1
|
Liu T, Beket G, Li Q, Zhang Q, Jeong SY, Yang CY, Huang JD, Li Y, Stoeckel MA, Xiong M, van der Pol TPA, Bergqvist J, Woo HY, Gao F, Fahlman M, Österberg T, Fabiano S. A Polymeric Two-in-One Electron Transport Layer and Transparent Electrode for Efficient Indoor All-Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2405676. [PMID: 39207046 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202405676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Transparent electrodes (TEs) are vital in optoelectronic devices, enabling the interaction of light and charges. While indium tin oxide (ITO) has traditionally served as a benchmark TE, its high cost prompts the exploration of alternatives to optimize electrode characteristics and improve device efficiencies. Conducting polymers, which combine polymer advantages with metal-like conductivity, emerge as a promising solution for TEs. This work introduces a two-in-one electron transport layer (ETL) and TE based on films of polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE)-modified poly(benzodifurandione) (PBFDO). These PEIE-modified PBFDO layers exhibit a unique combination of properties, including low sheet resistance (130 Ω sq-1), low work function (4.2 eV), and high optical transparency (>85% in the UV-vis-NIR range). In contrast to commonly used poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), the doping level of PBFDO remains unaffected by the PEIE treatment, as verified through UV-vis-NIR absorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. When employed as a two-in-one ETL/TE in organic solar cells, the PEIE-modified PBFDO electrode exhibits performance comparable to conventional ITO electrodes. Moreover, this work demonstrates all-organic solar cells with record-high power conversion efficiencies of >15.1% under indoor lighting conditions. These findings hold promise for the development of fully printed, all-organic optoelectronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiefeng Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Gulzada Beket
- Electronic and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58183, Sweden
- Epishine AB, Attorpsgatan 2, Linköping, SE-58273, Sweden
| | - Qifan Li
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Qilun Zhang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Yuan Yang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Bredgatan 33, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Jun-Da Huang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Electronic and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58183, Sweden
| | - Marc-Antoine Stoeckel
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Bredgatan 33, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Miao Xiong
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Tom P A van der Pol
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | | | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Feng Gao
- Electronic and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58183, Sweden
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | | | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Bredgatan 33, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stoeckel MA, Feng K, Yang CY, Liu X, Li Q, Liu T, Jeong SY, Woo HY, Yao Y, Fahlman M, Marks TJ, Sharma S, Motta A, Guo X, Fabiano S, Facchetti A. On-Demand Catalysed n-Doping of Organic Semiconductors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407273. [PMID: 38770935 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
A new approach to control the n-doping reaction of organic semiconductors is reported using surface-functionalized gold nanoparticles (f-AuNPs) with alkylthiols acting as the catalyst only upon mild thermal activation. To demonstrate the versatility of this methodology, the reaction of the n-type dopant precursor N-DMBI-H with several molecular and polymeric semiconductors at different temperatures with/without f-AuNPs, vis-à-vis the unfunctionalized catalyst AuNPs, was investigated by spectroscopic, morphological, charge transport, and kinetic measurements as well as, computationally, the thermodynamic of catalyst activation. The combined experimental and theoretical data demonstrate that while f-AuNPs is inactive at room temperature both in solution and in the solid state, catalyst activation occurs rapidly at mild temperatures (~70 °C) and the doping reaction completes in few seconds affording large electrical conductivities (~10-140 S cm-1). The implementation of this methodology enables the use of semiconductor+dopant+catalyst solutions and will broaden the use of the corresponding n-doped films in opto-electronic devices such as thin-film transistors, electrochemical transistors, solar cells, and thermoelectrics well as guide the design of new catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Antoine Stoeckel
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, ITN, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
- n-ink AB, Bredgatan 33, SE-60221, Norrköping, Sweden
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Kui Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Chi-Yuan Yang
- n-ink AB, Bredgatan 33, SE-60221, Norrköping, Sweden
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xianjie Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Qifan Li
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Tiefeng Liu
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, ITN, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Sakshi Sharma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
| | - Alessandro Motta
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", p.le A. Moro 5, Rome, I-00185, Italy
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, ITN, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
- n-ink AB, Bredgatan 33, SE-60221, Norrköping, Sweden
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim H, Won Y, Song HW, Kwon Y, Jun M, Oh JH. Organic Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors for Bioelectronic Sensors: Materials and Operation Mechanisms. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306191. [PMID: 38148583 PMCID: PMC11251567 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The field of organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) has gained significant attention due to their ability to transport both electrons and ions, making them promising candidates for various applications. Initially focused on inorganic materials, the exploration of mixed conduction has expanded to organic materials, especially polymers, owing to their advantages such as solution processability, flexibility, and property tunability. OMIECs, particularly in the form of polymers, possess both electronic and ionic transport functionalities. This review provides an overview of OMIECs in various aspects covering mechanisms of charge transport including electronic transport, ionic transport, and ionic-electronic coupling, as well as conducting/semiconducting conjugated polymers and their applications in organic bioelectronics, including (multi)sensors, neuromorphic devices, and electrochromic devices. OMIECs show promise in organic bioelectronics due to their compatibility with biological systems and the ability to modulate electronic conduction and ionic transport, resembling the principles of biological systems. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) based on OMIECs offer significant potential for bioelectronic applications, responding to external stimuli through modulation of ionic transport. An in-depth review of recent research achievements in organic bioelectronic applications using OMIECs, categorized based on physical and chemical stimuli as well as neuromorphic devices and circuit applications, is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwook Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Yousang Won
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Song
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Kwon
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Minsang Jun
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hak Oh
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kuang C, Chen S, Luo M, Zhang Q, Sun X, Han S, Wang Q, Stanishev V, Darakchieva V, Crispin R, Fahlman M, Zhao D, Wen Q, Jonsson MP. Switchable Broadband Terahertz Absorbers Based on Conducting Polymer-Cellulose Aerogels. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305898. [PMID: 37997181 PMCID: PMC10797431 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) technologies provide opportunities ranging from calibration targets for satellites and telescopes to communication devices and biomedical imaging systems. A main component will be broadband THz absorbers with switchability. However, optically switchable materials in THz are scarce and their modulation is mostly available at narrow bandwidths. Realizing materials with large and broadband modulation in absorption or transmission forms a critical challenge. This study demonstrates that conducting polymer-cellulose aerogels can provide modulation of broadband THz light with large modulation range from ≈ 13% to 91% absolute transmission, while maintaining specular reflection loss < -30 dB. The exceptional THz modulation is associated with the anomalous optical conductivity peak of conducting polymers, which enhances the absorption in its oxidized state. The study also demonstrates the possibility to reduce the surface hydrophilicity by simple chemical modifications, and shows that broadband absorption of the aerogels at optical frequencies enables de-frosting by solar-induced heating. These low-cost, aqueous solution-processable, sustainable, and bio-friendly aerogels may find use in next-generation intelligent THz devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Kuang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN)Linköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐601 74Sweden
| | - Shangzhi Chen
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN)Linköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐601 74Sweden
| | - Min Luo
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated DevicesUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduSichuan610 054P. R. China
| | - Qilun Zhang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN)Linköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐601 74Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science CenterLinköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐601 74Sweden
| | - Xiao Sun
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated DevicesUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduSichuan610 054P. R. China
| | - Shaobo Han
- School of Textile Material and EngineeringWuyi University22 DongchengcunJiangmenGuangdong529 020P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN)Linköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐601 74Sweden
| | - Vallery Stanishev
- Terahertz Materials Analysis Center (THeMAC) and Center for III‐N Technology, C3NiT‐Janzèn, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM)Linköping UniversityLinköpingSE‐581 83Sweden
- Solid State Physics and NanoLundLund UniversityLundSE‐221 00Sweden
| | - Vanya Darakchieva
- Terahertz Materials Analysis Center (THeMAC) and Center for III‐N Technology, C3NiT‐Janzèn, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM)Linköping UniversityLinköpingSE‐581 83Sweden
- Solid State Physics and NanoLundLund UniversityLundSE‐221 00Sweden
| | - Reverant Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN)Linköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐601 74Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science CenterLinköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐601 74Sweden
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN)Linköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐601 74Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science CenterLinköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐601 74Sweden
| | - Dan Zhao
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN)Linköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐601 74Sweden
| | - Qiye Wen
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated DevicesUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduSichuan610 054P. R. China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou)University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaHuzhouZhejiang313 001P. R. China
| | - Magnus P. Jonsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN)Linköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐601 74Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science CenterLinköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐601 74Sweden
- Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS)Wallenberg Research Center at Stellenbosch UniversityStellenbosch7600South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hao P, Zhu R, Tao Y, Jiang W, Liu X, Tan Y, Wang Y, Wang D. Dual-Analyte Sensing with a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Based on Enhancement-Mode Organic Electrochemical Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37311014 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Novel enhancement-mode organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have been prepared by poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) de-doped polyethylenimine on the multi-walled carbon nanotube-modified viscose yarn. The fabricated devices exhibit low power consumption with a high transconductance of 6.7 mS, rapid response time < 2 s, and excellent cyclic stability. In addition, the device has washing durability and bending and long-term stability suitable for wearable applications. Biosensors based on enhancement-mode OECTs for the selective detection of adrenaline and uric acid (UA) are developed by using molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-functionalized gate electrodes. The detection limits of adrenaline and UA analysis are as low as 1 pM, with the linear ranges of 0.5 pM to 10 μM and 1 pM to 1 mM, respectively. Moreover, the sensor based on enhancement-mode transistors can efficiently amplify the current signals according to the modulation of the gate voltage. The MIP-modified biosensor has high selectivity in the presence of interferents and desirable reproducibility. Additionally, due to the wearable nature of the developed biosensor, this sensing tool has the capability of being integrated with fabrics. Therefore, it has successfully been applied in textiles for the determination of adrenaline and UA in artificial urine samples. The excellent recoveries and rsds are 90.22-109.05% and 3.97-6.94%, respectively. Ultimately, these sensitive, low-power, wearable, and dual-analyte sensors help to develop non-laboratory tools for early disease diagnosis and clinical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Hao
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products (Wuhan Textile University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Rufeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products (Wuhan Textile University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Yang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products (Wuhan Textile University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products (Wuhan Textile University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products (Wuhan Textile University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Yan Tan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Yuedan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products (Wuhan Textile University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products (Wuhan Textile University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430200, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jung S, Choi S, Shin W, Oh H, Oh J, Ryu MY, Kim W, Park S, Lee H. Enhancement in Power Conversion Efficiency of Perovskite Solar Cells by Reduced Non-Radiative Recombination Using a Brij C10-Mixed PEDOT:PSS Hole Transport Layer. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:772. [PMID: 36772072 PMCID: PMC9921526 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interface properties between charge transport and perovskite light-absorbing layers have a significant impact on the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is a polyelectrolyte composite that is widely used as a hole transport layer (HTL) to facilitate hole transport from a perovskite layer to an anode. However, PEDOT:PSS must be modified using a functional additive because PSCs with a pristine PEDOT:PSS HTL do not exhibit a high PCE. Herein, we demonstrate an increase in the PCE of PSCs with a polyethylene glycol hexadecyl ether (Brij C10)-mixed PEDOT:PSS HTL. Photoelectron spectroscopy results show that the Brij C10 content becomes significantly high in the HTL surface composition with an increase in the Brij C10 concentration (0-5 wt%). The enhanced PSC performance, e.g., a PCE increase from 8.05 to 11.40%, is attributed to the reduction in non-radiative recombination at the interface between PEDOT:PSS and perovskite by the insulating Brij C10. These results indicate that the suppression of interface recombination is essential for attaining a high PCE for PSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sehyun Jung
- Department of Physics and Institute of Quantum Convergence Technology, Kangwon National University, 1 Gangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungsun Choi
- Department of Physics and Institute of Quantum Convergence Technology, Kangwon National University, 1 Gangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojin Shin
- Department of Physics and Institute of Quantum Convergence Technology, Kangwon National University, 1 Gangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesung Oh
- Department of Physics and Institute of Quantum Convergence Technology, Kangwon National University, 1 Gangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Oh
- Department of Physics and Institute of Quantum Convergence Technology, Kangwon National University, 1 Gangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee-Yi Ryu
- Department of Physics and Institute of Quantum Convergence Technology, Kangwon National University, 1 Gangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonsik Kim
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyung Park
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunbok Lee
- Department of Physics and Institute of Quantum Convergence Technology, Kangwon National University, 1 Gangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si 24341, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shi Y, Li J, Sun H, Li Y, Wang Y, Wu Z, Jeong SY, Woo HY, Fabiano S, Guo X. Thiazole Imide-Based All-Acceptor Homopolymer with Branched Ethylene Glycol Side Chains for Organic Thermoelectrics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202214192. [PMID: 36282628 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
n-Type semiconducting polymers with high thermoelectric performance remain challenging due to the scarcity of molecular design strategy, limiting their applications in organic thermoelectric (OTE) devices. Herein, we provide a new approach to enhance the OTE performance of n-doped polymers by introducing acceptor-acceptor (A-A) type backbone bearing branched ethylene glycol (EG) side chains. When doped with 4-(2,3-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-N,N-dimethylbenzenamine (N-DMBI), the A-A homopolymer PDTzTI-TEG exhibits n-type electrical conductivity (σ) up to 34 S cm-1 and power factor value of 15.7 μW m-1 K-2 . The OTE performance of PDTzTI-TEG is far greater than that of homopolymer PBTI-TEG (σ=0.27 S cm-1 ), indicating that introducing electron-deficient thiazole units in the backbone further improves the n-doping efficiency. These results demonstrate that developing A-A type polymers with EG side chains is an effective strategy to enhance n-type OTE performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Hengda Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, China.,Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Yongchun Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Borrmann F, Tsuda T, Guskova O, Kiriy N, Hoffmann C, Neusser D, Ludwigs S, Lappan U, Simon F, Geisler M, Debnath B, Krupskaya Y, Al‐Hussein M, Kiriy A. Charge-Compensated N-Doped π-Conjugated Polymers: Toward both Thermodynamic Stability of N-Doped States in Water and High Electron Conductivity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203530. [PMID: 36065004 PMCID: PMC9631074 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The understanding and applications of electron-conducting π-conjugated polymers with naphtalene diimide (NDI) blocks show remarkable progress in recent years. Such polymers demonstrate a facilitated n-doping due to the strong electron deficiency of the main polymer chain and the presence of the positively charged side groups stabilizing a negative charge of the n-doped backbone. Here, the n-type conducting NDI polymer with enhanced stability of its n-doped states for prospective "in-water" applications is developed. A combined experimental-theoretical approach is used to identify critical features and parameters that control the doping and electron transport process. The facilitated polymer reduction ability and the thermodynamic stability in water are confirmed by electrochemical measurements and doping studies. This material also demonstrates a high conductivity of 10-2 S cm-1 under ambient conditions and 10-1 S cm-1 in vacuum. The modeling explains the stabilizing effects for various dopants. The simulations show a significant doping-induced "collapse" of the positively charged side chains on the core bearing a partial negative charge. This explains a decrease in the lamellar spacing observed in experiments. This study fundamentally enables a novel pathway for achieving both thermodynamic stability of the n-doped states in water and the high electron conductivity of polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Borrmann
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Takuya Tsuda
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Olga Guskova
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
- Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science (DCMS)TU Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Nataliya Kiriy
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Cedric Hoffmann
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - David Neusser
- IPOC‐Functional PolymersInstitute of Polymer Chemistry & Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST)University of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- IPOC‐Functional PolymersInstitute of Polymer Chemistry & Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST)University of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Uwe Lappan
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Frank Simon
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Martin Geisler
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Bipasha Debnath
- Leibniz‐Institut für Festkörper‐ und Werkstoffforschung DresdenHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Yulia Krupskaya
- Leibniz‐Institut für Festkörper‐ und Werkstoffforschung DresdenHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Mahmoud Al‐Hussein
- Physics Department and Hamdi Mango Center for Scientific ResearchThe University of JordanAmman11942Jordan
| | - Anton Kiriy
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu L, Dong R, Ge H, Piao J, Wang Y, Li S, Shen W, Cao K, Chen S. Basic Amino Acids Modulated Neutral-pH PEDOT:PSS for Stable Blue Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:28133-28144. [PMID: 35674387 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
State-of-the-art external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) have exceeded 20% for near-infrared, red, and green perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) so far. Nevertheless, the cutting-edge blue counterparts demonstrate an inferior device performance, which impedes the commercialization and industrialization of PeLEDs in ultrahigh-definition displays. As the most popular hole transport layer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) bears the acidic and hygroscopic drawbacks, which deteriorates the device efficiency and long-term stability of blue PeLEDs. In this work, the basic amino acids with zwitterionic characteristics are proposed to modulate the pH of PEDOT:PSS, which are arginine, lysine, and histidine. It is found that they play a triple function to the blue perovskite films: modulating the acidity of PEDOT:PSS, controlling the crystalline process, and passivating the defects at the PEDOT:PSS/perovskite interface. As a result, the utilization of neutral PEDOT:PSS leads to a significant enhancement in stability and photoluminescence quantum yield. Eventually, the pure-blue PeLEDs achieve a record EQE of 5.6% with the emission peak at 467 nm. This research proves that the interfacial engineering of hole transport layers is a reliable strategy to enhance the device efficiency and operation stability of blue PeLEDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ruimin Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Honggang Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Junxian Piao
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shuling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kun Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shufen Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kondratenko K, Guérin D, Wallart X, Lenfant S, Vuillaume D. Thermal and electrical cross-plane conductivity at the nanoscale in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):trifluoromethanesulfonate thin films. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:6075-6084. [PMID: 35383814 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00819j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cross-plane electrical and thermal transport in thin films of a conducting polymer (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), PEDOT) stabilized with trifluoromethanesulfonate (OTf) is investigated in this study. We explore their electrical properties by conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM), which reveals the presence of highly conductive nano-domains. Thermal conductivity in the cross-plane direction is measured by null-point scanning thermal microscopy (NP-SThM). PEDOT:OTf indeed demonstrates a non-negligible electronic contribution to the thermal transport. We further investigate the correlation between electrical and thermal conductivity by applying post-treatment: chemical reduction (de-doping) to lower charge carrier concentration and hence, electrical conductivity and acid treatment (over-doping) to increase the latter. From our measurements, we find a vibrational thermal conductivity of 0.34 ± 0.04 W m-1 K-1. From the linear dependence or the electronic contribution of thermal conductivity vs. the electronic conductivity (Wiedemann-Franz law), we infer a Lorenz number 6 times larger than the classical Sommerfeld value as also observed in many organic materials for in-plane thermal transport. By applying the recently proposed molecular Wiedemann-Franz law, we deduced a reorganization energy of 0.53 ± 0.06 eV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Kondratenko
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN), CNRS, Av. Poincaré, 59652, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - David Guérin
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN), CNRS, Av. Poincaré, 59652, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Xavier Wallart
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN), CNRS, Av. Poincaré, 59652, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Stéphane Lenfant
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN), CNRS, Av. Poincaré, 59652, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Dominique Vuillaume
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN), CNRS, Av. Poincaré, 59652, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Scaccabarozzi AD, Basu A, Aniés F, Liu J, Zapata-Arteaga O, Warren R, Firdaus Y, Nugraha MI, Lin Y, Campoy-Quiles M, Koch N, Müller C, Tsetseris L, Heeney M, Anthopoulos TD. Doping Approaches for Organic Semiconductors. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4420-4492. [PMID: 34793134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electronic doping in organic materials has remained an elusive concept for several decades. It drew considerable attention in the early days in the quest for organic materials with high electrical conductivity, paving the way for the pioneering work on pristine organic semiconductors (OSCs) and their eventual use in a plethora of applications. Despite this early trend, however, recent strides in the field of organic electronics have been made hand in hand with the development and use of dopants to the point that are now ubiquitous. Here, we give an overview of all important advances in the area of doping of organic semiconductors and their applications. We first review the relevant literature with particular focus on the physical processes involved, discussing established mechanisms but also newly proposed theories. We then continue with a comprehensive summary of the most widely studied dopants to date, placing particular emphasis on the chemical strategies toward the synthesis of molecules with improved functionality. The processing routes toward doped organic films and the important doping-processing-nanostructure relationships, are also discussed. We conclude the review by highlighting how doping can enhance the operating characteristics of various organic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto D Scaccabarozzi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aniruddha Basu
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Filip Aniés
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Osnat Zapata-Arteaga
- Materials Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ross Warren
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuliar Firdaus
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.,Research Center for Electronics and Telecommunication, Indonesian Institute of Science, Jalan Sangkuriang Komplek LIPI Building 20 level 4, Bandung 40135, Indonesia
| | - Mohamad Insan Nugraha
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuanbao Lin
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Materials Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Norbert Koch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Kekulé-Strasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Leonidas Tsetseris
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Athens GR-15780, Greece
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jia Y, Jiang Q, Sun H, Liu P, Hu D, Pei Y, Liu W, Crispin X, Fabiano S, Ma Y, Cao Y. Wearable Thermoelectric Materials and Devices for Self-Powered Electronic Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102990. [PMID: 34486174 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things has led to a growing demand for wearable and maintenance-free power sources. The continual push toward lower operating voltages and power consumption in modern integrated circuits has made the development of devices powered by body heat finally feasible. In this context, thermoelectric (TE) materials have emerged as promising candidates for the effective conversion of body heat into electricity to power wearable devices without being limited by environmental conditions. Driven by rapid advances in processing technology and the performance of TE materials over the past two decades, wearable thermoelectric generators (WTEGs) have gradually become more flexible and stretchable so that they can be used on complex and dynamic surfaces. In this review, the functional materials, processing techniques, and strategies for the device design of different types of WTEGs are comprehensively covered. Wearable self-powered systems based on WTEGs are summarized, including multi-function TE modules, hybrid energy harvesting, and all-in-one energy devices. Challenges in organic TE materials, interfacial engineering, and assessments of device performance are discussed, and suggestions for future developments in the area are provided. This review will promote the rapid implementation of wearable TE materials and devices in self-powered electronic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Jia
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Qinglin Jiang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Hengda Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Peipei Liu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Dehua Hu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yanzhong Pei
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Weishu Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Yuguang Ma
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Oechsle AL, Heger JE, Li N, Yin S, Bernstorff S, Müller-Buschbaum P. Correlation of Thermoelectric Performance, Domain Morphology and Doping Level in PEDOT:PSS Thin Films Post-Treated with Ionic Liquids. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100397. [PMID: 34491602 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquid (IL) post-treatment of poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) thin films with ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (EMIM DCA), allyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (AMIM DCA), and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate (EMIM TCB) is compared. Doping level modifications of PEDOT are characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and directly correlate with the observed Seebeck coefficient enhancement. With conductive atomic force microscopy (c-AFM) the authors investigate changes in the topographic-current features of the PEDOT:PSS thin film surface due to IL treatment. Grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) demonstrates the morphological rearrangement towards an optimized PEDOT domain distribution upon IL post-treatment, directly facilitating the interconductivity and causing an increased film conductivity. Based on these improvements in Seebeck coefficient and conductivity, the power factor is increased up to 236 µW m-1 K- 2 . Subsequently, a model is developed indicating that ILs, which contain small, sterically unhindered ions with a strong localized charge, appear beneficial to boost the thermoelectric performance of post-treated PEDOT:PSS films.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lena Oechsle
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James Franck-Str. 1, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Julian E Heger
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James Franck-Str. 1, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Nian Li
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James Franck-Str. 1, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James Franck-Str. 1, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Sigrid Bernstorff
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149, Italy
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James Franck-Str. 1, Garching, 85748, Germany.,Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, Garching, 85748, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
A high-conductivity n-type polymeric ink for printed electronics. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2354. [PMID: 33883549 PMCID: PMC8060302 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Conducting polymers, such as the p-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), have enabled the development of an array of opto- and bio-electronics devices. However, to make these technologies truly pervasive, stable and easily processable, n-doped conducting polymers are also needed. Despite major efforts, no n-type equivalents to the benchmark PEDOT:PSS exist to date. Here, we report on the development of poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline):poly(ethyleneimine) (BBL:PEI) as an ethanol-based n-type conductive ink. BBL:PEI thin films yield an n-type electrical conductivity reaching 8 S cm-1, along with excellent thermal, ambient, and solvent stability. This printable n-type mixed ion-electron conductor has several technological implications for realizing high-performance organic electronic devices, as demonstrated for organic thermoelectric generators with record high power output and n-type organic electrochemical transistors with a unique depletion mode of operation. BBL:PEI inks hold promise for the development of next-generation bioelectronics and wearable devices, in particular targeting novel functionality, efficiency, and power performance.
Collapse
|
15
|
Seidel KF, Lungwitz D, Opitz A, Krüger T, Behrends J, Marder SR, Koch N. Single-Step Formation of a Low Work Function Cathode Interlayer and n-type Bulk Doping from Semiconducting Polymer/Polyethylenimine Blend Solution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:28801-28807. [PMID: 32462863 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of polyethylenimine (PEI) as a thin interlayer between cathodes and organic semiconductors in order to reduce interfacial Ohmic losses has become an important approach in organic electronics. It has also been shown that such interlayers can form spontaneously because of vertical phase separation when spin-coating a blended solution of PEI and the semiconductor. Furthermore, bulk doping of semiconducting polymers by PEI has been claimed. However, to our knowledge, a clear delineation of interfacial from bulk effects has not been published. Here, we report a study on thin films formed by spin-coating blended solutions of PEI and poly{[N,N'-bis(2-octyldodecyl)naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]-alt-5,5'-(2,2'-bithiophene)} [P(NDI2OD-T2)] on indium tin oxide. We observed the vertical phase separation in such films, where PEI accumulates at the bottom and the top, sandwiching the semiconductor layer. The PEI interlayer on ITO reduces the electron injection barrier to the minimum value determined by Fermi level pinning, which, in turn, reduces the contact resistance by 5 orders of magnitude. Although we find no evidence for doping-induced polarons in P(NDI2OD-T2) upon mixing with PEI from optical absorption, more sensitive electron paramagnetic resonance measurements provide evidence for doping and an increased carrier density, at a very low level. This, in conjunction with an increased charge carrier mobility due to trap filling, results in an increase in the mixed polymer conductivity by 4 orders of magnitude relative to pure P(NDI2OD-T2). Consequently, both interfacial and bulk effects occur with notable magnitude in thin films formed from blended semiconductor polymer/PEI solution. Thus, this facile one-step procedure to form PEI interlayers must be applied with attention, as modification of the bulk semiconductor polymer (here doping) may occur simultaneously and might go un-noticed if not examined carefully.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keli Fabiana Seidel
- Physics Department, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 80230-901 Curitiba, Brazil
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominique Lungwitz
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Krüger
- Berlin Joint EPR Lab and Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Behrends
- Berlin Joint EPR Lab and Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), Georgia Institute of Technology, 30332 Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Keene ST, van der Pol TPA, Zakhidov D, Weijtens CHL, Janssen RAJ, Salleo A, van de Burgt Y. Enhancement-Mode PEDOT:PSS Organic Electrochemical Transistors Using Molecular De-Doping. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2000270. [PMID: 32202010 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) show great promise for flexible, low-cost, and low-voltage sensors for aqueous solutions. The majority of OECT devices are made using the polymer blend poly(ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), in which PEDOT is intrinsically doped due to inclusion of PSS. Because of this intrinsic doping, PEDOT:PSS OECTs generally operate in depletion mode, which results in a higher power consumption and limits stability. Here, a straightforward method to de-dope PEDOT:PSS using commercially available amine-based molecular de-dopants to achieve stable enhancement-mode OECTs is presented. The enhancement-mode OECTs show mobilities near that of pristine PEDOT:PSS (≈2 cm2 V-1 s-1 ) with stable operation over 1000 on/off cycles. The electron and proton exchange among PEDOT, PSS, and the molecular de-dopants are characterized to reveal the underlying chemical mechanism of the threshold voltage shift to negative voltages. Finally, the effect of the de-doping on the microstructure of the spin-cast PEDOT:PSS films is investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Keene
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Tom P A van der Pol
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5612AJ, Netherlands
| | - Dante Zakhidov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Christ H L Weijtens
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5612AJ, Netherlands
| | - René A J Janssen
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5612AJ, Netherlands
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yoeri van de Burgt
- Microsystems and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5612AJ, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jeong JW, Hwang HS, Choi D, Ma BC, Jung J, Chang M. Hybrid Polymer/Metal Oxide Thin Films for High Performance, Flexible Transistors. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11030264. [PMID: 32143449 PMCID: PMC7143309 DOI: 10.3390/mi11030264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Metal oxides (MOs) have garnered significant attention in a variety of research fields, particularly in flexible electronics such as wearable devices, due to their superior electronic properties. Meanwhile, polymers exhibit excellent mechanical properties such as flexibility and durability, besides enabling economic solution-based fabrication. Therefore, MO/polymer nanocomposites are excellent electronic materials for use in flexible electronics owing to the confluence of the merits of their components. In this article, we review recent developments in the synthesis and fabrication techniques for MO/polymer nanocomposite-based flexible transistors. In particular, representative MO/polymer nanocomposites for flexible and transparent channel layers and gate dielectrics are introduced and their electronic properties-such as mobilities and dielectric constant-are presented. Finally, we highlight the advances in interface engineering and its influence on device electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Jeong
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Hye Suk Hwang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Dalsu Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido 17058, Korea;
| | - Byung Chol Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: (B.C.M.); (J.J.); (M.C.); Tel.: +82-62-530-1815 (B.C.M.); +82-62-530-1771 (J.J. & M.C.)
| | - Jaehan Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong 30016, Korea
- Correspondence: (B.C.M.); (J.J.); (M.C.); Tel.: +82-62-530-1815 (B.C.M.); +82-62-530-1771 (J.J. & M.C.)
| | - Mincheol Chang
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: (B.C.M.); (J.J.); (M.C.); Tel.: +82-62-530-1815 (B.C.M.); +82-62-530-1771 (J.J. & M.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang X, Wang B, Huang L, Huang W, Wang Z, Zhu W, Chen Y, Mao Y, Facchetti A, Marks TJ. Breath figure-derived porous semiconducting films for organic electronics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz1042. [PMID: 32232157 PMCID: PMC7096165 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Porous semiconductor film morphologies facilitate fluid diffusion and mass transport into the charge-carrying layers of diverse electronic devices. Here, we report the nature-inspired fabrication of several porous organic semiconductor-insulator blend films [semiconductor: P3HT (p-type polymer), C8BTBT (p-type small-molecule), and N2200 (n-type polymer); insulator: PS] by a breath figure patterning method and their broad and general applicability in organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs), gas sensors, organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), and chemically doped conducting films. Detailed morphological analysis of these films demonstrates formation of textured layers with uniform nanopores reaching the bottom substrate with an unchanged solid-state packing structure. Device data gathered with both porous and dense control semiconductor films demonstrate that the former films are efficient TFT semiconductors but with added advantage of enhanced sensitivity to gases (e.g., 48.2%/ppm for NO2 using P3HT/PS), faster switching speeds (4.7 s for P3HT/PS OECTs), and more efficient molecular doping (conductivity, 0.13 S/m for N2200/PS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Binghao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Lizhen Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, P. R. China
| | - Weigang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - YanLi Mao
- School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
- Corresponding author. (Y.M.); (A.F.); (T.J.M.)
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Flexterra Inc., 8025 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, IL 60077, USA
- Corresponding author. (Y.M.); (A.F.); (T.J.M.)
| | - Tobin J. Marks
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Corresponding author. (Y.M.); (A.F.); (T.J.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang W, Qin F, Zhu X, Liu Y, Jiang X, Sun L, Xie C, Zhou Y. Exploring the Chemical Interaction between Diiodooctane and PEDOT-PSS Electrode for Metal Electrode-Free Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:3800-3805. [PMID: 31880152 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metal electrode-free organic solar cells with a printable top electrode are attractive in realizing the low cost of photovoltaics. Interaction between the printable electrode and the active layer is critical to the device performance. In this work, we report the chemical interaction between the printable polymer electrode poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and the typically used additive of 1,8-dioodooctane (DIO) in the active layer. DIO can be converted to hydrogen iodide (HI) under the acidic condition of PEDOT:PSS, and the HI chemically reduces the PEDOT:PSS with the appearance of an absorbance band at 800-1100 nm. The generation of I2 is verified by the color change of starch. The reaction results in a decrease of its work function that hinders efficient hole collection. A strategy is proposed to circumvent the detrimental interaction by inserting an ultrathin (15 nm) active layer without DIO between the initial active layer and the PEDOT:PSS electrode. A power conversion efficiency of 10.1% is achieved for the metal electrode-free nonfullerene organic solar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Fei Qin
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Yang Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Xueshi Jiang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Lulu Sun
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Cong Xie
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Yinhua Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen S, Kang ESH, Shiran Chaharsoughi M, Stanishev V, Kühne P, Sun H, Wang C, Fahlman M, Fabiano S, Darakchieva V, Jonsson MP. Conductive polymer nanoantennas for dynamic organic plasmonics. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 15:35-40. [PMID: 31819242 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0583-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Being able to dynamically shape light at the nanoscale is one of the ultimate goals in nano-optics1. Resonant light-matter interaction can be achieved using conventional plasmonics based on metal nanostructures, but their tunability is highly limited due to a fixed permittivity2. Materials with switchable states and methods for dynamic control of light-matter interaction at the nanoscale are therefore desired. Here we show that nanodisks of a conductive polymer can support localized surface plasmon resonances in the near-infrared and function as dynamic nano-optical antennas, with their resonance behaviour tunable by chemical redox reactions. These plasmons originate from the mobile polaronic charge carriers of a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene:sulfate) (PEDOT:Sulf) polymer network. We demonstrate complete and reversible switching of the optical response of the nanoantennas by chemical tuning of their redox state, which modulates the material permittivity between plasmonic and dielectric regimes via non-volatile changes in the mobile charge carrier density. Further research may study different conductive polymers and nanostructures and explore their use in various applications, such as dynamic meta-optics and reflective displays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shangzhi Chen
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Evan S H Kang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mina Shiran Chaharsoughi
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Vallery Stanishev
- Terahertz Materials Analysis Center (THeMAC) and Center for III-N Technology, C3NiT-Janzèn, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Philipp Kühne
- Terahertz Materials Analysis Center (THeMAC) and Center for III-N Technology, C3NiT-Janzèn, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hengda Sun
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Vanya Darakchieva
- Terahertz Materials Analysis Center (THeMAC) and Center for III-N Technology, C3NiT-Janzèn, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus P Jonsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
van der Pol TPA, Keene ST, Saes BWH, Meskers SCJ, Salleo A, van de Burgt Y, Janssen RAJ. The Mechanism of Dedoping PEDOT:PSS by Aliphatic Polyamines. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2019; 123:24328-24337. [PMID: 31602285 PMCID: PMC6778972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b07718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) blended with polystyrenesulfonate and poly(styrenesulfonic acid), PEDOT:PSS, has found widespread use in organic electronics. Although PEDOT:PSS is commonly used in its doped electrically conducting state, the ability to efficiently convert PEDOT:PSS to its undoped nonconducting state is of interest for a wide variety of applications ranging from biosensors to organic neuromorphic devices. Exposure to aliphatic monoamines, acting as an electron donor and Brønsted-Lowry base, has been reported to be partly successful, but monoamines are unable to fully dedope PEDOT:PSS. Remarkably, some-but not all-polyamines can dedope PEDOT:PSS very efficiently to very low conductivity levels, but the exact chemical mechanism involved is not understood. Here, we study the dedoping efficacy of 21 different aliphatic amines. We identify the presence of two or more primary amines, which can participate in an intramolecular reaction, as the key structural motif that endows polyamines with high PEDOT:PSS dedoping strength. A multistep reaction mechanism, involving sequential electron transfer and deprotonation steps, is proposed that consistently explains the experimental results. Finally, we provide a simple method to convert the commonly used aqueous PEDOT:PSS dispersion into a precursor formulation that forms fully dedoped PEDOT:PSS films after spin coating and subsequent thermal annealing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom P. A. van der Pol
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for
Complex Molecular Systems and Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Scott T. Keene
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Bart W. H. Saes
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for
Complex Molecular Systems and Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan C. J. Meskers
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for
Complex Molecular Systems and Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yoeri van de Burgt
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for
Complex Molecular Systems and Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- E-mail
| | - René A. J. Janssen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for
Complex Molecular Systems and Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- E-mail
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang S, Moudgil K, Jucov E, Risko C, Timofeeva TV, Marder SR, Barlow S. Organometallic hydride-transfer agents as reductants for organic semiconductor molecules. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
23
|
Sakunpongpitiporn P, Phasuksom K, Paradee N, Sirivat A. Facile synthesis of highly conductive PEDOT:PSS via surfactant templates. RSC Adv 2019; 9:6363-6378. [PMID: 35517248 PMCID: PMC9060941 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08801b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) nanoparticles in powder form with high electrical conductivity were synthesized via chemical oxidative polymerization. In addition, the effects of EDOT : PSS weight ratio, EDOT : Na2S2O8 mole ratio, and surfactant concentration and type, namely hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), and polyoxyethylene octyl phenyl ether (Triton X-100) on the properties of PEDOT:PSS were investigated. For the effect of EDOT : PSS weight ratio, at the EDOT : Na2S2O8 mole ratio of 1 : 1, the EDOT : PSS weight ratio of 1 : 11 was the optimal condition to obtain electrical conductivity of 999.74 ± 10.86 S cm-1 due to the high amount of PSS- and SO4 2- available to interact with the PEDOT chain with a low % PSSNa. For the effect of EDOT : Na2S2O8 mole ratio, at the EDOT : PSS weight ratio of 1 : 11, the EDOT : Na2S2O8 mole ratio of 1 : 2 was the best condition as it provided the highest dopant (PSS- and SO4 2-) amount, while the % PSSNa was relatively low. For the effect of surfactant type and concentration, at the EDOT : PSS weight ratio of 1 : 11 and EDOT : Na2S2O8 mole ratio of 1 : 2, Triton X-100 at 2.5CMC provided electrical conductivity higher than with CTAB and SDS. The thermal stability of PEDOT:PSS obtained from various conditions was investigated, and PEDOT:PSS without surfactant showed the highest thermal stability since it produced the highest char yield. In this study, the highest electrical conductivity of PEDOT:PSS, which was obtained in the presence of Triton X-100 to reduce the PSSNa amount, was 1879.49 ± 13.87 S cm-1, the highest value reported to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phimchanok Sakunpongpitiporn
- The Conductive and Electroactive Polymers Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Katesara Phasuksom
- The Conductive and Electroactive Polymers Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Nophawan Paradee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi Bangkok 10140 Thailand
| | - Anuvat Sirivat
- The Conductive and Electroactive Polymers Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang S, Sun H, Erdmann T, Wang G, Fazzi D, Lappan U, Puttisong Y, Chen Z, Berggren M, Crispin X, Kiriy A, Voit B, Marks TJ, Fabiano S, Facchetti A. A Chemically Doped Naphthalenediimide-Bithiazole Polymer for n-Type Organic Thermoelectrics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1801898. [PMID: 29926985 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a novel naphthalenediimide (NDI)-bithiazole (Tz2)-based polymer [P(NDI2OD-Tz2)] is reported, and structural, thin-film morphological, as well as charge transport and thermoelectric properties are compared to the parent and widely investigated NDI-bithiophene (T2) polymer [P(NDI2OD-T2)]. Since the steric repulsions in Tz2 are far lower than in T2, P(NDI2OD-Tz2) exhibits a more planar and rigid backbone, enhancing π-π chain stacking and intermolecular interactions. In addition, the electron-deficient nature of Tz2 enhances the polymer electron affinity, thus reducing the polymer donor-acceptor character. When n-doped with amines, P(NDI2OD-Tz2) achieves electrical conductivity (≈0.1 S cm-1 ) and a power factor (1.5 µW m-1 K-2 ) far greater than those of P(NDI2OD-T2) (0.003 S cm-1 and 0.012 µW m-1 K-2 , respectively). These results demonstrate that planarized NDI-based polymers with reduced donor-acceptor character can achieve substantial electrical conductivity and thermoelectric response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suhao Wang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Hengda Sun
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Tim Erdmann
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, D-01062, Dresden, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., D-010 69, Dresden, Germany
- Flexterra Corporation, 8025 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Uwe Lappan
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., D-010 69, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yuttapoom Puttisong
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Zhihua Chen
- Flexterra Corporation, 8025 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Anton Kiriy
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, D-01062, Dresden, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., D-010 69, Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, D-01062, Dresden, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., D-010 69, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
- Flexterra Corporation, 8025 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Flexterra Corporation, 8025 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bruijnaers BJ, Schiepers E, Weijtens CHL, Meskers SCJ, Wienk MM, Janssen RAJ. The effect of oxygen on the efficiency of planar p-i-n metal halide perovskite solar cells with a PEDOT:PSS hole transport layer. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2018; 6:6882-6890. [PMID: 30009025 PMCID: PMC6003544 DOI: 10.1039/c7ta11128b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is frequently used as hole transport layer in planar p-i-n perovskite solar cells. Here we show that processing of a metal halide perovskite layer on top of PEDOT:PSS via spin coating of a precursor solution chemically reduces the oxidation state of PEDOT:PSS. This reduction leads to a lowering of the work function of the PEDOT:PSS and the perovskite layer on top of it. As a consequence, the solar cells display inferior performance with a reduced open-circuit voltage and a reduced short-circuit current density, which increases sublinearly with light intensity. The reduced PEDOT:PSS can be re-oxidized by thermal annealing of the PEDOT:PSS/perovskite layer stack in the presence of oxygen. As a consequence, thermal annealing of the perovskite layer in air provides solar cells with increased open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current density and high efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bardo J Bruijnaers
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems , Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands .
| | - Eric Schiepers
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems , Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands .
| | - Christ H L Weijtens
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems , Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands .
| | - Stefan C J Meskers
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems , Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands .
| | - Martijn M Wienk
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems , Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands .
| | - René A J Janssen
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems , Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands .
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research , De Zaale 20 , 5612 AJ , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Elfwing A, Cai W, Ouyang L, Liu X, Xia Y, Tang Z, Inganäs O. DNA Based Hybrid Material for Interface Engineering in Polymer Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:9579-9586. [PMID: 29505234 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b17807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new solution processable electron transport material (ETM) is introduced for use in photovoltaic devices, which consists of a metallic conjugated polyelectrolyte, poly(4-(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4- b][1,4]dioxin-2-yl-methoxy)-1-butanesulfonic acid (PEDOT-S), and surfactant-functionalized deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (named DNA:CTMA:PEDOT-S). This ETM is demonstrated to effectively work for bulk-heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices (OPV) based on different electron acceptor materials. The fill factor, the open circuit voltage, and the overall power conversion efficiency of the solar cells with a DNA:CTMA:PEDOT-S modified cathode are comparable to those of devices with a traditional lithium fluoride/aluminum cathode. The new electron transport layer has high optical transmittance, desired work function and selective electron transport. A dipole effect induced by the use of the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTMA) is responsible for lowering the electrode work function. The DNA:CTMA complex works as an optical absorption dilutor, while PEDOT-S provides the conducting pathway for electron transport, and allows thicker layer to be used, enabling printing. This materials design opens a new pathway to harness and optimize the electronic and optical properties of printable interface materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Elfwing
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology , Linköping University , SE-581 83 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Wanzhu Cai
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology , Linköping University , SE-581 83 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Liangqi Ouyang
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology , Linköping University , SE-581 83 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Xianjie Liu
- Surface Physics and Chemistry Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology , Linköping University , SE-581 83 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Yuxin Xia
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology , Linköping University , SE-581 83 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Zheng Tang
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics , Technische Universität Dresden , Nöthnitzer Str. 61 , 01187 Dresden , Germany
| | - Olle Inganäs
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology , Linköping University , SE-581 83 Linköping , Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Stolz S, Petzoldt M, Lemmer U, Bunz UHF, Hamburger M, Hernandez-Sosa G, Mankel E. Correlation of Device Performance and Fermi Level Shift in the Emitting Layer of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Amine-Based Electron Injection Layers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:8877-8884. [PMID: 29460626 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b16352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigate three amine-based polymers, polyethylenimine and two amino-functionalized polyfluorenes, as electron injection layers (EILs) in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and find correlations between the molecular structure of the polymers, the electronic alignment at the emitter/EIL interface, and the resulting device performance. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements of the emitter/EIL interface indicate that all three EIL polymers induce an upward shift of the Fermi level in the emitting layer close to the interface similar to n-type doping. The absolute value of this Fermi level shift, which can be explained by an electron transfer from the EIL polymers into the emitting layer, correlates with the number of nitrogen-containing groups in the side chains of the polymers. Whereas polyethylenimine (PEI) and one of the investigated polyfluorenes (PFCON-C) have six such groups per monomer unit, the second investigated polyfluorene (PFN) only possesses two. Consequently, we measure Fermi level shifts of 0.5-0.7 eV for PEI and PFCON-C and only 0.2 eV for PFN. As a result of these Fermi level shifts, the energetic barrier for electron injection is significantly lowered and OLEDs which comprise PEI or PFCON-C as an EIL exhibit a more than twofold higher luminous efficacy than OLEDs with PFN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Stolz
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Engesserstr. 13 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
- InnovationLab , Speyerer Str. 4 , 69115 Heidelberg , Germany
| | | | - Uli Lemmer
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Engesserstr. 13 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
| | | | | | - Gerardo Hernandez-Sosa
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Engesserstr. 13 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
- InnovationLab , Speyerer Str. 4 , 69115 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Eric Mankel
- InnovationLab , Speyerer Str. 4 , 69115 Heidelberg , Germany
- Materials Science Department, Surface Science Division , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Otto-Berndt-Straße 3 , 64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu J, Qiu L, Alessandri R, Qiu X, Portale G, Dong J, Talsma W, Ye G, Sengrian AA, Souza PCT, Loi MA, Chiechi RC, Marrink SJ, Hummelen JC, Koster LJA. Enhancing Molecular n-Type Doping of Donor-Acceptor Copolymers by Tailoring Side Chains. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1704630. [PMID: 29325212 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, for the first time, the molecular n-doping of a donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymer achieving 200-fold enhancement of electrical conductivity by rationally tailoring the side chains without changing its D-A backbone is successfully improved. Instead of the traditional alkyl side chains for poly{[N,N'-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl](NDI)-alt-5,5'-(2,2'-bithiophene)} (N2200), polar triethylene glycol type side chains is utilized and a high electrical conductivity of 0.17 S cm-1 after doping with (4-(1,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)phenyl)dimethylamine is achieved, which is the highest reported value for n-type D-A copolymers. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the polar side chains can significantly reduce the clustering of dopant molecules and favor the dispersion of the dopant in the host matrix as compared to the traditional alkyl side chains. Accordingly, intimate contact between the host and dopant molecules in the NDI-based copolymer with polar side chains facilitates molecular doping with increased doping efficiency and electrical conductivity. For the first time, a heterogeneous thermoelectric transport model for such a material is proposed, that is the percolation of charge carriers from conducting ordered regions through poorly conductive disordered regions, which provides pointers for further increase in the themoelectric properties of n-type D-A copolymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
| | - Li Qiu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Alessandri
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
| | - Xinkai Qiu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
| | - JingJin Dong
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
| | - Wytse Talsma
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
| | - Gang Ye
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
| | - Aprizal Akbar Sengrian
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
| | - Paulo C T Souza
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Antonietta Loi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
| | - Ryan C Chiechi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
| | - Siewert J Marrink
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C Hummelen
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
| | - L Jan Anton Koster
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747, AG, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Håkansson A, Han S, Wang S, Lu J, Braun S, Fahlman M, Berggren M, Crispin X, Fabiano S. Effect of (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GOPS) on the electrical properties of PEDOT:PSS films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Håkansson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics; Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University; Norrköping SE-601 74 Sweden
| | - Shaobo Han
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics; Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University; Norrköping SE-601 74 Sweden
| | - Suhao Wang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics; Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University; Norrköping SE-601 74 Sweden
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Physics; Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University; Linköping SE-581 83 Sweden
| | - Slawomir Braun
- Department of Physics; Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University; Linköping SE-581 83 Sweden
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Department of Physics; Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University; Linköping SE-581 83 Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics; Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University; Norrköping SE-601 74 Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics; Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University; Norrköping SE-601 74 Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics; Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University; Norrköping SE-601 74 Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu T, Jiang F, Qin F, Meng W, Jiang Y, Xiong S, Tong J, Li Z, Liu Y, Zhou Y. Nonreduction-Active Hole-Transporting Layers Enhancing Open-Circuit Voltage and Efficiency of Planar Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:33899-33906. [PMID: 27960360 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b13324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Inverted planar perovskite solar cells using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as the hole-transporting layer (HTL) are very attractive because of their low-temperature and easy processing. However, the planar cells with the PEDOT:PSS HTL typically display lower open-circuit voltage (VOC) (about 0.90 V) than that of devices with TiO2-based conventional structure (1.0-1.1 V). The underlying reasons are still not clear. In this work, we report the PEDOT:PSS that is intrinsically p-doped can be chemically reduced by methylamine iodide (MAI) and MAPbI3. The reaction reduces the work function (WF) of PEDOT:PSS, which suppresses the efficient hole collection and yields lower VOC. To overcome this issue, we adopt undoped semiconducting polymers that are intrinsically nonreduction-active (NRA) as the HTL for inverted planar perovskite solar cells. The cells display enhanced VOC from 0.88 ± 0.04 V (PEDOT:PSS HTL, reference cells) to 1.02 ± 0.03 V (P3HT HTL) and 1.04 ± 0.03 V (PTB7 and PTB-Th HTL). The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the devices with these NRA HTL reaches about 17%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiefeng Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
- Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen , Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Fangyuan Jiang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
- Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen , Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Fei Qin
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wei Meng
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Youyu Jiang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
- Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen , Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Sixing Xiong
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jinhui Tong
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zaifang Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
- Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen , Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yinhua Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
- Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen , Shenzhen 518057, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang S, Sun H, Ail U, Vagin M, Persson POÅ, Andreasen JW, Thiel W, Berggren M, Crispin X, Fazzi D, Fabiano S. Thermoelectric Properties of Solution-Processed n-Doped Ladder-Type Conducting Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:10764-10771. [PMID: 27787927 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ladder-type "torsion-free" conducting polymers (e.g., polybenzimidazobenzophenanthroline (BBL)) can outperform "structurally distorted" donor-acceptor polymers (e.g., P(NDI2OD-T2)), in terms of conductivity and thermoelectric power factor. The polaron delocalization length is larger in BBL than in P(NDI2OD-T2), resulting in a higher measured polaron mobility. Structure-function relationships are drawn, setting material-design guidelines for the next generation of conducting thermoelectric polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suhao Wang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Hengda Sun
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Ujwala Ail
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mikhail Vagin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Per O Å Persson
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jens W Andreasen
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Walter Thiel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lee EJ, Han JP, Jung SE, Choi MH, Moon DK. Improvement in Half-Life of Organic Solar Cells by Using a Blended Hole Extraction Layer Consisting of PEDOT:PSS and Conjugated Polymer Electrolyte. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:31791-31798. [PMID: 27766850 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b09846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we fabricated conventional structured organic solar cells (OSCs) by introducing a hole extraction layer (HEL) that consisted of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and conjugated polymer electrolyte (CPE) poly[9,9-bis(4'-sulfonatobutyl)fluorene-alt-thiophene] (PFT-D). PFT-D has a -SO3- functional group that acts as a conjugate base against the -SO3H of PSS. In addition, the molecular dipole of PFT-D can screen the Coulombic attraction between PEDOT chains and PSS chains. By blending PEDOT:PSS and PFT-D, the acidity of the HEL solution and changes to the surface morphology and potential of the HEL film as a function of exposure time in air were reduced. As a result, the half-life of the OSC fabricated with blended HEL was five times better at room temperature and 40% humidity without encapsulation as compared to the pristine PEDOT:PSS-based device.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eui Jin Lee
- Department of Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Konkuk University , 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jae Pil Han
- Department of Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Konkuk University , 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Seung Eun Jung
- Department of Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Konkuk University , 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Min Hee Choi
- Department of Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Konkuk University , 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Doo Kyung Moon
- Department of Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Konkuk University , 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kim JS, Kim BJ, Choi YJ, Lee MH, Kang MS, Cho JH. An Organic Vertical Field-Effect Transistor with Underside-Doped Graphene Electrodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:4803-4810. [PMID: 27071794 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
High-performance vertical field-effect transistors are developed, which are based on graphene electrodes doped using the underside doping method. The underside doping method enables effective tuning of the graphene work function while maintaining the surface properties of the pristine graphene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Su Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, South Korea
| | - Beom Joon Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, South Korea
| | - Young Jin Choi
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, South Korea
| | - Moo Hyung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, 156-743, South Korea
| | - Moon Sung Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, 156-743, South Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Cho
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, South Korea
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lee H, Stephenson JC, Richter LJ, McNeill CR, Gann E, Thomsen L, Park S, Jeong J, Yi Y, DeLongchamp DM, Page ZA, Puodziukynaite E, Emrick T, Briseno AL. The Structural Origin of Electron Injection Enhancements with Fulleropyrrolidine Interlayers. ADVANCED MATERIALS INTERFACES 2016; 3:1500852. [PMID: 28133591 PMCID: PMC5259752 DOI: 10.1002/admi.201500852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The orientation of the substituent groups in a new class of work function modification layers, based on functionalized fulleropyrrolidines, is measured and found to directly account for the sign of the work function change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunbok Lee
- Department of Physics, Kangwon National University, 1 Gangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - John C Stephenson
- Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States of America
| | - Lee J Richter
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States of America
| | - Christopher R McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800 Australia
| | - Eliot Gann
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800 Australia
| | - Lars Thomsen
- Thomsen Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168 Australia
| | - Soohyung Park
- Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Junkyeong Jeong
- Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjin Yi
- Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dean M DeLongchamp
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States of America
| | - Zachariah A Page
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States of America
| | - Egle Puodziukynaite
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States of America
| | - Todd Emrick
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States of America
| | - Alejandro L Briseno
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Russ B, Robb MJ, Popere BC, Perry EE, Mai CK, Fronk SL, Patel SN, Mates TE, Bazan GC, Urban JJ, Chabinyc ML, Hawker CJ, Segalman RA. Tethered tertiary amines as solid-state n-type dopants for solution-processable organic semiconductors. Chem Sci 2016; 7:1914-1919. [PMID: 29899915 PMCID: PMC5966797 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04217h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A scarcity of stable n-type doping strategies compatible with facile processing has been a major impediment to the advancement of organic electronic devices. Localizing dopants near the cores of conductive molecules can lead to improved efficacy of doping. We and others recently showed the effectiveness of tethering dopants covalently to an electron-deficient aromatic molecule using trimethylammonium functionalization with hydroxide counterions linked to a perylene diimide core by alkyl spacers. In this work, we demonstrate that, contrary to previous hypotheses, the main driver responsible for the highly effective doping observed in thin films is the formation of tethered tertiary amine moieties during thin film processing. Furthermore, we demonstrate that tethered tertiary amine groups are powerful and general n-doping motifs for the successful generation of free electron carriers in the solid-state, not only when coupled to the perylene diimide molecular core, but also when linked with other small molecule systems including naphthalene diimide, diketopyrrolopyrrole, and fullerene derivatives. Our findings help expand a promising molecular design strategy for future enhancements of n-type organic electronic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Russ
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , CA 94720 , USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road , Berkeley , CA 94720 , USA
| | - Maxwell J Robb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Santa Barbara , CA 93106 , USA
| | - Bhooshan C Popere
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California , Santa Barbara , CA 93106 , USA .
| | - Erin E Perry
- Materials Department , University of California , Santa Barbara , CA 93117 , USA . ;
| | - Cheng-Kang Mai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Santa Barbara , CA 93106 , USA
| | - Stephanie L Fronk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Santa Barbara , CA 93106 , USA
| | - Shrayesh N Patel
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California , Santa Barbara , CA 93106 , USA .
- Materials Department , University of California , Santa Barbara , CA 93117 , USA . ;
| | - Thomas E Mates
- Materials Department , University of California , Santa Barbara , CA 93117 , USA . ;
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Santa Barbara , CA 93106 , USA
- Materials Department , University of California , Santa Barbara , CA 93117 , USA . ;
| | - Jeffrey J Urban
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road , Berkeley , CA 94720 , USA
| | - Michael L Chabinyc
- Materials Department , University of California , Santa Barbara , CA 93117 , USA . ;
| | - Craig J Hawker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Santa Barbara , CA 93106 , USA
- Materials Department , University of California , Santa Barbara , CA 93117 , USA . ;
| | - Rachel A Segalman
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California , Santa Barbara , CA 93106 , USA .
- Materials Department , University of California , Santa Barbara , CA 93117 , USA . ;
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bae JH, Noh YJ, Kang M, Kim DY, Kim HB, Oh SH, Yun JM, Na SI. Enhanced performance of perovskite solar cells with solution-processed n-doping of the PCBM interlayer. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13082h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report a facile and efficient sequential n-doping method to increase the device performance of planar-type organic/inorganic perovskite solar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ho Bae
- Professional Graduate School of Flexible and Printable Electronics and Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center
- Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju-si
- Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Jin Noh
- Professional Graduate School of Flexible and Printable Electronics and Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center
- Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju-si
- Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Kang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)
- Gwangju 500-712
- Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yu Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)
- Gwangju 500-712
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Bin Kim
- Radiation Research Division for Industry & Environment
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI)
- Jeongeup
- Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Oh
- Radiation Research Division for Industry & Environment
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI)
- Jeongeup
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Mun Yun
- Radiation Research Division for Industry & Environment
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI)
- Jeongeup
- Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-In Na
- Professional Graduate School of Flexible and Printable Electronics and Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center
- Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju-si
- Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Tomlinson EP, Willmore MJ, Zhu X, Hilsmier SWA, Boudouris BW. Tuning the Thermoelectric Properties of a Conducting Polymer through Blending with Open-Shell Molecular Dopants. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:18195-18200. [PMID: 26263124 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b05860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Polymer thermoelectric devices are emerging as promising platforms by which to convert thermal gradients into electricity directly, and poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrenesulfonate) ( PEDOT PSS) is a leading candidate in a number of these thermoelectric modules. Here, we implement the stable radical-bearing small molecule 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPO-OH) as an intermolecular dopant in order to tune the electrical conductivity, thermopower, and power factor of PEDOT PSS thin films. Specifically, we demonstrate that, at moderate loadings (∼2%, by weight) of the open-shell TEMPO-OH molecule, the thermopower of PEDOT PSS thin films is increased without a marked decline in the electrical conductivity of the material. This effect, in turn, allows for an optimization of the power factor in the composite organic materials, which is a factor of 2 greater than the pristine PEDOT PSS thin films. Furthermore, because the loading of TEMPO-OH is relatively low, we observe that there is little change in either the crystalline nature or surface topography of the composite films relative to the pristine PEDOT PSS films. Instead, we determine that the increase in the thermopower is due to the presence of stable radical sites within the PEDOT PSS that persist despite the highly acidic environment that occurs due to the presence of the poly(styrenesulfonate) moiety. Additionally, the oxidation-reduction-active (redox-active) nature of the TEMPO-OH small molecules provides a means by which to filter charges of different energy values. Therefore, these results demonstrate that a synergistic combination of an open-shell species and a conjugated polymer allows for enhanced thermoelectric properties in macromolecular systems, and as such, it offers the promise of a new design pathway in polymer thermoelectric materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Tomlinson
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University , 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Matthew J Willmore
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University , 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xiaoqin Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University , 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Stuart W A Hilsmier
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University , 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Bryan W Boudouris
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University , 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Meng W, Ge R, Li Z, Tong J, Liu T, Zhao Q, Xiong S, Jiang F, Mao L, Zhou Y. Conductivity Enhancement of PEDOT:PSS Films via Phosphoric Acid Treatment for Flexible All-Plastic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:14089-94. [PMID: 26053178 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b03309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Highly conductive polymer films on plastic substrates are desirable for the application of flexible electronics. Here, we report the conductivity of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) ( PEDOT PSS) can be enhanced to 1460 S/cm via phosphoric acid (H3PO4) treatment. The conductivity enhancement is associated with the partial removal of PSS from the film. The H3PO4 treatment is compatible with plastic substrates, while sulfuric acid (H2SO4) can easily damage the plastic substrate. With the flexible electrode of poly(ether sulfone) (PES)/H3PO4-treated PEDOT PSS, we have demonstrated flexible all-plastic solar cells (PES/H3PO4-treated PEDOT PSS/PEI/P3HT:ICBA/EG-PEDOT:PSS). The cells exhibit an open-circuit voltage of 0.84 V, a fill factor of 0.60, and a power conversion efficiency of 3.3% under 100 mW/cm(2) white light illumination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Meng
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ru Ge
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zaifang Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jinhui Tong
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Tiefeng Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Sixing Xiong
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fangyuan Jiang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lin Mao
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yinhua Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|