1
|
Cong S, Chen J, Xie M, Deng Z, Chen C, Liu R, Duan J, Zhu X, Li Z, Cheng Y, Huang W, McCulloch I, Yue W. Single ambipolar OECT-based inverter with volatility and nonvolatility on demand. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadq9405. [PMID: 39383214 PMCID: PMC11463256 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adq9405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/11/2024]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistor (OECT)-based inverter introduces new prospects for energy-efficient brain-inspired artificial intelligence devices. Here, we report single-component OECT-based inverters by incorporating ambipolar p(gDPP-V). Notably, p(gDPP-V) shows state-of-the-art ambipolar OECT performances in both conventional (p/n-type mode transconductance of 29/25 S cm-1) and vertical (transconductance of 297.2/292.4 μS μm-2 under p/n operation) device architectures. Especially, the resulting highly stable vertical OECT-based inverter shows a high voltage gain of 105 V V-1 under a low driving voltage of 0.8 V. The inverter exhibits undiscovered voltage-regulated dual mode: volatile receptor and nonvolatile synapse. Moreover, applications of physiology signal recording and demonstrations of NAND/NOR logic circuits are investigated within the volatile feature, while neuromorphic simulations with a convolutional neural network and image memorizing capabilities are explored under the nonvolatile behavior. The ambipolar OECT-based inverter, capable of both volatile and nonvolatile operations, provides possibilities for the applications of reconfigurable complementary logic circuits in novel neuromorphic computing paradigms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Cong
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Junxin Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Miao Xie
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China
| | - Ziyi Deng
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China
| | - Chaoyue Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Riping Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jiayao Duan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiuyuan Zhu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhengke Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yuhua Cheng
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Wan Yue
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yu S, Sun X, Liu J, Li S. OECT - Inspired electrical detection. Talanta 2024; 275:126180. [PMID: 38703480 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Organic Electrochemical Transistors (OECTs) are integral in detecting human bioelectric signals, attributing their significance to distinct electrochemical properties, the utilization of soft materials, compact dimensions, and pronounced biocompatibility. This review traverses the technological evolution of OECT, highlighting its profound impact on non-invasive detection methodologies within the biomedicalfield. Four sensor types rooted in OECT technology were introduced: Electrocardiogram (ECG), Electroencephalogram (EEG), Electromyography (EMG), and Electrooculography (EOG), which hold promise for integration into wearable detection systems. The fundamental detection principles, material compositions, and functional attributes of these sensors are examined. Additionally, the performance metrics and delineates viable optimization strategies for assorted physiological electrical detection sensors are discussed. The overarching goal of this review is to foster deeper insights into the generation, propagation, and modulation of electrophysiological signals, thereby advancing the application and development of OECT in medical sciences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shixin Yu
- School of Automation Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012, China
| | - Xiaojun Sun
- School of Automation Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- School of Automation Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012, China.
| | - Shuang Li
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Song J, Liu H, Zhao Z, Lin P, Yan F. Flexible Organic Transistors for Biosensing: Devices and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2300034. [PMID: 36853083 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable biosensors can offer seamless and conformable biological-electronic interfaces for continuously acquiring high-fidelity signals, permitting numerous emerging applications. Organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) are ideal transducers for flexible and stretchable biosensing due to their soft nature, inherent amplification function, biocompatibility, ease of functionalization, low cost, and device diversity. In consideration of the rapid advances in flexible-OTFT-based biosensors and their broad applications, herein, a timely and comprehensive review is provided. It starts with a detailed introduction to the features of various OTFTs including organic field-effect transistors and organic electrochemical transistors, and the functionalization strategies for biosensing, with a highlight on the seminal work and up-to-date achievements. Then, the applications of flexible-OTFT-based biosensors in wearable, implantable, and portable electronics, as well as neuromorphic biointerfaces are detailed. Subsequently, special attention is paid to emerging stretchable organic transistors including planar and fibrous devices. The routes to impart stretchability, including structural engineering and material engineering, are discussed, and the implementations of stretchable organic transistors in e-skin and smart textiles are included. Finally, the remaining challenges and the future opportunities in this field are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Song
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Peng Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials and Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Research Institute of Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bai J, Liu D, Tian X, Wang Y, Cui B, Yang Y, Dai S, Lin W, Zhu J, Wang J, Xu A, Gu Z, Zhang S. Coin-sized, fully integrated, and minimally invasive continuous glucose monitoring system based on organic electrochemical transistors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl1856. [PMID: 38640241 PMCID: PMC11029813 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl1856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGMs) are critical toward closed-loop diabetes management. The field's progress urges next-generation CGMs with enhanced antinoise ability, reliability, and wearability. Here, we propose a coin-sized, fully integrated, and wearable CGM, achieved by holistically synergizing state-of-the-art interdisciplinary technologies of biosensors, minimally invasive tools, and hydrogels. The proposed CGM consists of three major parts: (i) an emerging biochemical signal amplifier, the organic electrochemical transistor (OECT), improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) beyond traditional electrochemical sensors; (ii) a microneedle array to facilitate subcutaneous glucose sampling with minimized pain; and (iii) a soft hydrogel to stabilize the skin-device interface. Compared to conventional CGMs, the OECT-CGM offers a high antinoise ability, tunable sensitivity and resolution, and comfort wearability, enabling personalized glucose sensing for future precision diabetes health care. Last, we discuss how OECT technology can help push the limit of detection of current wearable electrochemical biosensors, especially when operating in complicated conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bai
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dingyao Liu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xinyu Tian
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Binbin Cui
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yilin Yang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shilei Dai
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wensheng Lin
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jixiang Zhu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhen Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Shiming Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiang X, Shi C, Wang Z, Huang L, Chi L. Healthcare Monitoring Sensors Based on Organic Transistors: Surface/Interface Strategy and Performance. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308952. [PMID: 37951211 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic transistors possess inherent advantages such as flexibility, biocompatibility, customizable chemical structures, solution-processability, and amplifying capabilities, making them highly promising for portable healthcare sensor applications. Through convenient and diverse modifications at the material and device surfaces or interfaces, organic transistors allow for a wide range of sensor applications spanning from chemical and biological to physical sensing. In this comprehensive review, the surface and interface engineering aspect associated with four types of typical healthcare sensors is focused. The device operation principles and sensing mechanisms are systematically analyzed and highlighted, and particularly surface/interface functionalization strategies that contribute to the enhancement of sensing performance are focused. An outlook and perspective on the critical issues and challenges in the field of healthcare sensing using organic transistors are provided as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Jiang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Shi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zi Wang
- Suzhou Laboratory, 388 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lizhen Huang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim JH, Halaksa R, Jo IY, Ahn H, Gilhooly-Finn PA, Lee I, Park S, Nielsen CB, Yoon MH. Peculiar transient behaviors of organic electrochemical transistors governed by ion injection directionality. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7577. [PMID: 38016963 PMCID: PMC10684893 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42840-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the growing interest in dynamic behaviors at the frequency domain, there exist very few studies on molecular orientation-dependent transient responses of organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors. In this research, we investigated the effect of ion injection directionality on transient electrochemical transistor behaviors by developing a model mixed conductor system. Two polymers with similar electrical, ionic, and electrochemical characteristics but distinct backbone planarities and molecular orientations were successfully synthesized by varying the co-monomer unit (2,2'-bithiophene or phenylene) in conjunction with a novel 1,4-dithienylphenylene-based monomer. The comprehensive electrochemical analysis suggests that the molecular orientation affects the length of the ion-drift pathway, which is directly correlated with ion mobility, resulting in peculiar OECT transient responses. These results provide the general insight into molecular orientation-dependent ion movement characteristics as well as high-performance device design principles with fine-tuned transient responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hwan Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Roman Halaksa
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Il-Young Jo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungju Ahn
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Inho Lee
- Department of Intelligence Semiconductor Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjun Park
- Department of Intelligence Semiconductor Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Christian B Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Myung-Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yao Y, Huang W, Chen J, Liu X, Bai L, Chen W, Cheng Y, Ping J, Marks TJ, Facchetti A. Flexible and Stretchable Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Physiological Sensing Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209906. [PMID: 36808773 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable bioelectronics provides a biocompatible interface between electronics and biological systems and has received tremendous attention for in situ monitoring of various biological systems. Considerable progress in organic electronics has made organic semiconductors, as well as other organic electronic materials, ideal candidates for developing wearable, implantable, and biocompatible electronic circuits due to their potential mechanical compliance and biocompatibility. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), as an emerging class of organic electronic building blocks, exhibit significant advantages in biological sensing due to the ionic nature at the basis of the switching behavior, low driving voltage (<1 V), and high transconductance (in millisiemens range). During the past few years, significant progress in constructing flexible/stretchable OECTs (FSOECTs) for both biochemical and bioelectrical sensors has been reported. In this regard, to summarize major research accomplishments in this emerging field, this review first discusses structure and critical features of FSOECTs, including working principles, materials, and architectural engineering. Next, a wide spectrum of relevant physiological sensing applications, where FSOECTs are the key components, are summarized. Last, major challenges and opportunities for further advancing FSOECT physiological sensors are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Xiaoxue Liu
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
| | - Libing Bai
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yuhua Cheng
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Ping
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee Y, Carnicer-Lombarte A, Han S, Woodington BJ, Chai S, Polyravas AG, Velasco-Bosom S, Kim EH, Malliaras GG, Jung S. Tunable Organic Active Neural Probe Enabling Near-Sensor Signal Processing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2301782. [PMID: 37212503 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Neural recording systems have significantly progressed to provide an advanced understanding and treatment for neurological diseases. Flexible transistor-based active neural probes exhibit great potential in electrophysiology applications due to their intrinsic amplification capability and tissue-compliant nature. However, most current active neural probes exhibit bulky back-end connectivity since the output is current, and the development of an integrated circuit for voltage output is crucial for near-sensor signal processing at the abiotic/biotic interface. Here, inkjet-printed organic voltage amplifiers are presented by monolithically integrating organic electrochemical transistors and thin-film polymer resistors on a single, highly flexible substrate for in vivo brain activity recording. Additive inkjet printing enables the seamless integration of multiple active and passive components on the somatosensory cortex, leading to significant noise reduction over the externally connected typical configuration. It also facilitates fine-tuning of the voltage amplification and frequency properties. The organic voltage amplifiers are validated as electrocorticography devices in a rat in vivo model, showing their ability to record local field potentials in an experimental model of spontaneous and epileptiform activity. These results bring organic active neural probes to the forefront in applications where efficient sensory data processing is performed at sensor endpoints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongwoo Lee
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Alejandro Carnicer-Lombarte
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Sanggil Han
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
- Department of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Ben J Woodington
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Seungjin Chai
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Anastasios G Polyravas
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Santiago Velasco-Bosom
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 20 Bodeum 7-ro, Sejong, 30099, Republic of Korea
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Sungjune Jung
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Oh SH, Oh M, Lee S, Kim DK, Lee JS, Lee SK, Kang SK, Joo YC. Fast and Durable Nanofiber Mat Channel Organic Electrochemical Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:39614-39624. [PMID: 37556112 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronic devices that offer real-time measurements, biological signal processing, and continuous monitoring while maintaining stable performance are in high demand. The materials used in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) demonstrate high transconductance (GM) and excellent biocompatibility, making them suitable for bioelectronics in a biological environment. However, ion migration in OECTs induces a delayed response time and low cut-off frequency, and the adverse biological environment causes OECT durability problems. Herein, we present OECTs with a faster response time and improved durability, made possible by using a nanofiber mat channel of a conventional OECT structure. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)/polyacrylamide (PAAm) nanofiber mat channel OECTs are fabricated and subjected to various durability tests for the first time based on continuous measurements and mechanical stability assessments. The results indicate that the nanofiber mat channel OECTs have a faster response time and longer life spans compared to those of film channel OECTs. The improvements can be attributed to the increased surface area and fibrous structure of the nanofiber mat channel. Furthermore, the hydrogel helps to maintain the structure of the nanofiber, facilitates material exchange, and eliminates the need for a crosslinker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Oh
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Minseok Oh
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Seongi Lee
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Do-Kyun Kim
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Jong-Sung Lee
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Sol-Kyu Lee
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Seung-Kyun Kang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Young-Chang Joo
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu R, Paulsen BD, Ma Q, McCulloch I, Rivnay J. Quantitative Composition and Mesoscale Ion Distribution in p-Type Organic Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37326843 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the ionic composition and distribution in organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) is crucial for understanding their structure-property relationships. Despite this, direct measurements of OMIEC ionic composition and distribution are not common. In this work, we investigated the ionic composition and mesoscopic structure of three typical p-type OMIEC materials: an ethylene glycol-treated crosslinked OMIEC with a large excess fixed anionic charge (EG/GOPS-PEDOT:PSS), an acid-treated OMIEC with a tunable fixed anionic charge (crys-PEDOT:PSS), and a single-component OMIEC without any fixed anionic charge (pg2T-TT). A combination of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, gravimetry, coulometry, and grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) techniques was employed to characterize these OMIECs following electrolyte exposure and electrochemical cycling. In particular, XRF provided quantitative ion-to-monomer compositions for these OMIECs from passive ion uptake following aqueous electrolyte exposure and potential-driven ion uptake/expulsion following electrochemical doping and dedoping. Single-ion (cation) transport in EG/GOPS-PEDOT:PSS due to Donnan exclusion was directly confirmed, while significant fixed anion concentrations in crys-PEDOT:PSS doping and dedoping were shown to occur through mixed anion and cation transport. Controlling the fixed anionic (PSS-) charge density in crys-PEDOT:PSS mapped the strength of Donnan exclusion in OMIEC systems following a Donnan-Gibbs model. Anion transport dominated pg2T-TT doping and dedoping, but a surprising degree of anionic charge trapping (∼1020 cm-3) was observed. GISAXS revealed minimal ion segregation both between PEDOT- and PSS-rich domains in EG/GOPS-PEDOT:PSS and between amorphous and semicrystalline domains in pg2T-TT but showed significant ion segregation in crys-PEDOT:PSS at length scales of tens of nm, ascribed to inter-nanofibril void space. These results bring new clarity to the ionic composition and distribution of OMIECs which are crucial for accurately connecting the structure and properties of these materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Qing Ma
- DND-CAT, Synchrotron Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
López-Larraz E, Escolano C, Robledo-Menéndez A, Morlas L, Alda A, Minguez J. A garment that measures brain activity: proof of concept of an EEG sensor layer fully implemented with smart textiles. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1135153. [PMID: 37305362 PMCID: PMC10250743 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1135153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the first garment capable of measuring brain activity with accuracy comparable to that of state-of-the art dry electroencephalogram (EEG) systems. The main innovation is an EEG sensor layer (i.e., the electrodes, the signal transmission, and the cap support) made entirely of threads, fabrics, and smart textiles, eliminating the need for metal or plastic materials. The garment is connected to a mobile EEG amplifier to complete the measurement system. As a first proof of concept, the new EEG system (Garment-EEG) was characterized with respect to a state-of-the-art Ag/AgCl dry-EEG system (Dry-EEG) over the forehead area of healthy participants in terms of: (1) skin-electrode impedance; (2) EEG activity; (3) artifacts; and (4) user ergonomics and comfort. The results show that the Garment-EEG system provides comparable recordings to Dry-EEG, but it is more susceptible to artifacts under adverse recording conditions due to poorer contact impedances. The textile-based sensor layer offers superior ergonomics and comfort compared to its metal-based counterpart. We provide the datasets recorded with Garment-EEG and Dry-EEG systems, making available the first open-access dataset of an EEG sensor layer built exclusively with textile materials. Achieving user acceptance is an obstacle in the field of neurotechnology. The introduction of EEG systems encapsulated in wearables has the potential to democratize neurotechnology and non-invasive brain-computer interfaces, as they are naturally accepted by people in their daily lives. Furthermore, supporting the EEG implementation in the textile industry may result in lower cost and less-polluting manufacturing processes compared to metal and plastic industries.
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu M, Yao K, Huang N, Li H, Zhou J, Shi R, Li J, Huang X, Li J, Jia H, Gao Z, Wong TH, Li D, Hou S, Liu Y, Zhang S, Song E, Yu J, Yu X. Ultrathin, Soft, Bioresorbable Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Transient Spatiotemporal Mapping of Brain Activity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300504. [PMID: 36825679 PMCID: PMC10190644 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A critical challenge lies in the development of the next-generation neural interface, in mechanically tissue-compatible fashion, that offer accurate, transient recording electrophysiological (EP) information and autonomous degradation after stable operation. Here, an ultrathin, lightweight, soft and multichannel neural interface is presented based on organic-electrochemical-transistor-(OECT)-based network, with capabilities of continuous high-fidelity mapping of neural signals and biosafety active degrading after performing functions. Such platform yields a high spatiotemporal resolution of 1.42 ms and 20 µm, with signal-to-noise ratio up to ≈37 dB. The implantable OECT arrays can well establish stable functional neural interfaces, designed as fully biodegradable electronic platforms in vivo. Demonstrated applications of such OECT implants include real-time monitoring of electrical activities from the cortical surface of rats under various conditions (e.g., narcosis, epileptic seizure, and electric stimuli) and electrocorticography mapping from 100 channels. This technology offers general applicability in neural interfaces, with great potential utility in treatment/diagnosis of neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengge Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated DevicesSchool of Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC)Chengdu610054P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity University of Hong KongHong KongP. R. China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and PerceptionInstitute of OptoelectronicsFudan UniversityShanghai200433P. R. China
| | - Kuanming Yao
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity University of Hong KongHong KongP. R. China
| | - Ningge Huang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and PerceptionInstitute of OptoelectronicsFudan UniversityShanghai200433P. R. China
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity University of Hong KongHong KongP. R. China
| | - Jingkun Zhou
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity University of Hong KongHong KongP. R. China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebra‐Cardiovascular Health EngineeringHong Kong Science ParkNew TerritoriesHong KongP. R. China
| | - Rui Shi
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity University of Hong KongHong KongP. R. China
| | - Jiyu Li
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity University of Hong KongHong KongP. R. China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebra‐Cardiovascular Health EngineeringHong Kong Science ParkNew TerritoriesHong KongP. R. China
| | - Xingcan Huang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity University of Hong KongHong KongP. R. China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity University of Hong KongHong KongP. R. China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebra‐Cardiovascular Health EngineeringHong Kong Science ParkNew TerritoriesHong KongP. R. China
| | - Huiling Jia
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity University of Hong KongHong KongP. R. China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebra‐Cardiovascular Health EngineeringHong Kong Science ParkNew TerritoriesHong KongP. R. China
| | - Zhan Gao
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity University of Hong KongHong KongP. R. China
| | - Tsz Hung Wong
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity University of Hong KongHong KongP. R. China
| | - Dengfeng Li
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity University of Hong KongHong KongP. R. China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebra‐Cardiovascular Health EngineeringHong Kong Science ParkNew TerritoriesHong KongP. R. China
| | - Sihui Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated DevicesSchool of Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC)Chengdu610054P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity University of Hong KongHong KongP. R. China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity University of Hong KongHong KongP. R. China
| | - Shiming Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringThe University of Hong KongHong KongSARP. R. China
| | - Enming Song
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and PerceptionInstitute of OptoelectronicsFudan UniversityShanghai200433P. R. China
| | - Junsheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated DevicesSchool of Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC)Chengdu610054P. R. China
| | - Xinge Yu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity University of Hong KongHong KongP. R. China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebra‐Cardiovascular Health EngineeringHong Kong Science ParkNew TerritoriesHong KongP. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Vertical organic electrochemical transistors for complementary circuits. Nature 2023; 613:496-502. [PMID: 36653571 PMCID: PMC9849123 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05592-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) and OECT-based circuitry offer great potential in bioelectronics, wearable electronics and artificial neuromorphic electronics because of their exceptionally low driving voltages (<1 V), low power consumption (<1 µW), high transconductances (>10 mS) and biocompatibility1-5. However, the successful realization of critical complementary logic OECTs is currently limited by temporal and/or operational instability, slow redox processes and/or switching, incompatibility with high-density monolithic integration and inferior n-type OECT performance6-8. Here we demonstrate p- and n-type vertical OECTs with balanced and ultra-high performance by blending redox-active semiconducting polymers with a redox-inactive photocurable and/or photopatternable polymer to form an ion-permeable semiconducting channel, implemented in a simple, scalable vertical architecture that has a dense, impermeable top contact. Footprint current densities exceeding 1 kA cm-2 at less than ±0.7 V, transconductances of 0.2-0.4 S, short transient times of less than 1 ms and ultra-stable switching (>50,000 cycles) are achieved in, to our knowledge, the first vertically stacked complementary vertical OECT logic circuits. This architecture opens many possibilities for fundamental studies of organic semiconductor redox chemistry and physics in nanoscopically confined spaces, without macroscopic electrolyte contact, as well as wearable and implantable device applications.
Collapse
|
14
|
Kim S, Yoo H. Recent Progress in Thin-Film Transistors toward Digital, Analog, and Functional Circuits. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:2258. [PMID: 36557558 PMCID: PMC9783209 DOI: 10.3390/mi13122258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Thin-film transistors have been extensively developed due to their process merit: high compatibility with various substrates, large-area processes, and low-cost processes. Despite these advantages, most efforts for thin-film transistors still remain at the level of unit devices, so the circuit level for practical use needs to be further developed. In this regard, this review revisits digital and analog thin-film circuits using carbon nanotubes (CNTs), organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), organic semiconductors, metal oxides, and two-dimensional materials. This review also discusses how to integrate thin-film circuits at the unit device level and some key issues such as metal routing and interconnection. Challenges and opportunities are also discussed to pave the way for developing thin-film circuits and their practical applications.
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang R, Zhang J, Tan F, Yang D, Wang B, Dai J, Qi Y, Ran L, He W, Lv Y, Wang F, Fang Y. Multi-channel AgNWs-doped interdigitated organic electrochemical transistors enable sputum-based device towards noninvasive and portable diagnosis of lung cancer. Mater Today Bio 2022; 16:100385. [PMID: 35991625 PMCID: PMC9386496 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochemical monitoring of bodily fluidics such as sweat, urine, and tears have been extensively developed, but reliable biochemical analysis of sputum biospecimens remains limited and challenging due to the low abundance of biomarkers in intrinsically viscous sputum. We reported a portable multi-channel sputum-based interdigitated organic electrochemical transistors (SiOECTs) device for noninvasive sputum diagnosis. We tailored the AgNWs-doped organic electrochemical transistors, integrating with multiplexed aptamer-antigen assays, to realize the signal amplification and simultaneous detection of biomarkers in raw sputum biospecimens from lung cancer patients. Clinical validation studies demonstrated favorable correlation coefficients between the sputum and serum biospecimens. By utilizing our portable multi-channel iOECTs devices, lung cancer patients were differentiated from health control with an optimum area under the curve (AUC) of 0.931, sensitivity of 87.0%, and specificity of 86.5%. Our miniaturized and portable device could even realize the continuous in-home tracking of the biomarkers change for lung cancer patients after radiotherapy/chemotherapy. It is envisaged that the SiOECTs will shed light on noninvasive diagnostics platforms for sputum-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ru Zhang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Fei Tan
- Department of ORL-HNS, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, And School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- The Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, UK
| | - Deqi Yang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Bingfang Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Jing Dai
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Yin Qi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Linyu Ran
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Wenjuan He
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Yingying Lv
- Research Centre of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Feilong Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Yin Fang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liang Y, Tang H, Zhang C, Liu C, Lan L, Huang F. Synergistic Effect of Oxoammonium Salt and Its Counterions for Fabricating Organic Electrochemical Transistors with Low Power Consumption. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:51165-51174. [PMID: 36335598 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The state-of-the-art poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)-based organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are gaining importance for a variety of biological applications due to their mixed electronic and ionic conductivities featuring ion-to-electron conversion. A low operation voltage without sacrificing device performance is desired to realize long-term monitoring of biological activities. In the present work, oxoammonium salts with two different counterions (TEMPO+X-, where TEMPO = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxoammonium; X = Br- and TFSI-) are employed as secondary dopants to modulate the device performance. Both oxoammonium salts feature a distinct dopant concentration-dependent doping effect, allowing precise control in improving the performance of OECTs. A zero-gate bias, corresponding to the maximum transconductance, and a low threshold voltage are realized by optimizing the dopant concentrations. In addition, TEMPO+TFSI- dopant exerts great capability in modulating the work function and in morphology reconstruction of PEDOT:PSS, ensuring a well-matched work function at the gold electrode-channel material interface and condensed microstructure stacking with an edge-on orientation in the doped PEDOT:PSS films. The synergistic effect of TEMPO and the TFSI- counterion endows the device with superior performance to its counterparts due to the resultant higher μC* figure, benefiting from the efficient injection/extraction of holes at the interface and enhanced intra- and inter-chain carrier transport. The excellent device performance makes the OECT a promising neuromorphic device to mimic basic brain functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanying Liang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Haoran Tang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Chunyang Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Chunchen Liu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Linfeng Lan
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Maria IP, Griggs S, Rashid RB, Paulsen BD, Surgailis J, Thorley K, Le VN, Harrison GT, Combe C, Hallani R, Giovannitti A, Paterson AF, Inal S, Rivnay J, McCulloch I. Enhancing the Backbone Coplanarity of n-Type Copolymers for Higher Electron Mobility and Stability in Organic Electrochemical Transistors. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 34:8593-8602. [PMID: 36248228 PMCID: PMC9558307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c01552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electron-transporting (n-type) conjugated polymers have recently been applied in numerous electrochemical applications, where both ion and electron transport are required. Despite continuous efforts to improve their performance and stability, n-type conjugated polymers with mixed conduction still lag behind their hole-transporting (p-type) counterparts, limiting the functions of electrochemical devices. In this work, we investigate the effect of enhanced backbone coplanarity on the electrochemical activity and mixed ionic-electronic conduction properties of n-type polymers during operation in aqueous media. Through substitution of the widely employed electron-deficient naphthalene diimide (NDI) unit for the core-extended naphthodithiophene diimide (NDTI) units, the resulting polymer shows a more planar backbone with closer packing, leading to an increase in the electron mobility in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) by more than two orders of magnitude. The NDTI-based polymer shows a deep-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level, enabling operation of the OECT closer to 0 V vs Ag/AgCl, where fewer parasitic reactions with molecular oxygen occur. Enhancing the backbone coplanarity also leads to a lower affinity toward water uptake during cycling, resulting in improved stability during continuous electrochemical charging and ON-OFF switching relative to the NDI derivative. Furthermore, the NDTI-based polymer also demonstrates near-perfect shelf-life stability over a month-long test, exhibiting a negligible decrease in both the maximum on-current and transconductance. Our results highlight the importance of polymer backbone design for developing stable, high-performing n-type materials with mixed ionic-electronic conduction in aqueous media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iuliana P. Maria
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Sophie Griggs
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Reem B. Rashid
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern
University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-0001, United States
| | - Bryan D. Paulsen
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern
University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-0001, United States
| | - Jokubas Surgailis
- Biological
and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karl Thorley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Vianna N. Le
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University
of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - George T. Harrison
- KAUST
Solar Center, King Abdullah University of
Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Craig Combe
- KAUST
Solar Center, King Abdullah University of
Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawad Hallani
- KAUST
Solar Center, King Abdullah University of
Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexander Giovannitti
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Alexandra F. Paterson
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University
of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Sahika Inal
- Biological
and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern
University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-0001, United States
- Simpson
Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
- KAUST
Solar Center, King Abdullah University of
Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tan STM, Giovannitti A, Marks A, Moser M, Quill TJ, McCulloch I, Salleo A, Bonacchini GE. Conjugated Polymers for Microwave Applications: Untethered Sensing Platforms and Multifunctional Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202994. [PMID: 35759573 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, organic electronic materials have enabled and accelerated a large and diverse set of technologies, from energy-harvesting devices and electromechanical actuators, to flexible and printed (opto)electronic circuitry. Among organic (semi)conductors, organic mixed ion-electronic conductors (OMIECs) are now at the center of renewed interest in organic electronics, as they are key drivers of recent developments in the fields of bioelectronics, energy storage, and neuromorphic computing. However, due to the relatively slow switching dynamics of organic electronics, their application in microwave technology, until recently, has been overlooked. Nonetheless, other unique properties of OMIECs, such as their substantial electrochemical tunability, charge-modulation range, and processability, make this field of use ripe with opportunities. In this work, the use of a series of solution-processed intrinsic OMIECs is demonstrated to actively tune the properties of metamaterial-inspired microwave devices, including an untethered bioelectrochemical sensing platform that requires no external power, and a tunable resonating structure with independent amplitude- and frequency-modulation. These devices showcase the considerable potential of OMIEC-based metadevices in autonomous bioelectronics and reconfigurable microwave optics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siew Ting Melissa Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alexander Giovannitti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Tyler J Quill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Giorgio E Bonacchini
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan, 20133, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nguyen-Dang T, Chae S, Chatsirisupachai J, Wakidi H, Promarak V, Visell Y, Nguyen TQ. Dual-Mode Organic Electrochemical Transistors Based on Self-Doped Conjugated Polyelectrolytes for Reconfigurable Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200274. [PMID: 35362210 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reconfigurable organic logic devices are promising candidates for next generations of efficient computing systems and adaptive electronics. Ideally, such devices would be of simple structure and design, be power efficient, and compatible with high-throughput microfabrication techniques. This work reports an organic reconfigurable logic gate based on novel dual-mode organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), which employ a self-doped conjugated polyelectrolyte as the active material, which then allows the transistors to operate in both depletion mode and enhancement mode. Furthermore, mode switching is accomplished by simply altering the polarity of the applied gate and drain voltages, which can be done on the fly. In contrast, achieving similar mode-switching functionality with other organic transistors typically requires complex molecular design or multi-device engineering. It in shown that dual-mode functionality is enabled by the concurrent existence of anion doping and cation dedoping of the films. A device physics model that accurately describes the behavior of these transistors is developed. Finally, the utility of these dual-mode transistors for implementing reconfigurable logic by fabricating a logic gate that may be switched between logic gates AND to NOR, and OR to NAND on the fly is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tung Nguyen-Dang
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Sangmin Chae
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Jirat Chatsirisupachai
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Hiba Wakidi
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Vinich Promarak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Yon Visell
- RE Touch Lab, California NanoSystems Institute, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zare Bidoky F, Frisbie CD. Sub-3 V, MHz-Class Electrolyte-Gated Transistors and Inverters. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:21295-21300. [PMID: 35476913 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrolyte-gated transistors (EGTs) have emerging applications in physiological recording, neuromorphic computing, sensing, and flexible printed electronics. A challenge for these devices is their slow switching speed, which has several causes. Here, we report the fabrication and characterization of n-type ZnO-based EGTs with signal propagation delays as short as 70 ns. Propagation delays are assessed in dynamically operating inverters and five-stage ring oscillators as a function of channel dimensions and supply voltages up to 3 V. Substantial decreases in switching time are realized by minimizing parasitic resistances and capacitances that are associated with the electrolyte in these devices. Stable switching at 1-10 MHz is achieved in individual inverter stages with 10-40 μm channel lengths, and analysis suggests that further improvements are possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fazel Zare Bidoky
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- DuPont Electronics and Industrial, Emerging Technologies, Experimental Station, 200 Powder Mill Road, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - C Daniel Frisbie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang L, Sun Q, Zhang L, Wang J, Ren G, Yu L, Wang K, Zhu Y, Lu G, Yu HD. Realizing Ultrahigh Transconductance in Organic Electrochemical Transistor by Co-Doping PEDOT:PSS with Ionic Liquid and Dodecylbenzenesulfonate. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200212. [PMID: 35318764 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), especially the ones with high transconductance, are highly promising in sensitive detection of chemical and biological species. However, it is still a great challenge to design and fabricate OECTs with very high transconductance. Herein, an OECT with ultrahigh transconductance is reported by introducing ionic liquid and dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBSA) simultaneously in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) as the semiconductive channel. Compared with the OECT based on pristine PEDOT:PSS, the OECT based on co-doped PEDOT:PSS demonstrates a significant enhancement of transconductance from 1.85 to 22.7 mS, because of the increase in volumetric capacitance and conductivity. The enhanced transconductance is attributed to the DBSA-facilitated phase separation between the ionic liquid and PEDOT:PSS, which helps to form conductive domains of ionic liquid in PEDOT:PSS matrix, and the partial dispersion of ionic liquid in the PEDOT:PSS phase. Furthermore, by using the interdigitated electrodes as the source and drain electrodes, an ultrahigh transconductance of 180 mS is obtained, which is superior to that of the state-of-the-art OECTs. Because of the ultrahigh transconductance, the obtained OECT demonstrates sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide and glucose, making it promising in clinical diagnosis, health monitoring, and environmental surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Qizeng Sun
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Linrong Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Guozhang Ren
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Liuyingzi Yu
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Kaili Wang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yameng Zhu
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Gang Lu
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Dong Yu
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China.,Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nguyen-Dang T, Chae S, Harrison K, Llanes LC, Yi A, Kim HJ, Biswas S, Visell Y, Bazan GC, Nguyen TQ. Efficient Fabrication of Organic Electrochemical Transistors via Wet Chemical Processing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:12469-12478. [PMID: 35230814 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A wet processing method to fabricate high-performance organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) is reported. Wet chemical processing enables a simple and reliable patterning step, substituting several complex and expensive cleanroom procedures in the fabrication of OECTs. We fabricate depletion-mode OECTs based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and enhancement-mode OECTs based on a conjugated polyelectrolyte PCPDTBT-SO3K on rigid and flexible substrates using this wet processing method. We show that the wet chemical processing step can also serve as a chemical treatment to enhance the electrical properties of the active material in OECTs. To highlight the potential of the fabrication process in applications, a transistor-based chemical sensor is demonstrated, capable of detecting methylene blue, a popular redox reporter in biodetection and immunoassays, with good detectivity. Given the tremendous potential of OECTs in emerging technologies such as biosensing and neuromorphic computing, this simple fabrication process established herein will render the OECT platform more accessible for research and applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tung Nguyen-Dang
- Center for Polymer and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Sangmin Chae
- Center for Polymer and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kelsey Harrison
- Center for Polymer and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Luana C Llanes
- Center for Polymer and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Ahra Yi
- Department of Organic Material Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Kim
- Department of Organic Material Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Shantonu Biswas
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Yon Visell
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Center for Polymer and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymer and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
![]()
Electronically interfacing with the
nervous system for the purposes
of health diagnostics and therapy, sports performance monitoring,
or device control has been a subject of intense academic and industrial
research for decades. This trend has only increased in recent years,
with numerous high-profile research initiatives and commercial endeavors.
An important research theme has emerged as a result, which is the
incorporation of semiconducting polymers in various devices that communicate
with the nervous system—from wearable brain-monitoring caps
to penetrating implantable microelectrodes. This has been driven by
the potential of this broad class of materials to improve the electrical
and mechanical properties of the tissue–device interface, along
with possibilities for increased biocompatibility. In this review
we first begin with a tutorial on neural interfacing, by reviewing
the basics of nervous system function, device physics, and neuroelectrophysiological
techniques and their demands, and finally we give a brief perspective
on how material improvements can address current deficiencies in this
system. The second part is a detailed review of past work on semiconducting
polymers, covering electrical properties, structure, synthesis, and
processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan B Dimov
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Maximilian Moser
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Iain McCulloch
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom.,King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pitsalidis C, Pappa AM, Boys AJ, Fu Y, Moysidou CM, van Niekerk D, Saez J, Savva A, Iandolo D, Owens RM. Organic Bioelectronics for In Vitro Systems. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4700-4790. [PMID: 34910876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronics have made strides in improving clinical diagnostics and precision medicine. The potential of bioelectronics for bidirectional interfacing with biology through continuous, label-free monitoring on one side and precise control of biological activity on the other has extended their application scope to in vitro systems. The advent of microfluidics and the considerable advances in reliability and complexity of in vitro models promise to eventually significantly reduce or replace animal studies, currently the gold standard in drug discovery and toxicology testing. Bioelectronics are anticipated to play a major role in this transition offering a much needed technology to push forward the drug discovery paradigm. Organic electronic materials, notably conjugated polymers, having demonstrated technological maturity in fields such as solar cells and light emitting diodes given their outstanding characteristics and versatility in processing, are the obvious route forward for bioelectronics due to their biomimetic nature, among other merits. This review highlights the advances in conjugated polymers for interfacing with biological tissue in vitro, aiming ultimately to develop next generation in vitro systems. We showcase in vitro interfacing across multiple length scales, involving biological models of varying complexity, from cell components to complex 3D cell cultures. The state of the art, the possibilities, and the challenges of conjugated polymers toward clinical translation of in vitro systems are also discussed throughout.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Alexander J Boys
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
| | - Chrysanthi-Maria Moysidou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Douglas van Niekerk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Janire Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Miguel de Unamuno, 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Donata Iandolo
- INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Université Jean Monnet, Mines Saint-Étienne, Université de Lyon, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Róisín M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nawaz A, Liu Q, Leong WL, Fairfull-Smith KE, Sonar P. Organic Electrochemical Transistors for In Vivo Bioelectronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101874. [PMID: 34606146 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are presently a focus of intense research and hold great potential in expanding the horizons of the bioelectronics industry. The notable characteristics of OECTs, including their electrolyte-gating, which offers intimate interfacing with biological environments, and aqueous stability, make them particularly suitable to be operated within a living organism (in vivo). Unlike the existing in vivo bioelectronic devices, mostly based on rigid metal electrodes, OECTs form a soft mechanical contact with the biological milieu and ensure a high signal-to-noise ratio because of their powerful amplification capability. Such features make OECTs particularly desirable for a wide range of in vivo applications, including electrophysiological recordings, neuron stimulation, and neurotransmitter detection, and regulation of plant processes in vivo. In this review, a systematic compilation of the in vivo applications is presented that are addressed by the OECT technology. First, the operating mechanisms, and the device design and materials design principles of OECTs are examined, and then multiple examples are provided from the literature while identifying the unique device properties that enable the application progress. Finally, one critically looks at the future of the OECT technology for in vivo bioelectronic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nawaz
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19044, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil
- Center for Sensors and Devices, Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Trento, 38123, Italy
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Wei Lin Leong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Kathryn E Fairfull-Smith
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Prashant Sonar
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zou J, Zhang Q. Advances and Frontiers in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Electronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2102860. [PMID: 34687177 PMCID: PMC8655197 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been considered as one of the most promising electronic materials for the next-generation electronics in the more Moore era. Sub-10 nm SWCNT-field effect transistors (FETs) have been realized with several performances exceeding those of Si-based FETs at the same feature size. Several industrial initiatives have attempted to implement SWCNT electronics in integrated circuit (IC) chips. Here, the recent advances in SWCNT electronics are reviewed from in-depth understanding of the fundamental electronic structures, the carrier transport mechanisms, and the metal/SWCNT contact properties. In particular, the subthreshold switching properties are highlighted for low-power, energy-efficient device operations. State-of-the-art low-power SWCNT-based electronics and the key strategies to realize low-voltage and low-power operations are outlined. Finally, the essential challenges and prospects from the material preparation, device fabrication, and large-scale ICs integration for future SWCNT-based electronics are foregrounded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Zou
- Centre for Micro‐ & Nano‐ElectronicsSchool of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore639798Singapore
| | - Qing Zhang
- Centre for Micro‐ & Nano‐ElectronicsSchool of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore639798Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rashid RB, Ji X, Rivnay J. Organic electrochemical transistors in bioelectronic circuits. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 190:113461. [PMID: 34197997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) represents a versatile and impactful electronic building block in the areas of printed electronics, bioelectronics, and neuromorphic computing. Significant efforts in OECTs have focused on device physics, new active material design and synthesis, and on preliminary implementation of individual transistors as proof-of-concept components for sensing and computation. However, as most of the current studies are based on single devices, the integration of OECTs into circuits or high-level systems has lagged. In this review, we focus on recent efforts to incorporate individual OECTs into digital, analog, and neuromorphic circuits, and lay out important considerations relevant for (hybrid) systems integration. We summarize the operation principles and the functions of OECT-based circuits and discuss the approaches for wireless power and data transmission for practicality in biological and bio-inspired applications. Finally, we comment on the future directions and challenges facing OECT circuits from both a fundamental and applied perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reem B Rashid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Xudong Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Torricelli F, Adrahtas DZ, Bao Z, Berggren M, Biscarini F, Bonfiglio A, Bortolotti CA, Frisbie CD, Macchia E, Malliaras GG, McCulloch I, Moser M, Nguyen TQ, Owens RM, Salleo A, Spanu A, Torsi L. Electrolyte-gated transistors for enhanced performance bioelectronics. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2021; 1:66. [PMID: 35475166 PMCID: PMC9037952 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-021-00065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Electrolyte-gated transistors (EGTs), capable of transducing biological and biochemical inputs into amplified electronic signals and stably operating in aqueous environments, have emerged as fundamental building blocks in bioelectronics. In this Primer, the different EGT architectures are described with the fundamental mechanisms underpinning their functional operation, providing insight into key experiments including necessary data analysis and validation. Several organic and inorganic materials used in the EGT structures and the different fabrication approaches for an optimal experimental design are presented and compared. The functional bio-layers and/or biosystems integrated into or interfaced to EGTs, including self-organization and self-assembly strategies, are reviewed. Relevant and promising applications are discussed, including two-dimensional and three-dimensional cell monitoring, ultra-sensitive biosensors, electrophysiology, synaptic and neuromorphic bio-interfaces, prosthetics and robotics. Advantages, limitations and possible optimizations are also surveyed. Finally, current issues and future directions for further developments and applications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Torricelli
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Demetra Z. Adrahtas
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Fabio Biscarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bonfiglio
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carlo A. Bortolotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - C. Daniel Frisbie
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eleonora Macchia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - George G. Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Róisín M. Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Spanu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luisa Torsi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Koklu A, Ohayon D, Wustoni S, Druet V, Saleh A, Inal S. Organic Bioelectronic Devices for Metabolite Sensing. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4581-4635. [PMID: 34610244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical detection of metabolites is essential for early diagnosis and continuous monitoring of a variety of health conditions. This review focuses on organic electronic material-based metabolite sensors and highlights their potential to tackle critical challenges associated with metabolite detection. We provide an overview of the distinct classes of organic electronic materials and biorecognition units used in metabolite sensors, explain the different detection strategies developed to date, and identify the advantages and drawbacks of each technology. We then benchmark state-of-the-art organic electronic metabolite sensors by categorizing them based on their application area (in vitro, body-interfaced, in vivo, and cell-interfaced). Finally, we share our perspective on using organic bioelectronic materials for metabolite sensing and address the current challenges for the devices and progress to come.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Koklu
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Ohayon
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shofarul Wustoni
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Victor Druet
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulelah Saleh
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahika Inal
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rashid RB, Du W, Griggs S, Maria IP, McCulloch I, Rivnay J. Ambipolar inverters based on cofacial vertical organic electrochemical transistor pairs for biosignal amplification. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabh1055. [PMID: 34516877 PMCID: PMC8442873 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
On-site signal amplification for bioelectronic sensing is a desirable approach to improving recorded signal quality and to reducing the burden on signal transmission and back-end electronics. While organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have been used as local transducers of bioelectronic signals, their current output presents challenges for implementation. OECT-based circuits offer new opportunities for high-performance signal processing. In this work, we introduce an active sensing node based on cofacial vertical OECTs forming an ambipolar complementary inverter. The inverter, which shows a voltage gain of 28, is composed of two OECTs on opposite side walls of a single active area, resulting in a footprint identical to a planar OECT. The inverter is used as an analog voltage preamplifier for recording electrocardiogram signals when biased at the input voltage corresponding to peak gain. We further demonstrate compatibility with nontraditional fabrication methods with potential benefits for rapid prototyping and large-area printed electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reem B. Rashid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Weiyuan Du
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sophie Griggs
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Iuliana P. Maria
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhong Y, Saleh A, Inal S. Decoding Electrophysiological Signals with Organic Electrochemical Transistors. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100187. [PMID: 34463019 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) has unique characteristics that distinguish it from other transistors and make it a promising electronic transducer of biological events. High transconductance, flexibility, and biocompatibility render OECTs ideal for detecting electrophysiological signals. Device properties such as transconductance, response time, and noise level should, however, be optimized to adapt to the needs of various application environments including in vitro cell culture, human skin, and inside of a living system. This review includes an overview of the origin of electrophysiological signals, the working principles of OECTs, and methods for performance optimization. While covering recent research examples of the use of OECTs in electrophysiology, a perspective is provided for next-generation bioelectric sensors and amplifiers for electrophysiology applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Zhong
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulelah Saleh
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahika Inal
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cucchi M, Gruener C, Petrauskas L, Steiner P, Tseng H, Fischer A, Penkovsky B, Matthus C, Birkholz P, Kleemann H, Leo K. Reservoir computing with biocompatible organic electrochemical networks for brain-inspired biosignal classification. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/34/eabh0693. [PMID: 34407948 PMCID: PMC8373129 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of malign patterns in patients' biological signals can save millions of lives. Despite the steady improvement of artificial intelligence-based techniques, the practical clinical application of these methods is mostly constrained to an offline evaluation of the patients' data. Previous studies have identified organic electrochemical devices as ideal candidates for biosignal monitoring. However, their use for pattern recognition in real time was never demonstrated. Here, we produce and characterize brain-inspired networks composed of organic electrochemical transistors and use them for time-series predictions and classification tasks using the reservoir computing approach. To show their potential use for biofluid monitoring and biosignal analysis, we classify four classes of arrhythmic heartbeats with an accuracy of 88%. The results of this study introduce a previously unexplored paradigm for biocompatible computational platforms and may enable development of ultralow-power consumption hardware-based artificial neural networks capable of interacting with body fluids and biological tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Cucchi
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Nöthnitzer Str. 61, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Christopher Gruener
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Nöthnitzer Str. 61, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lautaro Petrauskas
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Nöthnitzer Str. 61, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Chair for Circuit Design and Network Theory (CCN), Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 18, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Steiner
- Institute for Acoustics and Speech Communication (IAS), Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 18, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hsin Tseng
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Nöthnitzer Str. 61, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Axel Fischer
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Nöthnitzer Str. 61, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Bogdan Penkovsky
- National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, Skovorody Str. 2, 04655 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Alysophil SAS, Bio Parc, 850 Boulevard Sebastien Brant, BP 30170 F, 67405, Illkirch CEDEX, France
| | - Christian Matthus
- Chair for Circuit Design and Network Theory (CCN), Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 18, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Birkholz
- Institute for Acoustics and Speech Communication (IAS), Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 18, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans Kleemann
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Nöthnitzer Str. 61, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Karl Leo
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Nöthnitzer Str. 61, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rapid single-molecule detection of COVID-19 and MERS antigens via nanobody-functionalized organic electrochemical transistors. Nat Biomed Eng 2021; 5:666-677. [PMID: 34031558 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-021-00734-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted the need for rapid and sensitive protein detection and quantification in simple and robust formats for widespread point-of-care applications. Here, we report on nanobody-functionalized organic electrochemical transistors with a modular architecture for the rapid quantification of single-molecule-to-nanomolar levels of specific antigens in complex bodily fluids. The sensors combine a solution-processable conjugated polymer in the transistor channel and high-density and orientation-controlled bioconjugation of nanobody-SpyCatcher fusion proteins on disposable gate electrodes. The devices provide results after 10 min of exposure to 5 μl of unprocessed samples, maintain high specificity and single-molecule sensitivity in human saliva and serum, and can be reprogrammed to detect any protein antigen if a corresponding specific nanobody is available. We used the sensors to detect green fluorescent protein, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) spike proteins, and for the COVID-19 screening of unprocessed clinical nasopharyngeal swab and saliva samples with a wide range of viral loads.
Collapse
|
34
|
Ohayon D, Savva A, Du W, Paulsen BD, Uguz I, Ashraf RS, Rivnay J, McCulloch I, Inal S. Influence of Side Chains on the n-Type Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:4253-4266. [PMID: 33439636 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
n-Type (electron transporting) polymers can make suitable interfaces to transduce biological events that involve the generation of electrons. However, n-type polymers that are stable when electrochemically doped in aqueous media are relatively scarce, and the performance of the existing ones lags behind their p-type (hole conducting) counterparts. Here, we report a new family of donor-acceptor-type polymers based on a naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic-diimide-bi-thiophene (NDI-T2) backbone where the NDI unit always bears an ethylene glycol (EG) side chain. We study how small variations in the side chains tethered to the acceptor as well as the donor unit affect the performance of the polymer films in the state-of-the-art bioelectronic device, the organic electrochemical transistor (OECT). First, we find that substitution of the T2 core with an electron-withdrawing group (i.e., methoxy) or an EG side chain leads to ambipolar charge transport properties and causes significant changes in film microstructure, which overall impairs the n-type OECT performance. We thus show that the best n-type OECT performer is the polymer that has no substitution on the T2 unit. Next, we evaluate the distance of the oxygen from the NDI unit as a design parameter by varying the length of the carbon spacer placed between the EG unit and the backbone. We find that the distance of the EG from the backbone affects the film order and crystallinity, and thus, the electron mobility. Consequently, our work reports the best-performing NDI-T2-based n-type OECT material to date, i.e., the polymer without the T2 substitution and bearing a six-carbon spacer between the EG and the NDI units. Our work provides new guidelines for the side-chain engineering of n-type polymers for OECTs and insights on the structure-performance relationships for mixed ionic-electronic conductors, crucial for devices where the film operates at the aqueous electrolyte interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Ohayon
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Weiyuan Du
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ilke Uguz
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Raja S Ashraf
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Iain McCulloch
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Sahika Inal
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ohayon D, Inal S. Organic Bioelectronics: From Functional Materials to Next-Generation Devices and Power Sources. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001439. [PMID: 32691880 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers (CPs) possess a unique set of features setting them apart from other materials. These properties make them ideal when interfacing the biological world electronically. Their mixed electronic and ionic conductivity can be used to detect weak biological signals, deliver charged bioactive molecules, and mechanically or electrically stimulate tissues. CPs can be functionalized with various (bio)chemical moieties and blend with other functional materials, with the aim of modulating biological responses or endow specificity toward analytes of interest. They can absorb photons and generate electronic charges that are then used to stimulate cells or produce fuels. These polymers also have catalytic properties allowing them to harvest ambient energy and, along with their high capacitances, are promising materials for next-generation power sources integrated with bioelectronic devices. In this perspective, an overview of the key properties of CPs and examination of operational mechanism of electronic devices that leverage these properties for specific applications in bioelectronics is provided. In addition to discussing the chemical structure-functionality relationships of CPs applied at the biological interface, the development of new chemistries and form factors that would bring forth next-generation sensors, actuators, and their power sources, and, hence, advances in the field of organic bioelectronics is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Ohayon
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahika Inal
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kim JH, Kim SM, Kim G, Yoon MH. Designing Polymeric Mixed Conductors and Their Application to Electrochemical-Transistor-Based Biosensors. Macromol Biosci 2020; 20:e2000211. [PMID: 32851795 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors that employ polymeric mixed conductors as their active channels are one of the most prominent biosensor platforms because of their signal amplification capability, low fabrication cost, mechanical flexibility, and various properties tunable through molecular design. For application to biomedical devices, polymeric mixed conductors should fulfill several requirements, such as excellent conductivities of both holes/electrons and ions, long-term operation stability, and decent biocompatibility. However, trade-offs may exist, for instance, one between ionic conduction and overall device stability. In this report, the fundamental understanding of polymeric mixed conductors, the recent advance in enhancing their ionic and electrical conductivity, and their practical applications as biosensors based on organic electrochemical transistors are reviewed. Finally, key strategies are suggested for developing novel polymeric mixed conductors that may exceed the trade-off between device performance and stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hwan Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Min Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Gunwoo Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Romele P, Gkoupidenis P, Koutsouras DA, Lieberth K, Kovács-Vajna ZM, Blom PWM, Torricelli F. Multiscale real time and high sensitivity ion detection with complementary organic electrochemical transistors amplifier. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3743. [PMID: 32719350 PMCID: PMC7385487 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17547-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ions are ubiquitous biological regulators playing a key role for vital processes in animals and plants. The combined detection of ion concentration and real-time monitoring of small variations with respect to the resting conditions is a multiscale functionality providing important information on health states. This multiscale functionality is still an open challenge for current ion sensing approaches. Here we show multiscale real-time and high-sensitivity ion detection with complementary organic electrochemical transistors amplifiers. The ion-sensing amplifier integrates in the same device both selective ion-to-electron transduction and local signal amplification demonstrating a sensitivity larger than 2300 mV V-1 dec-1, which overcomes the fundamental limit. It provides both ion detection over a range of five orders of magnitude and real-time monitoring of variations two orders of magnitude lower than the detected concentration, viz. multiscale ion detection. The approach is generally applicable to several transistor technologies and opens opportunities for multifunctional enhanced bioelectronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Romele
- University of Brescia, Department of Information Engineering, via Branze 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | - Katharina Lieberth
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Zsolt M Kovács-Vajna
- University of Brescia, Department of Information Engineering, via Branze 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paul W M Blom
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- University of Brescia, Department of Information Engineering, via Branze 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Giovannitti A, Rashid RB, Thiburce Q, Paulsen BD, Cendra C, Thorley K, Moia D, Mefford JT, Hanifi D, Weiyuan D, Moser M, Salleo A, Nelson J, McCulloch I, Rivnay J. Energetic Control of Redox-Active Polymers toward Safe Organic Bioelectronic Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1908047. [PMID: 32125736 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201908047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Avoiding faradaic side reactions during the operation of electrochemical devices is important to enhance the device stability, to achieve low power consumption, and to prevent the formation of reactive side-products. This is particularly important for bioelectronic devices, which are designed to operate in biological systems. While redox-active materials based on conducting and semiconducting polymers represent an exciting class of materials for bioelectronic devices, they are susceptible to electrochemical side-reactions with molecular oxygen during device operation. Here, electrochemical side reactions with molecular oxygen are shown to occur during organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) operation using high-performance, state-of-the-art OECT materials. Depending on the choice of the active material, such reactions yield hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), a reactive side-product, which may be harmful to the local biological environment and may also accelerate device degradation. A design strategy is reported for the development of redox-active organic semiconductors based on donor-acceptor copolymers that prevents the formation of H2 O2 during device operation. This study elucidates the previously overlooked side-reactions between redox-active conjugated polymers and molecular oxygen in electrochemical devices for bioelectronics, which is critical for the operation of electrolyte-gated devices in application-relevant environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Giovannitti
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Reem B Rashid
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Quentin Thiburce
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Camila Cendra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Karl Thorley
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Davide Moia
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - J Tyler Mefford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - David Hanifi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Du Weiyuan
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tseghai GB, Mengistie DA, Malengier B, Fante KA, Van Langenhove L. PEDOT:PSS-Based Conductive Textiles and Their Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E1881. [PMID: 32231114 PMCID: PMC7180874 DOI: 10.3390/s20071881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The conductive polymer complex poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is the most explored conductive polymer for conductive textiles applications. Since PEDOT:PSS is readily available in water dispersion form, it is convenient for roll-to-roll processing which is compatible with the current textile processing applications. In this work, we have made a comprehensive review on the PEDOT:PSS-based conductive textiles, methods of application onto textiles and their applications. The conductivity of PEDOT:PSS can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude using processing agents. However, neat PEDOT:PSS lacks flexibility and strechability for wearable electronics applications. One way to improve the mechanical flexibility of conductive polymers is making a composite with commodity polymers such as polyurethane which have high flexibility and stretchability. The conductive polymer composites also increase attachment of the conductive polymer to the textile, thereby increasing durability to washing and mechanical actions. Pure PEDOT:PSS conductive fibers have been produced by solution spinning or electrospinning methods. Application of PEDOT:PSS can be carried out by polymerization of the monomer on the fabric, coating/dyeing and printing methods. PEDOT:PSS-based conductive textiles have been used for the development of sensors, actuators, antenna, interconnections, energy harvesting, and storage devices. In this review, the application methods of PEDOT:SS-based conductive polymers in/on to a textile substrate structure and their application thereof are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Granch Berhe Tseghai
- Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Ethiopian Institute of Textile and Fashion Technology, Bahir Dar University, 6000 Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Desalegn Alemu Mengistie
- Ethiopian Institute of Textile and Fashion Technology, Bahir Dar University, 6000 Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Materials Engineering Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Benny Malengier
- Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Lieva Van Langenhove
- Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Xie K, Wang N, Lin X, Wang Z, Zhao X, Fang P, Yue H, Kim J, Luo J, Cui S, Yan F, Shi P. Organic electrochemical transistor arrays for real-time mapping of evoked neurotransmitter release in vivo. eLife 2020; 9:50345. [PMID: 32043970 PMCID: PMC7075691 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Though neurotransmitters are essential elements in neuronal signal transduction, techniques for in vivo analysis are still limited. Here, we describe an organic electrochemical transistor array (OECT-array) technique for monitoring catecholamine neurotransmitters (CA-NTs) in rat brains. The OECT-array is an active sensor with intrinsic amplification capability, allowing real-time and direct readout of transient CA-NT release with a sensitivity of nanomolar range and a temporal resolution of several milliseconds. The device has a working voltage lower than half of that typically used in a prevalent cyclic voltammetry measurement, and operates continuously in vivo for hours without significant signal drift, which is inaccessible for existing methods. With the OECT-array, we demonstrate simultaneous mapping of evoked dopamine release at multiple striatal brain regions in different physiological scenarios, and reveal a complex cross-talk between the mesolimbic and the nigrostriatal pathways, which is heterogeneously affected by the reciprocal innervation between ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars compacta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Naixiang Wang
- Department of Applied Physics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, China
| | - Xudong Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Zixun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Peilin Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Haibing Yue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Junhwi Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaoyang Cui
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied Physics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, China
| | - Peng Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.,Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Baek S, Bae GY, Kwon J, Cho K, Jung S. Flexible Pressure-Sensitive Contact Transistors Operating in the Subthreshold Regime. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:31111-31118. [PMID: 31373197 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic thin-film transistor (TFT)-based pressure sensors have received huge attention for wearable electronic applications such as health monitoring and smart robotics. However, there still remains a challenge to achieve low power consumption and high sensitivity at the same time for the realization of truly wearable sensor systems where minimizing power consumption is significant because of limited battery run time. Here, we introduce a flexible pressure-sensitive contact transistor (PCT), a new type of pressure-sensing device based on organic TFTs for next-generation wearable electronic skin devices. The PCT consists of deformable S/D electrodes integrated on a staggered TFT. The deformable S/D electrodes were fabricated by embedding conducting single-walled carbon nanotubes on the surface of microstructured polydimethylsiloxane. Under pressure loads, the deformation of the electrodes on an organic semiconductor layer leads modulation of drain current from variation in both the channel geometry and contact resistance. By strategic subthreshold operation to minimize power consumption and increase the dominance of contact resistance because of gated Schottky contact, the PCT achieves both ultralow power consumption (order of 101 nW) and high sensitivity (18.96 kPa-1). Finally, we demonstrate a 5 × 5 active matrix PCT array on a 3 μm-thick parylene substrate. The device with ultralow power consumption and high sensitivity on a biocompatible flexible substrate makes the PCT promising candidate for next-generation wearable electronic skin devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Geun Yeol Bae
- Intelligent Sustainable Materials R&D Group, Research Institute of Sustainable Manufacturing System , Korea Institute of Industrial Technology , Cheonan-si 331-822 , Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Yan Y, Wu X, Chen Q, Liu Y, Chen H, Guo T. High-Performance Low-Voltage Flexible Photodetector Arrays Based on All-Solid-State Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Photosensing and Imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:20214-20224. [PMID: 31074275 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b04486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The identifying characteristic of an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) is the coupling between ionic and electronic charges within the entire volume of the channel. In this work, by taking advantage of the volumetric nature of the OECTs' response, a novel flexible photodetector is reported for the first time based on all-solid-state OECT with an excellent responsivity of up to 6.7 × 106 A/W, detectivity as high as 3.6 × 1013 Jones, and a fast response of ∼0.13 s in the visible range, which are superior to those of the majority of the reported organic phototransistors (OPTs) based on field-effect transistors (FETs) and even better than those of FET-based phototransistors with two-dimensional (MoS2 and graphene) and perovskite materials. The high performance of the devices was ascribed to the combination of the higher carrier mobility of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as a channel and the volumetric nature of the OECTs' response, and the charge density of the volumetric channel was efficiently modulated by incident light compared to FETs. Moreover, OECT-based OPTs with quantum dots (CdSe/ZnS) as a light sensitizer were characterized under ultraviolet light, and they exhibited excellent photosensitivity, which further verified the superiority of OECT for phototransistors. Furthermore, a flexible image sensor was fabricated for the first time by integrating flexible OECTs-OPTs into a 10 × 10 array, which can clearly identify the target image under a bending state, indicating the great potential of OECTs-OPTs in the application of low-power, ultrasensitive flexible photodetectors and imaging technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Yan
- Institute of Optoelectronic Display, National & Local United Engineering Lab of Flat Panel Display Technology , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350002 , China
| | - Xiaomin Wu
- Institute of Optoelectronic Display, National & Local United Engineering Lab of Flat Panel Display Technology , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350002 , China
| | - Qizhen Chen
- Institute of Optoelectronic Display, National & Local United Engineering Lab of Flat Panel Display Technology , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350002 , China
| | - Yaqian Liu
- Institute of Optoelectronic Display, National & Local United Engineering Lab of Flat Panel Display Technology , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350002 , China
| | - Huipeng Chen
- Institute of Optoelectronic Display, National & Local United Engineering Lab of Flat Panel Display Technology , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350002 , China
| | - Tailiang Guo
- Institute of Optoelectronic Display, National & Local United Engineering Lab of Flat Panel Display Technology , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350002 , China
| |
Collapse
|