1
|
The Association between a MAOB Variable Number Tandem Repeat Polymorphism and Cocaine and Opiate Addictions in Polyconsumers. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11101265. [PMID: 34679329 PMCID: PMC8534042 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic analysis of the association between alcohol, cocaine, and opiate addiction and variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms in monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) and serotonergic 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1B and 2C (HTR1B 21 and HTR2C) pathway genes was performed in a sample of 302 polyconsumers. Our genetic association analysis revealed a significant association between a 184 base pair (bp) VNTR polymorphism in the MAOB gene and addiction to cocaine and opiates. This work highlights new genetic marker associations in cocaine and opiate polyconsumer addictions. These data help to clarify and quantify the complex role of genetics in addictive disorders, as well as their future contribution to the prevention (genetic counselling), diagnosis (genetic diagnosis of vulnerability), and treatment (pharmacogenomics) of these disorders.
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang X, Geng X, Sun N, Li S, Li J, Wang S, Wang Q. There is no association between rs6296 and alcoholism: a meta-analysis. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2019; 20:366-378. [PMID: 31510870 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2019.1657543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported controversial results about the association between rs6296 and alcoholism. Thus, a meta-analysis was performed to further explore this association. A comprehensive search was conducted to identify relevant case-control or cohort studies (up to December 1, 2017). A fixed- or random-effect model was selected as a pooling method depending on the heterogeneity among studies. The heterogeneity was measured by Q test and I2 statistic. The Harbord and Peters test was used to estimate publication bias. Fifteen English articles with 16 outcomes and 5,429 participants were included in this meta-analysis. A fixed-effect model was chosen, and the pooled result showed that rs6296 was not related to alcoholism (z = 1.93, p = .053). The Harbord and Peters test showed that there was no publication bias. This meta-analysis indicated that rs6296 may be not be significantly associated with alcoholism, which needs to be further confirmed by future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Weifang Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Xuefeng Geng
- Department of Epidemiology, Weifang Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Na Sun
- Department of Health Statistics, Weifang Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Suyun Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Environmental Health, Weifang Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Suzhen Wang
- Department of Health Statistics, Weifang Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Weifang Medical University, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Levran O, Peles E, Randesi M, Correa da Rosa J, Ott J, Rotrosen J, Adelson M, Kreek MJ. Susceptibility loci for heroin and cocaine addiction in the serotonergic and adrenergic pathways in populations of different ancestry. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:1329-42. [PMID: 26227246 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug addiction is influenced by genetic factors. AIM To determine if genetic variants in the serotonergic and adrenergic pathways are associated with heroin and/or cocaine addiction. SUBJECTS & METHODS The study examined 140 polymorphisms in 19 genes in 1855 subjects with predominantly European or African ancestries. RESULTS A total of 38 polymorphisms (13 genes) showed nominal associations, including novel associations in S100A10 (p11) and SLC18A2 (VMAT2). The association of HTR3B SNP rs11606194 with heroin addiction in the European ancestry subgroup remained significant after correction for multiple testing (p(corrected) = 0.04). CONCLUSION The study strengthens our previous findings of association of polymorphisms in HTR3A, HTR3B and ADRA1A. The study suggests partial overlap in genetic susceptibility between populations of different ancestry and between heroin and cocaine addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orna Levran
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Einat Peles
- The Dr Miriam & Sheldon G Adelson Clinic for Drug Abuse Treatment & Research, Tel Aviv Elias Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Matthew Randesi
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joel Correa da Rosa
- Center for Clinical & Translational Science, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jurg Ott
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,The Laboratory of Statistical Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - John Rotrosen
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System & NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Miriam Adelson
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,The Dr Miriam & Sheldon G Adelson Clinic for Drug Abuse Treatment & Research, Tel Aviv Elias Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Dr Miriam & Sheldon G Adelson Clinic for Drug Abuse Treatment & Research, Las Vegas, NV 89169, USA
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Patterns of genetic variation and the role of selection in HTR1A and HTR1B in macaques (Macaca). BMC Genet 2014; 15:116. [PMID: 25376878 PMCID: PMC4228068 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-014-0116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research has increasingly highlighted the role of serotonin in behavior. However, few researchers have examined serotonin in an evolutionary context, although such research could provide insight into the evolution of important behaviors. The genus Macaca represents a useful model to address this, as this genus shows a wide range of behavioral variation. In addition, many genetic features of the macaque serotonin system are similar to those of humans, and as common models in biomedical research, knowledge of the genetic variation and evolution of serotonin functioning in macaques are particularly relevant for studies of human evolution. Here, we examine the role of selection in the macaque serotonin system by comparing patterns of genetic variation for two genes that code for two types of serotonin receptors – HTR1A and HTR1B – across five species of macaques. Results The pattern of variation is significantly different for HTR1A compared to HTR1B. Specifically, there is an increase in between-species variation compared to within-species variation for HTR1A. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that portions of HTR1A show an elevated level of nonsynonymous substitutions. Together these analyses are indicative of positive selection acting on HTR1A, but not HTR1B. Furthermore, the haplotype network for HTR1A is inconsistent with the species tree, potentially due to both deep coalescence and selection. Conclusions The results of this study indicate distinct evolutionary histories for HTR1A and HTR1B, with HTR1A showing evidence of selection and a high level of divergence among species, a factor which may have an impact on biomedical research that uses these species as models. The wide genetic variation of HTR1A may also explain some of the species differences in behavior, although further studies on the phenotypic effect of the sequenced polymorphisms are needed to confirm this. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-014-0116-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
5
|
The role of serotonin in drug use and addiction. Behav Brain Res 2014; 277:146-92. [PMID: 24769172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of psychoactive drugs is a wide spread behaviour in human societies. The systematic use of a drug requires the establishment of different drug use-associated behaviours which need to be learned and controlled. However, controlled drug use may develop into compulsive drug use and addiction, a major psychiatric disorder with severe consequences for the individual and society. Here we review the role of the serotonergic (5-HT) system in the establishment of drug use-associated behaviours on the one hand and the transition and maintenance of addiction on the other hand for the drugs: cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA (ecstasy), morphine/heroin, cannabis, alcohol, and nicotine. Results show a crucial, but distinct involvement of the 5-HT system in both processes with considerable overlap between psychostimulant and opioidergic drugs and alcohol. A new functional model suggests specific adaptations in the 5-HT system, which coincide with the establishment of controlled drug use-associated behaviours. These serotonergic adaptations render the nervous system susceptible to the transition to compulsive drug use behaviours and often overlap with genetic risk factors for addiction. Altogether we suggest a new trajectory by which serotonergic neuroadaptations induced by first drug exposure pave the way for the establishment of addiction.
Collapse
|
6
|
Neisewander JL, Cheung THC, Pentkowski NS. Dopamine D3 and 5-HT1B receptor dysregulation as a result of psychostimulant intake and forced abstinence: Implications for medications development. Neuropharmacology 2013; 76 Pt B:301-19. [PMID: 23973315 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Addiction to psychostimulants, including cocaine and amphetamine, is associated with dysregulation of dopamine and serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmitter systems. Neuroadaptations in these systems vary depending on the stage of the drug taking-abstinence-relapse cycle. Consequently, the effects of potential treatments that target these systems may vary depending on whether they are given during abstinence or relapse. In this review, we discuss evidence that dopamine D3 receptors (D3Rs) and 5-HT1B receptors (5-HT1BRs) are dysregulated in response to both chronic psychostimulant use and subsequent abstinence. We then review findings from preclinical self-administration models which support targeting D3Rs and 5-HT1BRs as potential medications for psychostimulant dependence. Potential side effects of the treatments are discussed and attention is given to studies reporting positive treatment outcomes that depend on: 1) whether testing occurs during self-administration versus abstinence, 2) whether escalation of drug self-administration has occurred, 3) whether the treatments are given repeatedly, and 4) whether social factors influence treatment outcomes. We conclude that D3/D2 agonists may decrease psychostimulant intake; however, side effects of D3/D2R full agonists may limit their therapeutic potential, whereas D3/D2R partial agonists have fewer undesirable side effects. D3-selective antagonists may not reduce psychostimulant intake during relapse, but nonetheless, may decrease motivation for seeking psychostimulants with relatively few side-effects. 5-HT1BR agonists provide a striking example of treatment outcomes that are dependent on the stage of the addiction cycle. Specifically, these agonists initially increase cocaine's reinforcing effects during maintenance of self-administration, but after a period of abstinence they reduce psychostimulant seeking and the resumption of self-administration. In conclusion, we suggest that factors contributing to dysregulation of monoamine systems, including drug history, abstinence, and social context, should be considered when evaluating potential treatments to better model treatment effects in humans. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Neisewander
- School of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 874501, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hall FS, Drgonova J, Jain S, Uhl GR. Implications of genome wide association studies for addiction: are our a priori assumptions all wrong? Pharmacol Ther 2013; 140:267-79. [PMID: 23872493 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Substantial genetic contributions to addiction vulnerability are supported by data from twin studies, linkage studies, candidate gene association studies and, more recently, Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS). Parallel to this work, animal studies have attempted to identify the genes that may contribute to responses to addictive drugs and addiction liability, initially focusing upon genes for the targets of the major drugs of abuse. These studies identified genes/proteins that affect responses to drugs of abuse; however, this does not necessarily mean that variation in these genes contributes to the genetic component of addiction liability. One of the major problems with initial linkage and candidate gene studies was an a priori focus on the genes thought to be involved in addiction based upon the known contributions of those proteins to drug actions, making the identification of novel genes unlikely. The GWAS approach is systematic and agnostic to such a priori assumptions. From the numerous GWAS now completed several conclusions may be drawn: (1) addiction is highly polygenic; each allelic variant contributing in a small, additive fashion to addiction vulnerability; (2) unexpected, compared to our a priori assumptions, classes of genes are most important in explaining addiction vulnerability; (3) although substantial genetic heterogeneity exists, there is substantial convergence of GWAS signals on particular genes. This review traces the history of this research; from initial transgenic mouse models based upon candidate gene and linkage studies, through the progression of GWAS for addiction and nicotine cessation, to the current human and transgenic mouse studies post-GWAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Scott Hall
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cao J, LaRocque E, Li D. Associations of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1B gene (HTR1B) with alcohol, cocaine, and heroin abuse. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:169-76. [PMID: 23335468 PMCID: PMC4089973 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal serotonergic pathways are implicated in numerous neuropsychiatric disorders including alcohol and drug dependence (abuse). The human 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1B, encoded by the HTR1B (5-HT1B) gene, is a presynaptic serotonin autoreceptor that plays an important role in regulating serotonin synthesis and release. Although there was evidence of associations of the HTR1B gene variants in the etiologies of substance use disorders, negative findings were also reported. To clarify the roles of commonly reported single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the HTR1B gene underlying alcohol and drug dependence (abuse), we performed a meta-analysis based on the available genotype data from individual candidate gene-based association studies. Evidence of association was found between the functional SNP -161A>T (rs130058) and alcohol, cocaine, and heroin dependence (e.g., P = 0.03 and odds ratio (OR) = 1.2 (1.02, 1.42) in the combined European, Asian, African, and Hispanic populations). SNP -261T>G (rs11568817) also showed evidence of association but with different directions in Europeans and non-Europeans (e.g., P = 0.0018 with OR = 1.42 (1.14, 1.76) and P = 0.01 with ORs = 0.5 (0.3, 0.85), respectively). This meta-analysis supports the associations of HTR1B -261T>G and -161A>T with alcohol and drug abuse and further investigations are warranted in larger samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cao
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Emily LaRocque
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Dawei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Neuroscience, Behavior, and Health Initiative, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fernàndez-Castillo N, Roncero C, Grau-Lopez L, Barral C, Prat G, Rodriguez-Cintas L, Sánchez-Mora C, Gratacòs M, Ramos-Quiroga J, Casas M, Ribasés M, Cormand B. Association study of 37 genes related to serotonin and dopamine neurotransmission and neurotrophic factors in cocaine dependence. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2013; 12:39-46. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - G. Prat
- Mental Health Division, Fundació Althaia; Hospital San Joan de Déu, Manresa; Catalonia; Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Duncan JR. Current perspectives on the neurobiology of drug addiction: a focus on genetics and factors regulating gene expression. ISRN NEUROLOGY 2012; 2012:972607. [PMID: 23097719 PMCID: PMC3477671 DOI: 10.5402/2012/972607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic, relapsing disorder defined by cyclic patterns of compulsive drug seeking and taking interspersed with episodes of abstinence. While genetic variability may increase the risk of addictive behaviours in an individual, exposure to a drug results in neuroadaptations in interconnected brain circuits which, in susceptible individuals, are believed to underlie the transition to, and maintenance of, an addicted state. These adaptations can occur at the cellular, molecular, or (epi)genetic level and are associated with synaptic plasticity and altered gene expression, the latter being mediated via both factors affecting translation (epigenetics) and transcription (non coding microRNAs) of the DNA or RNA itself. New advances using techniques such as optogenetics have the potential to increase our understanding of the microcircuitry mediating addictive behaviours. However, the processes leading to addiction are complex and multifactorial and thus we face a major contemporary challenge to elucidate the factors implicated in the development and maintenance of an addicted state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jhodie R Duncan
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia ; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang TY, Lee SY, Chen SL, Chang YH, Chen SH, Chu CH, Huang SY, Tzeng NS, Wang CL, Lee IH, Yeh TL, Yang YK, Lu RB. Interaction between serotonin transporter and serotonin receptor 1 B genes polymorphisms may be associated with antisocial alcoholism. Behav Brain Funct 2012; 8:18. [PMID: 22550993 PMCID: PMC3583294 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-8-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies have hypothesized that genes regulating the components of the serotonin system, including serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) and serotonin 1 B receptor (5-HT1B), may be associated with alcoholism, but their results are contradictory because of alcoholism’s heterogeneity. Therefore, we examined whether the 5-HTTLPR gene and 5-HT1B gene G861C polymorphism are susceptibility factors for a specific subtype of alcoholism, antisocial alcoholism in Han Chinese in Taiwan. Methods We recruited 273 Han Chinese male inmates with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) [antisocial alcoholism (AS-ALC) group (n = 120) and antisocial non-alcoholism (AS-N-ALC) group (n = 153)] and 191 healthy male controls from the community. Genotyping was done using PCR-RFLP. Results There were no significant differences in the genotypic frequency of the 5-HT1B G861C polymorphism between the 3 groups. Although AS-ALC group members more frequently carried the 5-HTTLPR S/S, S/LG, and LG/LG genotypes than controls, the difference became non-significant after controlling for the covarying effects of age. However, the 5-HTTLPR S/S, S/LG, and LG/LG genotypes may have interacted with the 5-HT1B G861C C/C polymorphism and increased the risk of becoming antisocial alcoholism. Conclusion Our study suggests that neither the 5-HTTLPR gene nor the 5-HT1B G861C polymorphism alone is a risk factor for antisocial alcoholism in Taiwan’s Han Chinese population, but that the interaction between both genes may increase susceptibility to antisocial alcoholism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yun Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Herman AI, Balogh KN. Polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter and receptor genes: susceptibility to substance abuse. Subst Abuse Rehabil 2012; 3:49-57. [PMID: 22933845 PMCID: PMC3427938 DOI: 10.2147/sar.s25864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) is an important neurotransmitter implicated in regulating substance-use disorder (SUD) acquisition, maintenance, and recovery. During the past several years, an abundance of research has begun discovering and describing specific 5-HT genetic polymorphisms associated with SUDs. Genetic variations in the 5-HT system, such as SLC6A4, HTR1B, HTR2A, HTR2C, HTR3 (HTR3A, HTR3B, HTR3C, HTR3D, and HTR3E), likely play a role contributing to SUD patient heterogeneity. The 5-HT transporter-linked polymorphic region S allele, located in SLC6A4, has now been modestly associated with alcohol dependence in two large meta-analyses. Additional 5-HT genes may also play a role but have not been extensively investigated. A limited number of SUD treatment studies have included 5-HT gene variation as moderating treatment outcomes, but the results have been equivocal. Future research on 5-HT addiction genetics should adopt whole-genome sequencing technology, utilize large study samples, and collect data from multiple ethnic groups. Together, these methods will build on the work already conducted with the aim of utilizing 5-HT genetics in SUD treatment settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aryeh I Herman
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Connecticut Healthcare/Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ujike H, Kishimoto M, Okahisa Y, Kodama M, Takaki M, Inada T, Uchimura N, Yamada M, Iwata N, Iyo M, Sora I, Ozaki N. Association Between 5HT1b Receptor Gene and Methamphetamine Dependence. Curr Neuropharmacol 2011; 9:163-8. [PMID: 21886584 PMCID: PMC3137174 DOI: 10.2174/157015911795017137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence implicate serotonergic dysfunction in diverse psychiatric disorders including anxiety, depression, and drug abuse. Mice with a knock-out of the 5HT1b receptor gene (HTR1B) displayed increased locomotor response to cocaine and elevated motivation to self-administer cocaine and alcohol. Previous genetic studies showed significant associations of HTR1B with alcohol dependence and substance abuse, but were followed by inconsistent results. We examined a case-control genetic association study of HTR1B with methamphetamine-dependence patients in a Japanese population. The subjects were 231 patients with methamphetamine dependence, 214 of whom had a co-morbidity of methamphetamine psychosis, and 248 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. The three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs130058 (A-165T), rs1228814 (A-700C) and rs1228814 (A+1180G) of HTR1B were genotyped. There was no significant difference in allelic and genotypic distributions of the SNPs between methamphetamine dependence and the control. Genetic associations of HTR1B were tested with several clinical phenotypes of methamphetamine dependence and/or psychosis, such as age at first abuse, duration of latency from the first abuse to onset of psychosis, prognosis of psychosis after therapy, and complication of spontaneous relapse of psychotic state. There was, however, no asscocation between any SNP and the clinical phenotypes. Haplotype analyses showed the three SNPs examined were within linkage disequilibrium, which implied that the three SNPs covered the whole HTR1B, and distribution of estimated haplotype frequency was not different between the groups. The present findings may indicate that HTR1B does not play a major role in individual susceptibility to methamphetamine dependence or development of methamphetamine-induced psychosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Ujike
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Saulin A, Savli M, Lanzenberger R. Serotonin and molecular neuroimaging in humans using PET. Amino Acids 2011; 42:2039-57. [PMID: 21947614 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The serotonergic system is one of the most important modulatory neurotransmitter systems in the human brain. It plays a central role in major physiological processes and is implicated in a number of psychiatric disorders. Along with the dopaminergic system, it is also one of the phylogenetically oldest human neurotransmitter systems and one of the most diverse, with 14 different receptors identified up to this day, many of whose function remains to be understood. The system's functioning is even more diverse than the number of its receptors, since each is implicated in a number of different processes. This review aims at illustrating the distribution and summarizing the main functions of the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamin, 5-HT) receptors as well as the serotonin transporter (SERT, 5-HTT), the vesicular monoamine transporter 2, monoamine oxidase type A and 5-HT synthesis in the human brain. Recent advances in in vivo quantification of these different receptors and enzymes that are part of the serotonergic system using positron emission tomography are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Saulin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cao JX, Hu J, Ye XM, Xia Y, Haile CA, Kosten TR, Zhang XY. Association between the 5-HTR1B gene polymorphisms and alcohol dependence in a Han Chinese population. Brain Res 2010; 1376:1-9. [PMID: 21172311 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The human serotonin receptor 1B (HRT1B) plays an important role in regulating serotonin release. Previous research has suggested that the genetic variation of the HTR1B gene may confer susceptibility to alcoholism or some subtypes of alcohol dependence, but the evidence has been inconsistent. The aim of the present study is to examine whether polymorphic variants of the HTR1B gene are associated with alcohol dependence subtypes or drinking-related behaviors in Chinese Han population. Alcohol-dependent (AD) male patients (n=135) and controls (n=143) were genotyped for two polymorphisms: A161T in the promoter region and the synonymous variation G861C in the coding region of HTR1B. The results showed that the A161T polymorphism was associated with alcohol dependence (T vs. A allele: p=0.002; OR=2.18, 95% CI: 1.32-3.60). This association was strengthened in those with positive family history (OR=3.12, 95% CI: 1.71-5.70) and/or early onset (OR=4.53, 95% CI: 2.18-9.44) of alcohol dependence. The A161T variant was also significantly associated with age of onset of alcoholism (p=0.001). Furthermore, there was a significant difference of haplotypic frequencies between patients and controls (χ(2)=14.84, df=3, p=0.002), with one common haplotype AG of being significantly underrepresented among the patient group compared to the control group (34% vs. 47.7%, permutation p=0.0034; OR=0.56; 95% CI: 0.39-0.79). These findings confirm HTR1B as a susceptibility gene for alcohol dependence in the sample of Chinese Han population. The HTR1B A-161T polymorphism may be particularly valuable as a functional genetic marker for alcoholism and merits additional study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xia Cao
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yuferov V, Levran O, Proudnikov D, Nielsen DA, Kreek MJ. Search for genetic markers and functional variants involved in the development of opiate and cocaine addiction and treatment. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1187:184-207. [PMID: 20201854 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Addiction to opiates and illicit use of psychostimulants is a chronic, relapsing brain disease that, if left untreated, can cause major medical, social, and economic problems. This article reviews recent progress in studies of association of gene variants with vulnerability to develop opiate and cocaine addictions, focusing primarily on genes of the opioid and monoaminergic systems. In addition, we provide the first evidence of a cis-acting polymorphism and a functional haplotype in the PDYN gene, of significantly higher DNA methylation rate of the OPRM1 gene in the lymphocytes of heroin addicts, and significant differences in genotype frequencies of three single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the P-glycoprotein gene (ABCB1) between "higher" and "lower" methadone doses in methadone-maintained patients. In genomewide and multigene association studies, we found association of several new genes and new variants of known genes with heroin addiction. Finally, we describe the development and application of a novel technique: molecular haplotyping for studies in genetics of drug addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Yuferov
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Huang CLC. The role of serotonin and possible interaction of serotonin-related genes with alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase genes in alcohol dependence-a review. Am J Transl Res 2010; 2:190-9. [PMID: 20407608 PMCID: PMC2855634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol dependence is believed to be a multifactorial, polygenic disorder involving complex gene-gene and gene-environment interactions and confounded by heterogeneity and sociocultural factors. Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is thought to be involved in many aspects of alcohol consumption, abuse, and dependence. There was some evidence that serotonin-related genes might interact with the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) genes in the development of alcohol dependence. In the current review, we discuss the role of serotonin and possible interaction of serotonin-related genes with ADH and ALDH genes in alcohol dependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Lung-Cheng Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin BranchTwain
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin BranchTwain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Conner TS, Jensen KP, Tennen H, Furneaux HM, Kranzler HR, Covault J. Functional polymorphisms in the serotonin 1B receptor gene (HTR1B) predict self-reported anger and hostility among young men. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:67-78. [PMID: 19350534 PMCID: PMC3312780 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We examined associations between haplotypes of the serotonin 1B receptor gene and individual differences in anger and hostility. Data were analyzed from a study of 361 university students (47% male). Participants were genotyped at five polymorphisms in the HTR1B gene (rs11568817, rs130058, rs6296, rs6297, rs13212041), including promoter and 3'UTR polymorphisms with opposite functional effects on gene expression. Participants reported their emotional states across 30 consecutive days for up to 4 years. Haplotype pairs were constructed statistically and assigned to a level of HTR1B expression based on the presence of the functional polymorphisms. Six haplotypes accounted for >97% of chromosomes. Three low expression haplotypes contained the 3'UTR variant (rs13212041 A-allele) that enables a microRNA-mediated reduction in expression. One intermediate expression haplotype contained the 3'UTR A-allele paired with the high-activity promoter. Two high expression haplotypes contained the 3'UTR variant (rs13212041 G-allele) that attenuates microRNA-mediated reduction in expression. Men with low expression haplotypes reported greater anger and hostility than men with one or two high expression haplotypes. Diplotype classification accounted for 8.4% of the variance in men's anger and hostility, primarily due to the 3'UTR polymorphism (rs13212041), but with some contribution of the functional promoter combination (rs11568817, rs130058). Associations with anger and hostility were not found in women. These findings extend our understanding of the genetic basis of anger and hostility by showing that newly characterized HTR1B haplotypes, particularly those with rs13212041, which modulates microRNA-mediated regulation of HTR1B expression, may have important implications for aggression-related phenotypes among young men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamlin S. Conner
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kevin P. Jensen
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington CT 06030
- Psychiatry University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington CT 06030
| | - Howard Tennen
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington CT 06030
| | - Henry M. Furneaux
- Departments of Molecular, Microbial and Structural Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington CT 06030
| | - Henry R. Kranzler
- Psychiatry University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington CT 06030
| | - Jonathan Covault
- Psychiatry University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington CT 06030
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Müller CP, Pum ME, Schumann G, Huston JP. The Role of Serotonin in Drug Addiction. HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-7339(10)70099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
20
|
Ferguson SM, Sandygren NA, Neumaier JF. Pairing mild stress with increased serotonin-1B receptor expression in the nucleus accumbens increases susceptibility to amphetamine. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:1576-84. [PMID: 19817843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06933.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Both serotonin-1B (5-HT(1B)) receptors and stress modulate the behavioral and neurobiological effects of psychostimulant drugs. In order to examine how these factors interact to influence the development of behaviors associated with addiction, we used viral-mediated gene transfer to transiently increase expression of 5-HT(1B) receptors in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell along with exposure to repeated mild stress (novelty + saline injection) in rats. Once the viral-mediated increases in gene expression had dissipated, the resulting effects of this 5-HT(1B)/stress pairing on the acute locomotor response to amphetamine and on the development of psychomotor sensitization were examined. We report that the increasing expression of 5-HT(1B) receptors on the terminals of NAc shell neurons that project to the ventral tegmental area and repeatedly exposing rats to mild stress subsequently enhance the acute locomotor-activating effects of amphetamine. In addition, the development of psychomotor sensitization (both locomotor activity and stereotypy components) is facilitated. These results suggest that serotonin signaling through NAc 5-HT(1B) heteroreceptors can interact with stress to increase susceptibility to the enduring forms of drug-induced plasticity that are associated with addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Ferguson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
HTR1B as a risk profile maker in psychiatric disorders: a review through motivation and memory. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2009; 66:5-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-009-0724-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
22
|
Lee SY, Lin WW, Huang SY, Kuo PH, Wang CL, Wu PL, Chen SL, Wu JYW, Ko HC, Lu RB. The relationship between serotonin receptor 1B polymorphisms A-161T and alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 33:1589-95. [PMID: 19519719 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.00990.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have suggested that the serotonin receptor 1B gene (5HT1B) may be important in the pathogenesis of alcohol dependence (alcoholism; ALC; AD). We examined whether 5HT1B gene A-161T polymorphisms (rs130058) are a susceptibility factor for total AD and subgroups of AD. We further explored correlation of this 5HT1B gene variant between anxiety-depression alcoholism (ANX/DEP ALC) and antisocial alcoholism (antisocial ALC) subgroups because of the high comorbidity of anxiety-depression, antisocial personality disorder, and AD. METHODS We recruited 522 Han Chinese in Taiwan for this study: 322 AD patients and 200 controls. The patient group was recruited primarily from medical teaching hospitals; patients with antisocial alcoholism were recruited from Taiwanese prisons. Individuals with AD were classified into 3 homogeneous clinical subgroups -- pure alcoholism (pure ALC), ANX/DEP ALC, and antisocial ALC -- using DSM-IV diagnosis. The 5HT1B gene A-161T polymorphism was determined using PCR-RFLP. RESULTS No significant differences in genotypic and allelic frequencies were found between controls and the total AD group or between controls and the 3 AD subgroups. However, there were significant differences in the 5HT1B gene A-161T polymorphism at both the genotype and allelic levels between the ANX/DEP ALC and antisocial ALC subgroups. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the 5HT1B gene A-161T polymorphism alone is not a risk factor for increasing susceptibility to either AD or its subtypes. However, 5HT1B gene A-161T polymorphisms might be one of the common genetic factors between the ANX/DEP ALC and antisocial ALC subgroups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yu Lee
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yang M, Tsuang J, Wan YJY. A haplotype analysis of CYP2E1 polymorphisms in relation to alcoholic phenotypes in Mexican Americans. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008; 31:1991-2000. [PMID: 18034693 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies regarding the association between the 4 polymorphisms of CYP2E1 (CYP2E1*1D, *5B, *6, and *1B) and alcoholism are inconsistent and inconclusive. The purpose of the present study was to clarify previously discordant studies by haplotype analysis in the Mexican American population. METHODS The 4 polymorphisms of CYP2E1 were studied in 334 alcoholics and 365 controls. Genotype, allele, and haplotype frequency comparisons between alcoholics and controls were assessed. Patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) at CYP2E1 were determined. Reconstructed haplotypes were tested for associations with clinical phenotypes (age onset of drinking, Maxdrinks, and smoking status). RESULTS No significant associations between the 4 polymorphisms of CYP2E1 and alcoholism were revealed by single allele tests. High LD was found between the CYP2E1 c2 and C alleles in Mexican Americans. Eleven haplotypes were present in the 699 participants. The 6 main haplotypes with frequencies higher than 1% made up 97% of the total halpotypes. The frequency of subjects carrying H6 (1C-c2-C-A2) was significantly higher in alcoholics than in controls (p = 0.0001). In contrast, the frequencies of H7 (1C-c2-C-A1) and H10 (1C-c2-D-A1) were significantly lower in alcoholics than in controls (p = 0.0072 for H7 and p = 0.0407 for H10). The frequency of H6 was significantly higher in alcoholics who had late onset of drinking than in nonalcoholic controls. Furthermore, the frequencies of H6 haplotype were also consistently higher in groups who had high number of maximum drinks (9 to 32 drinks) than in controls. When smokers are excluded, the frequencies of H6, H7, and H9 (1C-c2-D-A2) showed statistically significant differences between alcoholics and controls (p < 0.05). Moreover, the association between H6 and alcoholism become more robust when smokers are excluded. Furthermore, the frequency of H1 (1C-c1-D-A2) in alcoholic-smokers was much higher than in alcoholic-nonsmokers (p = 0.0028). In contrast, alcoholic-smokers carried less H2 (1C-c1-D-A1) in comparison with alcoholic-nonsmokers (p = 0.0417). The H3 (1D-c2-C-A2) frequency in alcoholic-smokers was much lower than in alcoholic-nonsmokers (p = 0.0042) and control-smokers (p = 0.0363). CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that carrying haplotype H6 might enhance susceptibility to developing alcoholism, but possessing the H7 or H10 haplotype appears to decrease this susceptibility. The H6, H7, and H9 haplotypes may play certain roles in different clinical phenotypes in Mexican American alcoholics. In addition, our data suggest that the H1, H2, and H3 haplotypes are associated with alcohol drinking and smoking. These results support that haplotype analysis is much more informative than single allele analysis. Our findings clearly indicate the importance of H6 haplotype in alcohol drinking in Mexican Americans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zouk H, McGirr A, Lebel V, Benkelfat C, Rouleau G, Turecki G. The effect of genetic variation of the serotonin 1B receptor gene on impulsive aggressive behavior and suicide. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:996-1002. [PMID: 17510950 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Impulsive-aggressive behaviors (IABs) are regarded as possible suicide intermediate phenotypes, mediating the relationship between genes and suicide outcome. In this study, we aimed to investigate the putative relationship between genetic variation at the 5-HT1B receptor gene, which in animal models is involved in impulse-aggression control, IABs, and suicide risk. We investigated the relationship of variation at five 5-HT1B loci and IAB measures in a sample of 696 subjects, including 338 individuals who died by suicide and 358 normal epidemiological controls. We found that variation at the 5-HT1B promoter A-161T locus had a significant effect on levels of IABs, as measured by the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI). Suicides also differed from controls in distribution of variants at this locus. The A-161T locus, which seems to impact 5-HT1B transcription, could play a role in suicide predisposition by means of mediating impulsive-aggressive behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Zouk
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Hospital Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
5-hydroxytryptamine1B receptor and triptan response in migraine, lack of association with common polymorphisms. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 580:43-7. [PMID: 18035351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Triptans mediate vasoconstriction of meningeal vessels via stimulation of vascular 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)(1B) receptors. These drugs are recommended for acute treatment in patients with moderate-to-severe migraine attacks and in those patients with mild-to-moderate headache that are not controlled adequately by other agents. Yet, approximately 25% of all migraine users and 40% of all attacks do not respond to triptan treatment. Among the hypothesis to explain this is the possibility that genetic single nucleotide polymorphisms that alter the receptor, for example changing the transcriptional rate and therefore the amount of target protein might change the clinical response to these drugs. In the present contribution, we therefore decided to evaluate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms on the 5-HT(1B) gene might contribute to inter-individual variability in clinical responses to triptans. Two polymorphisms in the promoter region of the 5-HT(1B) receptor (T-261G and A-161T) and the synonymous variation G861C in the coding region were genotyped by restriction fragment length polymorphism in 105 migraine patients. In our sample population, 71% of patients responded to triptans. Allelic and diplotype frequencies were not significantly different between responders and non-responders. On the other hand, extrapolation of in vitro data on promoter activity would suggest that patients with higher copy number of receptors respond slightly better. Our data therefore do not support the involvement of 5-HT(1B) single nucleotide polymorphisms in mediating the inter-individual variability to triptans.
Collapse
|
26
|
Compan V. Do Limits of Neuronal Plasticity Represent an Opportunity for Mental Diseases, Such as Addiction to Food and Illegal Drugs? Use and Utilities of Serotonin Receptor Knock-Out Mice. Front Neurosci 2007. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420005752.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
|
27
|
Moss HB, Hardie TL, Dahl JP, Berrettini W, Xu K. Diplotypes of the human serotonin 1B receptor promoter predict growth hormone responses to sumatriptan in abstinent alcohol-dependent men. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 61:974-8. [PMID: 17217931 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Revised: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some studies have associated alcohol dependence (AD) with the human serotonin (5-HT)(1B) receptor (HTR1B). This investigation explored the functional responsivity of HTR1B in abstinent AD men using a sumatriptan challenge, while measuring genetic heterogeneity in the HTR1B promoter. METHODS Abstinent AD men (n = 27) and abstinent men without any alcohol use disorder (n = 19) were administered 6 mg of sumatriptan succinate, subcutaneously. Plasma samples collected over the following 2 hours were assayed for growth hormone (GH) concentrations. His DNA was genotyped for the A-161T and T-261G polymorphisms of the HTR1B promoter and diplotypes determined. RESULTS Integrated GH responses were predicted by interactions of AD and promoter diplotypes, as well as subject ethnicity. The final model accounted for nearly 35% of the variance in GH responses. Post hoc evaluation revealed that AD was associated with a blunting of GH secretion only among individuals with the most common HTR1B diplotype (TT/TT). CONCLUSIONS A blunting of GH responses in abstinent AD men was observed only among those with the most common HTR1B promoter diplotype. Less common promoter diplotypes appeared protective. Controlling for genetic background is a useful augmentation of case-control pharmacological challenge strategies designed to elucidate the psychobiology of AD and other complex disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Howard B Moss
- Center for the Studies of Addiction, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Trujillo KA, Castañeda E, Martínez D, González G. Biological research on drug abuse and addiction in Hispanics: current status and future directions. Drug Alcohol Depend 2006; 84 Suppl 1:S17-28. [PMID: 16777354 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Impressive progress has been made in the understanding of biological contributions to drug abuse and addiction. An area that has only recently begun to receive attention is potential ethnic and racial differences in biological systems that contribute to, or protect from, problem drug use. This article reviews recent research on drug abuse and addiction in Hispanics in which biological questions have been addressed, including work on genes, gene products (proteins), physiology and pharmacotherapy. Taken together, work to date suggests that there are both similarities and differences between Hispanics and other ethnic groups in biological factors related to drug abuse and addiction. Although the results are intriguing, relatively few studies have been done, and those that have been done have often been inconclusive due to low numbers of Hispanic subjects. Moreover, studies have often failed to recognize the complexity and heterogeneity of Hispanic populations in the United States and around the world. After reviewing the current status of the field, recommendations are given for future research in both humans and relevant animal models that will lead to a better understanding of drug abuse and addiction in Hispanics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Trujillo
- Department of Psychology and Office for Biomedical Research and Training, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
The human cardiovascular system is exposed to plasma 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin), usually released from platelets. 5-HT can produce harmful acute and chronic effects. The acute cardiac effects of 5-HT consist of tachycardia (preceded on occasion by a brief reflex bradycardia), increased atrial contractility and production of atrial arrhythmias. Acute inotropic, lusitropic and arrhythmic effects of 5-HT on human ventricle become conspicuous after inhibition of phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity. Human cardiostimulation is mediated through 5-HT4 receptors. Atrial and ventricular PDE3 activity exerts a protective role against potentially harmful cardiostimulation. Chronic exposure to high levels of 5-HT (from metastatic carcinoid tumours), the anorectic drug fenfluramine and its metabolites, as well as the ecstasy drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its metabolite 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) are associated with proliferative disease and thickening of cardiac valves, mediated through 5-HT2B receptors. 5-HT2B receptors have an obligatory physiological role in murine cardiac embryology but whether this happens in humans requires research. Congenital heart block (CHB) is, on occasion, associated with autoantibodies against 5-HT4 receptors. Acute vascular constriction by 5-HT is usually shared by 5-HT1B and 5-HT2A receptors, except in intracranial arteries which constrict only through 5-HT1B receptors. Both 5-HT1B and 5-HT2A receptors can mediate coronary artery spasm but only 5-HT1B receptors appear involved in coronary spasm of patients treated with triptans or with Prinzmetal angina. 5-HT2A receptors constrict the portal venous system including oesophageal collaterals in cirrhosis. Chronic exposure to 5-HT can contribute to pulmonary hypertension through activation of constrictor 5-HT1B receptors and proliferative 5-HT2B receptors, and possibly through direct intracellular effects.
Collapse
|
30
|
Proudnikov D, LaForge KS, Hofflich H, Levenstien M, Gordon D, Barral S, Ott J, Kreek MJ. Association analysis of polymorphisms in serotonin 1B receptor (HTR1B) gene with heroin addiction: a comparison of molecular and statistically estimated haplotypes. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2006; 16:25-36. [PMID: 16344719 DOI: 10.1097/01.fpc.0000182782.87932.d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)-1B receptors (HTR1B) may play an important role in psychiatric disorders and drug and alcohol dependence. In this study we report on genotype, molecular haplotype and statistically estimated haplotype analyses of previously identified polymorphisms in positions -261T>G, -161A>T, 129C>T, 861G>C and 1180A>G of the HTR1B gene in ethnically diverse populations (African-Americans, Caucasians, Hispanics and Asians) including 235 former heroin addicts and 161 control subjects from New York City. The objectives were to test for an association of molecular and statistically estimated haplotypes and genotypes in HTR1B gene with heroin addiction and to compare results provided by molecular and statistically estimated haplotyping methods. METHODS Genotype analysis was performed using a standard TaqMan protocol. Molecular haplotype analysis of the subset of polymorphisms consisting of -261T>G, -161A>T and 129C>T was performed using a protocol specially designed by our group, using fluorescent PCR. This is based on use of allele-specific primers complementary to flanking polymorphisms and a fluorescently labeled sequence-specific TaqMan probe set complementary to an internal polymorphism of the haplotype region. Every individual's statistically inferred haplotype pair agreed with the individual's haplotype pair determined by molecular haplotyping. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION A point-wise significant association of haplotype pairs containing allele G at position 1180 with protective effect from heroin addiction in Caucasians was found. A point-wise nominally significant association of allele 1180G with a protective effect from heroin addiction was found in Caucasians. Statistically significant differences across four ethnic groups in control subjects for allelic frequencies of -261T>G and -161A>T were found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Proudnikov
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bice PJ, Foroud T, Carr LG, Zhang L, Liu L, Grahame NJ, Lumeng L, Li TK, Belknap JK. Identification of QTLs influencing alcohol preference in the High Alcohol Preferring (HAP) and Low Alcohol Preferring (LAP) mouse lines. Behav Genet 2006; 36:248-60. [PMID: 16482403 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-005-9019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The High- and Low-Alcohol Preferring (HAP1/LAP1 and HAP2/LAP2) mouse lines were developed by selective breeding for differences in alcohol preference. They represent the only extant selectively bred mouse lines developed for this alcohol phenotype. Therefore, they provide a unique resource for QTL detection and mapping. Importantly, neither of the replicate lines is inbred and therefore, novel study designs can be employed to detect loci contributing to alcohol preference. Two independent studies, with very different approaches, were conducted in the HAP and LAP replicate lines. In Study 1, microsatellite markers were genotyped in the replicate HAP1/LAP1 and HAP2/LAP2 mice in QTL regions nominated by other mouse RI and F2 studies in order to detect divergence of allele frequencies in the two oppositely selected lines. Significant differences in allele frequencies were observed in the HAP1/LAP1 mice with markers on chromosome 9 (p<0.01). In the HAP2/LAP2 mice, significant differences in allele frequencies were identified on chromosomes 2 and 9 (p<0.01). In Study 2, a genome-wide screen was performed in a sample of 432 HAP1xLAP1 F2 animals and a QTL on chromosome 9 (LOD=5.04) was found which met criteria for genome wide significance (p<0.001). Gender specific analyses supported a greater effect of the QTL among female mice (LOD=5.19; p<0.0008) than male mice (LOD=1.19). This study provides additional evidence and confirmation that specific regions on chromosomes 9 and perhaps 2 are important for alcohol preference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula J Bice
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The completion of the human genome sequence has spurred investigation of the genetic contribution to substance dependence. In this article some of the recent scientific evidence for genetic determinants of opioid and cocaine dependence is reviewed. METHOD An electronic search of the medical literature was conducted to locate published studies relevant to the genetics of opioid and cocaine dependence. The collected information judged to be most pertinent is described and discussed. RESULTS Genetic epidemiologic studies support a high degree of heritable vulnerability for both opioid and cocaine dependence. Polymorphisms in the genes coding for dopamine receptors and transporter, opioid receptors, endogenous opioid peptides, cannabinoid receptors, and serotonin receptors and transporter all appear to be associated with the phenotypic expression of this vulnerability once opioids or cocaine are consumed. CONCLUSIONS Despite this initial progress, identification of specific genes and quantification of associated risk for the expression of each gene remain to be elucidated. While alteration of an individual's genome to change the phenotype seems remote, future interventions for treatment of opioid and cocaine dependence may include precise medications targeted to block the effects of proteins that have been identified through genetic research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Saxon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington School of Medicine; Center of Excellence in Substance Abuse Treatment and Education, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Proudnikov D, LaForge KS, Kreek MJ. High-throughput molecular haplotype analysis (allelic assignment) of single-nucleotide polymorphisms by fluorescent polymerase chain reaction. Anal Biochem 2005; 335:165-7. [PMID: 15519584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Proudnikov
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Duan S, Yin H, Chen W, Xing Q, chen Q, Guo T, Gao J, Li X, Gao R, Liu Z, Gu N, Feng G, He L. No association between the serotonin 1B receptor gene and schizophrenia in a case–control and family-based association study. Neurosci Lett 2005; 376:93-7. [PMID: 15698927 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2004] [Revised: 10/11/2004] [Accepted: 11/11/2004] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that polymorphisms in the putative promoter region of the human serotonin receptor 1B (HTR1B) gene affect gene expression [H.F. Sun, Y.T. Chang, C.S. Fann, C.J. Chang, Y.H. Chen, Y.P. Hsu, W.Y. Yu, A.T. Cheng, Association study of novel human serotonin 5-HT(1B) polymorphisms with alcohol dependence in Taiwanese Han, Biol. Psychiatry 51 (2002) 896-901; J. Duan, A.R. Sanders, J.E. Molen, L. Martinolich, B.J. Mowry, D.F. Levinson, R.R. Crowe, J.M. Silverman, P.V. Gejman, Polymorphisms in the 5'-untranslated region of the human serotonin receptor 1B (HTR1B) gene affect gene expression, Mol. Psychiatry 8 (2003) 901-910]. And the silent mutation G861C allele has been reported to be associated with several psychiatric disorders. Thus, we performed a case-control association study (456 cases and 557 controls) of the five variants in HTR1B gene (T-261G, -182INS/DEL-181, A-161T, C129T and G861C) with schizophrenia. The results showed that neither the allelic distribution nor the major haplotype distribution (except for a rare haplotype) of five SNPs in patients was significantly different from that in controls. A further family-based association study (229 family trios) of G861C allele suggested that HTR1B was not a susceptible gene with schizophrenia in our sample. In conclusion, these data do not support the idea that HTR1B gene plays a major role in the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia in Chinese Han population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Duan
- Bio-X Life Science Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Li J, Wang Y, Zhou R, Zhang H, Yang L, Wang B, Khan S, Faraone SV. Serotonin 5-HT1B receptor gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Chinese Han subjects. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005; 132B:59-63. [PMID: 15578608 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin is an endogenous neurotransmitter that regulates aggressive and impulsive behavior and may be involved in the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). 5-HT1B knockout mice display hyperactivity, increased exploratory activity and aggression, reduced anxiety, increased vulnerability to cocaine self-administration, and elevated alcohol consumption. Many of these same behaviors are seen in patients with ADHD. Prior studies reported excess transmission of the 861G allele of 5-HT1B to ADHD offspring. We used the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) and haplotype analysis to investigate the A-161T and G861C polymorphisms in the 5-HT1B receptor gene in ADHD trios from the Chinese Han population. We found no association with ADHD but did find a tendency for excess transmission of the 861G allele (chi(2) = 3.766, P = 0.052) and the G/A haplotype (chi(2) = 2.925, df = 1, P = 0.087), and under-transmission of C/A haplotype (chi(2) = 3.707, df = 1, P = 0.054) to offspring with inattentive ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Drug use is a complex behavior influenced by multiple biological, family, and sociocultural factors. The concurrent use/misuse of multiple drugs is often seen and drug use also co-occurs with other psychiatric conditions. Behavior and molecular genetic studies support an important posited role of genes in drug use. This posited genetic risk does not appear to be conferred by one or two major genes manifesting large effects, but rather by a number of genes manifesting smaller effects. Genetic factors explain, on average, only about half of the total variability in drug use, with the remaining variability influenced by environmental factors. Also, genetic risk may be differentially expressed in the presence vs. absence of particular environmental conditions. Thus, investigation of environmental factors and their interaction with genetic risk is a necessary component of genetic research. While the full potential of genetic investigations for the prevention of drug misuse has yet to be realized, an example of the impact of risk factor modification under various conditions of gene-environment interaction is provided, and the implications for use of genetic information in drug-misuse prevention are discussed. The multifactorial nature of drug use necessitates coordinated investigation from multiple disciplines and timely dissemination of scientific findings. In addition, this work demands adherence to the highest standards of confidentiality and ethical use of genetic information to best inform future prevention efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Lessov
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Duan J, Sanders AR, Molen JEV, Martinolich L, Mowry BJ, Levinson DF, Crowe RR, Silverman JM, Gejman PV. Polymorphisms in the 5'-untranslated region of the human serotonin receptor 1B (HTR1B) gene affect gene expression. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 8:901-10. [PMID: 14593427 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We present evidence of complex balancing regulation of HTR1B transcription by common polymorphisms in its promoter. Computational analysis of the HTR1B gene predicted that a 5' segment, spanning common DNA sequence variations, T-261G, A-161T, and -182INS/DEL-181, contained a putative functional promoter. Using a secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) reporter gene system, we found that the haplotype -261G_-182INS-181_A-161 enhanced transcriptional activity 2.3-fold compared with the haplotype T-261_-182INS-181_A-161. Conversely, -161T reversed this, and the net effect when -261G and -161T were in the same haplotype (-261G_-182INS-181_-161T) was equivalent to the major haplotype (T-261_-182INS-181_A-161). Electrophoretic mobility shift experiments showed that -261G and -161T modify the binding of transcription factors (TFs): -261G generates a new AP2 binding site, while alleles A-161 and -161T exhibit different binding characteristics to AP1. T-261G and A-161T were found to be in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with G861C in a European ancestry population. Interestingly, G861C has been reported to be associated with several psychiatric disorders. Our results indicate that HTR1B is the target of substantial transcriptional genetic regulation by common haplotypes, which are in LD with the HTR1B single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) most commonly used in association studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Duan
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare (ENH) Research Institute, ENH & Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60206, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sinha R, Cloninger CR, Parsian A. Linkage disequilibrium and haplotype analysis between serotonin receptor 1B gene variations and subtypes of alcoholism. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2003; 121B:83-8. [PMID: 12898580 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.20064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have reported a possible association between serotonergic pathway genes and alcoholism. A silent polymorphism (G to C substitution) in the gene encoding the autoreceptor 5-HT1B was linked to antisocial alcoholism in Finnish and an American Indian populations [Lappalainen et al., 1998: Arch Gen Psychiatry 55:989-994]. Several other polymorphisms of this gene have been investigated for their association with neuropsychiatric disorders. In the present study, a sample of 133 alcoholics without and 39 alcoholics with medical complications, and 88 normal controls was screened for three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), G861C, G261T, and C129T, in the 5-HT1B gene. The goal was to investigate their association with the disease, to measure the strength of linkage disequilibrium (LD) between the SNPs, and to compare haplotype frequencies between alcoholic groups and normal controls. Data was also analyzed on the basis of Type I (n = 47) and Type II (n = 85) alcoholism. There was no significant difference in the allele frequencies or the genotype distribution between any alcoholic groups, alcoholic subgroups, and controls for any polymorphism. G861C and C129T polymorphisms were in complete LD. The pattern of distribution of haplotypes was similar in patients and controls. It is concluded that these SNPs are not playing any direct role in the development of susceptibility to alcoholism in our patient sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Sinha
- Birth Defects Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Dick DM, Foroud T. Candidate genes for alcohol dependence: a review of genetic evidence from human studies. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2003; 27:868-79. [PMID: 12766633 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000065436.24221.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Dick
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 975 W. Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202-0525, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sanders AR, Duan J, Gejman PV. DNA variation and psychopharmacology of the human serotonin receptor 1B (HTR1B) gene. Pharmacogenomics 2002; 3:745-62. [PMID: 12437478 DOI: 10.1517/14622416.3.6.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the neurotransmitter serotonin's receptors, HTR1B, is of interest for many neuropsychiatric traits, illnesses and treatments for multiple reasons, especially its tissue distribution, pharmacological profile and findings from mice lacking the receptor, along with reasons generally implicating serotonin. Eight mutation scans have uncovered sixteen polymorphisms in the coding sequence and surrounding 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions and much is now known of the distribution of these polymorphisms in various ethnic groups and their linkage disequilibrium relationships. Thus far, evidence exists that the uncommon missense T371G (Phe124Cys) and the common promoter region A-161T polymorphisms may exhibit functional effects and possibly that the common synonymous G861C (or more likely a variant in linkage disequilibrium with G861C) does as well. From the eighteen reported population-based case control studies of HTR1B to multiple disorders, several facts stand out. There exists preliminary evidence for association of G861C with i) antisocial alcoholism in the Finnish; ii) alcoholism in the presence of inactive aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 in the Japanese; iii) a history of suicide attempts in European-American personality disorder patients; and iv) minimum lifetime body mass index in Canadian bulimia nervosa patients. From the three reported family-based case control studies of HTR1B to various disorders, one provides preliminary evidence for association of G861C with obsessive compulsive disorder. Although many association studies have been completed, positive results should still be considered preliminary. As these preliminary reports are tested for replication with larger, more powerful samples, there should be increased clarity as to which findings remain robust; in some cases this will require the application of meta-analytic techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Sanders
- Schizophrenia Genetics Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Chicago, Jules F Knapp Research Building, 924 East 57th Street, Room R-004, IL 60637, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|