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Schubert E, Mun K, Larsson M, Panagiotou S, Idevall-Hagren O, Svensson C, Punga T. Complex regulation of mitochondrial signaling by human adenovirus minor capsid protein VI. J Virol 2024; 98:e0035624. [PMID: 38837380 PMCID: PMC11265209 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00356-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The controlled release of mitochondrial content into the cytosol has emerged as one of the key steps in mitochondrial signaling. In particular, the release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) into the cytosol has been shown to activate interferon beta (IFN-β) gene expression to execute the innate immune response. In this report, we show that human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-C5) infection induces the release of mtDNA into the cytosol. The release of mtDNA is mediated by the viral minor capsid protein VI (pVI), which localizes to mitochondria. The presence of the mitochondrial membrane proteins Bak and Bax are needed for the mtDNA release, whereas the viral E1B-19K protein blocked pVI-mediated mtDNA release. Surprisingly, the pVI-mediated mtDNA release did not increase but inhibited the IFN-β gene expression. Notably, the pVI expression caused mitochondrial leakage of the HSP60 protein. The latter prevented specific phosphorylation of the interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) needed for IFN-β gene expression. Overall, we assign a new mitochondria and IFN-β signaling-modulating function to the HAdV-C5 minor capsid protein VI. IMPORTANCE Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are common pathogens causing various self-limiting diseases, including conjunctivitis and the common cold. HAdVs need to interfere with multiple cellular signaling pathways during the infection to gain control over the host cell. In this study, we identified human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-C5) minor capsid protein VI as a factor modulating mitochondrial membrane integrity and mitochondrial signaling. We show that pVI-altered mitochondrial signaling impedes the cell's innate immune response, which may benefit HAdV growth. Overall, our study provides new detailed insights into the HAdV-mitochondria interactions and signaling. This knowledge is helpful when developing new anti-viral treatments against pathogenic HAdV infections and improving HAdV-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Schubert
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kwangchol Mun
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mårten Larsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Catharina Svensson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tanel Punga
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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2
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King CR, Dodge MJ, MacNeil KM, Tessier TM, Mymryk JS, Mehle A. Expanding the adenovirus toolbox: reporter viruses for studying the dynamics of human adenovirus replication. J Virol 2024; 98:e0020724. [PMID: 38639487 PMCID: PMC11092356 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00207-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
To streamline standard virological assays, we developed a suite of nine fluorescent or bioluminescent replication competent human species C5 adenovirus reporter viruses that mimic their parental wild-type counterpart. These reporter viruses provide a rapid and quantitative readout of various aspects of viral infection and replication based on EGFP, mCherry, or NanoLuc measurement. Moreover, they permit real-time non-invasive measures of viral load, replication dynamics, and infection kinetics over the entire course of infection, allowing measurements that were not previously possible. This suite of replication competent reporter viruses increases the ease, speed, and adaptability of standard assays and has the potential to accelerate multiple areas of human adenovirus research.IMPORTANCEIn this work, we developed a versatile toolbox of nine HAdV-C5 reporter viruses and validated their functions in cell culture. These reporter viruses provide a rapid and quantitative readout of various aspects of viral infection and replication based on EGFP, mCherry, or NanoLuc measurement. The utility of these reporter viruses could also be extended for use in 3D cell culture, organoids, live cell imaging, or animal models, and provides a conceptual framework for the development of new reporter viruses representing other clinically relevant HAdV species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cason R. King
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mackenzie J. Dodge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katelyn M. MacNeil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tanner M. Tessier
- Division of Protective Immunity, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joe S. Mymryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Mehle
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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3
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Bahreyni A, Mohamud Y, Luo H. Oncolytic virus-based combination therapy in breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2024; 585:216634. [PMID: 38309616 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer continues to pose significant challenges in the field of oncology, necessitating innovative treatment approaches. Among these, oncolytic viruses have emerged as a promising frontier in the battle against various types of cancer, including breast cancer. These viruses, often genetically modified, have the unique ability to selectively infect and destroy cancer cells while leaving healthy cells unharmed. Their efficacy in tumor eradication is not only owing to direct cell lysis but also relies on their capacity to activate the immune system, thereby eliciting a potent and sustained antitumor response. While oncolytic viruses represent a significant advancement in cancer treatment, the complexity and adaptability inherent to cancer require a diverse array of therapies. The concept of combining oncolytic viruses with other treatment modalities, such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies, has received significant attention. This synergistic approach capitalizes on the strengths of each therapy, thus creating a comprehensive strategy to tackle the heterogeneous and evolving nature of breast cancer. The purpose of this review is to provide an in-depth discussion of preclinical and clinical viro-based combination therapy in the context of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Bahreyni
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Yasir Mohamud
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
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4
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Scarsella L, Ehrke-Schulz E, Paulussen M, Thal SC, Ehrhardt A, Aydin M. Advances of Recombinant Adenoviral Vectors in Preclinical and Clinical Applications. Viruses 2024; 16:377. [PMID: 38543743 PMCID: PMC10974029 DOI: 10.3390/v16030377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses (Ad) have the potential to induce severe infections in vulnerable patient groups. Therefore, understanding Ad biology and antiviral processes is important to comprehend the signaling cascades during an infection and to initiate appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. In addition, Ad vector-based vaccines have revealed significant potential in generating robust immune protection and recombinant Ad vectors facilitate efficient gene transfer to treat genetic diseases and are used as oncolytic viruses to treat cancer. Continuous improvements in gene delivery capacity, coupled with advancements in production methods, have enabled widespread application in cancer therapy, vaccine development, and gene therapy on a large scale. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the virus biology, and several aspects of recombinant Ad vectors, as well as the development of Ad vector, are discussed. Moreover, we focus on those Ads that were used in preclinical and clinical applications including regenerative medicine, vaccine development, genome engineering, treatment of genetic diseases, and virotherapy in tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Scarsella
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany;
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany; (E.E.-S.); (A.E.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, Center for Biomedical Education and Science (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Eric Ehrke-Schulz
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany; (E.E.-S.); (A.E.)
| | - Michael Paulussen
- Chair of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital, Vestische Kinder- und Jugendklinik Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University, 45711 Datteln, Germany;
| | - Serge C. Thal
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany;
| | - Anja Ehrhardt
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany; (E.E.-S.); (A.E.)
| | - Malik Aydin
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany; (E.E.-S.); (A.E.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, Center for Biomedical Education and Science (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany
- Chair of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital, Vestische Kinder- und Jugendklinik Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University, 45711 Datteln, Germany;
- Institute for Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
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5
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Chau KM, Dominic A, Davis EL, Kotla S, Berrios ET, Fahim A, Arunesh A, Li S, Zhao D, Chen K, Davis AR, Nguyen MTH, Wang Y, Evans SE, Wang G, Cooke JP, Abe JI, Huston DP, Le NT. TNIK regulation of interferon signaling and endothelial cell response to virus infection. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 10:1213428. [PMID: 38264262 PMCID: PMC10803426 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1213428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Traf2 and Nck-interacting kinase (TNIK) is known for its regulatory role in various processes within cancer cells. However, its role within endothelial cells (ECs) has remained relatively unexplored. Methods Leveraging RNA-seq data and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), we probed the potential impact of TNIK depletion on ECs. Results Examination of RNA-seq data uncovered more than 450 Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) in TNIK-depleted ECs, displaying a fold change exceeding 2 with a false discovery rate (FDR) below 0.05. IPA analysis unveiled that TNIK depletion leads to the inhibition of the interferon (IFN) pathway [-log (p-value) >11], downregulation of IFN-related genes, and inhibition of Hypercytokinemia/Hyperchemokinemia [-log (p-value) >8]. The validation process encompassed qRT-PCR to evaluate mRNA expression of crucial IFN-related genes, immunoblotting to gauge STAT1 and STAT2 protein levels, and ELISA for the quantification of IFN and cytokine secretion in siTNIK-depleted ECs. These assessments consistently revealed substantial reductions upon TNIK depletion. When transducing HUVECs with replication incompetent E1-E4 deleted adenovirus expressing green fluorescent protein (Ad-GFP), it was demonstrated that TNIK depletion did not affect the uptake of Ad-GFP. Nonetheless, TNIK depletion induced cytopathic effects (CPE) in ECs transduced with wild-type human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad-WT). Summary Our findings suggest that TNIK plays a crucial role in regulating the EC response to virus infections through modulation of the IFN pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh M. Chau
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Abishai Dominic
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Eleanor L. Davis
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Sivareddy Kotla
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Estefani Turcios Berrios
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Arsany Fahim
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Ashwin Arunesh
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Shengyu Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Dongyu Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Kaifu Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Alan R. Davis
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, College Station, TX, United States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Minh T. H. Nguyen
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yongxing Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Scott E. Evans
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Guangyu Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, United States
| | - John P. Cooke
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jun-ichi Abe
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - David P. Huston
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine Texas A&M University, College Station, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nhat-Tu Le
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, United States
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Schwartz U, Komatsu T, Huber C, Lagadec F, Baumgartl C, Silberhorn E, Nuetzel M, Rayne F, Basyuk E, Bertrand E, Rehli M, Wodrich H, Laengst G. Changes in adenoviral chromatin organization precede early gene activation upon infection. EMBO J 2023; 42:e114162. [PMID: 37641864 PMCID: PMC10548178 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023114162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the virion, adenovirus DNA associates with the virus-encoded, protamine-like structural protein pVII. Whether this association is organized, and how genome packaging changes during infection and subsequent transcriptional activation is currently unclear. Here, we combined RNA-seq, MNase-seq, ChIP-seq, and single genome imaging during early adenovirus infection to unveil the structure- and time-resolved dynamics of viral chromatin changes as well as their correlation with gene transcription. Our MNase mapping data indicates that the adenoviral genome is arranged in precisely positioned nucleoprotein particles with nucleosome-like characteristics, that we term adenosomes. We identified 238 adenosomes that are positioned by a DNA sequence code and protect about 60-70 bp of DNA. The incoming adenoviral genome is more accessible at early gene loci that undergo additional chromatin de-condensation upon infection. Histone H3.3 containing nucleosomes specifically replaces pVII at distinct genomic sites and at the transcription start sites of early genes. Acetylation of H3.3 is predominant at the transcription start sites and precedes transcriptional activation. Based on our results, we propose a central role for the viral pVII nucleoprotein architecture, which is required for the dynamic structural changes during early infection, including the regulation of nucleosome assembly prior to transcription initiation. Our study thus may aid the rational development of recombinant adenoviral vectors exhibiting sustained expression in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Schwartz
- Biochemie Zentrum RegensburgUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| | - Tetsuro Komatsu
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institute for Molecular and Cellular RegulationGunma UniversityGunmaJapan
- CNRS UMR 5234, Microbiologie Fondamentale et PathogénicitéUniversité de BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - Claudia Huber
- Biochemie Zentrum RegensburgUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| | - Floriane Lagadec
- CNRS UMR 5234, Microbiologie Fondamentale et PathogénicitéUniversité de BordeauxBordeauxFrance
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Göttingen Center of Biosciences (GZMB)Georg‐August‐University GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | | | | | - Margit Nuetzel
- Department of Internal Medicine IIIUniversity Hospital RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| | - Fabienne Rayne
- CNRS UMR 5234, Microbiologie Fondamentale et PathogénicitéUniversité de BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - Eugenia Basyuk
- CNRS UMR 5234, Microbiologie Fondamentale et PathogénicitéUniversité de BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - Edouard Bertrand
- CNRS UMR 5355Institut de Généthique Moléculaire de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Michael Rehli
- Department of Internal Medicine IIIUniversity Hospital RegensburgRegensburgGermany
- Leibniz Institute for ImmunotherapyRegensburgGermany
- University Hospital RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| | - Harald Wodrich
- CNRS UMR 5234, Microbiologie Fondamentale et PathogénicitéUniversité de BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - Gernot Laengst
- Biochemie Zentrum RegensburgUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
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Li L, Fan H, Zhou J, Xu X, Yang D, Wu M, Cao C, Lu G. Human adenovirus infection induces pulmonary inflammatory damage by triggering noncanonical inflammasomes activation and macrophage pyroptosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1169968. [PMID: 37180156 PMCID: PMC10167768 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1169968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human adenovirus (HAdV) is a common respiratory virus, which can lead to severe pneumonia in children and immunocompromised persons, and canonical inflammasomes are reported to be involved in anti-HAdV defense. However, whether HAdV induced noncanonical inflammasome activation has not been explored. This study aims to explore the broad roles of noncanonical inflammasomes during HAdV infection to investigate the regulatory mechanism of HAdV-induced pulmonary inflammatory damage. Methods We mined available data on GEO database and collected clinical samples from adenovirus pneumonia pediatric patients to investigate the expression of noncanonical inflammasome and its clinical relevance. An in vitro cell model was employed to investigate the roles of noncanonical inflammasomes in macrophages in response to HAdV infection. Results Bioinformatics analysis showed that inflammasome-related genes, including caspase-4 and caspase-5, were enriched in adenovirus pneumonia. Moreover, caspase-4 and caspase-5 expression levels were significantly increased in the cells isolated from peripheral blood and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of pediatric patients with adenovirus pneumonia, and positively correlated with clinical parameters of inflammatory damage. In vitro experiments revealed that HAdV infection promoted caspase-4/5 expression, activation and pyroptosis in differentiated THP-1 (dTHP-1) human macrophages via NF-κB, rather than STING signaling pathway. Interestingly, silencing of caspase-4 and caspase-5 in dTHP-1 cells suppressed HAdV-induced noncanonical inflammasome activation and macrophage pyroptosis, and dramatically decreased the HAdV titer in cell supernatants, by influencing virus release rather than other stages of virus life cycle. Discussion In conclusion, our study demonstrated that HAdV infection induced macrophage pyroptosis by triggering noncanonical inflammasome activation via a NF-kB-dependent manner, which may explore new perspectives on the pathogenesis of HAdV-induced inflammatory damage. And high expression levels of caspase-4 and caspase-5 may be a biomarker for predicting the severity of adenovirus pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexi Li
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Respiration, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huifeng Fan
- Department of Respiration, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinyu Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuehua Xu
- Department of Respiration, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Diyuan Yang
- Department of Respiration, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minhao Wu
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Can Cao
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gen Lu
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Respiration, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Centre, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Charman M, Grams N, Kumar N, Halko E, Dybas JM, Abbott A, Lum KK, Blumenthal D, Tsopurashvili E, Weitzman MD. A viral biomolecular condensate coordinates assembly of progeny particles. Nature 2023; 616:332-338. [PMID: 37020020 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05887-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular condensates formed by phase separation can compartmentalize and regulate cellular processes1,2. Emerging evidence has suggested that membraneless subcellular compartments in virus-infected cells form by phase separation3-8. Although linked to several viral processes3-5,9,10, evidence that phase separation contributes functionally to the assembly of progeny particles in infected cells is lacking. Here we show that phase separation of the human adenovirus 52-kDa protein has a critical role in the coordinated assembly of infectious progeny particles. We demonstrate that the 52-kDa protein is essential for the organization of viral structural proteins into biomolecular condensates. This organization regulates viral assembly such that capsid assembly is coordinated with the provision of viral genomes needed to produce complete packaged particles. We show that this function is governed by the molecular grammar of an intrinsically disordered region of the 52-kDa protein, and that failure to form condensates or to recruit viral factors that are critical for assembly results in failed packaging and assembly of only non-infectious particles. Our findings identify essential requirements for coordinated assembly of progeny particles and demonstrate that phase separation of a viral protein is critical for production of infectious progeny during adenovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Charman
- Division of Protective Immunity, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Nicholas Grams
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Namrata Kumar
- Division of Protective Immunity, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edwin Halko
- Division of Protective Immunity, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph M Dybas
- Division of Protective Immunity, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amber Abbott
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Krystal K Lum
- Division of Protective Immunity, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Blumenthal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Cell Pathology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Matthew D Weitzman
- Division of Protective Immunity, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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9
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KANATSU-SHINOHARA M, LEE J, MIYAZAKI T, MORIMOTO H, SHINOHARA T. Adenovirus-mediated gene delivery restores fertility in congenitally infertile female mice. J Reprod Dev 2022; 68:369-376. [PMID: 36223953 PMCID: PMC9792657 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2022-090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Oogenesis depends on close interactions between oocytes and granulosa cells. Abnormal signaling between these cell types can result in infertility. However, attempts to manipulate oocyte-granulosa cell interactions have had limited success, likely due to the blood-follicle barrier (BFB), which prevents the penetration of exogenous materials into ovarian follicles. Here, we used adenoviruses (AVs) to manipulate the oocyte-granulosa cell interactions. AVs penetrated the BFB and transduced granulosa cells through ovarian microinjection. Although AVs caused transient inflammation, they did not impair fertility in wild-type mice. Introduction of Kitl-expressing AVs into congenitally infertile KitlSl-t/KitlSl-t mutant mouse ovaries, which contained only primordial follicles because of a lack of Kitl expression, restored fertility through natural mating. The offspring showed no evidence of AV integration and exhibited normal genomic imprinting patterns for imprinted genes. These results demonstrate the usefulness of AVs for manipulating oogenesis and suggest the possibility of gene therapies for human female infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mito KANATSU-SHINOHARA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan,AMED-CREST, AMED 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Jiyoung LEE
- Advanced Multidisciplinary Research Cluster, Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Takehiro MIYAZAKI
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroko MORIMOTO
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi SHINOHARA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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10
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Greber UF, Suomalainen M. Adenovirus entry: Stability, uncoating, and nuclear import. Mol Microbiol 2022; 118:309-320. [PMID: 35434852 PMCID: PMC9790413 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviruses (AdVs) are widespread in vertebrates. They infect the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, the eyes, heart, liver, and kidney, and are lethal to immunosuppressed people. Mastadenoviruses infecting mammals comprise several hundred different types, and many specifically infect humans. Human adenoviruses are the most widely used vectors in clinical applications, including cancer treatment and COVID-19 vaccination. AdV vectors are physically and genetically stable and generally safe in humans. The particles have an icosahedral coat and a nucleoprotein core with a DNA genome. We describe the concept of AdV cell entry and highlight recent advances in cytoplasmic transport, uncoating, and nuclear import of the viral DNA. We highlight a recently discovered "linchpin" function of the virion protein V ensuring cytoplasmic particle stability, which is relaxed at the nuclear pore complex by cues from the E3 ubiquitin ligase Mind bomb 1 (MIB1) and the proteasome triggering disruption. Capsid disruption by kinesin motor proteins and microtubules exposes the linchpin and renders protein V a target for MIB1 ubiquitination, which dissociates V from viral DNA and enhances DNA nuclear import. These advances uncover mechanisms controlling capsid stability and premature uncoating and provide insight into nuclear transport of nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs F. Greber
- Department of Molecular Life SciencesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Maarit Suomalainen
- Department of Molecular Life SciencesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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11
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Scholz J, Weil PP, Pembaur D, Koukou G, Aydin M, Hauert D, Postberg J, Kreppel F, Hagedorn C. An Adenoviral Vector as a Versatile Tool for Delivery and Expression of miRNAs. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091952. [PMID: 36146759 PMCID: PMC9504453 DOI: 10.3390/v14091952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Only two decades after discovering miRNAs, our understanding of the functional effects of deregulated miRNAs in the development of diseases, particularly cancer, has been rapidly evolving. These observations and functional studies provide the basis for developing miRNA-based diagnostic markers or new therapeutic strategies. Adenoviral (Ad) vectors belong to the most frequently used vector types in gene therapy and are suitable for strong short-term transgene expression in a variety of cells. Here, we report the set-up and functionality of an Ad-based miRNA vector platform that can be employed to deliver and express a high level of miRNAs efficiently. This vector platform allows fast and efficient vector production to high titers and the expression of pri-miRNA precursors under the control of a polymerase II promoter. In contrast to non-viral miRNA delivery systems, this Ad-based miRNA vector platform allows accurate dosing of the delivered miRNAs. Using a two-vector model, we showed that Ad-driven miRNA expression was sufficient in down-regulating the expression of an overexpressed and highly stable protein. Additional data corroborated the downregulation of multiple endogenous target RNAs using the system presented here. Additionally, we report some unanticipated synergistic effects on the transduction efficiencies in vitro when cells were consecutively transduced with two different Ad-vectors. This effect might be taken into consideration for protocols using two or more different Ad vectors simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Scholz
- Chair for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Patrick Philipp Weil
- Centre for Biomedical Education & Research (ZBAF), Clinical Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str. 50, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Daniel Pembaur
- Chair for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Georgia Koukou
- Chair for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Malik Aydin
- Laboratory of Experimental Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Dorota Hauert
- Chair for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Jan Postberg
- Centre for Biomedical Education & Research (ZBAF), Clinical Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str. 50, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Florian Kreppel
- Chair for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Claudia Hagedorn
- Chair for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany
- Correspondence:
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12
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Price AM, Steinbock RT, Lauman R, Charman M, Hayer KE, Kumar N, Halko E, Lum KK, Wei M, Wilson AC, Garcia BA, Depledge DP, Weitzman MD. Novel viral splicing events and open reading frames revealed by long-read direct RNA sequencing of adenovirus transcripts. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010797. [PMID: 36095031 PMCID: PMC9499273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus is a common human pathogen that relies on host cell processes for transcription and processing of viral RNA and protein production. Although adenoviral promoters, splice junctions, and polyadenylation sites have been characterized using low-throughput biochemical techniques or short read cDNA-based sequencing, these technologies do not fully capture the complexity of the adenoviral transcriptome. By combining Illumina short-read and nanopore long-read direct RNA sequencing approaches, we mapped transcription start sites and RNA cleavage and polyadenylation sites across the adenovirus genome. In addition to confirming the known canonical viral early and late RNA cassettes, our analysis of splice junctions within long RNA reads revealed an additional 35 novel viral transcripts that meet stringent criteria for expression. These RNAs include fourteen new splice junctions which lead to expression of canonical open reading frames (ORFs), six novel ORF-containing transcripts, and 15 transcripts encoding for messages that could alter protein functions through truncation or fusion of canonical ORFs. In addition, we detect RNAs that bypass canonical cleavage sites and generate potential chimeric proteins by linking distinct gene transcription units. Among these chimeric proteins we detected an evolutionarily conserved protein containing the N-terminus of E4orf6 fused to the downstream DBP/E2A ORF. Loss of this novel protein, E4orf6/DBP, was associated with aberrant viral replication center morphology and poor viral spread. Our work highlights how long-read sequencing technologies combined with mass spectrometry can reveal further complexity within viral transcriptomes and resulting proteomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Price
- Division of Protective Immunity, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert T. Steinbock
- Cell & Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Richard Lauman
- Division of Protective Immunity, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew Charman
- Division of Protective Immunity, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katharina E. Hayer
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Namrata Kumar
- Division of Protective Immunity, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Edwin Halko
- Division of Protective Immunity, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Krystal K. Lum
- Division of Protective Immunity, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Monica Wei
- Cell & Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Angus C. Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York city, New York, United States of America
| | - Benjamin A. Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel P. Depledge
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthew D. Weitzman
- Division of Protective Immunity, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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13
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Lu ZH, Li J, Dmitriev IP, Kashentseva EA, Curiel DT. Efficient Genome Editing Achieved via Plug-and-Play Adenovirus Piggyback Transport of Cas9/gRNA Complex on Viral Capsid Surface. ACS NANO 2022; 16:10443-10455. [PMID: 35749339 PMCID: PMC9330763 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The capacity to efficiently deliver the gene-editing enzyme complex to target cells is favored over other forms of gene delivery as it offers one-time hit-and-run gene editing, thus improving precision and safety and reducing potential immunogenicity against edited cells in clinical applications. Here we performed a proof-of-mechanism study and demonstrated that a simian adenoviral vector for DNA delivery can be repurposed as a robust intracellular delivery platform for a functional Cas9/guide RNA (gRNA) complex to recipient cells. In this system, the clinically relevant adenovirus was genetically engineered with a plug-and-display technology based on SpyTag003/SpyCatcher003 coupling chemistry. Under physiological conditions, an off-the-shelf mixture of viral vector with SpyTag003 incorporated into surface capsid proteins and Cas9 fused with SpyCatcher003 led to a rapid titration reaction yielding adenovirus carrying Cas9SpyCatcher003 on the virus surface. The Cas9 fusion protein-conjugated viruses in the presence of a reporter gRNA delivered gene-editing functions to cells with an efficiency comparable to that of a commercial CRISPR/Cas9 transfection reagent. Our data fully validate the adenoviral "piggyback" approach to deliver an intracellularly acting enzyme cargo and, thus, warrant the prospect of engineering tissue-targeted adenovirus carrying Cas9/gRNA for in vivo gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Hong Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology,
Biologic Therapeutics Center, Washington
University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8224, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology,
Biologic Therapeutics Center, Washington
University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8224, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Igor P. Dmitriev
- Department of Radiation Oncology,
Biologic Therapeutics Center, Washington
University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8224, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Elena A. Kashentseva
- Department of Radiation Oncology,
Biologic Therapeutics Center, Washington
University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8224, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - David T. Curiel
- Department of Radiation Oncology,
Biologic Therapeutics Center, Washington
University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8224, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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14
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Saruuldalai E, Park J, Kang D, Shin SP, Im WR, Lee HH, Jang JJ, Park JL, Kim SY, Hwang JA, Kim YD, Lee JH, Park EJ, Lee YS, Kim IH, Lee SJ, Lee YS. A host non-coding RNA, nc886, plays a pro-viral role by promoting virus trafficking to the nucleus. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:683-694. [PMID: 35284627 PMCID: PMC8904404 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of the interplay between viruses and host cells is crucial for taming viruses to benefit human health. Cancer therapy using adenovirus, called oncolytic virotherapy, is a promising treatment option but is not robust in all patients. In addition, inefficient replication of human adenovirus in mouse hampered the development of an in vivo model for preclinical evaluation of therapeutically engineered adenovirus. nc886 is a human non-coding RNA that suppresses Protein Kinase R (PKR), an antiviral protein. In this study, we have found that nc886 greatly promotes adenoviral gene expression and replication. Remarkably, the stimulatory effect of nc886 is not dependent on its function to inhibit PKR. Rather, nc886 facilitates the nuclear entry of adenovirus via modulating the kinesin pathway. nc886 is not conserved in mouse and, when xenogeneically expressed in mouse cells, promotes adenovirus replication. Our investigation has discovered a novel mechanism of how a host ncRNA plays a pro-adenoviral role. Given that nc886 expression is silenced in a subset of cancer cells, our study highlights that oncolytic virotherapy might be inefficient in those cells. Furthermore, our findings open future possibilities of harnessing nc886 to improve the efficacy of oncolytic adenovirus and to construct nc886-expressing transgenic mice as an animal model.
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15
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Lagadec F, Carlon-Andres I, Ragues J, Port S, Wodrich H, Kehlenbach RH. CRM1 Promotes Capsid Disassembly and Nuclear Envelope Translocation of Adenovirus Independently of Its Export Function. J Virol 2022; 96:e0127321. [PMID: 34757845 PMCID: PMC8826800 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01273-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
After receptor-mediated endocytosis and endosomal escape, adenoviral capsids can travel via microtubule organizing centers to the nuclear envelope. Upon capsid disassembly, viral genome import into nuclei of interphase cells then occurs through nuclear pore complexes, involving the nucleoporins Nup214 and Nup358. Import also requires the activity of the classic nuclear export receptor CRM1, as it is blocked by the selective inhibitor leptomycin B. We have now used artificially enucleated as well as mitotic cells to analyze the role of an intact nucleus in different steps of the viral life cycle. In enucleated U2OS cells, viral capsids traveled to the microtubule organizing center, whereas their removal from this complex was blocked, suggesting that this step required nuclear factors. In mitotic cells, on the other hand, CRM1 promoted capsid disassembly and genome release, suggesting a role of this protein that does not require intact nuclear envelopes or nuclear pore complexes and is distinct from its function as a nuclear export receptor. Similar to enucleation, inhibition of CRM1 by leptomycin B also leads to an arrest of adenoviral capsids at the microtubule organizing center. In a small-scale screen using leptomycin B-resistant versions of CRM1, we identified a mutant, CRM1 W142A P143A, that is compromised with respect to adenoviral capsid disassembly in both interphase and mitotic cells. Strikingly, this mutant is capable of exporting cargo proteins out of the nucleus of living cells or digitonin-permeabilized cells, pointing to a role of the mutated region that is not directly linked to nuclear export. IMPORTANCE A role of nucleoporins and of soluble transport factors in adenoviral genome import into the nucleus of infected cells in interphase has previously been established. The nuclear export receptor CRM1 promotes genome import, but its precise function is not known. Using enucleated and mitotic cells, we showed that CRM1 does not simply function by exporting a crucial factor out of the nucleus that would then trigger capsid disassembly and genome import. Instead, CRM1 has an export-independent role, a notion that is also supported by a mutant, CRM1 W142A P143A, which is export competent but deficient in viral capsid disassembly, in both interphase and mitotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriane Lagadec
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Göttingen Center of Biosciences (GZMB), Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- CNRS UMR 5234, Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Irene Carlon-Andres
- CNRS UMR 5234, Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jessica Ragues
- CNRS UMR 5234, Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sarah Port
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Göttingen Center of Biosciences (GZMB), Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Harald Wodrich
- CNRS UMR 5234, Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ralph H. Kehlenbach
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Göttingen Center of Biosciences (GZMB), Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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16
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Horvitz D, Milrot E, Luria N, Makdasi E, Beth-Din A, Glinert I, Dombrovsky A, Laskar O. Nanodissection of Selected Viral Particles by Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy/Focused Ion Beam for Genetic Identification. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13126-13133. [PMID: 34551252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study presents the development of a new correlative workflow to bridge the gap between electron microscopy imaging and genetic analysis of viruses. The workflow enables the assignment of genetic information to a specific biological entity by harnessing the nanodissection capability of focused ion beam (FIB). This correlative workflow is based on scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and FIB followed by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For this purpose, we studied the tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) and the adenovirus that have significant impacts on plant integrity and human health, respectively. STEM imaging was used for the identification and localization of virus particles on a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) grid followed by FIB milling of the desired region of interest. The final-milled product was subjected to genetic analysis by the PCR. The results prove that the FIB-milling process maintains the integrity of the genetic material as confirmed by the PCR. We demonstrate the identification of RNA and DNA viruses extracted from a few micrometers of an FIB-milled TEM grid. This workflow enables the genetic analysis of specifically imaged viral particles directly from heterogeneous clinical samples. In addition to viral diagnostics, the ability to isolate and to genetically identify specific submicrometer structures may prove valuable in additional fields, including subcellular organelle and granule research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dror Horvitz
- Electron Microscopy, Thermo Fisher Israel Ltd., HaYarden 1 street, Airport City 7019900, Israel
| | - Elad Milrot
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O.B 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Neta Luria
- Department of Plant Pathology, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion 50250, Israel
| | - Efi Makdasi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O.B 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Adi Beth-Din
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O.B 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Itai Glinert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O.B 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Aviv Dombrovsky
- Department of Plant Pathology, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion 50250, Israel
| | - Orly Laskar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O.B 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
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17
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Precursors of Viral Proteases as Distinct Drug Targets. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101981. [PMID: 34696411 PMCID: PMC8537868 DOI: 10.3390/v13101981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral proteases are indispensable for successful virion maturation, thus making them a prominent drug target. Their enzyme activity is tightly spatiotemporally regulated by expression in the precursor form with little or no activity, followed by activation via autoprocessing. These cleavage events are frequently triggered upon transportation to a specific compartment inside the host cell. Typically, precursor oligomerization or the presence of a co-factor is needed for activation. A detailed understanding of these mechanisms will allow ligands with non-canonical mechanisms of action to be designed, which would specifically modulate the initial irreversible steps of viral protease autoactivation. Binding sites exclusive to the precursor, including binding sites beyond the protease domain, can be exploited. Both inhibition and up-regulation of the proteolytic activity of viral proteases can be detrimental for the virus. All these possibilities are discussed using examples of medically relevant viruses including herpesviruses, adenoviruses, retroviruses, picornaviruses, caliciviruses, togaviruses, flaviviruses, and coronaviruses.
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18
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Condezo GN, San Martín C. Bromodeoxyuridine Labelling to Determine Viral DNA Localization in Fluorescence and Electron Microscopy: The Case of Adenovirus. Viruses 2021; 13:1863. [PMID: 34578444 PMCID: PMC8472859 DOI: 10.3390/v13091863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The localization of viral nucleic acids in the cell is essential for understanding the infectious cycle. One of the strategies developed for this purpose is the use of nucleotide analogs such as bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU, analog to thymine) or bromouridine (BrU, analog of uridine), which are incorporated into the nucleic acids during replication or transcription. In adenovirus infections, BrdU has been used to localize newly synthesized viral genomes in the nucleus, where it is key to distinguish between host and viral DNA. Here, we describe our experience with methodological variations of BrdU labeling to localize adenovirus genomes in fluorescence and electron microscopy. We illustrate the need to define conditions in which most of the newly synthesized DNA corresponds to the virus and not the host, and the amount of BrdU provided is enough to incorporate to the new DNA molecules without hampering the cell metabolism. We hope that our discussion of problems encountered and solutions implemented will help other researches interested in viral genome localization in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela N. Condezo
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen San Martín
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
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19
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Hidalgo P, Pimentel A, Mojica-Santamaría D, von Stromberg K, Hofmann-Sieber H, Lona-Arrona C, Dobner T, González RA. Evidence That the Adenovirus Single-Stranded DNA Binding Protein Mediates the Assembly of Biomolecular Condensates to Form Viral Replication Compartments. Viruses 2021; 13:1778. [PMID: 34578359 PMCID: PMC8473285 DOI: 10.3390/v13091778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A common viral replication strategy is characterized by the assembly of intracellular compartments that concentrate factors needed for viral replication and simultaneously conceal the viral genome from host-defense mechanisms. Recently, various membrane-less virus-induced compartments and cellular organelles have been shown to represent biomolecular condensates (BMCs) that assemble through liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). In the present work, we analyze biophysical properties of intranuclear replication compartments (RCs) induced during human adenovirus (HAdV) infection. The viral ssDNA-binding protein (DBP) is a major component of RCs that contains intrinsically disordered and low complexity proline-rich regions, features shared with proteins that drive phase transitions. Using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and time-lapse studies in living HAdV-infected cells, we show that DBP-positive RCs display properties of liquid BMCs, which can fuse and divide, and eventually form an intranuclear mesh with less fluid-like features. Moreover, the transient expression of DBP recapitulates the assembly and liquid-like properties of RCs in HAdV-infected cells. These results are of relevance as they indicate that DBP may be a scaffold protein for the assembly of HAdV-RCs and should contribute to future studies on the role of BMCs in virus-host cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Hidalgo
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico; (D.M.-S.); (C.L.-A.)
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (K.v.S.); (H.H.-S.); (T.D.)
| | - Arturo Pimentel
- Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía Avanzada (LNMA), Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico;
| | - Diana Mojica-Santamaría
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico; (D.M.-S.); (C.L.-A.)
| | - Konstantin von Stromberg
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (K.v.S.); (H.H.-S.); (T.D.)
| | - Helga Hofmann-Sieber
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (K.v.S.); (H.H.-S.); (T.D.)
| | - Christian Lona-Arrona
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico; (D.M.-S.); (C.L.-A.)
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico
| | - Thomas Dobner
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (K.v.S.); (H.H.-S.); (T.D.)
| | - Ramón A. González
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico; (D.M.-S.); (C.L.-A.)
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20
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Vzorov AN, Samokhvalov EI, Chebanenko VV, Scheblyakov DV, Gintsburg AL. Modification of the Spike Protein for Vaccines against Enveloped RNA Viruses. Mol Biol 2021; 55:538-547. [PMID: 34465926 PMCID: PMC8390073 DOI: 10.1134/s0026893321030158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Most vaccines work by inducing neutralizing antibodies that target the viral envelope. Enveloped RNA viruses have evolved mechanisms for surface glycoproteins to evade host immune responses, which exhibit substantial variability, even among different strains. Natural infection and vaccines using native forms of surface proteins may induce broadly neutralizing antibodies, yet with low and ineffective levels. Class I membrane-fusion proteins of enveloped RNA viruses, HIV-1, influenza A virus, SARS-CoV-2, yield a stable conformation (so-called "pre-fusion") in providing fusion between viral and host cell membranes. Modified viral surface proteins that are based on these features induce neutralizing antibodies with activity available against a broad spectrum of circulating strains and make it possible to overcome the difficulties associated with escape/variability of viral antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. N. Vzorov
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
- Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - E. I. Samokhvalov
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - V. V. Chebanenko
- Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - D. V. Scheblyakov
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. L. Gintsburg
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Infectiology and Virology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
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21
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Suomalainen M, Greber UF. Virus Infection Variability by Single-Cell Profiling. Viruses 2021; 13:1568. [PMID: 34452433 PMCID: PMC8402812 DOI: 10.3390/v13081568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell variability of infection has long been known, yet it has remained one of the least understood phenomena in infection research. It impacts on disease onset and development, yet only recently underlying mechanisms have been studied in clonal cell cultures by single-virion immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. In this review, we showcase how single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), single-molecule RNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (click) with alkynyl-tagged viral genomes dissect infection variability in human and mouse cells. We show how the combined use of scRNA-FISH and click-chemistry reveals highly variable onsets of adenoviral gene expression, and how single live cell plaques reveal lytic and nonlytic adenovirus transmissions. The review highlights how scRNA-seq profiling and scRNA-FISH of coxsackie, influenza, dengue, zika, and herpes simplex virus infections uncover transcriptional variability, and how the host interferon response tunes influenza and sendai virus infections. We introduce the concept of "cell state" in infection variability, and conclude with advances by single-cell simultaneous measurements of chromatin accessibility and mRNA counts at high-throughput. Such technology will further dissect the sequence of events in virus infection and pathology, and better characterize the genetic and genomic stability of viruses, cell autonomous innate immune responses, and mechanisms of tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarit Suomalainen
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs F. Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Fus-Kujawa A, Prus P, Bajdak-Rusinek K, Teper P, Gawron K, Kowalczuk A, Sieron AL. An Overview of Methods and Tools for Transfection of Eukaryotic Cells in vitro. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:701031. [PMID: 34354988 PMCID: PMC8330802 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.701031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfection is a powerful analytical tool enabling studies of gene products and functions in eukaryotic cells. Successful delivery of genetic material into cells depends on DNA quantity and quality, incubation time and ratio of transfection reagent to DNA, the origin, type and the passage of transfected cells, and the presence or absence of serum in the cell culture. So far a number of transfection methods that use viruses, non-viral particles or physical factors as the nucleic acids carriers have been developed. Among non-viral carriers, the cationic polymers are proposed as the most attractive ones due to the possibility of their chemical structure modification, low toxicity and immunogenicity. In this review the delivery systems as well as physical, biological and chemical methods used for eukaryotic cells transfection are described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Fus-Kujawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Pawel Prus
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
- Students’ Scientific Society, Katowice, Poland
| | - Karolina Bajdak-Rusinek
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Paulina Teper
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gawron
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kowalczuk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Aleksander L. Sieron
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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23
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Daussy CF, Pied N, Wodrich H. Understanding Post Entry Sorting of Adenovirus Capsids; A Chance to Change Vaccine Vector Properties. Viruses 2021; 13:1221. [PMID: 34202573 PMCID: PMC8310329 DOI: 10.3390/v13071221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus vector-based genetic vaccines have emerged as a powerful strategy against the SARS-CoV-2 health crisis. This success is not unexpected because adenoviruses combine many desirable features of a genetic vaccine. They are highly immunogenic and have a low and well characterized pathogenic profile paired with technological approachability. Ongoing efforts to improve adenovirus-vaccine vectors include the use of rare serotypes and non-human adenoviruses. In this review, we focus on the viral capsid and how the choice of genotypes influences the uptake and subsequent subcellular sorting. We describe how understanding capsid properties, such as stability during the entry process, can change the fate of the entering particles and how this translates into differences in immunity outcomes. We discuss in detail how mutating the membrane lytic capsid protein VI affects species C viruses' post-entry sorting and briefly discuss if such approaches could have a wider implication in vaccine and/or vector development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Harald Wodrich
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, MFP CNRS UMR 5234, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Leo Saignat, CEDEX, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (C.F.D.); (N.P.)
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24
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Andriasyan V, Yakimovich A, Petkidis A, Georgi F, Witte R, Puntener D, Greber UF. Microscopy deep learning predicts virus infections and reveals mechanics of lytic-infected cells. iScience 2021; 24:102543. [PMID: 34151222 PMCID: PMC8192562 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging across scales reveals disease mechanisms in organisms, tissues, and cells. Yet, particular infection phenotypes, such as virus-induced cell lysis, have remained difficult to study. Here, we developed imaging modalities and deep learning procedures to identify herpesvirus and adenovirus (AdV) infected cells without virus-specific stainings. Fluorescence microscopy of vital DNA-dyes and live-cell imaging revealed learnable virus-specific nuclear patterns transferable to related viruses of the same family. Deep learning predicted two major AdV infection outcomes, non-lytic (nonspreading) and lytic (spreading) infections, up to about 20 hr prior to cell lysis. Using these predictive algorithms, lytic and non-lytic nuclei had the same levels of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged virion proteins but lytic nuclei enriched the virion proteins faster, and collapsed more extensively upon laser-rupture than non-lytic nuclei, revealing impaired mechanical properties of lytic nuclei. Our algorithms may be used to infer infection phenotypes of emerging viruses, enhance single cell biology, and facilitate differential diagnosis of non-lytic and lytic infections. Artificial intelligence identifies HSV- and AdV-infected cells without specific probes. Imaging lytic-infected cells reveals nuclear envelope rupture and AdV dissemination. Live cell imaging and neural networks presciently pinpoint lytic-infected cells. Lytic-infected cell nuclei have mechanical properties distinct from non-lytic nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vardan Andriasyan
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Artur Yakimovich
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland.,University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Artificial Intelligence for Life Sciences CIC, London N8 7FJ, UK
| | - Anthony Petkidis
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Fanny Georgi
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Robert Witte
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Puntener
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland.,Roche Diagnostics International Ltd, Rotkreuz 6343, Switzerland
| | - Urs F Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
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25
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Dodge MJ, MacNeil KM, Tessier TM, Weinberg JB, Mymryk JS. Emerging antiviral therapeutics for human adenovirus infection: Recent developments and novel strategies. Antiviral Res 2021; 188:105034. [PMID: 33577808 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdV) are ubiquitous human pathogens that cause a significant burden of respiratory, ocular, and gastrointestinal illnesses. Although HAdV infections are generally self-limiting, pediatric and immunocompromised individuals are at particular risk for developing severe disease. Currently, no approved antiviral therapies specific to HAdV exist. Recent outbreaks underscore the need for effective antiviral agents to treat life-threatening infections. In this review we will focus on recent developments in search of potential therapeutic agents for controlling HAdV infections, with a focus on those targeting post-entry stages of the virus replicative cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie J Dodge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Katelyn M MacNeil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Tanner M Tessier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jason B Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joe S Mymryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
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26
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Suomalainen M, Prasad V, Kannan A, Greber UF. Cell-to-cell and genome-to-genome variability of adenovirus transcription tuned by the cell cycle. J Cell Sci 2020; 134:jcs252544. [PMID: 32917739 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.252544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In clonal cultures, not all cells are equally susceptible to virus infection, and the mechanisms underlying this are poorly understood. Here, we developed image-based single-cell measurements to scrutinize the heterogeneity of adenovirus (AdV) infection. AdV delivers, transcribes and replicates a linear double-stranded DNA genome in the nucleus. We measured the abundance of viral transcripts using single-molecule RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and the incoming 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxycytidine (EdC)-tagged viral genomes using a copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (click) reaction. Surprisingly, expression of the immediate early gene E1A only moderately correlated with the number of viral genomes in the cell nucleus. Intranuclear genome-to-genome heterogeneity was found at the level of viral transcription and, in accordance, individual genomes exhibited heterogeneous replication activity. By analyzing the cell cycle state, we found that G1 cells exhibited the highest E1A gene expression and displayed increased correlation between E1A gene expression and viral genome copy numbers. The combined image-based single-molecule procedures described here are ideally suited to explore the cell-to-cell variability in viral gene expression in a range of different settings, including the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarit Suomalainen
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vibhu Prasad
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Abhilash Kannan
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs F Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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27
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Daussy CF, Wodrich H. "Repair Me if You Can": Membrane Damage, Response, and Control from the Viral Perspective. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092042. [PMID: 32906744 PMCID: PMC7564661 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells are constantly challenged by pathogens (bacteria, virus, and fungi), and protein aggregates or chemicals, which can provoke membrane damage at the plasma membrane or within the endo-lysosomal compartments. Detection of endo-lysosomal rupture depends on a family of sugar-binding lectins, known as galectins, which sense the abnormal exposure of glycans to the cytoplasm upon membrane damage. Galectins in conjunction with other factors orchestrate specific membrane damage responses such as the recruitment of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery to either repair damaged membranes or the activation of autophagy to remove membrane remnants. If not controlled, membrane damage causes the release of harmful components including protons, reactive oxygen species, or cathepsins that will elicit inflammation. In this review, we provide an overview of current knowledge on membrane damage and cellular responses. In particular, we focus on the endo-lysosomal damage triggered by non-enveloped viruses (such as adenovirus) and discuss viral strategies to control the cellular membrane damage response. Finally, we debate the link between autophagy and inflammation in this context and discuss the possibility that virus induced autophagy upon entry limits inflammation.
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28
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Inhibition of Human Adenovirus Replication by the Importin α/β1 Nuclear Import Inhibitor Ivermectin. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00710-20. [PMID: 32641484 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00710-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdV) are ubiquitous within the human population and comprise a significant burden of respiratory illnesses worldwide. Pediatric and immunocompromised individuals are at particular risk for developing severe disease; however, no approved antiviral therapies specific to HAdV exist. Ivermectin is an FDA-approved broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug that also exhibits antiviral properties against a diverse range of viruses. Its proposed function is inhibiting the classical protein nuclear import pathway mediated by importin-α (Imp-α) and -β1 (Imp-β1). Many viruses, including HAdV, rely on this host pathway for transport of viral proteins across the nuclear envelope. In this study, we show that ivermectin inhibits HAdV-C5 early gene transcription, early and late protein expression, genome replication, and production of infectious viral progeny. Similarly, ivermectin inhibits genome replication of HAdV-B3, a clinically important pathogen responsible for numerous recent outbreaks. Mechanistically, we show that ivermectin disrupts binding of the viral E1A protein to Imp-α without affecting the interaction between Imp-α and Imp-β1. Our results further extend ivermectin's broad antiviral activity and provide a mechanistic underpinning for its mode of action as an inhibitor of cellular Imp-α/β1-mediated nuclear import.IMPORTANCE Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) represent a ubiquitous and clinically important pathogen without an effective antiviral treatment. HAdV infections typically cause mild symptoms; however, individuals such as children, those with underlying conditions, and those with compromised immune systems can develop severe disseminated disease. Our results demonstrate that ivermectin, an FDA-approved antiparasitic agent, is effective at inhibiting replication of several HAdV types in vitro This is in agreement with the growing body of literature suggesting ivermectin has broad antiviral activity. This study expands our mechanistic knowledge of ivermectin by showing that ivermectin targets the ability of importin-α (Imp-α) to recognize nuclear localization sequences, without effecting the Imp-α/β1 interaction. These data also exemplify the applicability of targeting host factors upon which viruses rely as a viable antiviral strategy.
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29
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Georgi F, Andriasyan V, Witte R, Murer L, Hemmi S, Yu L, Grove M, Meili N, Kuttler F, Yakimovich A, Turcatti G, Greber UF. The FDA-Approved Drug Nelfinavir Inhibits Lytic Cell-Free but Not Cell-Associated Nonlytic Transmission of Human Adenovirus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:e01002-20. [PMID: 32601166 PMCID: PMC7449217 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01002-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses (AdVs) are prevalent and give rise to chronic and recurrent disease. Human AdV (HAdV) species B and C, such as HAdV-C2, -C5, and -B14, cause respiratory disease and constitute a health threat for immunocompromised individuals. HAdV-Cs are well known for lysing cells owing to the E3 CR1-β-encoded adenovirus death protein (ADP). We previously reported a high-throughput image-based screening framework and identified an inhibitor of HAdV-C2 multiround infection, nelfinavir mesylate. Nelfinavir is the active ingredient of Viracept, an FDA-approved inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) aspartyl protease that is used to treat AIDS. It is not effective against single-round HAdV infections. Here, we show that nelfinavir inhibits lytic cell-free transmission of HAdV, indicated by the suppression of comet-shaped infection foci in cell culture. Comet-shaped foci occur upon convection-based transmission of cell-free viral particles from an infected cell to neighboring uninfected cells. HAdV lacking ADP was insensitive to nelfinavir but gave rise to comet-shaped foci, indicating that ADP enhances but is not required for cell lysis. This was supported by the notion that HAdV-B14 and -B14p1 lacking ADP were highly sensitive to nelfinavir, although HAdV-A31, -B3, -B7, -B11, -B16, -B21, -D8, -D30, and -D37 were less sensitive. Conspicuously, nelfinavir uncovered slow-growing round HAdV-C2 foci, independent of neutralizing antibodies in the medium, indicative of nonlytic cell-to-cell transmission. Our study demonstrates the repurposing potential of nelfinavir with postexposure efficacy against different HAdVs and describes an alternative nonlytic cell-to-cell transmission mode of HAdV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Georgi
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vardan Andriasyan
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Witte
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Murer
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Hemmi
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Yu
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Grove
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Meili
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Kuttler
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Artur Yakimovich
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Artificial Intelligence for Life Sciences CIC, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerardo Turcatti
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Urs F Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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30
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Georgi F, Greber UF. The Adenovirus Death Protein - a small membrane protein controls cell lysis and disease. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:1861-1878. [PMID: 32472693 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) cause widespread acute and persistent infections. Infections are usually mild and controlled by humoral and cell-based immunity. Reactivation of persistently infected immune cells can lead to a life-threatening disease in immunocompromised individuals, especially children and transplant recipients. To date, no effective therapy or vaccine against HAdV disease is available to the public. HAdV-C2 and C5 are the best-studied of more than 100 HAdV types. They persist in infected cells and release their progeny by host cell lysis to neighbouring cells and fluids, a process facilitated by the adenovirus death protein (ADP). ADP consists of about 100 amino acids and harbours a single membrane-spanning domain. It undergoes post-translational processing in endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi compartments, before localizing to the inner nuclear membrane. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on how ADP induces membrane rupture. Membrane rupture is essential for both progression of disease and efficacy of therapeutic viruses in clinical applications, in particular oncolytic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Georgi
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs F Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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31
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Abstract
Both well-known and emerging viruses increasingly affect humans and cause disease, sometimes with devastating impact on society. The viruses present in the biosphere are the top predators in the life chain, virtually without enemies, except perhaps the immune system, and harsh environmental physicochemical conditions restricting their dissemination. We know a lot about viruses, but do we know enough? This series of reviews is dedicated to adenoviruses (AdVs), a family of nonenveloped DNA viruses occurring in vertebrates, including humans. AdVs have been the focus of intense research for more than 67 years. Besides causing disease, they have immensely contributed to the advance of life sciences and medicine over the past decades. Recently, AdVs have been widely used as vehicles in gene therapy and vaccination. They continue to provide fundamental insights into virus-host interactions in cells, tissues and organisms, as well as systems and metabolic networks. This special issue of FEBS Letters presents a unique collection of 23 state-of-the-art review articles by leading adenovirologists. In this prelude, I present the chapters, which provide a solid basis for further exploring the rich heritage in adenovirus molecular cell biology, structural biology, genetics, immunology, gene therapy and epidemiology. I conclude with an essential discussion of six blind spots in adenovirology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs F Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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32
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Charman M, Herrmann C, Weitzman MD. Viral and cellular interactions during adenovirus DNA replication. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:3531-3550. [PMID: 31764999 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviruses represent ubiquitous and clinically significant human pathogens, gene-delivery vectors, and oncolytic agents. The study of adenovirus-infected cells has long been used as an excellent model to investigate fundamental aspects of both DNA virus infection and cellular biology. While many key details supporting a well-established model of adenovirus replication have been elucidated over a period spanning several decades, more recent findings suggest that we have only started to appreciate the complex interplay between viral genome replication and cellular processes. Here, we present a concise overview of adenovirus DNA replication, including the biochemical process of replication, the spatial organization of replication within the host cell nucleus, and insights into the complex plethora of virus-host interactions that influence viral genome replication. Finally, we identify emerging areas of research relating to the replication of adenovirus genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Charman
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christin Herrmann
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew D Weitzman
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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33
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Hidalgo P, Gonzalez RA. Formation of adenovirus DNA replication compartments. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:3518-3530. [PMID: 31710378 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviruses induce an extensive reorganization of the host cell nucleus during replication. Such a process results in the assembly of viral and cellular macromolecules into nuclear structures called adenovirus replication compartments (AdRCs), which function as platforms for viral DNA replication and gene expression. AdRCs co-opt host proteins and cellular pathways that restrict viral replication, suggesting that the mechanisms that control AdRC formation and function are essential for viral replication and lay at the basis of virus-host interactions. Here, we review the hallmarks of AdRCs and recent progress in our understanding of the formation, composition, and function of AdRCs. Furthermore, we discuss how AdRCs facilitate the interplay between viral and cellular machineries and hijack cellular functions to promote viral genome replication and expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Hidalgo
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Ramón A Gonzalez
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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