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Moran CL, Debowski A, Vrielink A, Stubbs K, Sarkar-Tyson M. N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidase activity is important for chitooligosaccharide metabolism and biofilm formation in Burkholderia pseudomallei. Environ Microbiol 2024; 26:e16571. [PMID: 38178319 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a saprophytic Gram-negative bacillus that can cause the disease melioidosis. Although B. pseudomallei is a recognised member of terrestrial soil microbiomes, little is known about its contribution to the saprophytic degradation of polysaccharides within its niche. For example, while chitin is predicted to be abundant within terrestrial soils the chitinolytic capacity of B. pseudomallei is yet to be defined. This study identifies and characterises a putative glycoside hydrolase, bpsl0500, which is expressed by B. pseudomallei K96243. Recombinant BPSL0500 was found to exhibit activity against substrate analogues and GlcNAc disaccharides relevant to chitinolytic N-acetyl-β-d-hexosaminidases. In B. pseudomallei, bpsl0500 was found to be essential for both N-acetyl-β-d-hexosaminidase activity and chitooligosaccharide metabolism. Furthermore, bpsl0500 was also observed to significantly affect biofilm deposition. These observations led to the identification of BPSL0500 activity against model disaccharide linkages that are present in biofilm exopolysaccharides, a feature that has not yet been described for chitinolytic enzymes. The results in this study indicate that chitinolytic N-acetyl-β-d-hexosaminidases like bpsl0500 may facilitate biofilm disruption as well as chitin assimilation, providing dual functionality for saprophytic bacteria such as B. pseudomallei within the competitive soil microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Moran
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Aleksandra Debowski
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Alice Vrielink
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Keith Stubbs
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Next-Gen Technologies in Biomedical Analysis, School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Mitali Sarkar-Tyson
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
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2
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Werren JP, Mostacci N, Gjuroski I, Holivololona L, Troxler LJ, Hathaway LJ, Furrer J, Hilty M. Carbon source-dependent capsule thickness regulation in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1279119. [PMID: 38094742 PMCID: PMC10716237 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1279119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The polysaccharide capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae plays a major role in virulence, adherence to epithelial cells, and overall survival of the bacterium in the human host. Galactose, mannose, and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) are likely to be relevant for metabolization in the nasopharynx, while glucose is the primary carbon source in the blood. In this study, we aim to further the understanding of the influence of carbon sources on pneumococcal growth, capsule biosynthesis, and subsequent adherence potential. Methods We tested the growth behavior of clinical wild-type and capsule knockout S. pneumoniae strains, using galactose, GlcNAc, mannose, and glucose as carbon source for growth. We measured capsule thickness and quantified capsule precursors by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran exclusion assays and 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance measurements, respectively. We also performed epithelial adherence assays using Detroit 562 cells and performed a transcriptome analysis (RNA sequencing). Results We observed a reduced growth in galactose, mannose, and GlcNAc compared to growth in glucose and found capsular size reductions in mannose and GlcNAc compared to galactose and glucose. Additionally, capsular precursor measurements of uridine diphosphate-(UDP)-glucose and UDP-galactose showed less accumulation of precursors in GlcNAc or mannose than in glucose and galactose, indicating a possible link with the received capsular thickness measurements. Epithelial adherence assays showed an increase in adherence potential for a pneumococcal strain, when grown in mannose compared to glucose. Finally, transcriptome analysis of four clinical isolates revealed not only strain specific but also common carbon source-specific gene expression. Conclusion Our findings may indicate a careful adaption of the lifestyle of S. pneumoniae according to the monosaccharides encountered in the respective human niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel P. Werren
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nadja Mostacci
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ilche Gjuroski
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lalaina Holivololona
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lukas J. Troxler
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lucy J. Hathaway
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julien Furrer
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Hilty
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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3
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Bains RK, Nasseri SA, Liu F, Wardman JF, Rahfeld P, Withers SG. Characterization of a new family of 6-sulfo-N-acetylglucosaminidases. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105214. [PMID: 37660924 PMCID: PMC10570127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfation is widespread in nature and plays an important role in modulating biological function. Among the strategies developed by microbes to access sulfated oligosaccharides as a nutrient source is the production of 6-sulfoGlcNAcases to selectively release 6-sulfoGlcNAc from target oligosaccharides. Thus far, all 6-sulfoGlcNAcases identified have belonged to the large GH20 family of β-hexosaminidases. Ηere, we identify and characterize a new, highly specific non-GH20 6-sulfoGlcNAcase from Streptococcus pneumoniae TIGR4, Sp_0475 with a greater than 110,000-fold preference toward N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate substrates over the nonsulfated version. Sp_0475 shares distant sequence homology with enzymes of GH20 and with the newly formed GH163 family. However, the sequence similarity between them is sufficiently low that Sp_0475 has been assigned as the founding member of a new glycoside hydrolase family, GH185. By combining results from site-directed mutagenesis with mechanistic studies and bioinformatics we provide insight into the substrate specificity, mechanism, and key active site residues of Sp_0475. Enzymes of the GH185 family follow a substrate-assisted mechanism, consistent with their distant homology to the GH20 family, but the catalytic residues involved are quite different. Taken together, our results highlight in more detail how microbes can degrade sulfated oligosaccharides for nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajneesh K Bains
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Seyed A Nasseri
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jacob F Wardman
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter Rahfeld
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephen G Withers
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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4
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Green AE, Pottenger S, Monshi MS, Barton TE, Phelan M, Neill DR. Airway metabolic profiling during Streptococcus pneumoniae infection identifies branched chain amino acids as signatures of upper airway colonisation. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011630. [PMID: 37669280 PMCID: PMC10503754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia and bacteraemia and is capable of remarkable phenotypic plasticity, responding rapidly to environmental change. Pneumococcus is a nasopharyngeal commensal, but is responsible for severe, acute infections following dissemination within-host. Pneumococcus is adept at utilising host resources, but the airways are compartmentalised and those resources are not evenly distributed. Challenges and opportunities in metabolite acquisition within different airway niches may contribute to the commensal-pathogen switch when pneumococcus moves from nasopharynx into lungs. We used NMR to characterise the metabolic landscape of the mouse airways, in health and during infection. Using paired nasopharynx and lung samples from naïve animals, we identified fundamental differences in metabolite bioavailability between airway niches. Pneumococcal pneumonia was associated with rapid and dramatic shifts in the lung metabolic environment, whilst nasopharyngeal carriage led to only modest change in upper airway metabolite profiles. NMR spectra derived from the nasopharynx of mice infected with closely-related pneumococcal strains that differ in their colonisation potential could be distinguished from one another using multivariate dimensionality reduction methods. The resulting models highlighted that increased branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) bioavailability in nasopharynx is a feature of infection with the high colonisation potential strain. Subsequent analysis revealed increased expression of BCAA transport genes and increased intracellular concentrations of BCAA in that same strain. Movement from upper to lower airway environments is associated with shifting challenges in metabolic resource allocation for pneumococci. Efficient biosynthesis, liberation or acquisition of BCAA is a feature of adaptation to nasopharyngeal colonisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angharad E. Green
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sian Pottenger
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Manal S. Monshi
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas E. Barton
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Phelan
- Highfield NMR Facility, Liverpool Shared Research Facilities (LIV-SRF), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Molecular, Systems and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R. Neill
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Bhosale S, Deen MC, Proceviat C, Hettle A, Winter DK, Brockerman J, Levene M, Bennet AJ, Spino C, Boraston AB, Vocadlo DJ. A Fluorogenic Disaccharide Substrate for α-Mannosidases Enables High-Throughput Screening and Identification of an Inhibitor of the GH92 Virulence Factor from Streptococcus pneumoniae. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:1730-1737. [PMID: 37531094 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Trimming of host glycans is a mechanism that is broadly employed by both commensal and pathogenic microflora to enable colonization. Host glycan trimming by the opportunistic Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae has been demonstrated to be an important mechanism of virulence. While S. pneumoniae employs a multitude of glycan processing enzymes, the exo-mannosidase SpGH92 has been shown to be an important virulence factor. Accordingly, SpGH92 is hypothesized to be a target for much-needed new treatments of S. pneumoniae infection. Here we report the synthesis of 4-methylumbelliferyl α-d-mannopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-mannopyranoside (Manα1,2Manβ-4MU) as a fluorogenic disaccharide substrate and development of an assay for SpGH92 that overcomes its requirement for +1 binding site occupancy. We miniaturize our in vitro assay and apply it to a high-throughput screen of >65 000 compounds, identifying a single inhibitory chemotype, LIPS-343. We further show that Manα1,2Manβ-4MU is also a substrate of the human Golgi-localized α-mannosidase MAN1A1, suggesting that this substrate should be useful for assessing the activity of this and other mammalian α-mannosidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Bhosale
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Matthew C Deen
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Cameron Proceviat
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Andrew Hettle
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada
| | - Dana K Winter
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Jacob Brockerman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Marina Levene
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Andrew J Bennet
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Claude Spino
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Alisdair B Boraston
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada
| | - David J Vocadlo
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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6
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Zhou S, Bao Z, Ma S, Ou C, Hu H, Yang Y, Feng X, Pan Y, Gong S, Fan F, Chen P, Chu Q. A local dark tea - Liubao tea - extract exhibits remarkable performance in oral tissue regeneration, inflammation relief and oral microbiota reconstruction. Food Funct 2023; 14:7400-7412. [PMID: 37475617 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02277c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of oral health problems is ubiquitous in contemporary society, with particular emphasis placed on the central role of oral flora in mitigating this issue. Both ancient literature and modern research have highlighted the promising application of tea with substantial bioactive properties, particularly dark tea, in preserving and promoting oral health. Liubao tea, a widely consumed dark tea with increasing popularity in recent years, has been reported to possess abundant bioactive constituents, exhibit remarkable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, modulate the flora structure and so on. It may be a promising candidate for addressing oral health problems. In this study, Liubao tea was meticulously extracted, purified and identified, followed by an investigation of its potential to modulate oral microecology by virtue of an acetic acid-induced oral disorder murine model. The results revealed that Liubao tea extract (LTE) application commendably reconstructed the oral mucosal barrier, promoted tissue regeneration and mitigated micro-inflammation. Furthermore, LTE treatment could also ameliorate the oral flora composition by decreasing the abundance of Proteobacteria and increasing the abundance of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria at the phylum level, as well as inhibiting pernicious bacteria such as Streptococcus and Delftia acidovorans. So, it could promote the generation of a beneficial microenvironment and regulate the immune process. Overall, LTE demonstrated remarkable potential in regulating the balance of oral microecology, suggesting that it may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for oral health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Zhou
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Zhelu Bao
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Shicheng Ma
- Wuzhou Liubao Tea Research Association, Wuzhou, 543000, P. R. China
| | - Cansong Ou
- Wuzhou Tea Industry Development Service Center, Wuzhou, 543000, P. R. China
| | - Hao Hu
- College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forest University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yunyun Yang
- College of Standardization, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Feng
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yani Pan
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Shuying Gong
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Fangyuan Fan
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Ping Chen
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Qiang Chu
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.
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7
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Combining the In Silico and In Vitro Assays to Identify Strobilanthes cusia Kuntze Bioactives against Penicillin-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16010105. [PMID: 36678602 PMCID: PMC9863409 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Leaves of Strobilanthes cusia Kuntze (S. cusia) are a widely used alexipharmic Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in southern China for the prevention of cold and respiratory tract infectious diseases. One of the most common bacterial pathogens in the respiratory tract is the gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. The antibiotic resistance of colonized S. pneumoniae makes it a more serious threat to public health. In this study, the leaves of S. cusia were found to perform antibacterial effects on the penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae (PRSP). Confocal assay and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) monitored the diminished cell wall integrity and capsule thickness of the PRSP with treatment. The following comparative proteomics analysis revealed that the glycometabolism-related pathways were enriched for the differentially expressed proteins between the samples with treatment and the control. To further delve into the specific single effective compound, the bio-active contents of leaves of S. cusia were analyzed by UPLC-UV-ESI-Q-TOF/MS, and 23 compounds were isolated for anti-PRSP screening. Among them, Tryptanthrin demonstrated the most promising effect, and it possibly inhibited the N-glycan degradation proteins, as suggested by reverse docking analysis in silico and further experimental verification by the surface plasmon resonance assay (SPR). Our study provided a research foundation for applications of the leaves of S. cusia as a TCM, and supplied a bio-active compound Tryptanthrin as a candidate drug skeleton for infectious diseases caused by the PRSP.
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8
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Pn-AqpC-Mediated Fermentation Pattern Coordination with the Two-Component System 07 Regulates Host N-Glycan Degradation of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0249622. [PMID: 36106896 PMCID: PMC9603416 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02496-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a human nasopharyngeal commensal, and host N-glycan metabolism promotes its colonization and invasion. It has been reported that glucose represses, while fetuin, a glycoconjugated model protein, induces, the genes involved in N-glycan degradation through the two-component system TCS07. However, the mechanisms of glucose repression and TCS07 induction remain unknown. Previously, we found that the pneumococcal aquaglyceroporin Pn-AqpC facilitates oxygen uptake, thereby contributing to the antioxidant potential and virulence. In this study, through Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) quantitative proteomics, we found that the deletion of Pn-aqpC caused a marked upregulation of 11 proteins involved in N-glycan degradation in glucose-grown pneumococcus R6. Both quantitative RT-PCR and GFP fluorescence reporters revealed that the upregulation of N-glycan genes was completely dependent on response regulator (RR) 07, but not on the histidine kinase HK07 of TCS07 or the phosphoryl-receiving aspartate residue of RR07 in ΔPn-aqpC, indicating that RR07 was activated in an HK07-independent manner when Pn-AqpC was absent. The deletion of Pn-aqpC also enhanced the expression of pyruvate formate lyase and increased formate production, probably due to reduced cellular oxygen content, indicating that a shunt of glucose catabolism to mixed acid fermentation occurs. Notably, formate induced the N-glycan degradation genes in glucose-grown R6, but the deletion of rr07 abolished this induction, indicating that formate activates RR07. However, the induction of N-glycan degradation proteins reduced the intraspecies competition of R6 in glucose. Therefore, although N-glycan degradation promotes pneumococcal pathogenesis, the glucose metabolites-based RR07 regulation reported here is of importance for balancing growth fitness and the pathogenicity of pneumococcus. IMPORTANCE Pneumococcus, a human opportunistic pathogen, is capable of metabolizing host complex N-glycans. N-glycan degradation promotes pneumococcus colonization in the nasopharynx as well as invasion into deeper tissues, thus significantly contributing to pathogenesis. It is known that the two-component system 07 induces the N-glycan metabolizing genes; however, how TCS07 is activated remains unknown. This study reveals that formate, the anaerobic fermentation metabolite of pneumococcus, is a novel activator of the response regulator (RR) 07. Although the high expression of N-glycan degradation genes promotes pneumococcal colonization in the nasopharynx and pathogenesis, this reduces pneumococcal growth fitness in glucose as indicated in this work. Notably, the presence of Pn-AqpC, an oxygen-transporting aquaglyceroporin, enables pneumococcus to maintain glucose homolactic acid fermentation, thus reducing formate production, maintaining RR07 inactivation, and controlling N-glycan degrading genes at a non-induced status. Thus, this study highlights a novel fermentation metabolism pattern linking TCS-regulated carbohydrate utilization strategies as a trade-off between the fitness and the pathogenicity of pneumococcus.
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Takemura M, Yamaguchi M, Kobayashi M, Sumitomo T, Hirose Y, Okuzaki D, Ono M, Motooka D, Goto K, Nakata M, Uzawa N, Kawabata S. Pneumococcal BgaA Promotes Host Organ Bleeding and Coagulation in a Mouse Sepsis Model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:844000. [PMID: 35846740 PMCID: PMC9284207 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.844000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of invasive diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis, with high associated mortality. Our previous molecular evolutionary analysis revealed that the S. pneumoniae gene bgaA, encoding the enzyme β-galactosidase (BgaA), had a high proportion of codons under negative selection among the examined pneumococcal genes and that deletion of bgaA significantly reduced host mortality in a mouse intravenous infection assay. BgaA is a multifunctional protein that plays a role in cleaving terminal galactose in N-linked glycans, resistance to human neutrophil-mediated opsonophagocytic killing, and bacterial adherence to human epithelial cells. In this study, we performed in vitro and in vivo assays to evaluate the precise role of bgaA as a virulence factor in sepsis. Our in vitro assays showed that the deletion of bgaA significantly reduced the bacterial association with human lung epithelial and vascular endothelial cells. The deletion of bgaA also reduced pneumococcal survival in human blood by promoting neutrophil-mediated killing, but did not affect pneumococcal survival in mouse blood. In a mouse sepsis model, mice infected with an S. pneumoniae bgaA-deleted mutant strain exhibited upregulated host innate immunity pathways, suppressed tissue damage, and blood coagulation compared with mice infected with the wild-type strain. These results suggest that BgaA functions as a multifunctional virulence factor whereby it induces host tissue damage and blood coagulation. Taken together, our results suggest that BgaA could be an attractive target for drug design and vaccine development to control pneumococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Takemura
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaya Yamaguchi
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Masaya Yamaguchi,
| | - Momoko Kobayashi
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Sumitomo
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yujiro Hirose
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ono
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kana Goto
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masanobu Nakata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Narikazu Uzawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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10
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Wardman JF, Bains RK, Rahfeld P, Withers SG. Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) in the gut microbiome. Nat Rev Microbiol 2022; 20:542-556. [PMID: 35347288 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00712-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The 1013-1014 microorganisms present in the human gut (collectively known as the human gut microbiota) dedicate substantial percentages of their genomes to the degradation and uptake of carbohydrates, indicating the importance of this class of molecules. Carbohydrates function not only as a carbon source for these bacteria but also as a means of attachment to the host, and a barrier to infection of the host. In this Review, we focus on the diversity of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), how gut microorganisms use them for carbohydrate degradation, the different chemical mechanisms of these CAZymes and the roles that these microorganisms and their CAZymes have in human health and disease. We also highlight examples of how enzymes from this treasure trove have been used in manipulation of the microbiota for improved health and treatment of disease, in remodelling the glycans on biopharmaceuticals and in the potential production of universal O-type donor blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob F Wardman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rajneesh K Bains
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter Rahfeld
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephen G Withers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. .,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. .,Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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11
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Yamaguchi M, Kinjo Y, Nizet V. Editorial: Host-Pathogen Interactions During Pneumococcal Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:752959. [PMID: 34760720 PMCID: PMC8573109 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.752959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Yamaguchi
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Yuki Kinjo
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Jikei Center for Biofilm Science and Technology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Intelligent Network for Infection Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California (UC), San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California (UC), San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California (UC), San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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12
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Aviles FA, Kyndt JA. Cellulosimicrobium fucosivorans sp. nov., isolated from San Elijo Lagoon, contains a fucose metabolic pathway linked to carotenoid production. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:4525-4538. [PMID: 34148152 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02443-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellulosimicrobium strain SE3T was isolated from the San Elijo coastal lagoon near San Diego. A whole genome-based phylogenetic comparison shows great heterogeneity within the Cellulosimicrobium genus. Based on average nucleotide identity, whole genome-based comparison, and the presence of a unique L-fucose metabolic pathway, strain SE3T was shown to belong to a novel species within the genus, together with five other strains. The name Cellulosimicrobium fucosivorans sp. nov. is proposed, with strain SE3T as the type strain. The strain encodes a unique alpha-L-fucosidase and the L-fucose metabolic pathway is homologous to the one recently described in Campylobacter jejuni. C. fucosivorans is able to grow on L-fucose, and interestingly, the biosynthesis of the yellow carotenoid is dependent on the presence of L-fucose in the media. The ability to metabolize fucose and the linked production of carotenoids are expected to provide C. fucosivorans with a competitive advantage in the sunny coastal lagoon area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola A Aviles
- College of Science and Technology, Bellevue University, 1000 Galvin Rd. S., Bellevue, NE, 68005, USA
| | - John A Kyndt
- College of Science and Technology, Bellevue University, 1000 Galvin Rd. S., Bellevue, NE, 68005, USA.
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13
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Mucus, Microbiomes and Pulmonary Disease. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060675. [PMID: 34199312 PMCID: PMC8232003 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory tract harbors a stable and diverse microbial population within an extracellular mucus layer. Mucus provides a formidable defense against infection and maintaining healthy mucus is essential to normal pulmonary physiology, promoting immune tolerance and facilitating a healthy, commensal lung microbiome that can be altered in association with chronic respiratory disease. How one maintains a specialized (healthy) microbiome that resists significant fluctuation remains unknown, although smoking, diet, antimicrobial therapy, and infection have all been observed to influence microbial lung homeostasis. In this review, we outline the specific role of polymerizing mucin, a key functional component of the mucus layer that changes during pulmonary disease. We discuss strategies by which mucin feed and spatial orientation directly influence microbial behavior and highlight how a compromised mucus layer gives rise to inflammation and microbial dysbiosis. This emerging field of respiratory research provides fresh opportunities to examine mucus, and its function as predictors of infection risk or disease progression and severity across a range of chronic pulmonary disease states and consider new perspectives in the development of mucolytic treatments.
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14
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Carbon Source-Dependent Changes of the Structure of Streptococcus pneumoniae Capsular Polysaccharide with Serotype 6F. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094580. [PMID: 33925509 PMCID: PMC8123889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of the exopolysaccharide capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae is defined by the genetic arrangement of the capsule operon allowing the unequivocal identification of the pneumococcal serotype. Here, we investigated the environment-dependent composition of the polysaccharide structure of S. pneumoniae serotype 6F. When grown in a chemically defined medium (CDM) with glucose versus galactose, the exopolysaccharide capsule of the serotype 6F strains reveals a ratio of 1/0.6 or 1/0.3 for galactose/glucose in the capsule by 1H-NMR analyses, respectively. Increased production of the capsule precursor UDP-glucose has been identified by 31P-NMR in CDM with glucose. Flow cytometric experiments using monoclonal antibodies showed decreased labelling of Hyp6AG4 (specific for serotype 6A) antibodies when 6F is grown in glucose as compared to galactose, which mirrors the 1H-NMR results. Whole-genome sequencing analyses of serotype 6F isolates suggested that the isolates evolved during two different events from serotype 6A during the time when the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-13) was introduced. In conclusion, this study shows differences in the capsular structure of serotype 6F strains using glucose as compared to galactose as the carbon source. Therefore, 6F strains may show slightly different polysaccharide composition while colonizing the human nasopharynx (galactose rich) as compared to invasive locations such as the blood (glucose rich).
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15
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Costa Oliveira BE, Ricomini Filho AP, Burne RA, Zeng L. The Route of Sucrose Utilization by Streptococcus mutans Affects Intracellular Polysaccharide Metabolism. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:636684. [PMID: 33603728 PMCID: PMC7884614 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.636684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans converts extracellular sucrose (Suc) into exopolysaccharides (EPS) by glucosyl-transferase and fructosyl-transferase enzymes and internalizes Suc for fermentation through the phosphotransferase system (PTS). Here, we examined how altering the routes for sucrose utilization impacts intracellular polysaccharide [IPS; glycogen, (glg)] metabolism during carbohydrate starvation. Strain UA159 (WT), a mutant lacking all exo-enzymes for sucrose utilization (MMZ952), and a CcpA-deficient mutant (∆ccpA) were cultured with sucrose or a combination of glucose and fructose, followed by carbohydrate starvation. At baseline (0h), and after 4 and 24h of starvation, cells were evaluated for mRNA levels of the glg operon, IPS storage, glucose-1-phosphate (G1P) concentrations, viability, and PTS activities. A pH drop assay was performed in the absence of carbohydrates at the baseline to measure acid production. We observed glg operon activation in response to starvation (p<0.05) in all strains, however, such activation was significantly delayed and reduced in magnitude when EPS synthesis was involved (p<0.05). Enhanced acidification and greater G1P concentrations were observed in the sucrose-treated group, but mostly in strains capable of producing EPS (p<0.05). Importantly, only the WT exposed to sucrose was able to synthesize IPS during starvation. Contrary to CcpA-proficient strains, IPS was progressively degraded during starvation in ∆ccpA, which also showed increased glg operon expression and greater PTS activities at baseline. Therefore, sucrose metabolism by secreted enzymes affects the capacity of S. mutans in synthesizing IPS and converting it into organic acids, without necessarily inducing greater expression of the glg operon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Emanoele Costa Oliveira
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Biosciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Robert A Burne
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Lin Zeng
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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16
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Ahluwalia TS, Eliasen AU, Sevelsted A, Pedersen CET, Stokholm J, Chawes B, Bork-Jensen J, Grarup N, Pedersen O, Hansen T, Linneberg A, Sharma A, Weiss ST, Evans MD, Jackson DJ, Morin A, Krogfelt KA, Schjørring S, Mortensen PB, Hougaard DM, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Bækvad-Hansen M, Mors O, Nordentoft M, Børglum AD, Werge T, Agerbo E, Gern JE, Lemanske RF, Ober C, Pedersen AG, Bisgaard H, Bønnelykke K. FUT2-ABO epistasis increases the risk of early childhood asthma and Streptococcus pneumoniae respiratory illnesses. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6398. [PMID: 33328473 PMCID: PMC7744576 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma with severe exacerbation is the most common cause of hospitalization among young children. We aim to increase the understanding of this clinically important disease entity through a genome-wide association study. The discovery analysis comprises 2866 children experiencing severe asthma exacerbation between ages 2 and 6 years, and 65,415 non-asthmatic controls, and we replicate findings in 918 children from the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC) birth cohorts. We identify rs281379 near FUT2/MAMSTR on chromosome 19 as a novel risk locus (OR = 1.18 (95% CI = 1.11-1.25), Pdiscovery = 2.6 × 10-9) as well as a biologically plausible interaction between functional variants in FUT2 and ABO. We further discover and replicate a potential causal mechanism behind this interaction related to S. pneumoniae respiratory illnesses. These results suggest a novel mechanism of early childhood asthma and demonstrates the importance of phenotype-specificity for discovery of asthma genes and epistasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Department of Biology, The Bioinformatics Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders U Eliasen
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Astrid Sevelsted
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Casper-Emil T Pedersen
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Stokholm
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo Chawes
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jette Bork-Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Center for Clinical Research and Disease Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amitabh Sharma
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael D Evans
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Daniel J Jackson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Andreanne Morin
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Karen A Krogfelt
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Susanne Schjørring
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Preben B Mortensen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrated Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- NCRR, The National Center for Register-based research, Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- CIRRAU-Center for Integrated Register-Based Research at Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - David M Hougaard
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrated Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Den Neonatale Screenings Biobank, SSI, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrated Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Den Neonatale Screenings Biobank, SSI, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Bækvad-Hansen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrated Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Den Neonatale Screenings Biobank, SSI, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrated Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital-Psychiatry, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrated Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrated Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrated Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Copenhagen Mental Health Services, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Esben Agerbo
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrated Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- NCRR, The National Center for Register-based research, Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- CIRRAU-Center for Integrated Register-Based Research at Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - James E Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Carole Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anders G Pedersen
- Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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17
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Yamaguchi M, Takemura M, Higashi K, Goto K, Hirose Y, Sumitomo T, Nakata M, Uzawa N, Kawabata S. Role of BgaA as a Pneumococcal Virulence Factor Elucidated by Molecular Evolutionary Analysis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:582437. [PMID: 33072054 PMCID: PMC7541833 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.582437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis. Previously, we identified a novel virulence factor by investigating evolutionary selective pressure exerted on pneumococcal choline-binding cell surface proteins. Herein, we focus on another pneumococcal cell surface protein. Cell wall-anchoring proteins containing the LPXTG motif are conserved in Gram-positive bacteria. Our evolutionary analysis showed that among the examined genes, nanA and bgaA had high proportions of codon that were under significant negative selection. Both nanA and bgaA encode a multi-functional glycosidase that aids nutrient acquisition in a glucose-poor environment, pneumococcal adherence to host cells, and evasion from host immunity. However, several studies have shown that the role of BgaA is limited in a mouse pneumonia model, and it remains unclear if BgaA affects pneumococcal pathogenesis in a mouse sepsis model. To evaluate the distribution and pathogenicity of bgaA, we performed phylogenetic analysis and intravenous infection assay. In both Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees, the genetic distances between pneumococcal bgaA was small, and the cluster of pneumococcal bgaA did not contain other bacterial orthologs except for a Streptococcus gwangjuense gene. Evolutionary analysis and BgaA structure indicated BgaA active site was not allowed to change. The mouse infection assay showed that the deletion of bgaA significantly reduced host mortality. These results indicated that both nanA and bgaA encode evolutionally conserved pneumococcal virulence factors and that molecular evolutionary analysis could be a useful alternative strategy for identification of virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Yamaguchi
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Moe Takemura
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Kotaro Higashi
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Kana Goto
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Yujiro Hirose
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Tomoko Sumitomo
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Masanobu Nakata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Narikazu Uzawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
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18
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Martino C, Kellman BP, Sandoval DR, Clausen TM, Marotz CA, Song SJ, Wandro S, Zaramela LS, Salido Benítez RA, Zhu Q, Armingol E, Vázquez-Baeza Y, McDonald D, Sorrentino JT, Taylor B, Belda-Ferre P, Liang C, Zhang Y, Schifanella L, Klatt NR, Havulinna AS, Jousilahti P, Huang S, Haiminen N, Parida L, Kim HC, Swafford AD, Zengler K, Cheng S, Inouye M, Niiranen T, Jain M, Salomaa V, Esko JD, Lewis NE, Knight R. Bacterial modification of the host glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate modulates SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32839779 PMCID: PMC7444296 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.17.238444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The human microbiota has a close relationship with human disease and it remodels components of the glycocalyx including heparan sulfate (HS). Studies of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein receptor binding domain suggest that infection requires binding to HS and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in a codependent manner. Here, we show that commensal host bacterial communities can modify HS and thereby modulate SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding and that these communities change with host age and sex. Common human-associated commensal bacteria whose genomes encode HS-modifying enzymes were identified. The prevalence of these bacteria and the expression of key microbial glycosidases in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was lower in adult COVID-19 patients than in healthy controls. The presence of HS-modifying bacteria decreased with age in two large survey datasets, FINRISK 2002 and American Gut, revealing one possible mechanism for the observed increase in COVID-19 susceptibility with age. In vitro , bacterial glycosidases from unpurified culture media supernatants fully blocked SARS-CoV-2 spike binding to human H1299 protein lung adenocarcinoma cells. HS-modifying bacteria in human microbial communities may regulate viral adhesion, and loss of these commensals could predispose individuals to infection. Understanding the impact of shifts in microbial community composition and bacterial lyases on SARS-CoV-2 infection may lead to new therapeutics and diagnosis of susceptibility.
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19
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Echlin H, Frank M, Rock C, Rosch JW. Role of the pyruvate metabolic network on carbohydrate metabolism and virulence in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mol Microbiol 2020; 114:536-552. [PMID: 32495474 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major human pathogen that must adapt to unique nutritional environments in several host niches. The pneumococcus can metabolize a range of carbohydrates that feed into glycolysis ending in pyruvate, which is catabolized by several enzymes. We investigated how the pneumococcus utilizes these enzymes to metabolize different carbohydrates and how this impacts survival in the host. Loss of ldh decreased bacterial burden in the nasopharynx and enhanced bacteremia in mice. Loss of spxB, pdhC or pfl2 decreased bacteremia and increased host survival. In glucose or galactose, loss of ldh increased capsule production, whereas loss of spxB and pdhC reduced capsule production. The pfl2 mutant exhibited reduced capsule production only in galactose. In glucose, pyruvate was metabolized primarily by LDH to generate lactate and NAD+ and by SpxB and PDHc to generate acetyl-CoA. In galactose, pyruvate metabolism was shunted toward acetyl-CoA production. The majority of acetyl-CoA generated by PFL was used to regenerate NAD+ with a subset used in capsule production, while the acetyl-CoA generated by SpxB and PDHc was utilized primarily for capsule biosynthesis. These data suggest that the pneumococcus can alter flux of pyruvate metabolism dependent on the carbohydrate present to succeed in distinct host niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Echlin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Matthew Frank
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Charles Rock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jason W Rosch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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20
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Chen P, Liu R, Huang M, Zhu J, Wei D, Castellino FJ, Dang G, Xie F, Li G, Cui Z, Liu S, Zhang Y. A unique combination of glycoside hydrolases in Streptococcus suis specifically and sequentially acts on host-derived αGal-epitope glycans. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:10638-10652. [PMID: 32518157 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections by many bacterial pathogens rely on their ability to degrade host glycans by producing glycoside hydrolases (GHs). Here, we discovered a conserved multifunctional GH, SsGalNagA, containing a unique combination of two family 32 carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM), a GH16 domain and a GH20 domain, in the zoonotic pathogen Streptococcus suis 05ZYH33. Enzymatic assays revealed that the SsCBM-GH16 domain displays endo-(β1,4)-galactosidase activity specifically toward the host-derived αGal epitope Gal(α1,3)Gal(β1,4)Glc(NAc)-R, whereas the SsGH20 domain has a wide spectrum of exo-β-N-acetylhexosaminidase activities, including exo-(β1,3)-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity, and employs this activity to act in tandem with SsCBM-GH16 on the αGal-epitope glycan. Further, we found that the CBM32 domain adjacent to the SsGH16 domain is indispensable for SsGH16 catalytic activity. Surface plasmon resonance experiments uncovered that both CBM32 domains specifically bind to αGal-epitope glycan, and together they had a KD of 3.5 mm toward a pentasaccharide αGal-epitope glycan. Cell-binding and αGal epitope removal assays revealed that SsGalNagA efficiently binds to both swine erythrocytes and tracheal epithelial cells and removes the αGal epitope from these cells, suggesting that SsGalNagA functions in nutrient acquisition or alters host signaling in S. suis Both binding and removal activities were blocked by an αGal-epitope glycan. SsGalNagA is the first enzyme reported to sequentially act on a glycan containing the αGal epitope. These findings shed detailed light on the evolution of GHs and an important host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Mengmeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jinlu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Dong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Francis J Castellino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA.,W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Guanghui Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Fang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ziyin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Siguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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21
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Low KE, Smith SP, Abbott DW, Boraston AB. The glycoconjugate-degrading enzymes of Clostridium perfringens: Tailored catalysts for breaching the intestinal mucus barrier. Glycobiology 2020; 31:681-690. [PMID: 32472136 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract of humans and animals is lined with mucus that serves as a barrier between the gut microbiota and the epithelial layer of the intestine. As the proteins present in mucus are typically heavily glycosylated, such as the mucins, several enteric commensal and pathogenic bacterial species are well-adapted to this rich carbon source and their genomes are replete with carbohydrate-active enzymes targeted toward dismantling the glycans and proteins present in mucus. One such species is Clostridium perfringens, a Gram-positive opportunistic pathogen indigenous to the gut of humans and animals. The genome of C. perfringens encodes numerous carbohydrate-active enzymes that are predicted or known to target glycosidic linkages within or on the termini of mucus glycans. Through this enzymatic activity, the degradation of the mucosal layer by C. perfringens has been implicated in a number of GI diseases, the most severe of which is necrotic enteritis. In this review, we describe the wide array of extracellular glycoside hydrolases, and their accessory modules, that is possessed by C. perfringens, and examine the unique multimodularity of these proteins in the context of degrading the glycoconjugates in mucus as a potential component of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E Low
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1 Ave S, Lethbridge T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Steven P Smith
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, 99 University Ave, Kingston K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - D Wade Abbott
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1 Ave S, Lethbridge T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Alisdair B Boraston
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria V8P 5C2, Canada
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22
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Pluvinage B, Massel PM, Burak K, Boraston AB. Structural and functional analysis of four family 84 glycoside hydrolases from the opportunistic pathogen Clostridium perfringens. Glycobiology 2020; 30:49-57. [PMID: 31701135 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Clostridium perfringens possesses the ability to colonize the protective mucin layer in the gastrointestinal tract. To assist this, the C. perfringens genome contains a battery of genes encoding glycoside hydrolases (GHs) that are likely active on mucin glycans, including four genes encoding family 84 GHs: CpGH84A (NagH), CpGH84B (NagI), CpGH84C (NagJ) and CpGH84D (NagK). To probe the potential advantage gained by the expansion of GH84 enzymes in C. perfringens, we undertook the structural and functional characterization of the CpGH84 catalytic modules. Here, we show that these four CpGH84 catalytic modules act as β-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidases able to hydrolyze N- and O-glycan motifs. CpGH84A and CpGH84D displayed a substrate specificity restricted to terminal β-1,2- and β-1,6-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc). CpGH84B and CpGH84C appear more promiscuous with activity on terminal β-1,2-, β-1,3- and β-1,6-linked GlcNAc; both possess some activity toward β-1,4-linked GlcNAc, but this is dependent upon which monosaccharide it is linked to. Furthermore, all the CpGH84s have different optimum pHs ranging from 5.2 to 7.0. Consistent with their β-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase activities, the structures of the four catalytic modules revealed similar folds with a catalytic site including a conserved -1 subsite that binds GlcNAc. However, nonconserved residues in the vicinity of the +1 subsite suggest different accommodation of the sugar preceding the terminal GlcNAc, resulting in subtly different substrate specificities. This structure-function comparison of the four GH84 catalytic modules from C. perfringens reveals their different biochemical properties, which may relate to how they are deployed in the bacterium's niche in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pluvinage
- Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, PO Box 3055 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada
| | - Patricia M Massel
- Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, PO Box 3055 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada
| | - Kristyn Burak
- Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, PO Box 3055 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada
| | - Alisdair B Boraston
- Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, PO Box 3055 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada
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23
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Andreassen PR, Trappetti C, Minhas V, Nielsen FD, Pakula K, Paton JC, Jørgensen MG. Host-glycan metabolism is regulated by a species-conserved two-component system in Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008332. [PMID: 32130269 PMCID: PMC7075642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens of the Streptococcus genus inhabit many different environmental niches during the course of an infection in a human host and the bacteria must adjust their metabolism according to available nutrients. Despite their lack of the citric-acid cycle, some streptococci proliferate in niches devoid of a readily available carbohydrate source. Instead they rely on carbohydrate scavenging for energy acquisition, which are obtained from the host. Here we discover a two-component system (TCS07) of Streptococcus pneumoniae that responds to glycoconjugated structures on proteins present on the host cells. Using next-generation RNA sequencing we find that the uncharacterized TCS07 regulon encodes proteins important for host-glycan processing and transporters of the released glycans, as well as intracellular carbohydrate catabolizing enzymes. We find that a functional TCS07 allele is required for growth on the glycoconjugated model protein fetuin. Consistently, we see a TCS07-dependent activation of the glycan degradation pathway. Thus, we pinpoint the molecular constituents responsible for sensing host derived glycans and link this to the induction of the proteins necessary for glycan degradation. Furthermore, we connect the TCS07 regulon to virulence in a mouse model, thereby establishing that host-derived glycan-metabolism is important for infection in vivo. Finally, a comparative phylogenomic analysis of strains from the Streptococcus genus reveal that TCS07 and most of its regulon is specifically conserved in species that utilize host-glycans for growth. Worldwide, Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community acquired pneumonia with high mortality rates. Interestingly, S. pneumoniae strictly relies on carbohydrate scavenging for energy acquisition, which are obtained from the host. This is a critical step in pathogenesis and a common mechanism among Streptococcal species. In this study, we discover an uncharacterized two-component system that responds to the carbohydrate structures present on the host cells. These are important findings as we describe the molecular mechanism responsible for sensing these host derived glycans, and how this mechanism is linked to virulence, thus highlighting that glycan metabolism is important for infection in vivo, thereby posing a novel target for intervention. Our phylogenetic analysis reveals that the two-component system and the genetic regulon co-occur and are specifically conserved among Streptococcal species capable of degrading host-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Trappetti
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Vikrant Minhas
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Kevin Pakula
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - James C. Paton
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mikkel Girke Jørgensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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24
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The gastrointestinal pathogen Campylobacter jejuni metabolizes sugars with potential help from commensal Bacteroides vulgatus. Commun Biol 2020; 3:2. [PMID: 31925306 PMCID: PMC6946681 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the gastrointestinal pathogen Campylobacter jejuni was considered asaccharolytic, >50% of sequenced isolates possess an operon for L-fucose utilization. In C. jejuni NCTC11168, this pathway confers L-fucose chemotaxis and competitive colonization advantages in the piglet diarrhea model, but the catabolic steps remain unknown. Here we solved the putative dehydrogenase structure, resembling FabG of Burkholderia multivorans. The C. jejuni enzyme, FucX, reduces L-fucose and D-arabinose in vitro and both sugars are catabolized by fuc-operon encoded enzymes. This enzyme alone confers chemotaxis to both sugars in a non-carbohydrate-utilizing C. jejuni strain. Although C. jejuni lacks fucosidases, the organism exhibits enhanced growth in vitro when co-cultured with Bacteroides vulgatus, suggesting scavenging may occur. Yet, when excess amino acids are available, C. jejuni prefers them to carbohydrates, indicating a metabolic hierarchy exists. Overall this study increases understanding of nutrient metabolism by this pathogen, and identifies interactions with other gut microbes.
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25
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Hobbs JK, Meier EPW, Pluvinage B, Mey MA, Boraston AB. Molecular analysis of an enigmatic Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence factor: The raffinose-family oligosaccharide utilization system. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17197-17208. [PMID: 31591266 PMCID: PMC6873169 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an opportunistic respiratory pathogen that can spread to other body sites, including the ears, brain, and blood. The ability of this bacterium to break down, import, and metabolize a wide range of glycans is key to its virulence. Intriguingly, S. pneumoniae can utilize several plant oligosaccharides for growth in vitro, including raffinose-family oligosaccharides (RFOs, which are α-(1→6)-galactosyl extensions of sucrose). An RFO utilization locus has been identified in the pneumococcal genome; however, none of the proteins encoded by this locus have been biochemically characterized. The enigmatic ability of S. pneumoniae to utilize RFOs has recently received attention because mutations in two of the RFO locus genes have been linked to the tissue tropism of clinical pneumococcal isolates. Here, we use functional studies combined with X-ray crystallography to show that although the pneumococcal RFO locus encodes for all the machinery required for uptake and degradation of RFOs, the individual pathway components are biochemically inefficient. We also demonstrate that the initiating enzyme in this pathway, the α-galactosidase Aga (a family 36 glycoside hydrolase), can cleave α-(1→3)-linked galactose units from a linear blood group antigen. We propose that the pneumococcal RFO pathway is an evolutionary relic that is not utilized in this streptococcal species and, as such, is under no selection pressure to maintain binding affinity and/or catalytic efficiency. We speculate that the apparent contribution of RFO utilization to pneumococcal tissue tropism may, in fact, be due to the essential role the ATPase RafK plays in the transport of other carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne K. Hobbs
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Edward P. W. Meier
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Benjamin Pluvinage
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Mackenzie A. Mey
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Alisdair B. Boraston
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada, To whom correspondence should be addressed:
Dept. of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada. Tel.:
250-472-4168; Fax:
250-721-8855; E-mail:
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26
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Troxler LJ, Werren JP, Schaffner TO, Mostacci N, Vermathen P, Vermathen M, Wüthrich D, Simillion C, Brugger SD, Bruggmann R, Hathaway LJ, Furrer J, Hilty M. Carbon source regulates polysaccharide capsule biosynthesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17224-17238. [PMID: 31594867 PMCID: PMC6873171 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The exopolysaccharide capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important virulence factor, but the mechanisms that regulate capsule thickness are not fully understood. Here, we investigated the effects of various exogenously supplied carbohydrates on capsule production and gene expression in several pneumococcal serotypes. Microscopy analyses indicated a near absence of the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) when S. pneumoniae was grown on fructose. Moreover, serotype 7F pneumococci produced much less CPS than strains of other serotypes (6B, 6C, 9V, 15, and 23F) when grown on glucose or sucrose. RNA-sequencing revealed carbon source-dependent regulation of distinct genes of WT strains and capsule-switch mutants of serotypes 6B and 7F, but could not explain the mechanism of capsule thickness regulation. In contrast, 31P NMR of whole-cell extract from capsule-knockout strains (Δcps) clearly revealed the accumulation or absence of capsule precursor metabolites when cells were grown on glucose or fructose, respectively. This finding suggests that fructose uptake mainly results in intracellular fructose 1-phosphate, which is not converted to CPS precursors. In addition, serotype 7F strains accumulated more precursors than did 6B strains, indicating less efficient conversion of precursor metabolites into the CPS in 7F, in line with its thinner capsule. Finally, isotopologue sucrose labeling and NMR analyses revealed that the uptake of the labeled fructose subunit into the capsule is <10% that of glucose. Our findings on the effects of carbon sources on CPS production in different S. pneumoniae serotypes may contribute to a better understanding of pneumococcal diseases and could inform future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas J Troxler
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joel P Werren
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thierry O Schaffner
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nadezda Mostacci
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Vermathen
- Department of BioMedical Research and Radiology, University of Bern and Inselspital, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martina Vermathen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Wüthrich
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.,Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cedric Simillion
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Silvio D Brugger
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.,The Forsyth Institute (Microbiology), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.,Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Rémy Bruggmann
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lucy J Hathaway
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julien Furrer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Hilty
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
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27
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Rahfeld P, Wardman JF, Mehr K, Huff D, Morgan-Lang C, Chen HM, Hallam SJ, Withers SG. Prospecting for microbial α- N-acetylgalactosaminidases yields a new class of GH31 O-glycanase. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:16400-16415. [PMID: 31530641 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Linked GalNAc (α-GalNAc) is most notably found at the nonreducing terminus of the blood type-determining A-antigen and as the initial point of attachment to the peptide backbone in mucin-type O-glycans. However, despite their ubiquity in saccharolytic microbe-rich environments such as the human gut, relatively few α-N-acetylgalactosaminidases are known. Here, to discover and characterize novel microbial enzymes that hydrolyze α-GalNAc, we screened small-insert libraries containing metagenomic DNA from the human gut microbiome. Using a simple fluorogenic glycoside substrate, we identified and characterized a glycoside hydrolase 109 (GH109) that is active on blood type A-antigen, along with a new subfamily of glycoside hydrolase 31 (GH31) that specifically cleaves the initial α-GalNAc from mucin-type O-glycans. This represents a new activity in this GH family and a potentially useful new enzyme class for analysis or modification of O-glycans on protein or cell surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rahfeld
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada .,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jacob F Wardman
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kevin Mehr
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Drew Huff
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Connor Morgan-Lang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of British Columbia, Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Hong-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Steven J Hallam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of British Columbia, Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada.,ECOSCOPE Training Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Stephen G Withers
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada .,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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28
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Identification of Virulence-Associated Properties by Comparative Genome Analysis of Streptococcus pneumoniae, S. pseudopneumoniae, S. mitis, Three S. oralis Subspecies, and S. infantis. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.01985-19. [PMID: 31481387 PMCID: PMC6722419 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01985-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the most important human pathogens but is closely related to Streptococcus mitis, with which humans live in harmony. The fact that the two species evolved from a common ancestor provides a unique basis for studies of both infection-associated properties and properties important for harmonious coexistence with the host. By detailed comparisons of genomes of the two species and other related streptococci, we identified 224 genes associated with virulence and 25 genes unique to the mutualistic species. The exclusive presence of the virulence factors in S. pneumoniae enhances their potential as vaccine components, as a direct impact on beneficial members of the commensal microbiota can be excluded. Successful adaptation of S. mitis and other commensal streptococci to a harmonious relationship with the host relied on genetic stability and properties facilitating life in biofilms. From a common ancestor, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus mitis evolved in parallel into one of the most important pathogens and a mutualistic colonizer of humans, respectively. This evolutionary scenario provides a unique basis for studies of both infection-associated properties and properties important for harmonious coexistence with the host. We performed detailed comparisons of 60 genomes of S. pneumoniae, S. mitis, Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae, the three Streptococcus oralis subspecies oralis, tigurinus, and dentisani, and Streptococcus infantis. Nonfunctional remnants of ancestral genes in both S. pneumoniae and in S. mitis support the evolutionary model and the concept that evolutionary changes on both sides were required to reach their present relationship to the host. Confirmed by screening of >7,500 genomes, we identified 224 genes associated with virulence. The striking difference to commensal streptococci was the diversity of regulatory mechanisms, including regulation of capsule production, a significantly larger arsenal of enzymes involved in carbohydrate hydrolysis, and proteins known to interfere with innate immune factors. The exclusive presence of the virulence factors in S. pneumoniae enhances their potential as vaccine components, as a direct impact on beneficial members of the commensal microbiota can be excluded. In addition to loss of these virulence-associated genes, adaptation of S. mitis to a mutualistic relationship with the host apparently required preservation or acquisition of 25 genes lost or absent from S. pneumoniae. Successful adaptation of S. mitis and other commensal streptococci to a harmonious relationship with the host relied on genetic stability and properties facilitating life in biofilms.
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29
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Hobbs JK, Pluvinage B, Robb M, Smith SP, Boraston AB. Two complementary α-fucosidases from Streptococcus pneumoniae promote complete degradation of host-derived carbohydrate antigens. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:12670-12682. [PMID: 31266803 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An important aspect of the interaction between the opportunistic bacterial pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae and its human host is its ability to harvest host glycans. The pneumococcus can degrade a variety of complex glycans, including N- and O-linked glycans, glycosaminoglycans, and carbohydrate antigens, an ability that is tightly linked to the virulence of S. pneumoniae Although S. pneumoniae is known to use a sophisticated enzyme machinery to attack the human glycome, how it copes with fucosylated glycans, which are primarily histo-blood group antigens, is largely unknown. Here, we identified two pneumococcal enzymes, SpGH29C and SpGH95C, that target α-(1→3/4) and α-(1→2) fucosidic linkages, respectively. X-ray crystallography studies combined with functional assays revealed that SpGH29C is specific for the LewisA and LewisX antigen motifs and that SpGH95C is specific for the H(O)-antigen motif. Together, these enzymes could defucosylate LewisY and LewisB antigens in a complementary fashion. In vitro reconstruction of glycan degradation cascades disclosed that the individual or combined activities of these enzymes expose the underlying glycan structure, promoting the complete deconstruction of a glycan that would otherwise be resistant to pneumococcal enzymes. These experiments expand our understanding of the extensive capacity of S. pneumoniae to process host glycans and the likely roles of α-fucosidases in this. Overall, given the importance of enzymes that initiate glycan breakdown in pneumococcal virulence, such as the neuraminidase NanA and the mannosidase SpGH92, we anticipate that the α-fucosidases identified here will be important factors in developing more refined models of the S. pneumoniae-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne K Hobbs
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Benjamin Pluvinage
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Melissa Robb
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Steven P Smith
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Alisdair B Boraston
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
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30
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Sonnino S. New horizons in Glycobiology research. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3771-3772. [PMID: 30536985 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Sonnino
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Italy
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31
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Santos-Cortez RLP, Chiong CM, Frank DN, Ryan AF, Giese APJ, Bootpetch Roberts T, Daly KA, Steritz MJ, Szeremeta W, Pedro M, Pine H, Yarza TKL, Scholes MA, Llanes EGDV, Yousaf S, Friedman N, Tantoco MLC, Wine TM, Labra PJ, Benoit J, Ruiz AG, de la Cruz RAR, Greenlee C, Yousaf A, Cardwell J, Nonato RMA, Ray D, Ong KMC, So E, Robertson CE, Dinwiddie J, Lagrana-Villagracia SM, Gubbels SP, Shaikh RS, Cass SP, Einarsdottir E, Lee NR, Schwartz DA, Gloria-Cruz TLI, Bamshad MJ, Yang IV, Kere J, Abes GT, Prager JD, Riazuddin S, Chan AL, Yoon PJ, Nickerson DA, Cutiongco-de la Paz EM, Streubel SO, Reyes-Quintos MRT, Jenkins HA, Mattila P, Chan KH, Mohlke KL, Leal SM, Hafrén L, Chonmaitree T, Sale MM, Ahmed ZM. FUT2 Variants Confer Susceptibility to Familial Otitis Media. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 103:679-690. [PMID: 30401457 PMCID: PMC6217759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-secretor status due to homozygosity for the common FUT2 variant c.461G>A (p.Trp154∗) is associated with either risk for autoimmune diseases or protection against viral diarrhea and HIV. We determined the role of FUT2 in otitis media susceptibility by obtaining DNA samples from 609 multi-ethnic families and simplex case subjects with otitis media. Exome and Sanger sequencing, linkage analysis, and Fisher exact and transmission disequilibrium tests (TDT) were performed. The common FUT2 c.604C>T (p.Arg202∗) variant co-segregates with otitis media in a Filipino pedigree (LOD = 4.0). Additionally, a rare variant, c.412C>T (p.Arg138Cys), is associated with recurrent/chronic otitis media in European-American children (p = 1.2 × 10-5) and US trios (TDT p = 0.01). The c.461G>A (p.Trp154∗) variant was also over-transmitted in US trios (TDT p = 0.01) and was associated with shifts in middle ear microbiota composition (PERMANOVA p < 10-7) and increased biodiversity. When all missense and nonsense variants identified in multi-ethnic US trios with CADD > 20 were combined, FUT2 variants were over-transmitted in trios (TDT p = 0.001). Fut2 is transiently upregulated in mouse middle ear after inoculation with non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae. Four FUT2 variants-namely p.Ala104Val, p.Arg138Cys, p.Trp154∗, and p.Arg202∗-reduced A antigen in mutant-transfected COS-7 cells, while the nonsense variants also reduced FUT2 protein levels. Common and rare FUT2 variants confer susceptibility to otitis media, likely by modifying the middle ear microbiome through regulation of A antigen levels in epithelial cells. Our families demonstrate marked intra-familial genetic heterogeneity, suggesting that multiple combinations of common and rare variants plus environmental factors influence the individual otitis media phenotype as a complex trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regie Lyn P Santos-Cortez
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine (CUSOM), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Center for Children's Surgery, Children's Hospital Colorado (CHCO), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Philippine National Ear Institute, University of the Philippines (UP) Manila - National Institutes of Health (NIH), Manila 1000, Philippines.
| | - Charlotte M Chiong
- Philippine National Ear Institute, University of the Philippines (UP) Manila - National Institutes of Health (NIH), Manila 1000, Philippines; National Hearing Screening Reference Center, UP Manila-NIH, Manila 1000, Philippines; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, UP Manila College of Medicine - Philippine General Hospital, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Daniel N Frank
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, CUSOM, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Allen F Ryan
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Arnaud P J Giese
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Tori Bootpetch Roberts
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine (CUSOM), Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kathleen A Daly
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Matthew J Steritz
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine (CUSOM), Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Wasyl Szeremeta
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Melquiadesa Pedro
- Philippine National Ear Institute, University of the Philippines (UP) Manila - National Institutes of Health (NIH), Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Harold Pine
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Talitha Karisse L Yarza
- Philippine National Ear Institute, University of the Philippines (UP) Manila - National Institutes of Health (NIH), Manila 1000, Philippines; National Hearing Screening Reference Center, UP Manila-NIH, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Melissa A Scholes
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine (CUSOM), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, CHCO, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Erasmo Gonzalo D V Llanes
- Philippine National Ear Institute, University of the Philippines (UP) Manila - National Institutes of Health (NIH), Manila 1000, Philippines; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, UP Manila College of Medicine - Philippine General Hospital, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Saira Yousaf
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Norman Friedman
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine (CUSOM), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, CHCO, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ma Leah C Tantoco
- Philippine National Ear Institute, University of the Philippines (UP) Manila - National Institutes of Health (NIH), Manila 1000, Philippines; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, UP Manila College of Medicine - Philippine General Hospital, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Todd M Wine
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine (CUSOM), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, CHCO, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Patrick John Labra
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, UP Manila College of Medicine - Philippine General Hospital, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Jeanne Benoit
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, CUSOM, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Amanda G Ruiz
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine (CUSOM), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, CHCO, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rhodieleen Anne R de la Cruz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, UP Manila College of Medicine - Philippine General Hospital, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Christopher Greenlee
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine (CUSOM), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, CHCO, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ayesha Yousaf
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | | | - Rachelle Marie A Nonato
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, UP Manila College of Medicine - Philippine General Hospital, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Dylan Ray
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine (CUSOM), Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kimberly Mae C Ong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, UP Manila College of Medicine - Philippine General Hospital, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Edward So
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Charles E Robertson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, CUSOM, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jordyn Dinwiddie
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine (CUSOM), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, CHCO, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sheryl Mae Lagrana-Villagracia
- Philippine National Ear Institute, University of the Philippines (UP) Manila - National Institutes of Health (NIH), Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Samuel P Gubbels
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine (CUSOM), Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rehan S Shaikh
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Stephen P Cass
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine (CUSOM), Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Elisabet Einarsdottir
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 141 83, Sweden
| | - Nanette R Lee
- USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation and Department of Anthropology, Sociology and History, University of San Carlos, Cebu City 6000, Philippines
| | | | - Teresa Luisa I Gloria-Cruz
- Philippine National Ear Institute, University of the Philippines (UP) Manila - National Institutes of Health (NIH), Manila 1000, Philippines; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, UP Manila College of Medicine - Philippine General Hospital, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Michael J Bamshad
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ivana V Yang
- Department of Medicine, CUSOM, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Juha Kere
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 141 83, Sweden; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Generoso T Abes
- Philippine National Ear Institute, University of the Philippines (UP) Manila - National Institutes of Health (NIH), Manila 1000, Philippines; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, UP Manila College of Medicine - Philippine General Hospital, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Jeremy D Prager
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine (CUSOM), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, CHCO, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Saima Riazuddin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Abner L Chan
- Philippine National Ear Institute, University of the Philippines (UP) Manila - National Institutes of Health (NIH), Manila 1000, Philippines; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, UP Manila College of Medicine - Philippine General Hospital, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Patricia J Yoon
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine (CUSOM), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, CHCO, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Deborah A Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Sven-Olrik Streubel
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine (CUSOM), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, CHCO, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Maria Rina T Reyes-Quintos
- Philippine National Ear Institute, University of the Philippines (UP) Manila - National Institutes of Health (NIH), Manila 1000, Philippines; National Hearing Screening Reference Center, UP Manila-NIH, Manila 1000, Philippines; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, UP Manila College of Medicine - Philippine General Hospital, Manila 1000, Philippines; UP Manila - NIH, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Herman A Jenkins
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine (CUSOM), Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Petri Mattila
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 HUS, Finland
| | - Kenny H Chan
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine (CUSOM), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, CHCO, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Suzanne M Leal
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lena Hafrén
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 HUS, Finland
| | - Tasnee Chonmaitree
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, UTMB, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Michele M Sale
- Center for Public Health Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Zubair M Ahmed
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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