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Mousavi A, Rahimnejad M, Azimzadeh M, Akbari M, Savoji H. Recent advances in smart wearable sensors as electronic skin. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:10332-10354. [PMID: 37909384 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01373a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and multifunctional electronic devices and soft robots inspired by human organs, such as skin, have many applications. However, the emergence of electronic skins (e-skins) or textiles in biomedical engineering has made a great revolution in a myriad of people's lives who suffer from different types of diseases and problems in which their skin and muscles lose their appropriate functions. In this review, recent advances in the sensory function of the e-skins are described. Furthermore, we have categorized them from the sensory function perspective and highlighted their advantages and limitations. The categories are tactile sensors (including capacitive, piezoresistive, piezoelectric, triboelectric, and optical), temperature, and multi-sensors. In addition, we summarized the most recent advancements in sensors and their particular features. The role of material selection and structure in sensory function and other features of the e-skins are also discussed. Finally, current challenges and future prospects of these systems towards advanced biomedical applications are elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mousavi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
- Montreal TransMedTech Institute, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Maedeh Rahimnejad
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mostafa Azimzadeh
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Houman Savoji
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
- Montreal TransMedTech Institute, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
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2
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Yu H, Li H, Sun X, Pan L. Biomimetic Flexible Sensors and Their Applications in Human Health Detection. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:293. [PMID: 37504181 PMCID: PMC10807369 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8030293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bionic flexible sensors are a new type of biosensor with high sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and reliability to achieve detection in complex natural and physiological environments. They provide efficient, energy-saving and convenient applications in medical monitoring and diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and detection and identification. Combining sensor devices with flexible substrates to imitate flexible structures in living organisms, thus enabling the detection of various physiological signals, has become a hot topic of interest. In the field of human health detection, the application of bionic flexible sensors is flourishing and will evolve into patient-centric diagnosis and treatment in the future of healthcare. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of bionic flexible devices for human health detection applications and a comprehensive summary of the research progress and potential of flexible sensors. First, we evaluate the working mechanisms of different classes of bionic flexible sensors, describing the selection and fabrication of bionic flexible materials and their excellent electrochemical properties; then, we introduce some interesting applications for monitoring physical, electrophysiological, chemical, and biological signals according to more segmented health fields (e.g., medical diagnosis, rehabilitation assistance, and sports monitoring). We conclude with a summary of the advantages of current results and the challenges and possible future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xidi Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lijia Pan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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3
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Zhu Y, Li J, Kim J, Li S, Zhao Y, Bahari J, Eliahoo P, Li G, Kawakita S, Haghniaz R, Gao X, Falcone N, Ermis M, Kang H, Liu H, Kim H, Tabish T, Yu H, Li B, Akbari M, Emaminejad S, Khademhosseini A. Skin-interfaced electronics: A promising and intelligent paradigm for personalized healthcare. Biomaterials 2023; 296:122075. [PMID: 36931103 PMCID: PMC10085866 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Skin-interfaced electronics (skintronics) have received considerable attention due to their thinness, skin-like mechanical softness, excellent conformability, and multifunctional integration. Current advancements in skintronics have enabled health monitoring and digital medicine. Particularly, skintronics offer a personalized platform for early-stage disease diagnosis and treatment. In this comprehensive review, we discuss (1) the state-of-the-art skintronic devices, (2) material selections and platform considerations of future skintronics toward intelligent healthcare, (3) device fabrication and system integrations of skintronics, (4) an overview of the skintronic platform for personalized healthcare applications, including biosensing as well as wound healing, sleep monitoring, the assessment of SARS-CoV-2, and the augmented reality-/virtual reality-enhanced human-machine interfaces, and (5) current challenges and future opportunities of skintronics and their potentials in clinical translation and commercialization. The field of skintronics will not only minimize physical and physiological mismatches with the skin but also shift the paradigm in intelligent and personalized healthcare and offer unprecedented promise to revolutionize conventional medical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhi Zhu
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, United States.
| | - Jinghang Li
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, United States
| | - Jinjoo Kim
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, United States
| | - Shaopei Li
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, United States
| | - Yichao Zhao
- Interconnected and Integrated Bioelectronics Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Jamal Bahari
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, United States
| | - Payam Eliahoo
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, United States
| | - Guanghui Li
- The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Satoru Kawakita
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, United States
| | - Reihaneh Haghniaz
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, United States
| | - Xiaoxiang Gao
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States
| | - Natashya Falcone
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, United States
| | - Menekse Ermis
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, United States
| | - Heemin Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hao Liu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - HanJun Kim
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, United States; College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Tanveer Tabish
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Haidong Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Bingbing Li
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, United States; Department of Manufacturing Systems Engineering and Management, California State University, Northridge, CA, 91330, United States
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, United States; Laboratory for Innovation in Microengineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 2C5, Canada
| | - Sam Emaminejad
- Interconnected and Integrated Bioelectronics Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, United States.
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Liu H, Li Y, Xie W, Zhou X, Hong J, Liang J, Liu Y, Li W, Wang H. Fabrication of Temperature Sensors with High-Performance Uniformity through Thermal Annealing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1491. [PMID: 36837120 PMCID: PMC9961983 DOI: 10.3390/ma16041491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
It is considered to be of great significance to monitor human health and track the effect of drugs by measuring human temperature mapping through flexible temperature sensors. In this work, we found that the thermal annealing of flexible temperature sensors based on graphite-acrylate copolymer composites can not only improve the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) values of the devices, but also greatly improve the uniformity of the performance of the devices prepared in parallel. The best results were obtained when the devices were annealed at 100 °C, which is believed to be due to the rearrangement of graphite particles to generate more uniform and numerous conductive channels within the conductive composite. We believe this finding might promote the practical development of flexible temperature sensors in body temperature sensing for health maintenance and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Liu
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yongchun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Weiji Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xinyi Zhou
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Jishuang Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Junfeng Liang
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yanghui Liu
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
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5
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Xie L, Zhang Z, Wu Q, Gao Z, Mi G, Wang R, Sun HB, Zhao Y, Du Y. Intelligent wearable devices based on nanomaterials and nanostructures for healthcare. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:405-433. [PMID: 36519286 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04551f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Emerging classes of flexible electronic sensors as alternatives to conventional rigid sensors offer a powerful set of capabilities for detecting and quantifying physiological and physical signals from human skin in personal healthcare. Unfortunately, the practical applications and commercialization of flexible sensors are generally limited by certain unsatisfactory aspects of their performance, such as biocompatibility, low sensing range, power supply, or single sensory function. This review intends to provide up-to-date literature on wearable devices for smart healthcare. A systematic review is provided, from sensors based on nanomaterials and nanostructures, algorithms, to multifunctional integrated devices with stretchability, self-powered performance, and biocompatibility. Typical electromechanical sensors are investigated with a specific focus on the strategies for constructing high-performance sensors based on nanomaterials and nanostructures. Then, the review emphasizes the importance of tailoring the fabrication techniques in order to improve stretchability, biocompatibility, and self-powered performance. The construction of wearable devices with high integration, high performance, and multi-functionalization for multiparameter healthcare is discussed in depth. Integrating wearable devices with appropriate machine learning algorithms is summarized. After interpretation of the algorithms, intelligent predictions are produced to give instructions or predictions for smart implementations. It is desired that this review will offer guidance for future excellence in flexible wearable sensing technologies and provide insight into commercial wearable sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Xie
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China.
| | - Zelin Zhang
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China.
| | - Qiushuo Wu
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China.
| | - Zhuxuan Gao
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China.
| | - Gaotian Mi
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China.
| | - Renqiao Wang
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China.
| | - Hong-Bin Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China.
| | - Yanan Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Chen Y, Bai Y, Wang X, Zhang H, Zheng H, Gu N. Plasmonic/magnetic nanoarchitectures: From controllable design to biosensing and bioelectronic interfaces. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 219:114744. [PMID: 36327555 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Controllable design of the nanocrystal-assembled plasmonic/magnetic nanoarchitectures (P/MNAs) inspires abundant methodologies to enhance light-matter interactions and control magnetic-induced effects by means of fine-tuning the morphology and ordered packing of noble metallic or magnetic building blocks. The burgeoning development of multifunctional nanoarchitectures has opened up broad range of interdisciplinary applications including biosensing, in vitro diagnostic devices, point-of-care (POC) platforms, and soft bioelectronics. By taking advantage of their customizability and efficient conjugation with capping biomolecules, various nanoarchitectures have been integrated into high-performance biosensors with remarkable sensitivity and versatility, enabling key features that combined multiplexed detection, ease-of-use and miniaturization. In this review, we provide an overview of the representative developments of nanoarchitectures that being built by plasmonic and magnetic nanoparticles over recent decades. The design principles and key mechanisms for signal amplification and quantitative sensitivity have been explored. We highlight the structure-function programmability and prospects of addressing the main limitations for conventional biosensing strategies in terms of accurate selectivity, sensitivity, throughput, and optoelectronic integration. State-of-the-art strategies to achieve affordable and field-deployable POC devices for early multiplexed detection of infectious diseases such as COVID-19 has been covered in this review. Finally, we discuss the urgent yet challenging issues in nanoarchitectures design and related biosensing application, such as large-scale fabrication and integration with portable devices, and provide perspectives and suggestions on developing smart biosensors that connecting the materials science and biomedical engineering for personal health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; Southeast University-Monash University Joint Research Institute, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Yu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; Southeast University-Monash University Joint Research Institute, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; Southeast University-Monash University Joint Research Institute, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; Southeast University-Monash University Joint Research Institute, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Haoran Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; Southeast University-Monash University Joint Research Institute, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ning Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; Southeast University-Monash University Joint Research Institute, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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7
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Jung W, Koirala GR, Lee JS, Kim JU, Park B, Jo YJ, Jeong C, Hong H, Kwon K, Ye YS, Kim J, Lee K, Kim TI. Solvent-Assisted Filling of Liquid Metal and Its Selective Dewetting for the Multilayered 3D Interconnect in Stretchable Electronics. ACS NANO 2022; 16:21471-21481. [PMID: 36453938 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As stretchable electronics are rapidly developing and becoming complex, the requirement for stretchable, multilayered, and large-area printed circuit boards (PCBs) is emerging. This demands a stretchable electrode and its vertical interconnect access (via) for 3-dimensional (3D) connectivity between layers. Here, we demonstrate solvent-assisted liquid metal (LM) filling into the submicrometer channel (∼400 nm), including via-hole filling and selective dewetting of LM. We provide the theoretical background of solvent-assisted LM filling and selective dewetting and reveal the osmotic pressure arising from anomalous mass transport phenomena, case II diffusion, which drives negative pressure, the spontaneous pulling of LM into the open channel. Also, we suggest design criteria for the geometry and dimension of LM interconnects to obtain structural stability without dewetting, based on the theoretical and computational background. We demonstrate a simple stretchable near-field communication (NFC) device including transferred micrometer-size light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with only 230 μm to the stretchable liquid metal PCB, without any soldering process. The device operates stably under repetitive stretching and releasing (∼50% uniaxial strain) due to the stable connection through the LM via between the upper and lower layers. Finally, we propose a concept for modular-type stretchable electronics, based on the cohesive liquid nature of LM. As a building block, the functional module can be easily removed from a mainframe, and replaced by another functional module, to suit user demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Jung
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyan Raj Koirala
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Seung Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Uk Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeonghak Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Jo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanho Jeong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeleen Hong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyoon Kwon
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Sinn Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kanghyuk Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Il Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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8
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Liu H, Li H, Wang Z, Wei X, Zhu H, Sun M, Lin Y, Xu L. Robust and Multifunctional Kirigami Electronics with a Tough and Permeable Aramid Nanofiber Framework. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2207350. [PMID: 36222392 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Kirigami designs are advantageous for the construction of wearable electronics due to their high stretchability and conformability on the 3D dynamic surfaces of the skin. However, suitable materials technologies that enable robust kirigami devices with desired functionality for skin-interfaces remain limited. Here, a versatile materials platform based on a composite nanofiber framework (CNFF) is exploited for the engineering of wearable kirigami electronics. The self-assembled fibrillar network involving aramid nanofibers and poly(vinyl alcohol) combines high toughness, permeability, and manufacturability, which are desirable for the fabrication of hybrid devices. Multiscale simulations are conducted to explain the high fracture resistance of the CNFF-based kirigami structures and provide essential guidance for the design, which can be further generalized to other kirigami devices. Various microelectronic sensors and electroactive polymers are integrated onto a CNFF-based materials platform to achieve electrocardiogram (ECG), electromyogram (EMG), skin-temperature measurements, and measurement of other physiological parameters. These mechanically robust, multifunctional, lightweight, and biocompatible kirigami devices can shed new insights for the development of advanced wearable systems and human-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Hegeng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zuochen Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre Limited, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Xi Wei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre Limited, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Hengjia Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Mingze Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre Limited, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Lizhi Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre Limited, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
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9
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Liu Y, Zheng M, O’Connor B, Dong J, Zhu Y. Curvilinear soft electronics by micromolding of metal nanowires in capillaries. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd6996. [PMID: 36399557 PMCID: PMC9674275 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add6996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soft electronics using metal nanowires have attracted notable attention attributed to their high electrical conductivity and mechanical flexibility. However, high-resolution complex patterning of metal nanowires on curvilinear substrates remains a challenge. Here, a micromolding-based method is reported for scalable printing of metal nanowires, which enables complex and highly conductive patterns on soft curvilinear and uneven substrates with high resolution and uniformity. Printing resolution of 20 μm and conductivity of the printed patterns of ~6.3 × 106 S/m are achieved. Printing of grid structures with uniform thickness for transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) and direct printing of pressure sensors on curved surfaces such as glove and contact lens are also realized. The printed hybrid soft TCEs and smart contact lens show promising applications in optoelectronic devices and personal health monitoring, respectively. This printing method can be extended to other nanomaterials for large-scale printing of high-performance soft electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Michael Zheng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Brendan O’Connor
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Jingyan Dong
- Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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10
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Cho K, Lee T, Chung S. Inkjet printing of two-dimensional van der Waals materials: a new route towards emerging electronic device applications. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:1161-1176. [PMID: 35894100 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00162d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) materials are considered one of the most promising candidates to realize emerging electrical applications. Although until recently, much effort has been dedicated to demonstrating high-performance single 2D vdW devices, associated with rapid progress in 2D vdW materials, demands for their large-scale practical applications have noticeably increased from a manufacturing perspective. Drop-on-demand inkjet printing can be the most feasible solution by exploiting the advantages of layered 2D contacts and advanced 2D vdW ink formulations. This review presents recent achievements in inkjet-printed 2D vdW material-based device applications. A brief introduction to 2D vdW materials and inkjet printing principles, followed by various ink formulation methods, is first presented. Then, the state-of-the-art inkjet-printed 2D vdW device applications and their remaining technical issues are highlighted. Finally, prospects and challenges to be overcome to demonstrate fully inkjet-printed, high-performance 2D vdW devices are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungjune Cho
- Soft Hybrid Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea.
| | - Takhee Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seungjun Chung
- Soft Hybrid Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea.
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
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Polyurethane Elastomer Layered Nanocomposite Material for Sports Grounds and the Preparation Method Thereof. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5152911. [PMID: 36093408 PMCID: PMC9462988 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5152911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyurethane, as a rubber material, can relieve the load on the ground and provide seismic design for the venue, which is of great significance for sports venues. In order to improve the seismic resistance and abrasion resistance of materials for sports fields and reduce accidents in sports, this article has carried out research on the polyurethane elastomer layered nanocomposites for sports fields and their preparation. Today's world is a challenging era of science and technology. The fields of biotechnology, information, medicine, energy, environment, and national defense and security are closely related to the development of high tech, and the requirements for materials are becoming increasingly diversified. Polymer nanocomposite coating has the dual characteristics of organic and inorganic components. It not only retains the advantages of a polymer but also endows it with versatility. It meets the current application needs. It is a hot spot in today's research. Among them, there are two major problems in the composite process of nanomaterials and polymers: dispersion and compatibility. How to improve the dispersion of nanoparticles and enhance the compatibility between nanoparticles and polymers is an urgent problem to be solved. In the method part, this article introduces a small amount of polyurethane and polyurethane elastomers formed after polyurethane modification and introduces layered compounds and nanocomposites and introduces several models involved in nanomaterials in terms of algorithms. In the analysis part, this paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of the hard segment mass fraction, mechanical properties, thermal decomposition behavior, degradation mechanism, and dynamic mechanical properties. With the increase of GO content, the tensile strength increases significantly and the elongation at break becomes smaller and smaller. When the GO content increases from 0% to 2%, the tensile properties of the WPU film increase from 2.6 MPa to 7.9 MPa and the fracture of the elongation decreased from 201.7% to 62.8%. This shows that the increase in GO content will make the composite material harder and brittle. It can be seen from the experimental results that the preparation of the polyurethane elastomer layered nanocomposite material designed in this paper has a good application effect on sports venues.
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12
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Chen Q, Huang W, Duan P, Yue T, Zhang L, Wu X, Liu J. Manipulating the mechanical properties of cis-polyisoprene nanocomposites via molecular dynamics simulation. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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13
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Sang S, Pei Z, Zhang F, Ji C, Li Q, Ji J, Yang K, Zhang Q. Three-Dimensional Printed Bimodal Electronic Skin with High Resolution and Breathability for Hair Growth. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:31493-31501. [PMID: 35767549 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
People with neurological deficits face difficulties perceiving their surroundings, resulting in an urgent need for wearable electronic skin (e-skin) that can monitor external stimuli and temperature changes. However, the monolithic structure of e-skin is not conducive to breathability and hinders hair growth, limiting its wearing comfort. In this work, we prepared fully three-dimensional (3D) printed e-skin that allowed hair penetration and growth. This e-skin also achieved simultaneous pressure and temperature detection and a high tactile resolution of 100 cm-2, which is close to that of human fingertips. The temperature sensor maintained linear measurements within 10-60 °C. The pore microstructure prepared by a sacrificial template method helped the pressure-sensing unit achieve a high sensitivity of 0.213 kPa-1. Considering the distribution of human hair, the design of the main structure of the e-skin was studied to realize hair penetration and growth. High-performance pressure-sensitive inks and transparent flexible substrate inks for 3D printing were developed, and e-skins combining these functions were realized through multimaterial in situ 3D printing with high accuracy and high consistency. The temperature and pressure sensors separately performed simultaneous detection without interference, and the tactile sensor array accurately identified stimuli at different locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbo Sang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Zhen Pei
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575 Singapore
| | - Fan Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Shanxi Research Institute of 6D Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Science, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Chao Ji
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Jianlong Ji
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
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14
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Huang Q, Zhu Y. Patterning of Metal Nanowire Networks: Methods and Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:60736-60762. [PMID: 34919389 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the advance in flexible and stretchable electronics, one-dimensional nanomaterials such as metal nanowires have drawn much attention in the past 10 years or so. Metal nanowires, especially silver nanowires, have been recognized as promising candidate materials for flexible and stretchable electronics. Owing to their high electrical conductivity and high aspect ratio, metal nanowires can form electrical percolation networks, maintaining high electrical conductivity under deformation (e.g., bending and stretching). Apart from coating metal nanowires for making large-area transparent conductive films, many applications require patterned metal nanowires as electrodes and interconnects. Precise patterning of metal nanowire networks is crucial to achieve high device performances. Therefore, a high-resolution, designable, and scalable patterning of metal nanowire networks is important but remains a critical challenge for fabricating high-performance electronic devices. This review summarizes recent advances in patterning of metal nanowire networks, using subtractive methods, additive methods of nanowire dispersions, and printing methods. Representative device applications of the patterned metal nanowire networks are presented. Finally, challenges and important directions in the area of the patterning of metal nanowire networks for device applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijin Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, North Carolina, United States
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, North Carolina, United States
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15
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Li X, Li Z, Shen J, Zheng Z, Liu J. Role of a nanoparticle network in polymer mechanical reinforcement: insights from molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:21797-21807. [PMID: 34550123 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03153h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Fully understanding the mechanism by which nanoparticles (NPs) strengthen polymer matrices is crucial for fabricating high-performance polymer nanocomposites (PNCs). Herein, coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations were adopted to explicitly investigate the reinforcing effect of a NP network. Our results revealed that increasing the NP-NP interactions induced the self-assembly of NPs into a three-dimensional (3D) network that reinforced the polymer matrix. The reinforcing mechanism of NP-NP interactions was quite different from that of NP-polymer interactions. The latter promoted the orientation of polymer chains to transfer the external stress, while the former distributed the stress throughout the NP network. This work revealed the mechanism by which the NP network reinforced the polymer matrix at the molecular level and also provided guidelines for developing high performance PNCs via interfacial modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Ziwei Li
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jianxiang Shen
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
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16
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Wang M, Luo Y, Wang T, Wan C, Pan L, Pan S, He K, Neo A, Chen X. Artificial Skin Perception. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2003014. [PMID: 32930454 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ, with the functionalities of protection, regulation, and sensation. The emulation of human skin via flexible and stretchable electronics gives rise to electronic skin (e-skin), which has realized artificial sensation and other functions that cannot be achieved by conventional electronics. To date, tremendous progress has been made in data acquisition and transmission for e-skin systems, while the implementation of perception within systems, that is, sensory data processing, is still in its infancy. Integrating the perception functionality into a flexible and stretchable sensing system, namely artificial skin perception, is critical to endow current e-skin systems with higher intelligence. Here, recent progress in the design and fabrication of artificial skin perception devices and systems is summarized, and challenges and prospects are discussed. The strategies for implementing artificial skin perception utilize either conventional silicon-based circuits or novel flexible computing devices such as memristive devices and synaptic transistors, which enable artificial skin to surpass human skin, with a distributed, low-latency, and energy-efficient information-processing ability. In future, artificial skin perception would be a new enabling technology to construct next-generation intelligent electronic devices and systems for advanced applications, such as robotic surgery, rehabilitation, and prosthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices, Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yifei Luo
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices, Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ting Wang
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices, Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Changjin Wan
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices, Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Liang Pan
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices, Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Shaowu Pan
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices, Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ke He
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices, Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Aden Neo
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices, Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices, Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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17
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Cheng X, Liu Z, Jin T, Zhang F, Zhang H, Zhang Y. Bioinspired design and assembly of a multilayer cage-shaped sensor capable of multistage load bearing and collapse prevention. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:155506. [PMID: 33348323 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abd581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flexible bioinspired mesostructures and electronic devices have recently attracted intense attention because of their widespread application in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), reconfigurable electronics, health-monitoring systems, etc. Among various geometric constructions, 3D flexible bioinspired architectures are of particular interest, since they can provide new functions and capabilities, compared to their 2D counterparts. However, 3D electronic device systems usually undergo complicated mechanical loading in practical operation, resulting in complex deformation modes and elusive failure mechanisms. The development of mechanically robust flexible 3D electronics that can undergo extreme compression without irreversible collapse or fracture remains a challenge. Here, inspired by the multilayer mesostructure of Enhydra lutris fur, we introduce the design and assembly of multilayer cage architectures capable of multistage load bearing and collapse prevention under large out-of-plane compression. Combined in situ experiments and mechanical modeling show that the multistage mechanical responses of the developed bionic architectures can be fine-tuned by tailoring the microstructural geometries. The integration of functional layers of gold and piezoelectric polymer allows the development of a flexible multifunctional sensor that can simultaneously achieve the dynamic sensing of compressive forces and temperatures. The demonstrated capabilities and performances of fast response speed, tunable measurement range, excellent flexibility, and reliability suggest potential uses in MEMS, robotics and biointegrated electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cheng
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianqi Jin
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
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18
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Wu H, Yang G, Zhu K, Liu S, Guo W, Jiang Z, Li Z. Materials, Devices, and Systems of On-Skin Electrodes for Electrophysiological Monitoring and Human-Machine Interfaces. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2001938. [PMID: 33511003 PMCID: PMC7816724 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
On-skin electrodes function as an ideal platform for collecting high-quality electrophysiological (EP) signals due to their unique characteristics, such as stretchability, conformal interfaces with skin, biocompatibility, and wearable comfort. The past decade has witnessed great advancements in performance optimization and function extension of on-skin electrodes. With continuous development and great promise for practical applications, on-skin electrodes are playing an increasingly important role in EP monitoring and human-machine interfaces (HMI). In this review, the latest progress in the development of on-skin electrodes and their integrated system is summarized. Desirable features of on-skin electrodes are briefly discussed from the perspective of performances. Then, recent advances in the development of electrode materials, followed by the analysis of strategies and methods to enhance adhesion and breathability of on-skin electrodes are examined. In addition, representative integrated electrode systems and practical applications of on-skin electrodes in healthcare monitoring and HMI are introduced in detail. It is concluded with the discussion of key challenges and opportunities for on-skin electrodes and their integrated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Flexible Electronics Research CenterState Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and TechnologySchool of Mechanical Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Ganguang Yang
- Flexible Electronics Research CenterState Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and TechnologySchool of Mechanical Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Kanhao Zhu
- Flexible Electronics Research CenterState Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and TechnologySchool of Mechanical Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Shaoyu Liu
- Flexible Electronics Research CenterState Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and TechnologySchool of Mechanical Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Wei Guo
- Flexible Electronics Research CenterState Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and TechnologySchool of Mechanical Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Zhuo Jiang
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
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19
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Greenwood TE, Hatch SE, Colton MB, Thomson SL. 3D Printing Low-Stiffness Silicone Within a Curable Support Matrix. ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2021; 37:101681. [PMID: 33718006 PMCID: PMC7946128 DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2020.101681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Embedded 3D printing processes involve extruding ink within a support matrix that supports the ink throughout printing and curing. In once class of embedded 3D printing, which we refer to as "removable embedded 3D printing," curable inks are printed, cured, then removed from the uncured support matrix. Removable embedded 3D printing is advantageous because low-viscosity inks can be patterned in freeform geometries which may not be feasible to create via casting and other printing processes. When printing solid-infill geometries, however, uncured support matrix becomes trapped within the prints, which may be undesirable. This study builds on previous work by formulating a support matrix for removable embedded 3D printing that cures when mixed with the printed silicone ink to solve the problem of trapped, uncured support matrix within solid-infill prints. Printed specimens are shown to have a nearly isotropic elastic modulus in directions perpendicular and parallel to the printed layers, and a decreased modulus and increased elongation at break compared to specimens cast from the ink. The rheological properties of the support matrix are reported. The capabilities of the printer and support matrix are demonstrated by printing a variety of geometries from four UV and addition-cure silicone inks. Shapes printed with these inks range by nearly two orders of magnitude in stiffness and have failure strains between approximately 50 and 250%, suggesting a wide range of potential applications for this printing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor E Greenwood
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Serah E Hatch
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Mark B Colton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Scott L Thomson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
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20
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Guo X, Ni X, Li J, Zhang H, Zhang F, Yu H, Wu J, Bai Y, Lei H, Huang Y, Rogers JA, Zhang Y. Designing Mechanical Metamaterials with Kirigami-Inspired, Hierarchical Constructions for Giant Positive and Negative Thermal Expansion. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2004919. [PMID: 33289278 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Advanced mechanical metamaterials with unusual thermal expansion properties represent an area of growing interest, due to their promising potential for use in a broad range of areas. In spite of previous work on metamaterials with large or ultralow coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), achieving a broad range of CTE values with access to large thermally induced dimensional changes in structures with high filling ratios remains a key challenge. Here, design concepts and fabrication strategies for a kirigami-inspired class of 2D hierarchical metamaterials that can effectively convert the thermal mismatch between two closely packed constituent materials into giant levels of biaxial/uniaxial thermal expansion/shrinkage are presented. At large filling ratios (>50%), these systems offer not only unprecedented negative and positive biaxial CTE (i.e., -5950 and 10 710 ppm K-1 ), but also large biaxial thermal expansion properties (e.g., > 21% for 20 K temperature increase). Theoretical modeling of thermal deformations provides a clear understanding of the microstructure-property relationships and serves as a basis for design choices for desired CTE values. An Ashby plot of the CTE versus density serves as a quantitative comparison of the hierarchical metamaterials presented here to previously reported systems, indicating the capability for substantially enlarging the accessible range of CTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Guo
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoyue Ni
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jiahong Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Hang Zhang
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Huabin Yu
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jun Wu
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yun Bai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Hongshuai Lei
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - John A Rogers
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yihui Zhang
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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21
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Zou Y, Libanori A, Xu J, Nashalian A, Chen J. Triboelectric Nanogenerator Enabled Smart Shoes for Wearable Electricity Generation. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2020; 2020:7158953. [PMID: 33623909 PMCID: PMC7877399 DOI: 10.34133/2020/7158953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The parallel evolution of wearable electronics, artificial intelligence, and fifth-generation wireless technology has created a technological paradigm with the potential to change our lives profoundly. Despite this, addressing limitations linked to continuous, sustainable, and pervasive powering of wearable electronics remains a bottleneck to overcome in order to maximize the exponential benefit that these technologies can bring once synergized. A recent groundbreaking discovery has demonstrated that by using the coupling effect of contact electrification and electrostatic induction, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) can efficiently convert irregular and low-frequency passive biomechanical energy from body movements into electrical energy, providing an infinite and sustainable power source for wearable electronics. A number of human motions have been exploited to properly and efficiently harness this energy potential, including human ambulation. Shoes are an indispensable component of daily wearing and can be leveraged as an excellent platform to exploit such kinetic energy. In this article, the latest representative achievements of TENG-based smart electricity-generating shoes are comprehensively reviewed. We summarize ways in which not only can biomechanical energy be scavenged via ambulatory motion, but also biomonitoring of health parameters via tracking of rhythm and strength of pace can be implemented to aid in theranostic fields. This work provides a systematical review of the rational structural design, practical applications, scenario analysis, and performance evaluation of TENG-based smart shoes for wearable electricity generation. In addition, the perspective for future development of smart electricity-generation shoes as a sustainable and pervasive energy solution towards the upcoming era of the Internet of Things is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjiu Zou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alberto Libanori
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ardo Nashalian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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22
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Kim BS, Kim MK, Cho Y, Hamed EE, Gillette MU, Cha H, Miljkovic N, Aakalu VK, Kang K, Son KN, Schachtschneider KM, Schook LB, Hu C, Popescu G, Park Y, Ballance WC, Yu S, Im SG, Lee J, Lee CH, Kong H. Electrothermal soft manipulator enabling safe transport and handling of thin cell/tissue sheets and bioelectronic devices. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabc5630. [PMID: 33067233 PMCID: PMC7567602 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc5630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
"Living" cell sheets or bioelectronic chips have great potentials to improve the quality of diagnostics and therapies. However, handling these thin and delicate materials remains a grand challenge because the external force applied for gripping and releasing can easily deform or damage the materials. This study presents a soft manipulator that can manipulate and transport cell/tissue sheets and ultrathin wearable biosensing devices seamlessly by recapitulating how a cephalopod's suction cup works. The soft manipulator consists of an ultrafast thermo-responsive, microchanneled hydrogel layer with tissue-like softness and an electric heater layer. The electric current to the manipulator drives microchannels of the gel to shrink/expand and results in a pressure change through the microchannels. The manipulator can lift/detach an object within 10 s and can be used repeatedly over 50 times. This soft manipulator would be highly useful for safe and reliable assembly and implantation of therapeutic cell/tissue sheets and biosensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Soo Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Min Ku Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Younghak Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eman E Hamed
- Neuroscience Program, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science & Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Martha U Gillette
- Neuroscience Program, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science & Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hyeongyun Cha
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nenad Miljkovic
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Vinay K Aakalu
- Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kai Kang
- Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kyung-No Son
- Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kyle M Schachtschneider
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Lawrence B Schook
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Chenfei Hu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Gabriel Popescu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yeonsoo Park
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - William C Ballance
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Seunggun Yu
- Insulation Materials Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), Changwon 51543, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Gap Im
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwi Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chi Hwan Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Hyunjoon Kong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Medical Engineering, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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23
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Mondal S, Zehra N, Choudhury A, Iyer PK. Wearable Sensing Devices for Point of Care Diagnostics. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 4:47-70. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Nehal Zehra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Anwesha Choudhury
- Center for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Parameswar Krishnan Iyer
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
- Center for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
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24
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Sedighi A, Taheri RA, Montazer M. High-Performance Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Electrodes/Substrates for Wearable Electronics. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sedighi
- Graphene and Advanced Materials Laboratory (Gamlab), Advanced Materials and Processes Institute, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 1591634311, Iran
| | - Ramezan Ali Taheri
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1815944153, Iran
| | - Majid Montazer
- Textile Department, Amirkabir Nanotechnology Research Institute (ANTRI), Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 1591634311, Iran
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25
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Kim K, Kim B, Lee CH. Printing Flexible and Hybrid Electronics for Human Skin and Eye-Interfaced Health Monitoring Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1902051. [PMID: 31298450 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Advances in printing materials and techniques for flexible and hybrid electronics in the domain of connected healthcare have enabled rapid development of innovative body-interfaced health monitoring systems at a tremendous pace. Thin, flexible, and stretchable biosensors that are printed on a biocompatible soft substrate provide the ability to noninvasively and unobtrusively integrate with the human body for continuous monitoring and early detection of diseases and other conditions affecting health and well being. Hybrid integration of such biosensors with extremely well-established silicon-based microcircuit chips offers a viable route for in-sensor data processing and wireless transmission in many medical and clinical settings. Here, a set of advanced and hybrid printing techniques is summarized, covering diverse aspects ranging from active electronic materials to process capability, for their use in human skin and eye-interfaced health monitoring systems with different levels of complexity. Essential components of the devices, including constituent biomaterials, structural layouts, assembly methods, and power and data processing configurations, are outlined and discussed in a categorized manner tailored to specific clinical needs. Perspectives on the benefits and challenges of these systems in basic and applied biomedical research are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunghun Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Bongjoong Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chi Hwan Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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26
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Sim K, Rao Z, Ershad F, Yu C. Rubbery Electronics Fully Made of Stretchable Elastomeric Electronic Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1902417. [PMID: 31206819 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics outperform existing rigid and bulky electronics and benefit a wide range of species, including humans, machines, and robots, whose activities are associated with large mechanical deformation and strain. Due to the nonstretchable nature of most electronic materials, in particular semiconductors, stretchable electronics are mostly realized through the strategies of architectural engineering to accommodate mechanical stretching rather than imposing strain into the materials directly. On the other hand, recent development of stretchable electronics by creating them entirely from stretchable elastomeric electronic materials, i.e., rubbery electronics, suggests a feasible a venue. Rubbery electronics have gained increasing interest due to the unique advantages that they and their associated manufacturing technologies have offered. This work reviews the recent progress in developing rubbery electronics, including the crucial stretchable elastomeric materials of rubbery conductors, rubbery semiconductors, and rubbery dielectrics. Thereafter, various rubbery electronics such as rubbery transistors, integrated electronics, rubbery optoelectronic devices, and rubbery sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoseung Sim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Zhoulyu Rao
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Faheem Ershad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Cunjiang Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
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27
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Yao S, Ren P, Song R, Liu Y, Huang Q, Dong J, O'Connor BT, Zhu Y. Nanomaterial-Enabled Flexible and Stretchable Sensing Systems: Processing, Integration, and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1902343. [PMID: 31464046 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterial-enabled flexible and stretchable electronics have seen tremendous progress in recent years, evolving from single sensors to integrated sensing systems. Compared with nanomaterial-enabled sensors with a single function, integration of multiple sensors is conducive to comprehensive monitoring of personal health and environment, intelligent human-machine interfaces, and realistic imitation of human skin in robotics and prosthetics. Integration of sensors with other functional components promotes real-world applications of the sensing systems. Here, an overview of the design and integration strategies and manufacturing techniques for such sensing systems is given. Then, representative nanomaterial-enabled flexible and stretchable sensing systems are presented. Following that, representative applications in personal health, fitness tracking, electronic skins, artificial nervous systems, and human-machine interactions are provided. To conclude, perspectives on the challenges and opportunities in this burgeoning field are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Ping Ren
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Runqiao Song
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Qijin Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Jingyan Dong
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Brendan T O'Connor
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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28
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Gao Y, Yu L, Yeo JC, Lim CT. Flexible Hybrid Sensors for Health Monitoring: Materials and Mechanisms to Render Wearability. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1902133. [PMID: 31339200 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronics have revolutionized the way physiological parameters are sensed, detected, and monitored. In recent years, advances in flexible and stretchable hybrid electronics have created emergent properties that enhance the compliance of devices to our skin. With their unobtrusive attributes, skin conformable sensors enable applications toward real-time disease diagnosis and continuous healthcare monitoring. Herein, critical perspectives of flexible hybrid electronics toward the future of digital health monitoring are provided, emphasizing its role in physiological sensing. In particular, the strategies within the sensor composition to render flexibility and stretchability while maintaining excellent sensing performance are considered. Next, novel approaches to the functionalization of the sensor for physical or biochemical stimuli are extensively covered. Subsequently, wearable sensors measuring physical parameters such as strain, pressure, temperature, as well as biological changes in metabolites and electrolytes are reported. Finally, their implications toward early disease detection and monitoring are discussed, concluding with a future perspective into the challenges and opportunities in emerging wearable sensor designs for the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Longteng Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Joo Chuan Yeo
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
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29
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Dong W, Yao D, Yang L. Soft Bimodal Sensor Array Based on Conductive Hydrogel for Driving Status Monitoring. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20061641. [PMID: 32183466 PMCID: PMC7146630 DOI: 10.3390/s20061641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
:Driving status monitoring is important to safety driving which could be adopted to improve driving behaviors through hand gesture detection by wearable electronics. The soft bimodal sensor array (SBSA) composed of strain sensor array based on ionic conductive hydrogels and capacitive pressure sensor array based on ionic hydrogel electrodes is designed to monitor drivers' hand gesture. SBSA is fabricated and assembled by the stretchable functional and structural materials through a sol-gel process for guaranteeing the overall softness of SBSA. The piezoresistive strain and capacitive pressure sensing abilities of SBSA are evaluated by the data acquisition system and signal analyzer with the external physical stimuli. The gauge factor (GF) of the strain sensor is 1.638 under stretched format, and -0.726 under compressed format; sensitivity of the pressure sensor is 0.267 kPa-1 below 3.45 and 0.0757 kPa-1 in the range of 3.45-12 kPa, which are sensitive enough to hand gesture detection and driving status monitoring. The simple recognition method for the driver's status behavior is proposed to identify the driver's behaviors with the piezoresistive properties of conductive polymers, and the turning angles are computed by the strain and pressure values from SBSA. This work demonstrates an effective approach to integrate SBSA seamlessly into an existing driving environment for driving status monitoring, expanding the applications of SBSA in wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Dong
- School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China; (W.D.); (D.Y.)
| | - Daojin Yao
- School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China; (W.D.); (D.Y.)
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence:
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30
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Jung J, Cho H, Yuksel R, Kim D, Lee H, Kwon J, Lee P, Yeo J, Hong S, Unalan HE, Han S, Ko SH. Stretchable/flexible silver nanowire Electrodes for energy device applications. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:20356-20378. [PMID: 31403636 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr04193a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Research on sustainable and high-efficiency energy devices has recently emerged as an important global issue. These devices are now moving beyond the form of a bulk, rigid platform to a portable, flexible/stretchable format that is easily available in our daily lives. Similar to the development of an active layer for the production of next-generation energy devices, the fabrication of flexible/stretchable electrodes for the easy flow of electrons is also very important. Silver nanowire electrodes have high electronic conductivity even in a flexible/stretchable state due to their high aspect ratio and percolation network structures compared to conventional electrodes. Herein, we summarize the research in the field of flexible/stretchable electronics on energy devices fabricated using silver nanowires as the electrodes. Additionally, for a systematic presentation of the current research trends, this review classifies the surveyed research efforts into the categories of energy production, storage, and consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwook Jung
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunmin Cho
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea and Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design (SNU-IAMD), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Recep Yuksel
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongkwan Kim
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Habeom Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehag-ro, 63Beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyeong Kwon
- Manufacturing System R&BD Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), 89 Yangdaegiro-gil, Ipjang-myon, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do 31056, Republic of Korea
| | - Phillip Lee
- Photoelectronic Hybrid Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyeob Yeo
- Novel Applied Nano Optics Lab, Department of Physics, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Pookgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukjoon Hong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Husnu Emrah Unalan
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Seungyong Han
- Multiscale Bio-inspired Technology Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea and Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design (SNU-IAMD), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea and Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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31
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Yang JC, Mun J, Kwon SY, Park S, Bao Z, Park S. Electronic Skin: Recent Progress and Future Prospects for Skin-Attachable Devices for Health Monitoring, Robotics, and Prosthetics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1904765. [PMID: 31538370 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in electronic skin or e-skin research is broadly reviewed, focusing on technologies needed in three main applications: skin-attachable electronics, robotics, and prosthetics. First, since e-skin will be exposed to prolonged stresses of various kinds and needs to be conformally adhered to irregularly shaped surfaces, materials with intrinsic stretchability and self-healing properties are of great importance. Second, tactile sensing capability such as the detection of pressure, strain, slip, force vector, and temperature are important for health monitoring in skin attachable devices, and to enable object manipulation and detection of surrounding environment for robotics and prosthetics. For skin attachable devices, chemical and electrophysiological sensing and wireless signal communication are of high significance to fully gauge the state of health of users and to ensure user comfort. For robotics and prosthetics, large-area integration on 3D surfaces in a facile and scalable manner is critical. Furthermore, new signal processing strategies using neuromorphic devices are needed to efficiently process tactile information in a parallel and low power manner. For prosthetics, neural interfacing electrodes are of high importance. These topics are discussed, focusing on progress, current challenges, and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chang Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewan Mun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5025, USA
| | - Se Young Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjun Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5025, USA
| | - Steve Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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32
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Liang B, Zhang Z, Chen W, Lu D, Yang L, Yang R, Zhu H, Tang Z, Gui X. Direct Patterning of Carbon Nanotube via Stamp Contact Printing Process for Stretchable and Sensitive Sensing Devices. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2019; 11:92. [PMID: 34138033 PMCID: PMC7770666 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-019-0323-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and wearable sensing devices have broad application prospects in bio-monitoring such as pulse measurement, motion detection and voice recognition. In recent years, many significant improvements had been made to enhance the sensor's performance including sensitivity, flexibility and repeatability. However, it is still extremely complicated and difficult to prepare a patterned sensor directly on a flexible substrate. Herein, inspired by typography, a low-cost, environmentally friendly stamping method for the mass production of transparent conductive carbon nanotube (CNT) film is proposed. In this dry transfer strategy, a porous CNT block was used as both the seal and the ink; and Ecoflex film was served as an object substrate. Well-designed CNT patterns can be easily fabricated on the polymer substrate by engraving the target pattern on the CNT seal before the stamping process. Moreover, the CNT film can be directly used to fabricate ultrathin (300 μm) strain sensor. This strain sensor possesses high sensitivity with a gauge factor (GF) up to 9960 at 85% strain, high stretchability (> 200%) and repeatability (> 5000 cycles). It has been used to measure pulse signals and detect joint motion, suggesting promising application prospects in flexible and wearable electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Zian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongwei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Leilei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Zikang Tang
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuchun Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
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33
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Liu J, Song H, Zhang Y. Toward Imperfection-Insensitive Soft Network Materials for Applications in Stretchable Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:36100-36109. [PMID: 31502438 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Development of stretchable devices with mechanical responses that mimic those of biological tissues/organs is of particular importance for the long-term biointegration, as the discomfort induced by the mechanical mismatch can be minimized. Recent works have established the bioinspired designs of soft network materials that can precisely reproduce the unconventional J-shaped stress-strain curves of human skin at different regions. Existing studies mostly focused on the design, fabrication, and modeling of perfect soft network materials. When utilized as the substrates of biointegrated electronics, the soft network designs, however, often need to incorporate deterministic holes, a type of imperfection, to accommodate hard, inorganic electronic components. Understanding of the effect of hole imperfections on the mechanical properties of soft network materials is thereby essential in practical applications. This paper presents a combined experimental and computational study of the stretchability and elastic modulus of imperfect soft network materials consisting of circular holes with a variety of diameters. Both the size and location of the circular-hole imperfections are shown to have profound influences on the stretchability. Based on these results, design guidelines of imperfection-insensitive network materials are introduced. For the imperfections that result in an evident reduction of stretchability, an effective reinforcement approach is presented by enlarging the width of horseshoe microstructures at strategic locations, which can enhance the stretchability considerably. A stretchable and imperfection-insensitive integrated device with a light-emitting diode embedded in the network material serves a demonstrative application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxing Liu
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics; Center for Flexible Electronics Technology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P.R. China
| | - Honglie Song
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics; Center for Flexible Electronics Technology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P.R. China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics; Center for Flexible Electronics Technology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P.R. China
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Yao S, Yang J, Poblete FR, Hu X, Zhu Y. Multifunctional Electronic Textiles Using Silver Nanowire Composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:31028-31037. [PMID: 31373192 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Textiles represent an appealing platform for continuous wearable applications due to the exceptional combination of compliance, water vapor permeability, and comfortableness for long-term wear. We present mechanically and electrically robust integration of nanocomposites with textiles by laser scribing and heat press lamination. The simple and scalable integration technique enables multifunctional E-textiles without compromising the stretchability, wearability, and washability of textiles. The textile-integrated patterns exhibit small line width (135 μm), low sheet resistance (0.2 Ω/sq), low Young's modulus, good washability, and good electromechanical performance up to 50% strain, which is desirable for wearable and user-friendly electronic textiles. To demonstrate the potential utility, we developed an integrated textile patch comprising four dry electrophysiological electrodes, a capacitive strain sensor, and a wireless heater for electrophysiological monitoring, motion tracking, and thermotherapy, respectively. Beyond the applications demonstrated in this paper, the materials and methods presented here pave the way for various other wearable applications in health care, activity tracking, rehabilitation, sports medicine, and human-machine interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Ji Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710049 , China
| | - Felipe R Poblete
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Xiaogang Hu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill and NC State University , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill and NC State University , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
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Dhowan B, Lim J, MacLean MD, Berman AG, Kim MK, Yang Q, Linnes J, Lee CH, Goergen CJ, Lee H. Simple minimally-invasive automatic antidote delivery device (A2D2) towards closed-loop reversal of opioid overdose. J Control Release 2019; 306:130-137. [PMID: 31158402 PMCID: PMC6629496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
With approximately 48,000 attributed deaths in 2017, the opioid overdose is now the leading cause of death amongst Americans under the age of 50. The overdose process can be interrupted by the administration of naloxone, a safe and effective opiate antagonist that can reverse the effects of overdose and minimizing the delay in administering the antidote is critical in preventing permanent damage to patients. A closed-loop implantable drug delivery system is an ideal solution to minimize the response time, however, they often feature complex designs that are expensive to fabricate and require a more invasive surgical implantation. Here we propose a simple, low-cost, minimally-invasive automatic antidote delivery device (A2D2) that can administer a large dose of naloxone upon detection of overdose-induced respiratory failure. The subcutaneously placed device can be activated using an externally applied time varying magnetic field from a wearable device. Using a custom magnetic field generator, we were able to release the drug within 10 s. Our bench-top evaluation showed that A2D2 can release 1.9 mg of powdered drug within 60 s and up to 8.8 mg in 600 s. We also performed in vivo evaluation to demonstrate rapid drug releasing capability in the subcutaneous space of mice. However, we saw a small amount of leakage (1.75% of payload) over the course of 1000 h of simulated implantation. Thus, additional research is needed to verify the long term stability of our device and to demonstrate the closed-loop release mechanism to revive overdosed animals. Nevertheless, our preliminary results show the potential of using a simple, low-cost, subcutaneous device for emergency drug delivery application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Dhowan
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Center for Implantable Devices, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jongcheon Lim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Center for Implantable Devices, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Michael D MacLean
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Center for Implantable Devices, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alycia G Berman
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Min Ku Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Qi Yang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Center for Implantable Devices, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jacqueline Linnes
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Chi Hwan Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Craig J Goergen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hyowon Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Center for Implantable Devices, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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Cui Z, Poblete FR, Zhu Y. Tailoring the Temperature Coefficient of Resistance of Silver Nanowire Nanocomposites and their Application as Stretchable Temperature Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:17836-17842. [PMID: 30985098 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b04045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Body temperature is an important indicator of the health condition. It is of critical importance to develop a smart temperature sensor for wearable applications. Silver nanowire (AgNW) is a promising conductive material for developing flexible and stretchable electrodes. Here, a stretchable and breathable thermoresistive temperature sensor based on AgNW composites is developed, where a AgNW percolation network is encased in a thin polyimide film. The temperature coefficient of resistance of the AgNW network is tailored by modifying nanowire density and thermal annealing temperature. The temperature sensor is patterned with a Kirigami structure, which enables constant resistance under a large tensile strain (up to 100%). Demonstrated applications in monitoring the temperatures at biceps and knees using the stretchable temperature sensor illustrate the promising potential for wearable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27606 , United States
| | - Felipe Robles Poblete
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27606 , United States
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27606 , United States
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Peng P, Li L, He P, Zhu Y, Fu J, Huang Y, Guo W. One-step selective laser patterning of copper/graphene flexible electrodes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:185301. [PMID: 30641487 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aafe4c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electrodes have attracted much attention in consumer electronic applications. In this work, laser direct writing is used to fabricate copper/graphene composite electrodes on a flexible substrate in one step. This direct writing process with a low power laser can reduce copper ions in thin films to form copper nanomaterials and spontaneously interconnect them to gain good conductivity, while the laser also induces the growth of multi-layer graphene that coats on copper to improve the oxidation resistance of electrodes. The electrical performance and chemical composition of flexible electrodes can be tuned by laser power, scanning speed, and defocus distance. A mechanism of in situ reduction and interconnection of copper nanomaterials during laser direct writing has been proposed. This method could largely reduce the oxidation issue by avoiding synthesis and sintering processes of copper nanomaterials. These as-written copper electrodes have good stability and have potential applications in flexible electronics, such as flexible heaters or antennas as demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Peng
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
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Chung S, Cho K, Lee T. Recent Progress in Inkjet-Printed Thin-Film Transistors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1801445. [PMID: 30937255 PMCID: PMC6425446 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Drop-on-demand inkjet printing is one of the most attractive techniques from a manufacturing perspective due to the possibility of fabrication from a digital layout at ambient conditions, thus leading to great opportunities for the realization of low-cost and flexible thin-film devices. Over the past decades, a variety of inkjet-printed applications including thin-film transistors (TFTs), radio-frequency identification devices, sensors, and displays have been explored. In particular, many research groups have made great efforts to realize high-performance TFTs, for application as potential driving components of ubiquitous wearable electronics. Although there are still challenges to enable the commercialization of printed TFTs beyond laboratory-scale applications, the field of printed TFTs still attracts significant attention, with remarkable developments in soluble materials and printing methodology. Here, recent progress in printing-based TFTs is presented from materials to applications. Significant efforts to improve the electrical performance and device-yield of printed TFTs to match those of counterparts fabricated using conventional deposition or photolithography methods are highlighted. Moreover, emerging low-dimension printable semiconductors, including carbon nanotubes and transition metal dichalcogenides as well as mature semiconductors, and new-concept printed switching devices, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungjun Chung
- Photo‐Electronic Hybrids Research CenterKorea Institute of Science and TechnologyHwarang‐ro 14‐gil 5Seongbuk‐guSeoul02792South Korea
| | - Kyungjune Cho
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied PhysicsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826South Korea
| | - Takhee Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied PhysicsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826South Korea
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Choi S, Han SI, Kim D, Hyeon T, Kim DH. High-performance stretchable conductive nanocomposites: materials, processes, and device applications. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:1566-1595. [PMID: 30519703 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00706c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Highly conductive and intrinsically stretchable electrodes are vital components of soft electronics such as stretchable transistors and circuits, sensors and actuators, light-emitting diode arrays, and energy harvesting devices. Many kinds of conducting nanomaterials with outstanding electrical and mechanical properties have been integrated with elastomers to produce stretchable conductive nanocomposites. Understanding the characteristics of these nanocomposites and assessing the feasibility of their fabrication are therefore critical for the development of high-performance stretchable conductors and electronic devices. We herein summarise the recent advances in stretchable conductors based on the percolation networks of nanoscale conductive fillers in elastomeric media. After discussing the material-, dimension-, and size-dependent properties of conductive fillers and their implications, we highlight various techniques that are used to reduce the contact resistance between the conductive filler materials. Furthermore, we categorize elastomer matrices with different stretchabilities and mechanical properties based on their polymeric chain structures. Then, we discuss the fabrication techniques of stretchable conductive nanocomposites toward their use in soft electronics. Finally, we provide representative examples of stretchable device applications and conclude the review with a brief outlook for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji Choi
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Wang C, Xia K, Wang H, Liang X, Yin Z, Zhang Y. Advanced Carbon for Flexible and Wearable Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1801072. [PMID: 30300444 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and wearable electronics are attracting wide attention due to their potential applications in wearable human health monitoring and care systems. Carbon materials have combined superiorities such as good electrical conductivity, intrinsic and structural flexibility, light weight, high chemical and thermal stability, ease of chemical functionalization, as well as potential mass production, enabling them to be promising candidate materials for flexible and wearable electronics. Consequently, great efforts are devoted to the controlled fabrication of carbon materials with rationally designed structures for applications in next-generation electronics. Herein, the latest advances in the rational design and controlled fabrication of carbon materials toward applications in flexible and wearable electronics are reviewed. Various carbon materials (carbon nanotubes, graphene, natural-biomaterial-derived carbon, etc.) with controlled micro/nanostructures and designed macroscopic morphologies for high-performance flexible electronics are introduced. The fabrication strategies, working mechanism, performance, and applications of carbon-based flexible devices are reviewed and discussed, including strain/pressure sensors, temperature/humidity sensors, electrochemical sensors, flexible conductive electrodes/wires, and flexible power devices. Furthermore, the integration of multiple devices toward multifunctional wearable systems is briefly reviewed. Finally, the existing challenges and future opportunities in this field are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Kailun Xia
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Liang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Yin
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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Jayathilaka WADM, Qi K, Qin Y, Chinnappan A, Serrano-García W, Baskar C, Wang H, He J, Cui S, Thomas SW, Ramakrishna S. Significance of Nanomaterials in Wearables: A Review on Wearable Actuators and Sensors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805921. [PMID: 30589117 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Together with the evolution of digital health care, the wearable electronics field has evolved rapidly during the past few years and is expected to be expanded even further within the first few years of the next decade. As the next stage of wearables is predicted to move toward integrated wearables, nanomaterials and nanocomposites are in the spotlight of the search for novel concepts for integration. In addition, the conversion of current devices and attachment-based wearables into integrated technology may involve a significant size reduction while retaining their functional capabilities. Nanomaterial-based wearable sensors have already marked their presence with a significant distinction while nanomaterial-based wearable actuators are still at their embryonic stage. This review looks into the contribution of nanomaterials and nanocomposites to wearable technology with a focus on wearable sensors and actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kun Qi
- Centre for Nanofiber and Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore
- School of Textile and Clothing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yanli Qin
- Centre for Nanofiber and Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Photovoltaic Technology of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, School of Physical Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Amutha Chinnappan
- Centre for Nanofiber and Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - William Serrano-García
- Centre for Nanofiber and Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore
- Advanced Materials Bio & Integration Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida - Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Chinnappan Baskar
- THDC Institute of Hydropower Engineering and Technology Tehri, Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Textile and Clothing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jianxin He
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Textile and Garment Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450007, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Materials, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450007, China
| | - Shizhong Cui
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Materials, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450007, China
| | - Sylvia W Thomas
- Advanced Materials Bio & Integration Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida - Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Centre for Nanofiber and Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore
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Li W, Yang Y, Zhang B, Li L, Liu G, Li CF, Jiu J, Suganuma K. Three-Dimensional Stretchable and Transparent Conductors with Controllable Strain-Distribution Based on Template-Assisted Transfer Printing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:2140-2148. [PMID: 30569697 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although stretchable transparent conductors, stemmed from the strategies of both conductive composite and structural design of nonstretchable conductors, have been extensively studied, these conductors either suffer from low stretchability or require a complex fabrication process, which drastically limits their practical applications. Here, we propose a novel strategy combining the design of substrates and a simple template-assisted transfer printing process to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) transparent conductors. The strategy not only eliminates the complex and costly fabrication processes but it also endows conductors with high stretchability and long-term stability, thanks to the controllable strain distribution as well as the seamless connection between the conductor layer and the substrate. These newly designed 3D conductors achieve a low sheet resistance of 1.0 Ω/sq with a high transmittance of above 85% and remain stable without obvious resistance change during 1000 stretching-relaxation cycles until 60% strain, which are superior to most reported conductors. A large-area stretchable heater based on the 3D conductor realizes the temperature fluctuation below 10% even under a large strain, thus showing huge application prospects in the field of wearable healthcare electronics. The simple solution-processed fabrication method and high performance such as stretchability and low resistance change over a large strain range promote the practical applications of these newly designed 3D conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Li
- Department of Adaptive Machine Systems, Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , Yamadaoka 2-1 , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR) , Osaka University , Mihogaoka 8-1 , Ibaraki , Osaka 567-0047 , Japan
| | - Yang Yang
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR) , Osaka University , Mihogaoka 8-1 , Ibaraki , Osaka 567-0047 , Japan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Department of Adaptive Machine Systems, Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , Yamadaoka 2-1 , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR) , Osaka University , Mihogaoka 8-1 , Ibaraki , Osaka 567-0047 , Japan
| | - Lingying Li
- Department of Adaptive Machine Systems, Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , Yamadaoka 2-1 , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR) , Osaka University , Mihogaoka 8-1 , Ibaraki , Osaka 567-0047 , Japan
| | - Guiming Liu
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR) , Osaka University , Mihogaoka 8-1 , Ibaraki , Osaka 567-0047 , Japan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001 , China
| | - Cai-Fu Li
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR) , Osaka University , Mihogaoka 8-1 , Ibaraki , Osaka 567-0047 , Japan
| | - Jinting Jiu
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR) , Osaka University , Mihogaoka 8-1 , Ibaraki , Osaka 567-0047 , Japan
| | - Katsuaki Suganuma
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR) , Osaka University , Mihogaoka 8-1 , Ibaraki , Osaka 567-0047 , Japan
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Sadri B, Goswami D, Sala de Medeiros M, Pal A, Castro B, Kuang S, Martinez RV. Wearable and Implantable Epidermal Paper-Based Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:31061-31068. [PMID: 30141320 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Traditional manufacturing methods and materials used to fabricate epidermal electronics for physiological monitoring, transdermal stimulation, and therapeutics are complex and expensive, preventing their adoption as single-use medical devices. This work describes the fabrication of epidermal, paper-based electronic devices (EPEDs) for wearable and implantable applications by combining the spray-based deposition of silanizing agents, highly conductive nanoparticles, and encapsulating polymers with laser micromachining. EPEDs are inexpensive, stretchable, easy to apply, and disposable by burning. The omniphobic character and fibrous structure of EPEDs make them breathable, mechanically stable upon stretching, and facilitate their use as electrophysiological sensors to record electrocardiograms, electromyograms, and electrooculograms, even under water. EPEDs can also be used to provide thermotherapeutic treatments to joints, map temperature spatially, and as wirelessly powered implantable devices for stimulation and therapeutics. This work makes epidermal electronic devices accessible to high-throughput manufacturing technologies and will enable the fabrication of a variety of wearable medical devices at a low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Sadri
- School of Industrial Engineering , Purdue University , 315 N. Grant Street , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Debkalpa Goswami
- School of Industrial Engineering , Purdue University , 315 N. Grant Street , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Marina Sala de Medeiros
- School of Industrial Engineering , Purdue University , 315 N. Grant Street , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Aniket Pal
- School of Industrial Engineering , Purdue University , 315 N. Grant Street , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Beatriz Castro
- Department of Animal Sciences , Purdue University , 270 S. Russell Street , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- Department of Animal Sciences , Purdue University , 270 S. Russell Street , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Ramses V Martinez
- School of Industrial Engineering , Purdue University , 315 N. Grant Street , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering , 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
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Hanif A, Trung TQ, Siddiqui S, Toi PT, Lee NE. Stretchable, Transparent, Tough, Ultrathin, and Self-limiting Skin-like Substrate for Stretchable Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:27297-27307. [PMID: 30040378 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b08283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Human skin is highly stretchable at low strain but becomes self-limiting when deformed at large strain due to stiffening caused by alignment of a network of stiff collagen nanofibers inside the tissue beneath the epidermis. To imitate this mechanical behavior and the sensory function of human skin, we fabricated a skin-like substrate with highly stretchable, transparent, tough, ultrathin, mechanosensory, and self-limiting properties by incorporating piezoelectric crystalline poly((vinylidene fluoride)- co-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) nanofibers with a high modulus into the low modulus matrix of elastomeric poly(dimethylsiloxane). Randomly distributed P(VDF-TrFE) nanofibers in the elastomer matrix conferred a self-limiting property to the skin-like substrate so that it can easily stretch at low strain but swiftly counteract rupturing in response to stretching. The stretchability, toughness, and Young's modulus of the ultrathin (∼62 μm) skin-like substrate with high optical transparency could be tuned by controlling the loading of nanofibers. Moreover, the ultrathin skin-like substrate with a stretchable temperature sensor fabricated on it demonstrated the ability to accommodate bodily motion-induced strain in the sensor while maintaining its mechanosensory and thermosensory functionalities.
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Liang B, Lin Z, Chen W, He Z, Zhong J, Zhu H, Tang Z, Gui X. Ultra-stretchable and highly sensitive strain sensor based on gradient structure carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:13599-13606. [PMID: 29978867 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02528b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
High stretchability and sensitivity of strain sensors are two properties that are very difficult to combine together into one material, due to the intrinsic dilemma of the opposite requirements of robustness of the conductive network. Therefore, the improvement of one property is always achieved at the expense of decreasing the other property, and preventing its practical application. Inspired by the micro-structure of the copolymer, which consists of stretchable amorphous and strong crystal domains, we developed a highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensor, based on innovative gradient carbon nanotubes (CNTs). By integrating randomly oriented and well aligned CNTs, acting as sensitive and stretchable conductive elements, respectively, into a continuous changing structure, our strain sensors successfully combine both a high sensitivity (gauge factor (GF) = 13.5) and ultra-stretchability (>550%). With a fast response speed (<33 ms) and recovery speed (<60 ms), lossless detection of a 8 Hz mechanical signal has been easily realized. In addition, the gradient CNTs strain sensors also showed great durability in a dynamic test of 12 000 cycles, as well as extraordinary linearity and ultra-low working voltage (10 mV). These outstanding features mean our sensors have enormous potential for applications in health monitoring, sports performance monitoring and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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Dong W, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Bai Y, Ju Z, Guo J, Gu G, Bai K, Ouyang G, Chen S, Zhang Q, Huang Y. Soft human–machine interfaces: design, sensing and stimulation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT ROBOTICS AND APPLICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41315-018-0060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Zhao XH, Ma SN, Long H, Yuan H, Tang CY, Cheng PK, Tsang YH. Multifunctional Sensor Based on Porous Carbon Derived from Metal-Organic Frameworks for Real Time Health Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:3986-3993. [PMID: 29303248 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b16859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and sensitive sensors that can detect external stimuli such as pressure, temperature, and strain are essential components for applications in health diagnosis and artificial intelligence. Multifunctional sensors with the capabilities of sensing pressure and temperature simultaneously are highly desirable for health monitoring. Here, we have successfully fabricated a flexible and simply structured bimodal sensor based on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) derived porous carbon (PC) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite. Attributed to the porous structure of PC/PDMS composite, the fabricated sensor exhibits high sensitivity (15.63 kPa-1), fast response time (<65 ms), and high durability (∼2000 cycles) for pressure sensing. Additionally, its application in detecting human motions such as subtle wrist pulses in real time has been demonstrated. Furthermore, the as-prepared device based on the PC/PDMS composite exhibits a good sensitivity (>0.11 °C-1) and fast response time (∼100 ms), indicating its potential application in sensing temperature. All of these capabilities indicate its great potential in the applications of health monitoring and artificial skin for artificial intelligence system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Hua Zhao
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Research Center, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai-Nan Ma
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Research Center, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Long
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Research Center, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyu Yuan
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Research Center, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Yin Tang
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Research Center, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Kwong Cheng
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Research Center, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuen Hong Tsang
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Research Center, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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48
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Ha M, Lim S, Ko H. Wearable and flexible sensors for user-interactive health-monitoring devices. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:4043-4064. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01063c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of flexible and wearable healthcare devices facilitates a real-time monitoring of body activities as well as detecting various biosignals, which provided useful information to manage one's health condition for personal health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Ha
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)
- Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919
- Republic of Korea
| | - Seongdong Lim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)
- Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhyub Ko
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)
- Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919
- Republic of Korea
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Yao S, Swetha P, Zhu Y. Nanomaterial-Enabled Wearable Sensors for Healthcare. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 29193793 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly sensitive wearable sensors that can be conformably attached to human skin or integrated with textiles to monitor the physiological parameters of human body or the surrounding environment have garnered tremendous interest. Owing to the large surface area and outstanding material properties, nanomaterials are promising building blocks for wearable sensors. Recent advances in the nanomaterial-enabled wearable sensors including temperature, electrophysiological, strain, tactile, electrochemical, and environmental sensors are presented in this review. Integration of multiple sensors for multimodal sensing and integration with other components into wearable systems are summarized. Representative applications of nanomaterial-enabled wearable sensors for healthcare, including continuous health monitoring, daily and sports activity tracking, and multifunctional electronic skin are highlighted. Finally, challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives in the field of nanomaterial-enabled wearable sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695‐7910 USA
| | - Puchakayala Swetha
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695‐7910 USA
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695‐7910 USA
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50
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Miyamoto A, Lee S, Cooray NF, Lee S, Mori M, Matsuhisa N, Jin H, Yoda L, Yokota T, Itoh A, Sekino M, Kawasaki H, Ebihara T, Amagai M, Someya T. Inflammation-free, gas-permeable, lightweight, stretchable on-skin electronics with nanomeshes. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12:907-913. [PMID: 28737748 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2017.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Thin-film electronic devices can be integrated with skin for health monitoring and/or for interfacing with machines. Minimal invasiveness is highly desirable when applying wearable electronics directly onto human skin. However, manufacturing such on-skin electronics on planar substrates results in limited gas permeability. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically investigate their long-term physiological and psychological effects. As a demonstration of substrate-free electronics, here we show the successful fabrication of inflammation-free, highly gas-permeable, ultrathin, lightweight and stretchable sensors that can be directly laminated onto human skin for long periods of time, realized with a conductive nanomesh structure. A one-week skin patch test revealed that the risk of inflammation caused by on-skin sensors can be significantly suppressed by using the nanomesh sensors. Furthermore, a wireless system that can detect touch, temperature and pressure is successfully demonstrated using a nanomesh with excellent mechanical durability. In addition, electromyogram recordings were successfully taken with minimal discomfort to the user.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Miyamoto
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Sungwon Lee
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Nawalage Florence Cooray
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Sunghoon Lee
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Mami Mori
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Naoji Matsuhisa
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hanbit Jin
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Leona Yoda
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yokota
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Akira Itoh
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Masaki Sekino
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Ebihara
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takao Someya
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory &Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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