR1) known to bind fungal mannans. Both mannose receptor and SIGNR1 were able to bind bacterial capsular polysaccharides derived from Streptococcus pneumoniae, but interestingly they exhibited distinct binding profiles. The Dectin-2 CRD exhibited only weak interactions to some of these capsular polysaccharides, indicative of different structural or affinity requirements for binding, when compared with the other two lectins. Glycan array analysis of the carbohydrate recognition by Dectin-2 indicated specific recognition of high-mannose structures (Man(9)GlcNAc(2)). The differences in the specificity of these three mannose-specific lectins indicate that mannose recognition is mediated by distinct receptors, with unique specificity, that are expressed by discrete subpopulations of cells, and this further highlights the complex nature of carbohydrate recognition by immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamon P McGreal
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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44
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Abstract
Graves' hyperthyroidism can be induced in mice or hamsters by novel approaches, namely injecting cells expressing the TSH receptor (TSHR) or vaccination with TSHR-DNA in plasmid or adenoviral vectors. These models provide unique insight into several aspects of Graves' disease: 1) manipulating immunity toward Th1 or Th2 cytokines enhances or suppresses hyperthyroidism in different models, perhaps reflecting human disease heterogeneity; 2) the role of TSHR cleavage and A subunit shedding in immunity leading to thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAbs); and 3) epitope spreading away from TSAbs and toward TSH-blocking antibodies in association with increased TSHR antibody titers (as in rare hypothyroid patients). Major developments from the models include the isolation of high-affinity monoclonal TSAbs and analysis of antigen presentation, T cells, and immune tolerance to the TSHR. Studies of inbred mouse strains emphasize the contribution of non-MHC vs. MHC genes, as in humans, supporting the relevance of the models to human disease. Moreover, other findings suggest that the development of Graves' disease is affected by environmental factors, including infectious pathogens, regardless of modifications in the Th1/Th2 balance. Finally, developing immunospecific forms of therapy for Graves' disease will require painstaking dissection of immune recognition and responses to the TSHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M McLachlan
- Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, CA 90048, USA.
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45
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Su Y, Bakker T, Harris J, Tsang C, Brown GD, Wormald MR, Gordon S, Dwek RA, Rudd PM, Martinez-Pomares L. Glycosylation influences the lectin activities of the macrophage mannose receptor. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:32811-20. [PMID: 15983039 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m503457200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mannose receptor (MR) is a heavily glycosylated endocytic receptor that recognizes both mannosylated and sulfated ligands through its C-type lectin domains and cysteine-rich (CR) domain, respectively. Differential binding properties have been described for MR isolated from different sources, and we hypothesized that this could be due to altered glycosylation. Using MR transductants and purified MR, we demonstrate that glycosylation differentially affects both MR lectin activities. MR transductants generated in glycosylation mutant cell lines lacked most mannose internalization activity, but could internalize sulfated glycans. Accordingly, purified MR bearing truncated Man5-GlcNAc2 glycans (Man5 -MR) or non-sialylated complex glycans (SA0-MR) did not bind mannosylated glycans, but could recognize SO4-3-Gal in vitro. Additional studies showed that, although mannose recognition was largely independent of the oligomerization state of the protein, recognition of sulfated carbohydrates was mostly mediated by self-associated MR and that, in SA0-MR, there was a higher proportion of oligomeric MR. These results suggest that self-association could lead to multiple presentation of CR domains and enhanced avidity for sulfated sugars and that non-sialylated MR is predisposed to oligomerize. Therefore, the glycosylation of MR, terminal sialylation in particular, could influence its binding properties at two levels. (i) It is required for mannose recognition; and (ii) it modulates the tendency of MR to self-associate, effectively regulating the avidity of the CR domain for sulfated sugar ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Su
- Glycobiology Institute and the Biochemistry Department, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
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46
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Chazenbalk GD, Pichurin PN, Guo J, Rapoport B, McLachlan SM. Interactions between the mannose receptor and thyroid autoantigens. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 139:216-24. [PMID: 15654820 PMCID: PMC1809290 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02689.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid autoantigens require internalization and processing by antigen-presenting cells to induce immune responses. Besides pinocytosis, antigen uptake can be receptor-mediated. The mannose receptor (ManR) has a cysteine rich domain (CR) and eight carbohydrate recognition domains (CRD) that bind glycosylated proteins. The TSH receptor (TSHR), thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (Tg) are glycoproteins. To investigate a role for the ManR in thyroid autoimmunity, we tested the interaction between these autoantigens and chimeric ManRs. Plasmids encoding the CR-domain linked to IgG-Fc (CR-Fc) and CDR domains 4-7 linked to IgG-Fc (CDR4-7-Fc) were expressed and purified with Protein A. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plates were coated with human thyroid autoantigens and CR-Fc or CRD4-7-Fc binding detected with peroxidase-conjugated anti-IgG-Fc. CRD4-7-Fc binding was highest for the TSHR, followed by Tg and was minimal for TPO. CR-Fc bound to Tg but not to TSHR or TPO. The interaction between the TSHR and CRD-Fc was calcium-dependent; it was inhibited by mannose (not galactose), and required a glycosylated TSHR A-subunit. Moreover, precomplexing the TSHR A-subunit with CRD-Fc (but not CR-Fc), or adding mannose (but not galactose), decreased in vitro responses of splenocytes from TSHR-immunized mice. Our data indicate that the ManR may participate in autoimmune responses to Tg and the TSHR but not to TPO. Most important, ManR binding of heavily glycosylated TSHR A-subunits suggests a mechanism by which the minute amounts of A-subunit protein shed from the thyroid may be captured by antigen-presenting cells located in the gland or in draining lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Chazenbalk
- Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute and UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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47
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Xu H, Kurihara H, Ito T, Kikuchi H, Yoshida K, Yamanokuchi H, Asari A. The keratan sulfate disaccharide Gal(6S03) beta1,4-GlcNAc(6S03) modulates interleukin 12 production by macrophages in murine Thy-1 type autoimmune disease. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:20879-86. [PMID: 15749717 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m411954200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that disaccharides of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), heparin, or heparan sulfate suppress the production of cytokines. Therefore, we examined the effects of GAGs (keratan sulfate, hyaluronan, chondroitin, chondroitin sulfate, and heparin sulfate) disaccharides on production of interleukin (IL)-12, a pivotal cytokine in the Th-1 type immune system. Among the GAG disaccharides, only a keratan sulfate disaccharide, Gal(6-SO(3))-GlcNAc(6-SO(3)) (L4), suppressed IL-12 production in macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharides and interferon-gamma. Neither keratan sulfate chains nor keratan sulfate tetrasaccharides elicited any change in the IL-12 production. N-Acetyl-lactosamine, Gal-GlcNAc (LacNAc), also did not change IL-12 production. These results indicated that a certain size, i.e. disaccharide and sulfate, are essential to suppress IL-12 production. L4 was then applied to MRL-lpr/lpr mice, a Th-1 type autoimmune disease model. The treatment of MRL-lpr/lpr mice with L4 1) decreased in serum IL-12, 2) induced apoptosis in T cells in lymph nodes thereby suppressing lymphoaccumulation, and 3) suppressed hypergammaglobulinemia and glomerulonephritis. We showed previously that IL-12 suppresses cell death of T cells, thereby enhancing the lymphoaccumulation in MRL-lpr/lpr mice. Moreover, it has been reported that IL-12 deficiency in MRL-lpr/lpr mice diminishes lymphoaccumulation and delays glomerulonephritis. The treatment with L4 suppressed phosphoprotein kinase C and phosphoinositide 3-kinase expression in macrophages, suggesting that L4 suppresses IL-12 production by inhibiting phosphoprotein kinase C and phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Xu
- Seikagaku Corporation, 1-5, Nihonbashi-honcho 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0023, Japan
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48
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Galea I, Palin K, Newman TA, Van Rooijen N, Perry VH, Boche D. Mannose receptor expression specifically reveals perivascular macrophages in normal, injured, and diseased mouse brain. Glia 2005; 49:375-84. [PMID: 15538754 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Perivascular macrophages are believed to have a significant role in inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). They express a number of different receptors that point toward functions in both innate immunity, through pathogen-associated molecular pattern recognition, phagocytosis, and cytokine responsiveness, and acquired immunity, through antigen presentation and co-stimulation. We are interested in the receptors that are differentially expressed by perivascular macrophages and microglia in both the normal CNS as well as in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In this article we report the use of a well-characterized monoclonal antibody, 5D3, to localize the expression of the mannose receptor to perivascular macrophages in the normal CNS and in various models of brain pathology. Mannose receptor expression was limited to perivascular, meningeal, and choroid plexus macrophages in normal, inflamed, injured, and diseased CNS. In particular, activated microglia and invading hematogenous leukocytes were mannose receptor negative while expressing the F4/80 antigen, macrosialin (CD68), FcRII (CD32), scavenger receptor (CD204), and CR3 (CD11b/CD18). Since the perivascular macrophages expressing the mannose receptor are known to be the only constitutively phagocytic cells in the normal CNS, we injected clodronate-loaded liposomes intracerebroventricularly in control mice to deplete these cells. In these mice, there was no detectable mannose receptor expression in perivascular spaces after immunocytochemistry with the 5D3 monoclonal antibody. This finding underlines the value of the monoclonal antibody 5D3 as a tool to study murine perivascular macrophages selectively. Mannose receptor expression by macrophages located at blood-brain (perivascular), brain-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (meningeal), and CSF-blood (choroid plexus) interfaces supports a functional role of these cells in responding to external stimuli such as infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Galea
- CNS Inflammation Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK.
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49
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Linehan SA. The mannose receptor is expressed by subsets of APC in non-lymphoid organs. BMC Immunol 2005; 6:4. [PMID: 15701168 PMCID: PMC550652 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-6-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2004] [Accepted: 02/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mannose receptor (MR) is an endocytic receptor of Mphi and endothelial cell subsets whose natural ligands include both self glycoproteins and microbial glycans. It is also expressed by immature cultured dendritic cells (DC), where it mediates high efficiency uptake of glycosylated antigens, yet its role in antigen handling in vivo is unknown. Knowledge of which APC subsets express MR will assist the design of experiments to address its immunological functions. Here the expression of MR by MHC class II positive APC in non-lymphoid organs of the mouse is described. RESULTS MR positive APC were identified in several peripheral organs: skin, liver, cardiac and skeletal muscle and tongue. MR positive cells in salivary gland, thyroid and pancreas coexpressed MHC class II and the myeloid markers macrosialin and sialoadhesin, but not the dendritic cell markers CD11c or DEC-205. MR and MHC class II colocalised in confocal microscope images, implying that antigen capture may be the primary role of MR in these cells. Distinct ligands of MR were found in salivary gland and pancreas tissue lysates that are candidate physiological ligands of MR positive APC in these organs. CONCLUSIONS The tissue and subcellular distribution of MR suggest it is appropriately located to serve as a high efficiency antigen uptake receptor of APC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/chemistry
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/analysis
- Dendritic Cells/chemistry
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/analysis
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/analysis
- Mannose Receptor
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/analysis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/analysis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Organ Specificity
- Receptors, Cell Surface/analysis
- Receptors, Immunologic/analysis
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 1
- Subcellular Fractions/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena A Linehan
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
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50
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Scavelli C, Weber E, Aglianò M, Cirulli T, Nico B, Vacca A, Ribatti D. Lymphatics at the crossroads of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. J Anat 2004; 204:433-49. [PMID: 15198686 PMCID: PMC1571315 DOI: 10.1111/j.0021-8782.2004.00293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2004] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system is implicated in interstitial fluid balance regulation, immune cell trafficking, oedema and cancer metastasis. However, the sequence of events that initiate and coordinate lymphatic vessel development (lymphangiogenesis) remains obscure. In effect, the understanding of physiological regulation of lymphatic vasculature has been overshadowed by the greater emphasis focused on angiogenesis, and delayed by a lack of specific markers, thereby limiting this field to no more than a descriptive characterization. Recently, new insights into lymphangiogenesis research have been due to the discovery of lymphatic-specific markers and growth factors of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family, such as VEGF-C and VEGF-D. Studies using transgenic mice overexpressing VEGF-C and VEGF-D have demonstrated a crucial role for these factors in tumour lymphangiogenesis. Knowledge of lymphatic development has now been redefined at the molecular level, providing an interesting target for innovative therapies. This review highlights the recent insights and advances into the field of lymphatic vascular research, outlining the most important aspects of the embryo development, structure, specific markers and methods applied for studying lymphangiogenesis. Finally, molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of lymphangiogenesis are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Scavelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical SchoolItaly
| | - Elisabetta Weber
- Department of Neurosciences, Section of Molecular Medicine, University of Siena Medical SchoolItaly
| | - Margherita Aglianò
- Department of Neurosciences, Section of Molecular Medicine, University of Siena Medical SchoolItaly
| | - Teresa Cirulli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical SchoolItaly
| | - Beatrice Nico
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical SchoolItaly
| | - Angelo Vacca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical SchoolItaly
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical SchoolItaly
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