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Abedini SS, Akhavantabasi S, Liang Y, Heng J, Alizadehsani R, Dehzangi I, Bauer DC, Alinejad-Rokny H. A Critical Review of the Impact of Candidate Copy Number Variants on Autism Spectrum Disorder. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2024:108509. [PMID: 38977176 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2024.108509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) influenced by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Recent advancements in genomic analysis have shed light on numerous genes associated with ASD, highlighting the significant role of both common and rare genetic mutations, as well as copy number variations (CNVs), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and unique de novo variants. These genetic variations disrupt neurodevelopmental pathways, contributing to the disorder's complexity. Notably, CNVs are present in 10%-20% of individuals with autism, with 3%-7% detectable through cytogenetic methods. While the role of submicroscopic CNVs in ASD has been recently studied, their association with genomic loci and genes has not been thoroughly explored. In this review, we focus on 47 CNV regions linked to ASD, encompassing 1,632 genes, including protein-coding genes and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), of which 659 show significant brain expression. Using a list of ASD-associated genes from SFARI, we detect 17 regions harboring at least one known ASD-related protein-coding gene. Of the remaining 30 regions, we identify 24 regions containing at least one protein-coding gene with brain-enriched expression and a nervous system phenotype in mouse mutants, and one lncRNA with both brain-enriched expression and upregulation in iPSC to neuron differentiation. This review not only expands our understanding of the genetic diversity associated with ASD but also underscores the potential of lncRNAs in contributing to its etiology. Additionally, the discovered CNVs will be a valuable resource for future diagnostic, therapeutic, and research endeavors aimed at prioritizing genetic variations in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Sedigheh Abedini
- UNSW BioMedical Machine Learning Lab (BML), The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Shiva Akhavantabasi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Yeni Yuzyil University, Istanbul, Turkey; Ghiaseddin Jamshid Kashani University, Andisheh University Town- Danesh Blvd, 3441356611, Abyek, Qazvin, IR
| | - Yuheng Liang
- UNSW BioMedical Machine Learning Lab (BML), The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Julian Heng
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6845, Australia
| | - Roohallah Alizadehsani
- Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI), Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Iman Dehzangi
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ 08102, USA; Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ 08102, USA
| | - Denis C Bauer
- Transformational Bioinformatics, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Sydney, Australia; Applied BioSciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, Australia
| | - Hamid Alinejad-Rokny
- UNSW BioMedical Machine Learning Lab (BML), The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; Tyree Institute of Health Engineering (IHealthE), UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Cai M, Lv A, Zhao W, Xu L, Lin N, Huang H. Intrauterine ultrasound phenotyping, molecular characteristics, and postnatal follow-up of fetuses with the 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 microdeletion syndrome: a single-center, retrospective clinical study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:23. [PMID: 38172840 PMCID: PMC10763152 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-06223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 microdeletion is associated with neurodevelopmental diseases. However, most studies on this microdeletion have focused on adults and children. Thus, in this study, we summarized the molecular characteristics of fetuses with the 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 microdeletion and their postnatal follow-up to guide prenatal diagnosis. METHODS Ten thousand fetuses were retrospectively subjected to karyotype analysis and chromosome microarray analysis. RESULTS Chromosome microarray analysis revealed that 37 (0.4%) of the 10,000 fetuses had 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 microdeletions. The fragment size of the 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 region was approximately 312-855 kb and encompassed TUBGCP5, CYFIP1, NIPA2, and NIPA1 genes. Twenty-five of the 37 fetuses with this microdeletion showed phenotypic abnormalities. The most common ultrasonic structural abnormality was congenital heart disease, followed by renal dysplasia and Dandy-Walker malformation. The 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 microdeletion was inherited from the father and mother in 6 and 10 cases, respectively, and de novo inherited in 4 cases. In the postnatal follow-up, 16.1% of the children had postnatal abnormalities. CONCLUSION Fetuses with the 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 microdeletion showed high proportions of phenotypic abnormalities, but the specificity of penetrance was low. Thus, fetuses with this syndrome are potentially at a higher risk of postnatal growth/behavioral problems and require continuous monitoring of growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiying Cai
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, China
| | - Aixiang Lv
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wantong Zhao
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liangpu Xu
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Na Lin
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Hailong Huang
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, China.
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Jiang XL, Liang B, Zhao WT, Lin N, Huang HL, Cai MY, Xu LP. Prenatal diagnosis of 15q11.2 microdeletion fetuses in Eastern China: 21 case series and literature review. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2023; 36:2262700. [PMID: 37770195 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2023.2262700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 15q11.2 microdeletion can lead to syndromes affecting the nervous system. However, 15q11.2 microdeletion has large phenotypic differences and incomplete penetrance, which brings challenges to prenatal diagnosis. We reported 21 cases of 15q11.2 microdeletion fetuses in Eastern China and reviewed literature on the prenatal clinical characteristics related to the deletion variants to provide a basis for prenatal genetic counseling. METHODS The clinical data of 21 cases of 15q11.2 microdeletion fetuses collected from June 2018 to September 2021 were retrospectively analyzed, and chromosomal microarray analysis was performed. The reported prenatal clinical features of 15q11.2 microdeletion fetuses were reviewed and summarized. A meta-analysis of 20 studies was performed to test heterogeneity, data integration, and sensitivity on the correlation between 15q11.2 microdeletion and neuropsychiatric diseases. RESULTS The median age of the women was 29.5 years. The median gestational age at interventional examination was 24 weeks. All fetuses showed deletion variants of the 15q11.2 fragment, and the median deletion range was approximately 0.48 MB. Ultrasound of five cases showed no abnormalities; however, four of them showed a high risk of Down's syndrome (risk values were 1/184, 1/128, 1/47, and 1/54, respectively). The remaining 16 fetuses showed congenital heart disease (7/16), elevated nuchal translucency (5/16), abnormal brain structure (2/16) and renal disease (2/16). In a literature review of 82 prenatal cases, 44% (36/82) had abnormal ultrasound features, 31% (11/36) showed abnormal nuchal translucency, approximately 28% (10/36) showed abnormal cardiac structure, and 14% (5/36) had brain structural abnormalities. The meta-analysis revealed that the frequency of the 15q11.2 microdeletion mutation in patients with schizophrenia and epilepsy was significantly higher (odds ratio 2.04, 95% confidence interval: 1.78-2.33, p < 0.00001; odds ratio 5.23, 95% confidence interval: 2.83-9.67, p < 0.00001) than that in normal individuals. CONCLUSION More than half of the 15q11.2 microdeletion cases presented no abnormalities in prenatal ultrasound examination. The cases with ultrasound features mainly showed isolated malformations such as elevated nuchal translucency, congenital heart disease, and brain structural abnormalities. Postpartum 15q11.2 microdeletion patients are at an increased risk of suffering from schizophrenia, epilepsy, and other neurological and mental diseases from 15q11.2 microdeletion. Therefore, prenatal diagnosis of 15q11.2 microdeletion not only depends on molecular diagnostic techniques but also requires cautious genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Li Jiang
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affifiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bin Liang
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affifiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wan-Tong Zhao
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affifiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, China
| | - Na Lin
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affifiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hai-Long Huang
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affifiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mei-Ying Cai
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affifiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liang-Pu Xu
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affifiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, China
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Meossi C, Carrer A, Ciaccio C, Estienne M, Silipigni R, Sciacca FL, Pantaleoni C, D'Arrigo S, Milani D. Clinical features and magnesium levels: Novel insights in 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 copy number variants. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2023. [PMID: 37129092 DOI: 10.1111/jir.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigating copy number variations (CNVs) such as microdeletions or microduplications can significantly contribute to discover the aetiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. 15q11.2 genomic region, including NIPA1 and NIPA2 genes, contains a recurrent but rare CNV, flanked by the break points BP1 and BP2. Both BP1-BP2 microdeletion and microduplication have been associated with intellectual disability (ID), neuropsychiatric/behavioural disturbances and mild clinical features, even if with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. The pathogenic role of this CNV is quite unclear though. Unknown variants in other DNA regions and parent-of-origin effect (POE) are some of the mechanisms that have been proposed as an explanation of the wide phenotypic variability. As NIPA1 and NIPA2 encode for proteins that mediate magnesium (Mg2+ ) metabolism, it has been suggested that urinary Mg2+ levels could potentially represent informative and affordable biomarkers for a rapid screening of 15q11.2 duplications or deletions. Furthermore, magnesium supplementation has been proposed as possible therapeutic strategy. METHODS Thirty one children with ID and/or other neurodevelopmental disorders carrying either a duplication or a deletion in 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 region have been recruited. When available, blood samples from parents have been analysed to identify the CNV origin. All participants underwent family and medical data collection, physical examination and neuropsychiatric assessment. Electroencephalogram (EEG) and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan were performed in 15 children. In addition, 11 families agreed to participate to the assessment of blood and urinary Mg2+ levels. RESULTS We observed a highly variable phenotypic spectrum of developmental issues encompassing ID in most subjects as well as a variety of behavioural disorders such as autism and attention-deficit disorder/attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Dysmorphic traits and malformations were detected only in a minority of the participants, and no clear association with growth anomalies was found. Abnormal brain MRI and/or EEG were reported respectively in 64% and 92% of the subjects. Inheritance assessment highlighted an excess of duplication of maternal origin, while cardiac alterations were detected only in children with 15q11.2 CNV inherited from the father. We found great variability in Mg2+ urinary values, without correlation with 15q11.2 copy numbers. However, the variance of urinary Mg2+ levels largely increases in individuals with 15q11.2 deletion/duplication. CONCLUSIONS This study provides further evidence that 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 CNV is associated with a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders and POE might be an explanation for clinical variability. However, some issues may question the real impact of 15q11.2 CNV on the phenotype in the carriers: DNA sequencing could be useful to exclude other pathogenic gene mutations. Our results do not support the possibility that urinary Mg2+ levels can be used as biomarkers to screen children with neurodevelopmental disorders for 15q11.2 duplication/deletion. However, there are evidences of correlations between 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 CNV and Mg2+ metabolism and future studies may pave the way to new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Meossi
- Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - A Carrer
- Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - C Ciaccio
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - M Estienne
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - R Silipigni
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - F L Sciacca
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - C Pantaleoni
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - S D'Arrigo
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - D Milani
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Butler MG, Cowen N, Bhatnagar A. Prader-Willi syndrome, deletion subtypes, and magnesium: Potential impact on clinical findings. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:3278-3286. [PMID: 36190479 PMCID: PMC9548494 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome is a complex neurodevelopmental genetic imprinting disorder with severe congenital hypotonia, failure to thrive with learning and behavioral problems, and hyperphagia with obesity developing in early childhood. Those with the typical 15q11-q13 Type I deletion compared with the smaller Type II deletion have more severe neurobehavioral problems and differ by the absence of four genes in the 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 region. Two of the genes encode magnesium transporters supporting brain and neurological function and we report on magnesium levels in the two deletion groups of PWS participants. We measured baseline plasma magnesium and analyzed data from a PWS cohort with and without the Type I or Type II deletion. Significantly lower plasma magnesium levels were found in PWS participants with the larger Type I deletion and more so with females with Type I deletion compared with females having the Type II deletion, although magnesium levels remained within normal range in both subgroups. Those with PWS and the larger 15q11-q13 Type I deletion were more clinically affected than those with the smaller Type II deletion. Two of the four genes missing in those with the larger deletion code for magnesium transporters and may impact magnesium levels. Our study showed lower magnesium levels in those with the larger deletion which could contribute to neurobehavioral differences seen in the two separate 15q11-q13 deletion subtypes and in addition affect both glucose and insulin metabolism impacting comorbidities but will require more research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin G Butler
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Neil Cowen
- Soleno Therapeutics, Inc., Redwood City, California, USA
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Rosenberg AGW, Wellink CM, Tellez Garcia JM, Pellikaan K, Van Abswoude DH, Davidse K, Van Zutven LJCM, Brüggenwirth HT, Resnick JL, Van der Lely AJ, De Graaff LCG. Health Problems in Adults with Prader-Willi Syndrome of Different Genetic Subtypes: Cohort Study, Meta-Analysis and Review of the Literature. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11144033. [PMID: 35887798 PMCID: PMC9323859 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11144033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Prader−Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex, rare genetic disorder caused by a loss of expression of paternally expressed genes on chromosome 15q11.2-q13. The most common underlying genotypes are paternal deletion (DEL) and maternal uniparental disomy (mUPD). DELs can be subdivided into type 1 (DEL-1) and (smaller) type 2 deletions (DEL-2). Most research has focused on behavioral, cognitive and psychological differences between the different genotypes. However, little is known about physical health problems in relation to genetic subtypes. In this cross-sectional study, we compare physical health problems and other clinical features among adults with PWS caused by DEL (N = 65, 12 DEL-1, 27 DEL-2) and mUPD (N = 65). A meta-analysis, including our own data, showed that BMI was 2.79 kg/m2 higher in adults with a DEL (p = 0.001). There were no significant differences between DEL-1 and DEL-2. Scoliosis was more prevalent among adults with a DEL (80% vs. 58%; p = 0.04). Psychotic episodes were more prevalent among adults with an mUPD (44% vs. 9%; p < 0.001). In conclusion, there were no significant differences in physical health outcomes between the genetic subtypes, apart from scoliosis and BMI. The differences in health problems, therefore, mainly apply to the psychological domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna G. W. Rosenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.G.W.R.); (C.M.W.); (J.M.T.G.); (K.P.); (D.H.V.A.); (K.D.); (A.J.V.d.L.)
- Dutch Center of Reference for Prader–Willi Syndrome, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Adults with Rare Genetic Syndromes, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Academic Center for Growth Disorders, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte M. Wellink
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.G.W.R.); (C.M.W.); (J.M.T.G.); (K.P.); (D.H.V.A.); (K.D.); (A.J.V.d.L.)
| | - Juan M. Tellez Garcia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.G.W.R.); (C.M.W.); (J.M.T.G.); (K.P.); (D.H.V.A.); (K.D.); (A.J.V.d.L.)
| | - Karlijn Pellikaan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.G.W.R.); (C.M.W.); (J.M.T.G.); (K.P.); (D.H.V.A.); (K.D.); (A.J.V.d.L.)
- Dutch Center of Reference for Prader–Willi Syndrome, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Adults with Rare Genetic Syndromes, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Academic Center for Growth Disorders, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Denise H. Van Abswoude
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.G.W.R.); (C.M.W.); (J.M.T.G.); (K.P.); (D.H.V.A.); (K.D.); (A.J.V.d.L.)
- Dutch Center of Reference for Prader–Willi Syndrome, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Adults with Rare Genetic Syndromes, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Academic Center for Growth Disorders, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten Davidse
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.G.W.R.); (C.M.W.); (J.M.T.G.); (K.P.); (D.H.V.A.); (K.D.); (A.J.V.d.L.)
- Dutch Center of Reference for Prader–Willi Syndrome, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Adults with Rare Genetic Syndromes, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Academic Center for Growth Disorders, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura J. C. M. Van Zutven
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (L.J.C.M.V.Z.); (H.T.B.)
| | - Hennie T. Brüggenwirth
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (L.J.C.M.V.Z.); (H.T.B.)
| | - James L. Resnick
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Aart J. Van der Lely
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.G.W.R.); (C.M.W.); (J.M.T.G.); (K.P.); (D.H.V.A.); (K.D.); (A.J.V.d.L.)
- ENDO-ERN, European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions
| | - Laura C. G. De Graaff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.G.W.R.); (C.M.W.); (J.M.T.G.); (K.P.); (D.H.V.A.); (K.D.); (A.J.V.d.L.)
- Dutch Center of Reference for Prader–Willi Syndrome, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Adults with Rare Genetic Syndromes, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Academic Center for Growth Disorders, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- ENDO-ERN, European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-618-843-010
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Kang J, Lee CN, Su YN, Lin MW, Tai YY, Hsu WW, Huang KY, Chen CL, Hung CH, Lin SY. The Prenatal Diagnosis and Clinical Outcomes of Fetuses With 15q11.2 Copy Number Variants: A Case Series of 36 Patients. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:754521. [PMID: 34888324 PMCID: PMC8649837 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.754521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal genetic counseling of fetuses diagnosed with 15q11.2 copy number variants (CNVs) involving the BP1–BP2 region is difficult due to limited information and controversial opinion on prognosis. In total, we collected the data of 36 pregnant women who underwent prenatal microarray analysis from 2010 to 2017 and were assessed at National Taiwan University Hospital. Comparison of the maternal characteristics, prenatal ultrasound findings, and postnatal outcomes among the different cases involving the 15q11.2 BP1–BP2 region were presented. Out of the 36 fetuses diagnosed with CNVs involving the BP1–BP2 region, five were diagnosed with microduplications and 31 with microdeletions. Among the participants, 10 pregnant women received termination of pregnancy and 26 gave birth to healthy individuals (27 babies in total). The prognoses of 15q11.2 CNVs were controversial and recent studies have revealed its low pathogenicity. In our study, the prenatal abnormal ultrasound findings were recorded in 12 participants and were associated with 15q11.2 deletions. No obvious developmental delay or neurological disorders were detected in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Nan Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ning Su
- Sofiva Genomics Co. Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wei Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yun Tai
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Wei Hsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ying Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ling Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hui Hung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Yu Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Adverse Perinatal and Early Life Outcomes following 15q11.2 CNV Diagnosis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101480. [PMID: 34680874 PMCID: PMC8535766 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The copy number variation (CNV) of 15q11.2, an emerging and common condition observed during prenatal counseling, is encompassed by four highly conserved and non-imprinted genes—TUBGCP5, CYFIP1, NIPA1, and NIPA2—which are reportedly related to developmental delays or general behavioral problems. We retrospectively analyzed 1337 samples from genetic amniocentesis for fetal CNV using microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization analysis between January 2014 and December 2019. 15q11.2 CNV showed a prevalence of 1.5% (21/1337). Separately, 0.7% was noted for 15q11.2 BP1–BP2 microdeletion and 0.8% for 15q11.2 microduplication. Compared to the normal array group, the 15q11.2 BP1–BP2 microdeletion group had more cases of neonatal intensive care unit transfer, an Apgar score of <7 at 1 min, and neonatal death. Additionally, the group was symptomatic with developmental delays and had more infantile deaths related to congenital heart disease (CHD). Our study makes a novel contribution to the literature by exploring the differences in the adverse perinatal outcomes and early life conditions between the 15q11.2 CNV and normal array groups. Parent-origin gender-based differences may help in the prognosis of the fetal phenotype; development levels should be followed up in the long term and echocardiography should be offered prenatally and postnatally for the prevention of a delayed diagnosis of CHD.
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9
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Quantitative neurogenetics: applications in understanding disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1621-1631. [PMID: 34282824 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders (NNDs) are a group of conditions with a broad range of core and co-morbidities, associated with dysfunction of the central nervous system. Improvements in high throughput sequencing have led to the detection of putative risk genetic loci for NNDs, however, quantitative neurogenetic approaches need to be further developed in order to establish causality and underlying molecular genetic mechanisms of pathogenesis. Here, we discuss an approach for prioritizing the contribution of genetic risk loci to complex-NND pathogenesis by estimating the possible impacts of these loci on gene regulation. Furthermore, we highlight the use of a tissue-specificity gene expression index and the application of artificial intelligence (AI) to improve the interpretation of the role of genetic risk elements in NND pathogenesis. Given that NND symptoms are associated with brain dysfunction, risk loci with direct, causative actions would comprise genes with essential functions in neural cells that are highly expressed in the brain. Indeed, NND risk genes implicated in brain dysfunction are disproportionately enriched in the brain compared with other tissues, which we refer to as brain-specific expressed genes. In addition, the tissue-specificity gene expression index can be used as a handle to identify non-brain contexts that are involved in NND pathogenesis. Lastly, we discuss how using an AI approach provides the opportunity to integrate the biological impacts of risk loci to identify those putative combinations of causative relationships through which genetic factors contribute to NND pathogenesis.
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10
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Correa‐da‐Silva F, Fliers E, Swaab DF, Yi C. Hypothalamic neuropeptides and neurocircuitries in Prader Willi syndrome. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12994. [PMID: 34156126 PMCID: PMC8365683 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a rare and incurable congenital neurodevelopmental disorder, resulting from the absence of expression of a group of genes on the paternally acquired chromosome 15q11-q13. Phenotypical characteristics of PWS include infantile hypotonia, short stature, incomplete pubertal development, hyperphagia and morbid obesity. Hypothalamic dysfunction in controlling body weight and food intake is a hallmark of PWS. Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that PWS subjects have abnormal neurocircuitry engaged in the hedonic and physiological control of feeding behavior. This is translated into diminished production of hypothalamic effector peptides which are responsible for the coordination of energy homeostasis and satiety. So far, studies with animal models for PWS and with human post-mortem hypothalamic specimens demonstrated changes particularly in the infundibular and the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, both in orexigenic and anorexigenic neural populations. Moreover, many PWS patients have a severe endocrine dysfunction, e.g. central hypogonadism and/or growth hormone deficiency, which may contribute to the development of increased fat mass, especially if left untreated. Additionally, the role of non-neuronal cells, such as astrocytes and microglia in the hypothalamic dysregulation in PWS is yet to be determined. Notably, microglial activation is persistently present in non-genetic obesity. To what extent microglia, and other glial cells, are affected in PWS is poorly understood. The elucidation of the hypothalamic dysfunction in PWS could prove to be a key feature of rational therapeutic management in this syndrome. This review aims to examine the evidence for hypothalamic dysfunction, both at the neuropeptidergic and circuitry levels, and its correlation with the pathophysiology of PWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Correa‐da‐Silva
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam University Medical Center (UMC)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of EndocrinologyAmsterdam University Medical Center (UMC)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Neuropsychiatric DisordersNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAn Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam University Medical Center (UMC)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Dick F. Swaab
- Department of Neuropsychiatric DisordersNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAn Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Chun‐Xia Yi
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam University Medical Center (UMC)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of EndocrinologyAmsterdam University Medical Center (UMC)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Neuropsychiatric DisordersNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAn Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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11
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Aitken RJ, Bakos HW. Should we be measuring DNA damage in human spermatozoa? New light on an old question. Hum Reprod 2021; 36:1175-1185. [PMID: 33532854 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessments of sperm DNA damage are controversial because of perceived uncertainties over the relationship with pregnancy and the limited range of therapies available should positive results be returned. In this article, we highlight recent data supporting a chain of associations between oxidative stress in the male germ line, DNA damage in spermatozoa, defective DNA repair in the oocyte, the mutational load carried by the resulting embryo and the long-term health trajectory of the offspring. Any condition capable of generating oxidative damage in spermatozoa (age, obesity, smoking, prolonged abstinence, varicocele, chemical exposures, radiation etc.) is capable of influencing offspring health in this manner, creating a range of pathologies in the progeny including neuropsychiatric disorders and cancer. If sperm DNA damage is detected, there are several therapeutic interventions that can be introduced to improve DNA quality prior to the use of these cells in ART. We therefore argue that infertility specialists should be engaged in the diagnosis and remediation of sperm DNA damage as a matter of best practice, in order to minimize the risk of adverse health outcomes in children conceived using ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- R John Aitken
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Hassan W Bakos
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Monash IVF Group Limited, Level 2, 1 Fennell Street, Parramatta, NSW 2151 Australia
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12
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Capkova Z, Capkova P, Srovnal J, Adamova K, Prochazka M, Hajduch M. Duplication of 9p24.3 in three unrelated patients and their phenotypes, considering affected genes, and similar recurrent variants. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1592. [PMID: 33455084 PMCID: PMC8104183 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies suggest that duplication of the 9p24.3 chromosomal locus, which includes the DOCK8 and KANK1 genes, is associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), intellectual disability/developmental delay (ID/DD), learning problems, language disorders, hyperactivity, and epilepsy. Correlation between this duplication and the carrier phenotype needs further discussion. Methods In this study, three unrelated patients with ID/DD and ASD underwent SNP aCGH and MLPA testing. Similarities in the phenotypes of patients with 9p24.3, 15q11.2, and 16p11.2 duplications were also observed. Results All patients with ID/DD and ASD carried the 9p24.3 duplication and showed intragenic duplication of DOCK8. Additionally, two patients had ADHD, one was hearing impaired and obese, and one had macrocephaly. Inheritance of the 9p24.3 duplication was confirmed in one patient and his sibling. In one patient KANK1 was duplicated along with DOCK8. Carriers of 9p24.3, 15q11.2, and 16p11.2 duplications showed several phenotypic similarities, with ID/DD more strongly associated with duplication of 9p24.3 than of 15q11.2 and 16p11.2. Conclusion We concluded that 9p24.3 is a likely cause of ASD and ID/DD, especially in cases of DOCK8 intragenic duplication. DOCK8 is a likely causative gene, and KANK1 aberrations a modulator, of the clinical phenotype observed. Other modulators were not excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Capkova
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlina Capkova
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Srovnal
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Adamova
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Prochazka
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Hajduch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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13
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Williams SG, Nakev A, Guo H, Frain S, Tenin G, Liakhovitskaia A, Saha P, Priest JR, Hentges KE, Keavney BD. Association of congenital cardiovascular malformation and neuropsychiatric phenotypes with 15q11.2 (BP1-BP2) deletion in the UK Biobank. Eur J Hum Genet 2020; 28:1265-1273. [PMID: 32327713 PMCID: PMC7608352 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-020-0626-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Deletion of a non-imprinted 500kb genomic region at chromosome 15q11.2, between breakpoints 1 and 2 of the Prader-Willi/Angelman locus (BP1-BP2 deletion), has been associated in previous studies with phenotypes including congenital cardiovascular malformations (CVM). Previous studies investigating association between BP1-BP2 deletion and CVM have tended to recruit cases with rarer and more severe CVM phenotypes; the impact of CVM on relatively unselected population cohorts, anticipated to contain chiefly less severe but commoner CHD phenotypes, is relatively unexplored. More precisely defining the impact of BP1-BP2 deletion on CVM risk could be useful to guide genetic counselling, since the deletion is frequently identified in the neurodevelopmental clinic. Using the UK Biobank (UKB) cohort of ~500,000 individuals, we identified individuals with CVM and investigated the association with deletions at the BP1-BP2 locus. In addition, we assessed the association of BP1-BP2 deletions with neuropsychiatric diagnoses, cognitive function and academic achievement. Cases of CVM had an increased prevalence of the deletion compared with controls (0.64%; OR = 1.73 [95% CI 1.08-2.75]; p = 0.03), as did those with neuropsychiatric diagnoses (0.68%; OR = 1.84 [95% CI 1.23-2.75]; p = 0.004). We conclude that BP1-BP2 deletion moderately increases the risk of the generally milder, but commoner, CVM phenotypes seen in this unselected population, in addition to its previously demonstrated association in case/control studies ascertained for CVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon G Williams
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Apostol Nakev
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hui Guo
- Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Simon Frain
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Gennadiy Tenin
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anna Liakhovitskaia
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Priyanka Saha
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James R Priest
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn E Hentges
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Bernard D Keavney
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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14
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Bellil H, Molina-Gomes D, Quibel T, Roy S, Dard R, Vialard F, Herve B. Prenatal diagnosis of 2q13 duplications: The crucial role of the family survey in genetic counseling on novel copy number variations. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 63:103956. [PMID: 32439619 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.103956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the introduction of novel genome analysis technologies (such as array comparative genomic hybridization) has enabled the prenatal diagnosis of various recurrent copy number variations (CNVs). Some of these CNVs have been linked to a greater susceptibility of developmental and neuropsychiatric disorders; for example, recurrent duplication at the 2q13 locus is associated with developmental delay, dysmorphism and intellectual disability. However, this CNV has low penetrance and variable clinical expressivity. It also can be observed in healthy controls and can be transmitted by unaffected parents, making genetic counseling especially challenging. Here, we report on the inheritance of a 2q13 duplication in an asymptomatic family; the case highlights the role of the family survey in genetic counseling with regard to novel CNVs diagnosed before birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hela Bellil
- Genetics Department, CHI de Poissy St Germain en Laye, F-78300, Poissy, France; UFR Simone Veil-Santé, RHuMA, UVSQ, F-78180, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Denise Molina-Gomes
- Genetics Department, CHI de Poissy St Germain en Laye, F-78300, Poissy, France; UFR Simone Veil-Santé, RHuMA, UVSQ, F-78180, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Thibaud Quibel
- Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique, CHI de Poissy St Germain an Laye, F-78300, Poissy, France
| | - Sophie Roy
- Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique, CHI de Poissy St Germain an Laye, F-78300, Poissy, France
| | - Rodolphe Dard
- Genetics Department, CHI de Poissy St Germain en Laye, F-78300, Poissy, France; UFR Simone Veil-Santé, RHuMA, UVSQ, F-78180, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - François Vialard
- Genetics Department, CHI de Poissy St Germain en Laye, F-78300, Poissy, France; UFR Simone Veil-Santé, RHuMA, UVSQ, F-78180, Montigny le Bretonneux, France; Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire D'Alfort, BREED, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Bérénice Herve
- Genetics Department, CHI de Poissy St Germain en Laye, F-78300, Poissy, France; UFR Simone Veil-Santé, RHuMA, UVSQ, F-78180, Montigny le Bretonneux, France.
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15
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Li X, Shi G, Li Y, Zhang X, Xiang Y, Wang T, Li Y, Chen H, Fu Q, Zhang H, Wang B. 15q11.2 deletion is enriched in patients with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. J Med Genet 2020; 58:jmedgenet-2019-106608. [PMID: 32376791 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CNV is a vital pathogenic factor of congenital heart disease (CHD). However, few CNVs have been reported for total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC), which is a rare form of CHD. Using case-control study, we identified 15q11.2 deletion associated with TAPVC. We then used a TAPVC trio as model to reveal possible molecular basis of 15q11.2 microdeletion. METHODS CNVplex and Chromosomal Microarray were used to identify and validate CNVs in samples from 231 TAPVC cases and 200 healthy controls from Shanghai Children's Medical Center. In vitro cardiomyocyte differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells for a TAPVC trio with paternal inherited 15q11.2 deletion was performed to characterise the effect of the deletion on cardiomyocyte differentiation and gene expression. RESULTS The 15q11.2 microdeletion was significantly enriched in patients with TAPVC compared with healthy control (13/231 in patients vs 0/200 in controls, p=5.872×10-2, Bonferroni adjusted) using Fisher's exact test. Induced pluripotent stem cells from the proband could not differentiate into normal cardiomyocyte. Transcriptomic analysis identified a number of differentially expressed genes in the 15q11.2 deletion carriers of the family. TAPVC disease-causing genes such as PITX2, NKX2-5 and ANKRD1 showed significantly higher expression in the proband compared with her healthy mother. Knockdown of TUBGCP5 could lead to abnormal cardiomyocyte differentiation. CONCLUSION We discovered that the 15q11.2 deletion is significantly associated with TAPVC. Gene expression profile that might arise from 15q11.2 deletion for a TAPVC family was characterised using cell experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Li
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guocheng Shi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xiang
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Teng Wang
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxin Li
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiwen Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihua Fu
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Obestetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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16
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Kanellopoulos AK, Mariano V, Spinazzi M, Woo YJ, McLean C, Pech U, Li KW, Armstrong JD, Giangrande A, Callaerts P, Smit AB, Abrahams BS, Fiala A, Achsel T, Bagni C. Aralar Sequesters GABA into Hyperactive Mitochondria, Causing Social Behavior Deficits. Cell 2020; 180:1178-1197.e20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Hoffmann A, Ziller M, Spengler D. Focus on Causality in ESC/iPSC-Based Modeling of Psychiatric Disorders. Cells 2020; 9:E366. [PMID: 32033412 PMCID: PMC7072492 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified an increasing number of genetic variants that significantly associate with psychiatric disorders. Despite this wealth of information, our knowledge of which variants causally contribute to disease, how they interact, and even more so of the functions they regulate, is still poor. The availability of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and the advent of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has opened new opportunities to investigate genetic risk variants in living disease-relevant cells. Here, we analyze how this progress has contributed to the analysis of causal relationships between genetic risk variants and neuronal phenotypes, especially in schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). Studies on rare, highly penetrant risk variants have originally led the field, until more recently when the development of (epi-) genetic editing techniques spurred studies on cause-effect relationships between common low risk variants and their associated neuronal phenotypes. This reorientation not only offers new insights, but also raises issues on interpretability. Concluding, we consider potential caveats and upcoming developments in the field of ESC/iPSC-based modeling of causality in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dietmar Spengler
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany; (A.H.); (M.Z.)
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18
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Jønch AE, Douard E, Moreau C, Van Dijck A, Passeggeri M, Kooy F, Puechberty J, Campbell C, Sanlaville D, Lefroy H, Richetin S, Pain A, Geneviève D, Kini U, Le Caignec C, Lespinasse J, Skytte AB, Isidor B, Zweier C, Caberg JH, Delrue MA, Møller RS, Bojesen A, Hjalgrim H, Brasch-Andersen C, Lemyre E, Ousager LB, Jacquemont S. Estimating the effect size of the 15Q11.2 BP1-BP2 deletion and its contribution to neurodevelopmental symptoms: recommendations for practice. J Med Genet 2019; 56:701-710. [PMID: 31451536 PMCID: PMC6817694 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background The 15q11.2 deletion is frequently identified in the neurodevelopmental clinic. Case–control studies have associated the 15q11.2 deletion with neurodevelopmental disorders, and clinical case series have attempted to delineate a microdeletion syndrome with considerable phenotypic variability. The literature on this deletion is extensive and confusing, which is a challenge for genetic counselling. The aim of this study was to estimate the effect size of the 15q11.2 deletion and quantify its contribution to neurodevelopmental disorders. Methods We performed meta-analyses on new and previously published case–control studies and used statistical models trained in unselected populations with cognitive assessments. We used new (n=241) and previously published (n=150) data from a clinically referred group of deletion carriers. 15q11.2 duplications (new n=179 and previously published n=35) were used as a neutral control variant. Results The deletion decreases IQ by 4.3 points. The estimated ORs and respective frequencies in deletion carriers for intellectual disabilities, schizophrenia and epilepsy are 1.7 (3.4%), 1.5 (2%) and 3.1 (2.1%), respectively. There is no increased risk for heart malformations and autism. In the clinically referred group, the frequency and nature of symptoms in deletions are not different from those observed in carriers of the 15q11.2 duplication suggesting that most of the reported symptoms are due to ascertainment bias. Conclusions We recommend that the deletion should be classified as ‘pathogenic of mild effect size’. Since it explains only a small proportion of the phenotypic variance in carriers, it is not worth discussing in the developmental clinic or in a prenatal setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aia Elise Jønch
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Elise Douard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Center Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Clara Moreau
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Center Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anke Van Dijck
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Frank Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jacques Puechberty
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Maladies rares et Médecine personnalisée, Université Montpelier, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Carolyn Campbell
- Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Damien Sanlaville
- Service de Génétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, CHU de Lyon, Bron, France.,Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, GENDEV Team, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Henrietta Lefroy
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Sonia Richetin
- Service of Medical Genetics, CHUV Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurelie Pain
- Service of Medical Genetics, CHUV Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Centre Cantonal Autisme, CHUV Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Geneviève
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1183, IRMB, Hôpital Saint Eloi, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Usha Kini
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.,The Spires Cleft Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - James Lespinasse
- Service de Cytogenetique, Centre Hospitalier de Chambéry, Chambéry, France
| | - Anne-Bine Skytte
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Christiane Zweier
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Marie-Ange Delrue
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Center Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Anders Bojesen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Sygehus Lillebalt Vejle Sygehus, Vejle, Denmark
| | | | - Charlotte Brasch-Andersen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Emmanuelle Lemyre
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Center Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Lilian Bomme Ousager
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sébastien Jacquemont
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada .,Center Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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19
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Magnesium Supplement and the 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 Microdeletion (Burnside-Butler) Syndrome: A Potential Treatment? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122914. [PMID: 31207912 PMCID: PMC6627575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The 15q11.2 BP1–BP2 microdeletion (Burnside–Butler) syndrome is an emerging disorder that encompasses four genes (NIPA1, NIPA2, CYFIP1, and TUBGCP5). When disturbed, these four genes can lead to cognitive impairment, language and/or motor delay, psychiatric/behavioral problems (attention-deficit hyperactivity, autism, dyslexia, schizophrenia/paranoid psychosis), ataxia, seizures, poor coordination, congenital anomalies, and abnormal brain imaging. This microdeletion was reported as the most common cytogenetic finding when using ultra-high- resolution chromosomal microarrays in patients presenting for genetic services due to autism with or without additional clinical features. Additionally, those individuals with Prader–Willi or Angelman syndromes having the larger typical 15q11–q13 type I deletion which includes the 15q11.2 BP1–BP2 region containing the four genes, show higher clinical severity than those having the smaller 15q11–q13 deletion where these four genes are intact. Two of the four genes (i.e., NIPA1 and NIPA2) are expressed in the brain and encode magnesium transporters. Magnesium is required in over 300 enzyme systems that are critical for multiple cellular functions, energy expenditure, protein synthesis, DNA transcription, and muscle and nerve function. Low levels of magnesium are found in those with seizures, depression, and acute or chronic brain diseases. Anecdotally, parents have administered magnesium supplements to their children with the 15q11.2 BP1–BP2 microdeletion and have observed improvement in behavior and clinical presentation. These observations require more attention from the medical community and should include controlled studies to determine if magnesium supplements could be a treatment option for this microdeletion syndrome and also for a subset of individuals with Prader–Willi and Angelman syndromes.
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20
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Altıner Ş, Yürür Kutlay N. Importance of patient selection criteria in determining diagnostic copy number variations in patients with multiple congenital anomaly/mental retardation. Mol Cytogenet 2019; 12:23. [PMID: 31149029 PMCID: PMC6537423 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-019-0436-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Etiology of developmental delay/intellectual disability is very heterogeneous. In recent years, genetic causes have been defined through the use of chromosomal microarray analysis as a first step genetic test. Results Samples from 30 patients with multiple congenital anomaly and/or mental retardation were analyzed with array comparative genomic hybridization in the context of this study. Before this analysis, karyotyping, subtelomeric fluorescence in situ hybridization and additionally fragment analysis for fragile X in males, had been routinely made all of which were reported to be normal. The purpose of our study was to determine the copy number variations as well as to investigate methods to increase diagnostic yield of array comparative genomic hybridization and forming a suitable flow chart decision pipeline for test indication especially for developing countries. Genomic changes were identified at a rate of about 27% in our series. Although this ratio is higher than the literature data, it could be due to the patient selection criteria. Conclusion Chromosomal microarray analysis is not easily utilized for all patients because of its high-cost. Thus, for increasing cost-effectiveness, it may be used step by step for defined targets. Along with discussing the patients with copy number variations relevant with the phenotype, we suggest a flow chart for selection of diagnostic test with the highest diagnostic rate and the lowest expenditure which is quite important for developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şule Altıner
- Department of Medical Genetics, Trabzon Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Topal Osman Street 7, 61290 Trabzon, Turkey.,2Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nüket Yürür Kutlay
- 2Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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21
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Dharmadhikari AV, Ghosh R, Yuan B, Liu P, Dai H, Al Masri S, Scull J, Posey JE, Jiang AH, He W, Vetrini F, Braxton AA, Ward P, Chiang T, Qu C, Gu S, Shaw CA, Smith JL, Lalani S, Stankiewicz P, Cheung SW, Bacino CA, Patel A, Breman AM, Wang X, Meng L, Xiao R, Xia F, Muzny D, Gibbs RA, Beaudet AL, Eng CM, Lupski JR, Yang Y, Bi W. Copy number variant and runs of homozygosity detection by microarrays enabled more precise molecular diagnoses in 11,020 clinical exome cases. Genome Med 2019; 11:30. [PMID: 31101064 PMCID: PMC6525387 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-019-0639-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exome sequencing (ES) has been successfully applied in clinical detection of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and small indels. However, identification of copy number variants (CNVs) using ES data remains challenging. The purpose of this study is to understand the contribution of CNVs and copy neutral runs of homozygosity (ROH) in molecular diagnosis of patients referred for ES. Methods In a cohort of 11,020 consecutive ES patients, an Illumina SNP array analysis interrogating mostly coding SNPs was performed as a quality control (QC) measurement and for CNV/ROH detection. Among these patients, clinical chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) was performed at Baylor Genetics (BG) on 3229 patients, either before, concurrently, or after ES. We retrospectively analyzed the findings from CMA and the QC array. Results The QC array can detect ~ 70% of pathogenic/likely pathogenic CNVs (PCNVs) detectable by CMA. Out of the 11,020 ES cases, the QC array identified PCNVs in 327 patients and uniparental disomy (UPD) disorder-related ROH in 10 patients. The overall PCNV/UPD detection rate was 5.9% in the 3229 ES patients who also had CMA at BG; PCNV/UPD detection rate was higher in concurrent ES and CMA than in ES with prior CMA (7.2% vs 4.6%). The PCNVs/UPD contributed to the molecular diagnoses in 17.4% (189/1089) of molecularly diagnosed ES cases with CMA and were estimated to contribute in 10.6% of all molecularly diagnosed ES cases. Dual diagnoses with both PCNVs and SNVs were detected in 38 patients. PCNVs affecting single recessive disorder genes in a compound heterozygous state with SNVs were detected in 4 patients, and homozygous deletions (mostly exonic deletions) were detected in 17 patients. A higher PCNV detection rate was observed for patients with syndromic phenotypes and/or cardiovascular abnormalities. Conclusions Our clinical genomics study demonstrates that detection of PCNV/UPD through the QC array or CMA increases ES diagnostic rate, provides more precise molecular diagnosis for dominant as well as recessive traits, and enables more complete genetic diagnoses in patients with dual or multiple molecular diagnoses. Concurrent ES and CMA using an array with exonic coverage for disease genes enables most effective detection of both CNVs and SNVs and therefore is recommended especially in time-sensitive clinical situations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13073-019-0639-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajarshi Ghosh
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030-3411, USA
| | - Bo Yuan
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030-3411, USA
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030-3411, USA
| | - Hongzheng Dai
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030-3411, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Scull
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030-3411, USA
| | - Jennifer E Posey
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030-3411, USA
| | | | - Weimin He
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Alicia A Braxton
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030-3411, USA
| | - Patricia Ward
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030-3411, USA
| | - Theodore Chiang
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chunjing Qu
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shen Gu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030-3411, USA
| | - Chad A Shaw
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030-3411, USA
| | - Janice L Smith
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030-3411, USA
| | - Seema Lalani
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030-3411, USA
| | - Pawel Stankiewicz
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030-3411, USA
| | - Sau-Wai Cheung
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030-3411, USA
| | - Carlos A Bacino
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030-3411, USA.,Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ankita Patel
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030-3411, USA
| | - Amy M Breman
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030-3411, USA
| | - Xia Wang
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030-3411, USA
| | - Linyan Meng
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030-3411, USA
| | - Rui Xiao
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030-3411, USA
| | - Fan Xia
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030-3411, USA
| | - Donna Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030-3411, USA.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Arthur L Beaudet
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030-3411, USA
| | - Christine M Eng
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030-3411, USA
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030-3411, USA.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yaping Yang
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030-3411, USA
| | - Weimin Bi
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030-3411, USA.
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22
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Davis KW, Serrano M, Loddo S, Robinson C, Alesi V, Dallapiccola B, Novelli A, Butler MG. Parent-of-Origin Effects in 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 Microdeletion (Burnside-Butler) Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1459. [PMID: 30909440 PMCID: PMC6470921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify whether parent-of-origin effects (POE) of the 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 microdeletion are associated with differences in clinical features in individuals inheriting the deletion, we collected 71 individuals reported with phenotypic data and known inheritance from a clinical cohort, a research cohort, the DECIPHER database, and the primary literature. Chi-squared and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to test for differences in specific and grouped clinical symptoms based on parental inheritance and proband gender. Analyses controlled for sibling sets and individuals with additional variants of uncertain significance (VOUS). Among all probands, maternal deletions were associated with macrocephaly (p = 0.016) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD; p = 0.02), while paternal deletions were associated with congenital heart disease (CHD; p = 0.004). Excluding sibling sets, maternal deletions were associated with epilepsy as well as macrocephaly (p < 0.05), while paternal deletions were associated with CHD and abnormal muscular phenotypes (p < 0.05). Excluding sibling sets and probands with an additional VOUS, maternal deletions were associated with epilepsy (p = 0.019) and paternal deletions associated with muscular phenotypes (p = 0.008). Significant gender-based differences were also observed. Our results supported POEs of this deletion and included macrocephaly, epilepsy and ASD in maternal deletions with CHD and abnormal muscular phenotypes seen in paternal deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sara Loddo
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00165, Italy.
| | | | - Viola Alesi
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00165, Italy.
| | - Bruno Dallapiccola
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00165, Italy.
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00165, Italy.
| | - Merlin G Butler
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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23
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Chen CP, Chang SY, Wang LK, Chang TY, Chern SR, Wu PS, Chen SW, Lai ST, Chuang TY, Yang CW, Town DD, Chen LF, Wang W. Prenatal diagnosis of a familial 15q11.2 (BP1-BP2) microdeletion encompassing TUBGCP5, CYFIP1, NIPA2 and NIPA1 in a fetus with ventriculomegaly, microcephaly and intrauterine growth restriction on prenatal ultrasound. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2019; 57:730-733. [PMID: 30342661 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We present prenatal diagnosis of a 15q11.2 (BP1-BP2) microdeletion encompassing TUBGCP5, CYFIP1, NIPA2 and NIPA1 in a fetus with ventriculomegaly, microcephaly and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) on prenatal ultrasound. CASE REPORT A 30-year-old, gravida 3, para 2, woman was referred to the hospital for amniocentesis because of fetal ventriculomegaly on prenatal ultrasound. Her husband was 31 years old. The couple had two healthy daughters, and there was no family history of mental disorders and congenital malformations. Amniocentesis revealed a karyotype of 46,XX. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis on the DNA extracted from uncultured amniocytes revealed a 451.89-kb 15q11.2 microdeletion or arr 15q11.2 (22,765,628-23,217,514) × 1.0 [GRCh37 (hg19)] encompassing TUBGCP5, CYFIP1, NIPA2 and NIPA1. The parental karyotypes were normal. aCGH analysis on the DNAs extracted from parental bloods revealed a 402-kb 15q11.2 microdeletion or arr 15q11.2 (22,815,577-23,217,514) × 1.0 (hg19) encompassing TUBGCP5, CYFIP1, NIPA2 and NIPA1 in the phenotypically normal father. The mother did not have any genomic imbalance. Level II ultrasound at 21 weeks of gestation revealed microcephaly and IUGR. The parents elected to terminate the pregnancy at 22 weeks of gestation, and a female fetus was delivered with a body weight of 448 g (10th centile) and a body length of 26 cm (3rd-10th centile) but no gross abnormalities. CONCLUSION Fetuses with a 15q11.2 (BP1-BP2) microdeletion may present ventriculomegaly, microcephaly and IUGR on prenatal ultrasound, and aCGH is helpful for prenatal diagnosis under such a circumstance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical and Community Health Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Yuan Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Kai Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Schu-Rern Chern
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Shin-Wen Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ting Lai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yun Chuang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wen Yang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dai-Dyi Town
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Feng Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wayseen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Bioengineering, Tatung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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24
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Hoffmann A, Ziller M, Spengler D. Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia: Insights from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3829. [PMID: 30513688 PMCID: PMC6321410 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) is a rare psychiatric disorder characterized by earlier onset, more severe course, and poorer outcome relative to adult-onset schizophrenia (AOS). Even though, clinical, neuroimaging, and genetic studies support that COS is continuous to AOS. Early neurodevelopmental deviations in COS are thought to be significantly mediated through poorly understood genetic risk factors that may also predispose to long-term outcome. In this review, we discuss findings from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that allow the generation of disease-relevant cell types from early brain development. Because iPSCs capture each donor's genotype, case/control studies can uncover molecular and cellular underpinnings of COS. Indeed, recent studies identified alterations in neural progenitor and neuronal cell function, comprising dendrites, synapses, electrical activity, glutamate signaling, and miRNA expression. Interestingly, transcriptional signatures of iPSC-derived cells from patients with COS showed concordance with postmortem brain samples from SCZ, indicating that changes in vitro may recapitulate changes from the diseased brain. Considering this progress, we discuss also current caveats from the field of iPSC-based disease modeling and how to proceed from basic studies to improved diagnosis and treatment of COS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hoffmann
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany.
| | - Michael Ziller
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany.
| | - Dietmar Spengler
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany.
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25
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Amorim IS, Lach G, Gkogkas CG. The Role of the Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E (eIF4E) in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Front Genet 2018; 9:561. [PMID: 30532767 PMCID: PMC6265315 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells is a complex, multi-step and tightly regulated process. Translation initiation, the rate limiting step in protein synthesis, is dependent on the activity of eukaryotic translation Initiation Factor 4E (eIF4E). eIF4E is the cap-binding protein which, in synergy with proteins such as the helicase eIF4A and the scaffolding protein eIF4G, binds to mRNA, allowing the recruitment of ribosomes and translation initiation. The function of eIF4E is tightly regulated in cells under normal physiological conditions and can be controlled by post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, and by the binding of inhibitory proteins, including eIF4E binding proteins (4E-BPs) and CYFIP1. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of eIF4E in normal or aberrant function of the nervous system. In this mini-review, we will highlight the role of eIF4E function and regulation in the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês S Amorim
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gilliard Lach
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Christos G Gkogkas
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,The Patrick Wild Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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26
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Lumaka A, Race V, Peeters H, Corveleyn A, Coban-Akdemir Z, Jhangiani SN, Song X, Mubungu G, Posey J, Lupski JR, Vermeesch JR, Lukusa P, Devriendt K. A comprehensive clinical and genetic study in 127 patients with ID in Kinshasa, DR Congo. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:1897-1909. [PMID: 30088852 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic variants account for 4 to 41% of patients with intellectual disability (ID) or developmental delay (DD). In Sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence of ID is thought to be higher, but data in Central Africa are limited to some case reports. In addition, clinical descriptions of some syndromes are not available for this population. This study aimed at providing an estimate for the fraction of ID/DD for which an underlying etiological genetic cause may be elucidated and provide insights into their clinical presentation in special institutions in a Central African country. A total of 127 patients (33 females and 94 males, mean age 10.03 ± 4.68 years), were recruited from six institutions across Kinshasa. A clinical diagnosis was achieved in 44 but molecular confirmation was achieved in 21 of the 22 patients with expected genetic defect (95% clinical sensitivity). Identified diseases included Down syndrome (15%), submicroscopic copy number variants (9%), aminoacylase deficiency (0.8%), Partington syndrome in one patient (0.8%) and his similarly affected brother, X-linked syndromic Mental Retardation type 33 (0.8%), and two conditions without clear underlying molecular genetic etiologies (Oculo-Auriculo-Vertebral and Amniotic Bands Sequence). We have shown that genetic etiologies, similar to those reported in Caucasian subjects, are a common etiologic cause of ID in African patients from Africa. We have confirmed the diagnostic utility of clinical characterization prior to genetic testing. Finally, our clinical descriptions provide insights into the presentation of these genetic diseases in African patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimé Lumaka
- Centre for Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DR, Congo.,Département des Sciences Biomédicales et Précliniques, GIGA-R, Laboratoire de Génétique Humaine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, DR, Congo.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DR, Congo
| | - Valerie Race
- Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hilde Peeters
- Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anniek Corveleyn
- Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zeynep Coban-Akdemir
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Shalini N Jhangiani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaofei Song
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Gerrye Mubungu
- Centre for Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DR, Congo.,Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, DR, Congo.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DR, Congo.,Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jennifer Posey
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Genetics Clinic service, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Prosper Lukusa
- Centre for Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DR, Congo.,Département des Sciences Biomédicales et Précliniques, GIGA-R, Laboratoire de Génétique Humaine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, DR, Congo.,Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koenraad Devriendt
- Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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27
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Pang KC, Feldman D, Oertel R, Telfer M. Molecular Karyotyping in Children and Adolescents with Gender Dysphoria. Transgend Health 2018; 3:147-153. [PMID: 30094339 PMCID: PMC6083207 DOI: 10.1089/trgh.2017.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The presence of a disorder of sexual development (DSD) acts as a diagnostic specifier for gender dysphoria (GD) under DSM-5, while the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 specifically states that its equivalent diagnosis, gender identity disorder (GID), must not be the result of a chromosomal abnormality. For these reasons, routine karyotyping has been previously advocated in the clinical work-up of children and adolescents with suspected GD or GID. However, the utility of such testing remains unclear. Methods: The results of routine molecular karyotyping were analyzed in 128 patients attending our Australian statewide pediatric gender service from 2013 to 2016. Karyotyping was performed using an Illumina BeadChip platform and provided information on both sex chromosome composition and copy number variation (CNV). Results: No sex chromosome abnormalities directly suggestive of a DSD were discovered. The rate of CNVs among our patient cohort was 8.6% (11/128), similar to that previously reported for the general population. Unexpectedly, three trans male patients shared the same CNV, involving an almost identical 400 kbp deletion on chromosome 15q11.2. The frequency of this deletion within birth-assigned females in our cohort (3/69; 4.3%) was significantly higher than that within local control populations (0.3%; Fisher's exact test p-value=0.002), suggesting a possible association between 15q11.2 deletions and trans male identity. Conclusion: Routine molecular karyotyping failed to detect any occult DSD and indicated that the rate of CNVs was similar to that of the general population. Given these findings, we suggest that molecular karyotyping has minimal clinical utility in the routine management of children and adolescents with GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken C Pang
- Department of Adolescent Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Debi Feldman
- Department of Adolescent Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ralph Oertel
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Service, Parkville, Australia
| | - Michelle Telfer
- Department of Adolescent Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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28
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Wolfe K, McQuillin A, Alesi V, Boudry Labis E, Cutajar P, Dallapiccola B, Dentici ML, Dieux‐Coeslier A, Duban‐Bedu B, Duelund Hjortshøj T, Goel H, Loddo S, Morrogh D, Mosca‐Boidron A, Novelli A, Olivier‐Faivre L, Parker J, Parker MJ, Patch C, Pelling AL, Smol T, Tümer Z, Vanakker O, van Haeringen A, Vanlerberghe C, Strydom A, Skuse D, Bass N. Delineating the psychiatric and behavioral phenotype of recurrent 2q13 deletions and duplications. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2018; 177:397-405. [PMID: 29603867 PMCID: PMC6001478 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent deletions and duplications at the 2q13 locus have been associated with developmental delay (DD) and dysmorphisms. We aimed to undertake detailed clinical characterization of individuals with 2q13 copy number variations (CNVs), with a focus on behavioral and psychiatric phenotypes. Participants were recruited via the Unique chromosomal disorder support group, U.K. National Health Service Regional Genetics Centres, and the DatabasE of genomiC varIation and Phenotype in Humans using Ensembl Resources (DECIPHER) database. A review of published 2q13 patient case reports was undertaken to enable combined phenotypic analysis. We present a new case series of 2q13 CNV carriers (21 deletion, 4 duplication) and the largest ever combined analysis with data from published studies, making a total of 54 deletion and 23 duplication carriers. DD/intellectual disabilities was identified in the majority of carriers (79% deletion, 70% duplication), although in the new cases 52% had an IQ in the borderline or normal range. Despite the median age of the new cases being only 9 years, 64% had a clinical psychiatric diagnosis. Combined analysis found attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to be the most frequent diagnosis (48% deletion, 60% duplication), followed by autism spectrum disorders (33% deletion, 17% duplication). Aggressive (33%) and self-injurious behaviors (33%) were also identified in the new cases. CNVs at 2q13 are typically associated with DD with mildly impaired intelligence, and a high rate of childhood psychiatric diagnoses-particularly ADHD. We have further characterized the clinical phenotype related to imbalances of the 2q13 region and identified it as a region of interest for the neurobiological investigation of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Wolfe
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of PsychiatryUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrew McQuillin
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of PsychiatryUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Viola Alesi
- Medical Genetics Unit, Medical Genetics LaboratoryBambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, IRCCSRomeItaly
| | | | - Peter Cutajar
- Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation TrustNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Bruno Dallapiccola
- Medical Genetics Unit, Medical Genetics LaboratoryBambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Maria Lisa Dentici
- Medical Genetics Unit, Medical Genetics LaboratoryBambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Anne Dieux‐Coeslier
- Service de génétique clinique, CHU LilleLilleFrance
- EA7364, RADEME, Université de LilleLilleFrance
| | | | - Tina Duelund Hjortshøj
- Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical GeneticsCopenhagen University Hospital, RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Himanshu Goel
- Hunter GeneticsWaratahNew South WalesAustralia
- University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Sara Loddo
- Medical Genetics Unit, Medical Genetics LaboratoryBambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Deborah Morrogh
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service LaboratoryLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Antonio Novelli
- Medical Genetics Unit, Medical Genetics LaboratoryBambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Laurence Olivier‐Faivre
- Centre de référence Anomalies du développement et Syndromes malformatifs, FHU TRANSLADCHU DijonFrance
| | - Jennifer Parker
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service LaboratoryLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Parker
- Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Western BankSheffieldUnited Kingdom
| | - Christine Patch
- King's College London, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and MidwiferyLondonUnited Kingdom
- Genomics England, Dawson Hall, Charterhouse SquareLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Anna L. Pelling
- Information Officer, Unique – The Rare Chromosome Disorder Support Group (www.rarechromo.org), The Stables, Station Road WestOxted, SurreyUnited Kingdom
| | - Thomas Smol
- Institut de génétique médicale, CHU LilleLilleFrance
- EA7364, RADEME, Université de LilleLilleFrance
| | - Zeynep Tümer
- Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical GeneticsCopenhagen University Hospital, RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Olivier Vanakker
- Center for Medical GeneticsGhent University HospitalGhentBelgium
| | - Arie van Haeringen
- Department of Clinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Clémence Vanlerberghe
- Service de génétique clinique, CHU LilleLilleFrance
- EA7364, RADEME, Université de LilleLilleFrance
| | - Andre Strydom
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of PsychiatryUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental ScienceInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - David Skuse
- Behavioural and Brain Sciences UnitInstitute of Child Health, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Nick Bass
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of PsychiatryUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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29
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Hoang N, Cytrynbaum C, Scherer SW. Communicating complex genomic information: A counselling approach derived from research experience with Autism Spectrum Disorder. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2018; 101:352-361. [PMID: 28803755 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2017.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) share characteristics (impairments in socialization and communication, and repetitive interests and behaviour), but differ in their developmental course, pattern of symptoms, and cognitive and language abilities. The development of standardized phenotyping has revealed ASD to clinically be vastly heterogeneous, ranging from milder presentations to more severe forms associated with profound intellectual disability. Some 100 genes have now been implicated in the etiology of ASD, and advances in genome-wide testing continue to yield new data at an unprecedented rate. As the translation of this data is incorporated into clinical care, genetic professionals/counsellors, as well as other health care providers, will benefit from guidelines and tools to effectively communicate such genomic information. Here, we present a model to facilitate communication regarding the complexities of ASD, where clinical and genetic heterogeneity, as well as overlapping neurological conditions are inherent. We outline an approach for counselling families about their genomic results grounded in our direct experience from counselling families participating in an ASD research study, and supported by rationale from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ny Hoang
- Department of Genetic Counselling, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Autism Research Unit, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Genetics and Genome Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Cheryl Cytrynbaum
- Department of Genetic Counselling, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Genetics and Genome Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Genetics and Genome Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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30
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Dimitrion P, Zhi Y, Clayton D, Apodaca GL, Wilcox MR, Johnson JW, Nimgaonkar V, D'Aiuto L. Low-Density Neuronal Cultures from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2017; 3:28-36. [PMID: 28879199 DOI: 10.1159/000476034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based technologies offer an unprecedented possibility to investigate defects occurring during neuronal differentiation in neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, but the density and intricacy of intercellular connections in neuronal cultures challenge currently available analytic methods. Low-density neuronal cultures facilitate the morphometric and functional analysis of neurons. We describe a differentiation protocol to generate low-density neuronal cultures (∼2,500 neurons/cm2) from human iPSC-derived neural stem cells/early neural progenitor cells. We generated low-density cultures using cells from 3 individuals. We also evaluated the morphometric features of neurons derived from 2 of these individuals, one harboring a microdeletion on chromosome 15q11.2 and the other without the microdeletion. An approximately 7.5-fold increase in the density of dendritic filopodia was observed in the neurons with the microdeletion, consistent with previous reports. Low-density neuronal cultures enable facile and unbiased comparisons of iPSC-derived neurons from different individuals or clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dimitrion
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yun Zhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dennis Clayton
- Division of Renal-Electrolyte, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gerard L Apodaca
- Division of Renal-Electrolyte, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Madeleine R Wilcox
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jon W Johnson
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vishwajit Nimgaonkar
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leonardo D'Aiuto
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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31
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Butler MG. Clinical and genetic aspects of the 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 microdeletion disorder. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2017; 61:568-579. [PMID: 28387067 PMCID: PMC5464369 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 microdeletion (Burnside-Butler susceptibility locus) is an emerging condition with over 200 individuals reported in the literature. TUBGCP5, CFYIP1, NIPA1 and NIPA2 genes are located in this chromosome 15 region and when disturbed individually are known to cause neurological, cognitive or behavioural problems as well as playing a role in both Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes. These syndromes were the first examples in humans of genomic imprinting and typically caused by a deletion but involving the distal chromosome 15q11-q13 breakpoint BP3 and proximally placed breakpoints BP1 or BP2 of different parental origin. The typical 15q11-q13 deletion involves BP1 and BP3 and the typical type II deletion at BP2 and BP3. Several studies have shown that individuals with the larger type I deletion found in both Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes are reported with more severe neurodevelopmental symptoms compared to those individuals with the smaller type II deletion. METHODS The literature was reviewed and clinical and cytogenetic findings summarised in 200 individuals with this microdeletion along with the role of deleted genes in diagnosis, medical care and counseling of those affected and their family members. RESULTS Reported findings in this condition include developmental delays (73% of cases) and language impairment (67%) followed by motor delay (42%), attention deficit disorder/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (35%) and autism spectrum disorder (27%). The de novo deletion frequency has been estimated at 5 to 22% with low penetrance possibly related to subclinical manifestation or incomplete clinical information on family members. A prevalence of 0.6 to 1.3% has been identified in one study for patients with neurological or behavioural problems presenting for genetic services and chromosomal microarray analysis. CONCLUSIONS The summarised results indicate that chromosome 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 microdeletion is emerging as one of the most common cytogenetic abnormalities seen in individuals with intellectual impairment, autism spectrum disorder and other related behavioural or clinical findings, but more research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin G. Butler
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, Kansas City, KS USA
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32
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Benítez-Burraco A, Barcos-Martínez M, Espejo-Portero I, Jiménez-Romero S. Variable Penetrance of the 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 Microduplication in a Family with Cognitive and Language Impairment. Mol Syndromol 2017; 8:139-147. [PMID: 28588435 DOI: 10.1159/000468192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 region is found duplicated or deleted in people with cognitive, language, and behavioral impairment. We report on a family (a father and 3 male twin siblings) that presents with a duplication of the 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 region and a variable phenotype: the father and the fraternal twin are normal carriers, whereas the monozygotic twins exhibit severe language and cognitive delay as well as behavioral disturbances. The genes located within the duplicated region are involved in brain development and function, and some of them are related to language processing. The probands' phenotype may result from changes in the expression level of some of these genes important for cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Montserrat Barcos-Martínez
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research, Córdoba, Spain.,Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, University Hospital 'Reina Sofía', Córdoba, Spain
| | - Isabel Espejo-Portero
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research, Córdoba, Spain.,Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, University Hospital 'Reina Sofía', Córdoba, Spain
| | - Salud Jiménez-Romero
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Psychology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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33
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Peixoto S, Melo JB, Ferrão J, Pires LM, Lavoura N, Pinto M, Oliveira G, Carreira IM. MLPA analysis in a cohort of patients with autism. Mol Cytogenet 2017; 10:2. [PMID: 28174603 PMCID: PMC5292146 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-017-0302-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autism is a global neurodevelopmental disorder which generally manifests during the first 2 years and continues throughout life, with a range of symptomatic variations. Epidemiological studies show an important role of genetic factors in autism and several susceptible regions and genes have been identified. The aim of our study was to validate a cost-effective set of commercial Multiplex Ligation dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) and methylation specific multiplex ligation dependent probe amplification (MS-MLPA) test in autistic children refered by the neurodevelopmental center and autism unit of a Paediatric Hospital. Results In this study 150 unrelated children with autism spectrum disorders were analysed for copy number variation in specific regions of chromosomes 15, 16 and 22, using MLPA. All the patients had been previously studied by conventional karyotype and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis for 15(q11.2q13) and, with these techniques, four alterations were identified. The MLPA technique confirmed these four and identified further six alterations by the combined application of the two different panels. Conclusions Our data show that MLPA is a cost effective straightforward and rapid method for detection of imbalances in a clinically characterized population with autism. It contributes to strengthen the relationship between genotype and phenotype of children with autism, showing the clinical difference between deletions and duplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Peixoto
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Neurodevelopmental and Autism Unit from Child Developmental Center and Centro de Investigação e Formação Clinica, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Paediatrics of the Centro Hospitalar de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, EPE, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Joana B Melo
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIMAGO - Centro Investigação em Meio Ambiente, Genética e Oncobiologia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Ferrão
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís M Pires
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Lavoura
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marta Pinto
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Guiomar Oliveira
- Neurodevelopmental and Autism Unit from Child Developmental Center and Centro de Investigação e Formação Clinica, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,University Clinic of Pediatrics and Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel M Carreira
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIMAGO - Centro Investigação em Meio Ambiente, Genética e Oncobiologia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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34
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Chen CP, Lin SP, Lee CL, Chern SR, Wu PS, Chen YN, Chen SW, Wang W. Familial transmission of recurrent 15q11.2 (BP1-BP2) microdeletion encompassing NIPA1 , NIPA2 , CYFIP1 , and TUBGCP5 associated with phenotypic variability in developmental, speech, and motor delay. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 56:93-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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35
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Govaerts L, Srebniak M, Diderich K, Joosten M, Riedijk S, Knapen M, Go A, Papatsonis D, de Graaf K, Toolenaar T, van der Steen S, Huijbregts G, Knijnenburg J, de Vries F, Van Opstal D, Galjaard RJ. Prenatal diagnosis of susceptibility loci for neurodevelopmental disorders - genetic counseling and pregnancy outcome in 57 cases. Prenat Diagn 2016; 37:73-80. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lutgarde Govaerts
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Erasmus Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Malgorzata Srebniak
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Erasmus Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Karin Diderich
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Erasmus Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Joosten
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Erasmus Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Sam Riedijk
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Erasmus Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Knapen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Erasmus Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Foundation Prenatal Screening Southwest region of the Netherlands; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Attie Go
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Erasmus Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Dimitri Papatsonis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Amphia Hospital; Breda The Netherlands
| | - Katja de Graaf
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis; Delft The Netherlands
| | - Toon Toolenaar
- Department of Gynecology; Albert Schweitzer Hospital Dordrecht; Dordrecht The Netherlands
| | - Sanne van der Steen
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Erasmus Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Gido Huijbregts
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Erasmus Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Knijnenburg
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Erasmus Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Femke de Vries
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Erasmus Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Diane Van Opstal
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Erasmus Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Robert-Jan Galjaard
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Erasmus Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
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36
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Picinelli C, Lintas C, Piras IS, Gabriele S, Sacco R, Brogna C, Persico AM. Recurrent 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 microdeletions and microduplications in the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171:1088-1098. [PMID: 27566550 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Rare and common CNVs can contribute to the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. One of the recurrent genomic aberrations associated with these phenotypes and proposed as a susceptibility locus is the 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 CNV encompassing TUBGCP5, CYFIP1, NIPA2, and NIPA1. Characterizing by array-CGH a cohort of 243 families with various neurodevelopmental disorders, we identified five patients carrying the 15q11.2 duplication and one carrying the deletion. All CNVs were confirmed by qPCR and were inherited, except for one duplication where parents were not available. The phenotypic spectrum of CNV carriers was broad but mainly neurodevelopmental, in line with all four genes being implicated in axonal growth and neural connectivity. Phenotypically normal and mildly affected carriers complicate the interpretation of this aberration. This variability may be due to reduced penetrance or altered gene dosage on a particular genetic background. We evaluated the expression levels of the four genes in peripheral blood RNA and found the expected reduction in the deleted case, while duplicated carriers displayed high interindividual variability. These data suggest that differential expression of these genes could partially account for differences in clinical phenotypes, especially among duplication carriers. Furthermore, urinary Mg2+ levels appear negatively correlated with NIPA2 gene copy number, suggesting they could potentially represent a useful biomarker, whose reliability will need replication in larger samples. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Picinelli
- Unit of Child and Adolescent NeuroPsychiatry & Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Neurogenetics, University "Campus Bio-Medico", Rome, Italy.,Mafalda Luce Center for Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Lintas
- Unit of Child and Adolescent NeuroPsychiatry & Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Neurogenetics, University "Campus Bio-Medico", Rome, Italy
| | - Ignazio Stefano Piras
- Unit of Child and Adolescent NeuroPsychiatry & Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Neurogenetics, University "Campus Bio-Medico", Rome, Italy.,Mafalda Luce Center for Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Gabriele
- Unit of Child and Adolescent NeuroPsychiatry & Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Neurogenetics, University "Campus Bio-Medico", Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Sacco
- Unit of Child and Adolescent NeuroPsychiatry & Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Neurogenetics, University "Campus Bio-Medico", Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Brogna
- Unit of Child and Adolescent NeuroPsychiatry & Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Neurogenetics, University "Campus Bio-Medico", Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Maria Persico
- Mafalda Luce Center for Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Milan, Italy.,Unit of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, "Gaetano Martino" University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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AlAyadhi LY, Hashmi JA, Iqbal M, Albalawi AM, Samman MI, Elamin NE, Bashir S, Basit S. High-resolution SNP genotyping platform identified recurrent and novel CNVs in autism multiplex families. Neuroscience 2016; 339:561-570. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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38
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Wilkins EJ, Archibald AD, Sahhar MA, White SM. “It wasn't a disaster or anything”: Parents’ experiences of their child's uncertain chromosomal microarray result. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:2895-2904. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ella J. Wilkins
- Department of Paediatrics; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services; Melbourne; Victoria Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Melbourne; Victoria Australia
| | - Alison D. Archibald
- Department of Paediatrics; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services; Melbourne; Victoria Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Melbourne; Victoria Australia
| | - Margaret A. Sahhar
- Department of Paediatrics; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services; Melbourne; Victoria Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Melbourne; Victoria Australia
| | - Susan M. White
- Department of Paediatrics; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services; Melbourne; Victoria Australia
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39
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Leitsalu L, Alavere H, Jacquemont S, Kolk A, Maillard AM, Reigo A, Nõukas M, Reymond A, Männik K, Ng PC, Metspalu A. Reporting incidental findings of genomic disorder-associated copy number variants to unselected biobank participants. Per Med 2016; 13:303-314. [PMID: 29749813 DOI: 10.2217/pme-2016-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Procedural guidelines for disclosure of incidental genomic information are lacking. METHODS We introduce a method and evaluated the impact of returning results to population biobank participants with 16p11.2 copy number variants, which are commonly associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and BMI imbalance. Of the 7877 participants, 11 carriers were detected. Eight participants were informed of their carrier status and surveyed 11-17 months later. RESULTS All participants demonstrated preference for disclosure. Although two participants experienced worry, all five survey respondents rated receiving this information favorably. One participant reported modifications in treatment and three felt that their treatment/condition had since improved. CONCLUSION This approach can be adapted and applied for the return of incidental findings to biobank participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liis Leitsalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu (EGCUT), Tartu, 51010, Estonia.,Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Helene Alavere
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu (EGCUT), Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Sébastien Jacquemont
- Service of Medical Genetics, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
| | - Anneli Kolk
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu (EGCUT), Tartu, 51010, Estonia.,Department of Neurology, Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, 50406, Estonia
| | - Anne M Maillard
- Service of Medical Genetics, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
| | - Anu Reigo
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu (EGCUT), Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Margit Nõukas
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu (EGCUT), Tartu, 51010, Estonia.,Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Alexandre Reymond
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Männik
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu (EGCUT), Tartu, 51010, Estonia.,Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Pauline C Ng
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu (EGCUT), Tartu, 51010, Estonia.,Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, 138672, Singapore
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu (EGCUT), Tartu, 51010, Estonia.,Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
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40
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Torres F, Barbosa M, Maciel P. Recurrent copy number variations as risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders: critical overview and analysis of clinical implications. J Med Genet 2015; 53:73-90. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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41
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Parental origin impairment of synaptic functions and behaviors in cytoplasmic FMRP interacting protein 1 (Cyfip1) deficient mice. Brain Res 2015; 1629:340-50. [PMID: 26474913 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CYFIP1 maps to the interval between proximal breakpoint 1 (BP1) and breakpoint 2 (BP2) of chromosomal 15q11-q13 deletions that are implicated in the Angelman (AS) and Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). There is only one breakpoint (BP3) at the distal end of deletion. CYFIP1 is deleted in AS patients with the larger class I deletion (BP1 to BP3) and the neurological presentations in these patients are more severe than that of patients with class II (BP2 to BP3) deletion. The haploinsufficiency of CYFIP1 is hypothesized to contribute to more severe clinical presentations in class I AS patients. The expression of CYFIP1 is suggested to be bi-allelic in literature but the possibility of parental origin of expression is not completely excluded. We generated and characterized Cyfip1 mutant mice. Homozygous Cyfip1 mice were early embryonic lethal. However, there was a parental origin specific effect between paternal Cyfip1 deficiency (m+/p-) and maternal deficiency (m-/p+) on both synaptic transmissions and behaviors in hippocampal CA1 synapses despite no evidence supporting the parental origin difference for the expression. Both m-/p+ and m+/p- showed the impaired input-output response and paired-pulse facilitation. While the long term-potentiation and group I mGluR mediated long term depression induced by DHPG was not different between Cyfip1 m-/p+ and m+/p- mice, the initial DHPG induced response was significantly enhanced in m-/p+ but not in m+/p- mice. m+/p- but not m-/p+ mice displayed increased freezing in cued fear conditioning and abnormal transitions in zero-maze test. The impaired synaptic transmission and behaviors in haploinsufficiency of Cyfip1 mice provide the evidence supporting the role of CYFIP1 modifying the clinical presentation of class I AS patients and in human neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Abstract
Genetics should now be part of everyday clinical epilepsy practice. Good data exist to provide empiric risks based on epilepsy syndrome diagnosis. Investigation of the molecular basis of some epilepsies is now a practical clinical task and is of clear value to the patient and family. In some cases, specific therapeutic decisions can now be made based on genetic findings, and this scenario of precision therapy is likely to increase in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel F. Berkovic
- Director, Epilepsy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia
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43
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Hashemi B, Bassett A, Chitayat D, Chong K, Feldman M, Flanagan J, Goobie S, Kawamura A, Lowther C, Prasad C, Siu V, So J, Tung S, Speevak M, Stavropoulos DJ, Carter MT. Deletion of 15q11.2(BP1-BP2) region: Further evidence for lack of phenotypic specificity in a pediatric population. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:2098-102. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bita Hashemi
- Division of Clinical and Metabolics Genetics, Department of Pediatrics; The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Anne Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program; Center for Addiction and Mental Health; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - David Chitayat
- Division of Clinical and Metabolics Genetics, Department of Pediatrics; The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- The Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program; Mount Sinai Hospital; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Karen Chong
- The Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program; Mount Sinai Hospital; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Mark Feldman
- Divison of Pediatric Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | | | - Sharan Goobie
- Department of Pediatrics; Western University Children's Hospital Research Institute; London Ontario Canada
| | - Anne Kawamura
- Division of Developmental Pediatrics; Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Chelsea Lowther
- Clinical Genetics Research Program; Center for Addiction and Mental Health; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Chitra Prasad
- Department of Pediatrics; Western University Children's Hospital Research Institute; London Ontario Canada
| | - Victoria Siu
- Department of Pediatrics; Western University Children's Hospital Research Institute; London Ontario Canada
| | - Joyce So
- The Fred A. Litwin Family Center in Genetic Medicine; University Health Network and Mount Sinai Hospital; Toronto Canada
- Neurogenetics Lab, Neuroscience Research Department; Center for Addiction and Mental Health; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children; Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Sharon Tung
- Genetics Program; North Bay Parry Sound District Health Unit; North Bay Ontario Canada
| | - Marsha Speevak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Dimitri J. Stavropoulos
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children; Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Melissa T. Carter
- Division of Clinical and Metabolics Genetics, Department of Pediatrics; The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
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44
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Tayeh MK, Rocco T, Ackley T, Ernst L, Glover T, Innis JW. Nine de novo duplications affecting both maternal and paternal chromosomes and an inherited 15q11.2 deletion, in a patient with developmental delay. Clin Case Rep 2015; 3:396-401. [PMID: 26185636 PMCID: PMC4498850 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A patient with developmental delay and nine, de novo, tandem duplications affecting eight different chromosomes that arose on both maternal and paternal chromosomes indicating a vulnerable zygotic or early postzygotic period of development for these errors, potentially affected by genetic and nongenetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan K Tayeh
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, Division of Pediatric Genetics, Metabolism and Genomic Medicine, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Tracy Rocco
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, Division of Pediatric Genetics, Metabolism and Genomic Medicine, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Todd Ackley
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, Division of Pediatric Genetics, Metabolism and Genomic Medicine, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Leslie Ernst
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Thomas Glover
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, Division of Pediatric Genetics, Metabolism and Genomic Medicine, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan ; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan ; Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jeffrey W Innis
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, Division of Pediatric Genetics, Metabolism and Genomic Medicine, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan ; Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan
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45
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15q11.2 microdeletion (BP1–BP2) and developmental delay, behaviour issues, epilepsy and congenital heart disease: A series of 52 patients. Eur J Med Genet 2015; 58:140-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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46
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Cox DM, Butler MG. The 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 microdeletion syndrome: a review. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:4068-82. [PMID: 25689425 PMCID: PMC4346944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16024068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with the 15q11.2 BP1–BP2 microdeletion can present with developmental and language delay, neurobehavioral disturbances and psychiatric problems. Autism, seizures, schizophrenia and mild dysmorphic features are less commonly seen. The 15q11.2 BP1–BP2 microdeletion involving four genes (i.e., TUBGCP5, CYFIP1, NIPA1, NIPA2) is emerging as a recognized syndrome with a prevalence ranging from 0.57%–1.27% of patients presenting for microarray analysis which is a two to four fold increase compared with controls. Review of clinical features from about 200 individuals were grouped into five categories and included developmental (73%) and speech (67%) delays; dysmorphic ears (46%) and palatal anomalies (46%); writing (60%) and reading (57%) difficulties, memory problems (60%) and verbal IQ scores ≤75 (50%); general behavioral problems, unspecified (55%) and abnormal brain imaging (43%). Other clinical features noted but not considered as common were seizures/epilepsy (26%), autism spectrum disorder (27%), attention deficit disorder (ADD)/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (35%), schizophrenia/paranoid psychosis (20%) and motor delay (42%). Not all individuals with the deletion are clinically affected, yet the collection of findings appear to share biological pathways and presumed genetic mechanisms. Neuropsychiatric and behavior disturbances and mild dysmorphic features are associated with genomic imbalances of the 15q11.2 BP1–BP2 region, including microdeletions, but with an apparent incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin M Cox
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, MS 4015, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Merlin G Butler
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, MS 4015, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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47
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Poot M. Connecting the CNTNAP2 Networks with Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Mol Syndromol 2015; 6:7-22. [PMID: 25852443 DOI: 10.1159/000371594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on genomic rearrangements and copy number variations, the contactin-associated protein-like 2 gene (CNTNAP2) has been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders such as Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, intellectual disability, obsessive compulsive disorder, cortical dysplasia-focal epilepsy syndrome, autism, schizophrenia, Pitt-Hopkins syndrome, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. To explain the phenotypic pleiotropy of CNTNAP2 alterations, several hypotheses have been put forward. Those include gene disruption, loss of a gene copy by a heterozygous deletion, altered regulation of gene expression due to loss of transcription factor binding and DNA methylation sites, and mutations in the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein which may provoke altered interactions of the CNTNAP2-encoded protein, Caspr2, with other proteins. Also exome sequencing, which covers <0.2% of the CNTNAP2 genomic DNA, has revealed numerous single nucleotide variants in healthy individuals and in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders. In some of these disorders, disruption of CNTNAP2 may be interpreted as a susceptibility factor rather than a directly causative mutation. In addition to being associated with impaired development of language, CNTNAP2 may turn out to be a central node in the molecular networks controlling neurodevelopment. This review discusses the impact of CNTNAP2 mutations on its functioning at multiple levels of the combinatorial genetic networks that govern brain development. In addition, recommendations for genomic testing in the context of clinical genetic management of patients with neurodevelopmental disorders and their families are put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Poot
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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48
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Yoon KJ, Nguyen HN, Ursini G, Zhang F, Kim NS, Wen Z, Makri G, Nauen D, Shin JH, Park Y, Chung R, Pekle E, Zhang C, Towe M, Hussaini SMQ, Lee Y, Rujescu D, St Clair D, Kleinman JE, Hyde TM, Krauss G, Christian KM, Rapoport JL, Weinberger DR, Song H, Ming GL. Modeling a genetic risk for schizophrenia in iPSCs and mice reveals neural stem cell deficits associated with adherens junctions and polarity. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 15:79-91. [PMID: 24996170 PMCID: PMC4237009 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Defects in brain development are believed to contribute toward the onset of neuropsychiatric disorders, but identifying specific underlying mechanisms has proven difficult. Here, we took a multifaceted approach to investigate why 15q11.2 copy number variants are prominent risk factors for schizophrenia and autism. First, we show that human iPSC-derived neural progenitors carrying 15q11.2 microdeletion exhibit deficits in adherens junctions and apical polarity. This results from haploinsufficiency of CYFIP1, a gene within 15q11.2 that encodes a subunit of the WAVE complex, which regulates cytoskeletal dynamics. In developing mouse cortex, deficiency in CYFIP1 and WAVE signaling similarly affects radial glial cells, leading to their ectopic localization outside of the ventricular zone. Finally, targeted human genetic association analyses revealed an epistatic interaction between CYFIP1 and WAVE signaling mediator ACTR2 and risk for schizophrenia. Our findings provide insight into how CYFIP1 regulates neural stem cell function and may contribute to the susceptibility of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Jun Yoon
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ha Nam Nguyen
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gianluca Ursini
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Fengyu Zhang
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nam-Shik Kim
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Georgia Makri
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - David Nauen
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Joo Heon Shin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Youngbin Park
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Raeeun Chung
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Eva Pekle
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ce Zhang
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Maxwell Towe
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Yohan Lee
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - David St Clair
- University of Aberdeen Royal Cornhill Hospital, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Joel E Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gregory Krauss
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kimberly M Christian
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Judith L Rapoport
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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