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King CP, Chitre AS, Leal-Gutiérrez JD, Tripi JA, Hughson AR, Horvath AP, Lamparelli AC, George A, Martin C, Pierre CLS, Sanches T, Bimschleger HV, Gao J, Cheng R, Nguyen KM, Holl KL, Polesskaya O, Ishiwari K, Chen H, Woods LCS, Palmer AA, Robinson TE, Flagel SB, Meyer PJ. Genomic Loci Influencing Cue-Reactivity in Heterogeneous Stock Rats. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.13.584852. [PMID: 38559127 PMCID: PMC10980002 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.13.584852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Addiction vulnerability is associated with the tendency to attribute incentive salience to reward predictive cues; both addiction and the attribution of incentive salience are influenced by environmental and genetic factors. To characterize the genetic contributions to incentive salience attribution, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in a cohort of 1,645 genetically diverse heterogeneous stock (HS) rats. We tested HS rats in a Pavlovian conditioned approach task, in which we characterized the individual responses to food-associated stimuli ("cues"). Rats exhibited either cue-directed "sign-tracking" behavior or food-cup directed "goal-tracking" behavior. We then used the conditioned reinforcement procedure to determine whether rats would perform a novel operant response for unrewarded presentations of the cue. We found that these measures were moderately heritable (SNP heritability, h2 = .189-.215). GWAS identified 14 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for 11 of the 12 traits we examined. Interval sizes of these QTLs varied widely. 7 traits shared a QTL on chromosome 1 that contained a few genes (e.g. Tenm4, Mir708) that have been associated with substance use disorders and other mental health traits in humans. Other candidate genes (e.g. Wnt11, Pak1) in this region had coding variants and expression-QTLs in mesocorticolimbic regions of the brain. We also conducted a Phenome-Wide Association Study (PheWAS) on other behavioral measures in HS rats and found that regions containing QTLs on chromosome 1 were also associated with nicotine self-administration in a separate cohort of HS rats. These results provide a starting point for the molecular genetic dissection of incentive salience and provide further support for a relationship between attribution of incentive salience and drug abuse-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P. King
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
- Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, Buffalo, USA
| | - Apurva S. Chitre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | | | - Jordan A. Tripi
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
| | - Alesa R. Hughson
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Aidan P. Horvath
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | | | - Anthony George
- Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, Buffalo, USA
| | - Connor Martin
- Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, Buffalo, USA
| | | | - Thiago Sanches
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | | | - Jianjun Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Riyan Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Khai-Minh Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Katie L. Holl
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Oksana Polesskaya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Keita Ishiwari
- Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, Buffalo, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science and Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, USA
| | - Leah C. Solberg Woods
- Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Center on Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, USA
| | - Abraham A. Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | | | - Shelly B. Flagel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Paul J. Meyer
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
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2
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Carreño D, Facundo A, Nguyen MTT, Lotfipour S. Dopamine and Norepinephrine Tissue Levels in the Developing Limbic Brain Are Impacted by the Human CHRNA6 3'-UTR Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (rs2304297) in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3676. [PMID: 38612487 PMCID: PMC11011259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that a genetic single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, rs2304297) in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the human CHRNA6 gene has sex- and genotype-dependent effects on nicotine-induced locomotion, anxiety, and nicotine + cue-induced reinstatement in adolescent rats. This study aims to investigate how the CHRNA6 3'-UTR SNP influences dopaminergic and noradrenergic tissue levels in brain reward regions during baseline and after the reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior. Naïve adolescent and adult rats, along with those undergoing nicotine + cue reinstatement and carrying the CHRNA6 3'-UTR SNP, were assessed for dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and metabolites in reward pathway regions. The results reveal age-, sex-, and genotype-dependent baseline DA, NE, and DA turnover levels. Post-reinstatement, male α6GG rats show suppressed DA levels in the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) Shell compared to the baseline, while nicotine+ cue-induced reinstatement behavior correlates with neurotransmitter levels in specific brain regions. This study emphasizes the role of CHRNA6 3'-UTR SNP in the developmental maturation of the dopaminergic and noradrenergic system in the adolescent rat brain, with tissue levels acting as predictors of nicotine + cue-induced reinstatement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Carreño
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Antonella Facundo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - My Trang Thi Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Shahrdad Lotfipour
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
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3
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Carreño D, Lotfipour S. Sex- and genotype-dependent nicotine plus cue-primed reinstatement is enhanced in adolescent Sprague Dawley rats containing the human CHRNA6 3'-UTR polymorphism (rs2304297). Front Psychiatry 2023; 13:1064211. [PMID: 36704741 PMCID: PMC9872558 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1064211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale Large-scale human candidate gene studies have indicated that a genetic variant (rs2304297) in the alpha(α)6 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit, encoded by the CHRNA6 gene, may play a key role in adolescent nicotine addictive behavior. We hypothesized that the polymorphism selectively enhances nicotine + cue-primed reinstatement, but not nicotine- or cue-reinstatement in α6 GG (risk) vs. α6 CC (non-risk) allele carriers, without having baseline effects on natural rewards. Methods Using CRISPR-Cas9 genomic engineering, we developed a humanized rat line with the human gene variant of the CHRNA6 3'-UTR C 123 G polymorphism in Sprague-Dawley rats. Genetically modified adolescent male and female rats were food trained under a fixed-ratio (FR)1 schedule of reinforcement and progressively increased to FR5. Animals were implanted with catheters and began nicotine self-administration (15 μg/kg/infusion) at FR5. Upon reaching stable responding, reinforced behavior was extinguished by removal of drug and cues. Reinstatement testing began for cue only, nicotine only, and nicotine + cue in a Latin Square Design. Animals were returned to extinction conditions for 2 days minimum between testing. Results For natural food rewards, nicotine self-administration, progressive ratio, and extinction, adolescent male and female (α6 GG and α6 CC ) rats exhibited equivalent behaviors. Male α6 GG rats show enhanced nicotine + cue-primed reinstatement when compared with male α6 CC rats. This genotype effect on reinstatement was not seen in female rats. Conclusion Our findings support the in vivo functional role of the human CHRNA6 3'-UTR SNP genetic variant in sex-dependently enhancing nicotine seeking behavior in adolescent rats. Overall, the findings support clinical and preclinical data highlighting a role of α6 nAChRs mediating sex heterogeneity in substance use and related phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Carreño
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Shahrdad Lotfipour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Santoro A, Tomino C, Prinzi G, Lamonaca P, Cardaci V, Fini M, Russo P. Tobacco Smoking: Risk to Develop Addiction, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and Lung Cancer. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2019; 14:39-52. [PMID: 30605063 DOI: 10.2174/1574892814666190102122848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The morbidity and mortality associated with tobacco smoking is well established. Nicotine is the addictive component of tobacco. Nicotine, through the non-neuronal α7nicotinic receptor, induces cell proliferation, neo-angiogenesis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and inhibits drug-induced apoptosis. OBJECTIVE To understand the genetic, molecular and cellular biology of addiction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer. METHODS The search for papers to be included in the review was performed during the months of July- September 2018 in the following databases: PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), Scopus (http://www.scopus.com), EMBASE (http://www.elsevier.com/online-tools/embase), and ISI Web of Knowledge (http://apps.webofknowledge.com/). The following searching terms: "nicotine", "nicotinic receptor", and "addiction" or "COPD" or "lung cancer" were used. Patents were retrieved in clinicaltrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov/). All papers written in English were evaluated. The reference list of retrieved articles was also reviewed to identify other eligible studies that were not indexed by the above-mentioned databases. New experimental data on the ability of nicotine to promote transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells, exposed for one hour to Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9-10-epoxide, are reported. RESULTS Nicotinic receptors variants and nicotinic receptors upregulation are involved in addiction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and/or lung cancer. Nicotine through α7nicotinic receptor upregulation induces complete bronchial epithelial cells transformation. CONCLUSION Genetic studies highlight the involvement of nicotinic receptors variants in addiction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and/or lung cancer. A future important step will be to translate these genetic findings to clinical practice. Interventions able to help smoking cessation in nicotine dependence subjects, under patent, are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Santoro
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Valcannuta 247, I-00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Tomino
- Scientific Direction, IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Valcannuta 247, I-00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Prinzi
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Valcannuta 247, I-00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Palma Lamonaca
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Valcannuta 247, I-00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Vittorio Cardaci
- Pulmonary Rehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via della Pisana, 235, I-00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Fini
- Scientific Direction, IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Valcannuta 247, I-00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Russo
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Valcannuta 247, I-00166 Rome, Italy
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Jackson AB, Toma W, Contreras KM, Alkhlaif Y, Damaj MI. The β3 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is required for nicotine withdrawal-induced affective but not physical signs or nicotine reward in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 183:1-5. [PMID: 31145916 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are the primary target for nicotine, the addictive component in tobacco products. These pentameric receptors are made up of various subunits which contribute to the diverse functions of nAChR subtypes. The β3 subunit of the nAChR has been understudied in nicotine dependence, even though it is expressed in brain regions important for drug reward. Therefore, we assessed nicotine dependence behaviors in β3 wildtype (WT) and knockout (KO) male and female mice. We evaluated nicotine reward in the conditioned place preference (CPP) test and then measured nicotine withdrawal signs after chronic exposure to the drug. For the withdrawal studies, mice were continuously infused with 24 mg/kg/day of nicotine using surgically implanted osmotic mini-pumps for 14 days. Mini-pumps were removed at day 15, and withdrawal signs (somatic signs, hyperalgesia, anhedonia-like measure using the sucrose preference test and anxiety-like behaviors using the light dark boxes) were collected at 24 h intervals for three days following spontaneous withdrawal of nicotine. Nicotine-induced CPP did not differ between β3 KO and WT mice. β3 KO mice displayed similar somatic symptoms and hyperalgesia compared to WT mice but showed significant absence in affective (anhedonia and anxiety-like behaviors) withdrawal signs in nicotine-dependent mice. These observations suggest that the β3 nicotinic subunits do not seem to influence nicotine reward but plays an important role in affective nicotine withdrawal signs. Given the health burden of tobacco use disorder and the modest effect of smoking cessation aids, it is important to understand underlying factor contributing to nicotine dependence. The results of this study will further our knowledge of the role of the β3 nAChR subunit in nicotine reward and withdrawal behaviors in hopes of finding new molecular targets for smoking cessation aids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asti B Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Wisam Toma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Katherine M Contreras
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Yasmin Alkhlaif
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - M Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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6
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Significant association of the CHRNB3-CHRNA6 gene cluster with nicotine dependence in the Chinese Han population. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9745. [PMID: 28851948 PMCID: PMC5575130 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Although numerous studies have revealed significant associations between variants in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) subunits and nicotine dependence (ND), only few studies were performed in Chinese subjects. Here, we performed association and interaction analysis for 20 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CHRNB3-CHRNA6 gene cluster with ND in a Chinese Han population (N = 5,055). We found nominally significant associations for all tested SNPs with ND measured by the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence score; of these, 11 SNPs remained significant after Bonferroni correction for multiple tests (p = 9 × 10−4~2 × 10−3). Further conditional analysis indicated that no other SNP was significantly associated with ND independent of the most-highly significant SNP, rs6474414. Also, our haplotype-based association analysis indicated that each haplotype block was significantly associated with ND (p < 0.01). Further, we provide the first evidence of the genetic interaction of these two genes in affecting ND in this sample with an empirical p-value of 0.0015. Finally, our meta-analysis of samples with Asian and European origins for five SNPs in CHRNB3 showed significant associations with ND, with p-values ranging from 6.86 × 10−14 for rs13280604 to 6.50 × 10−8 for rs4950. This represents the first study showing that CHRNB3/A6 are highly associated with ND in a large Chinese Han sample.
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Richmond-Rakerd LS, Otto JM, Slutske WS, Ehlers CL, Wilhelmsen KC, Gizer IR. A Novel Tobacco Use Phenotype Suggests the 15q25 and 19q13 Loci May be Differentially Associated With Cigarettes per Day and Tobacco-Related Problems. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:426-434. [PMID: 27663783 PMCID: PMC5968625 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco use is associated with variation at the 15q25 gene cluster and the cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes CYP2A6 and CYP2B6. Despite the variety of outcomes associated with these genes, few studies have adopted a data-driven approach to defining tobacco use phenotypes for genetic association analyses. We used factor analysis to generate a tobacco use measure, explored its incremental validity over a simple indicator of tobacco involvement: cigarettes per day (CPD), and tested both phenotypes in a genetic association study. METHODS Data were from the University of California, San Francisco Family Alcoholism Study (n = 1942) and a Native American sample (n = 255). Factor analyses employed a broad array of tobacco use variables to establish the candidate phenotype. Subsequently, we conducted tests for association with variants in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and CYP genes. We explored associations with CPD and our measure. We then examined whether the variants most strongly associated with our measure remained associated after controlling for CPD. RESULTS Analyses identified one factor that captured tobacco-related problems. Variants at 15q25 were significantly associated with CPD after multiple testing correction (rs938682: p = .00002, rs1051730: p = .0003, rs16969968: p = .0003). No significant associations were obtained with the tobacco use phenotype; however, suggestive associations were observed for variants in CYP2B6 near CYP2A6 (rs45482602: ps = .0082, .0075) and CYP4Z2P (rs10749865: ps = .0098, .0079). CONCLUSIONS CPD captures variation at 15q25. Although strong conclusions cannot be drawn, these finding suggest measuring additional dimensions of problems may detect genetic variation not accounted for by smoking quantity. Replication in independent samples will help further refine phenotype definition efforts. IMPLICATIONS Different facets of tobacco-related problems may index unique genetic risk. CPD, a simple measure of tobacco consumption, is associated with variants at the 15q25 gene cluster. Additional dimensions of tobacco problems may help to capture variation at 19q13. Results demonstrate the utility of adopting a data-driven approach to defining phenotypes for genetic association studies of tobacco involvement and provide results that can inform replication efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah S Richmond-Rakerd
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Alcoholism Research Center at Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jacqueline M Otto
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Alcoholism Research Center at Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Wendy S Slutske
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Alcoholism Research Center at Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Cindy L Ehlers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences (CLE), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kirk C Wilhelmsen
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Ian R Gizer
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Alcoholism Research Center at Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Zuo L, Tan Y, Li CSR, Wang Z, Wang K, Zhang X, Lin X, Chen X, Zhong C, Wang X, Guo X, Wang J, Lu L, Luo X. Associations of rare nicotinic cholinergic receptor gene variants to nicotine and alcohol dependence. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171:1057-1071. [PMID: 27473937 PMCID: PMC5587505 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine's rewarding effects are mediated through distinct subunits of nAChRs, encoded by different nicotinic cholinergic receptor (CHRN) genes and expressed in discrete regions in the brain. In the present study, we aimed to test the associations between rare variants at CHRN genes and nicotine dependence (ND), and alcohol dependence (AD). A total of 26,498 subjects with nine different neuropsychiatric disorders in 15 independent cohorts, which were genotyped on Illumina, Affymetrix, or PERLEGEN microarray platforms, were analyzed. Associations between rare variants (minor allele frequency (MAF) <0.05) at CHRN genes and nicotine dependence, and alcohol dependence were tested. The mRNA expression of all Chrn genes in whole mouse brain and 10 specific brain areas was investigated. All CHRN genes except the muscle-type CHRNB1, including eight genomic regions containing 11 neuronal CHRN genes and three genomic regions containing four muscle-type CHRN genes, were significantly associated with ND, and/or AD. All of these genes were expressed in the mouse brain. We conclude that CHRNs are associated with ND (mainly) and AD, supporting the hypothesis that the full catalog of ND/AD risk genes may contain most neuronal nAChRs-encoding genes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Zuo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yunlong Tan
- Biological Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chiang-Shan R. Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zhiren Wang
- Biological Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kesheng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiandong Lin
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiangning Chen
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine and Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Chunlong Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyun Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of EEG & Neuroimaging, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jijun Wang
- Department of EEG & Neuroimaging, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, China
- Departments of Genetics, Genomics, Informatics, Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Xingguang Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Biological Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
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Wen L, Yang Z, Cui W, Li MD. Crucial roles of the CHRNB3-CHRNA6 gene cluster on chromosome 8 in nicotine dependence: update and subjects for future research. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e843. [PMID: 27327258 PMCID: PMC4931601 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a leading cause of preventable death throughout the world. Nicotine, the primary addictive compound in tobacco, plays a vital role in the initiation and maintenance of its use. Nicotine exerts its pharmacological roles through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which are ligand-gated ion channels consisting of five membrane-spanning subunits. Besides the CHRNA4, CHRNB2 and CHRNA5/A3/B4 cluster on chromosome 15, which has been investigated intensively, recent evidence from both genome-wide association studies and candidate gene-based association studies has revealed the crucial roles of the CHRNB3-CHRNA6 gene cluster on chromosome 8 in nicotine dependence (ND). These studies demonstrate two distinct loci within this region. The first one is tagged by rs13277254, upstream of the CHRNB3 gene, and the other is tagged by rs4952, a coding single nucleotide polymorphism in exon 5 of that gene. Functional studies by genetic manipulation in mice have shown that α6*-nAChRs, located in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), are of great importance in controlling nicotine self-administration. However, when the α6 subunit is selectively re-expressed in the VTA of the α6(-/-) mouse by a lentiviral vector, the reinforcing property of nicotine is restored. To further determine the role of α6*-nAChRs in the process of nicotine-induced reward and withdrawal, genetic knock-in strains have been examined, which showed that replacement of Leu with Ser in the 9' residue in the M2 domain of α6 produces nicotine-hypersensitive mice (α6 L9'S) with enhanced dopamine release. Moreover, nicotine-induced upregulation may be another ingredient in the pathology of nicotine addiction although the effect of chronic nicotine exposure on the expression of α6-containing receptors is controversial. To gain a better understanding of the pathological processes underlying ND and ND-related behaviors and to promote the development of effective smoking cessation therapies, we here present the most recent studies concerning the genetic effects of the CHRNB3-CHRNA6 gene cluster in ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Z Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - W Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - M D Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Air Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Kamens HM, Corley RP, Richmond PA, Darlington TM, Dowell R, Hopfer CJ, Stallings MC, Hewitt JK, Brown SA, Ehringer MA. Evidence for Association Between Low Frequency Variants in CHRNA6/CHRNB3 and Antisocial Drug Dependence. Behav Genet 2016; 46:693-704. [PMID: 27085880 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-016-9792-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Common SNPs in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes (CHRN genes) have been associated with drug behaviors and personality traits, but the influence of rare genetic variants is not well characterized. The goal of this project was to identify novel rare variants in CHRN genes in the Center for Antisocial Drug Dependence (CADD) and Genetics of Antisocial Drug Dependence (GADD) samples and to determine if low frequency variants are associated with antisocial drug dependence. Two samples of 114 and 200 individuals were selected using a case/control design including the tails of the phenotypic distribution of antisocial drug dependence. The capture, sequencing, and analysis of all variants in 16 CHRN genes (CHRNA1-7, 9, 10, CHRNB1-4, CHRND, CHRNG, CHRNE) were performed independently for each subject in each sample. Sequencing reads were aligned to the human reference sequence using BWA prior to variant calling with the Genome Analysis ToolKit (GATK). Low frequency variants (minor allele frequency < 0.05) were analyzed using SKAT-O and C-alpha to examine the distribution of rare variants among cases and controls. In our larger sample, the region containing the CHRNA6/CHRNB3 gene cluster was significantly associated with disease status using both SKAT-O and C-alpha (unadjusted p values <0.05). More low frequency variants in the CHRNA6/CHRNB3 gene region were observed in cases compared to controls. These data support a role for genetic variants in CHRN genes and antisocial drug behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Kamens
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Robin P Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, 447 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | | | - Todd M Darlington
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, 447 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Robin Dowell
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Christian J Hopfer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael C Stallings
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, 447 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John K Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, 447 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Sandra A Brown
- Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marissa A Ehringer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, 447 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA. .,Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
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11
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Melroy-Greif WE, Stitzel JA, Ehringer MA. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: upregulation, age-related effects and associations with drug use. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 15:89-107. [PMID: 26351737 PMCID: PMC4780670 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that exogenously bind nicotine. Nicotine produces rewarding effects by interacting with these receptors in the brain's reward system. Unlike other receptors, chronic stimulation by an agonist induces an upregulation of receptor number that is not due to increased gene expression in adults; while upregulation also occurs during development and adolescence there have been some opposing findings regarding a change in corresponding gene expression. These receptors have also been well studied with regard to human genetic associations and, based on evidence suggesting shared genetic liabilities between substance use disorders, numerous studies have pointed to a role for this system in comorbid drug use. This review will focus on upregulation of these receptors in adulthood, adolescence and development, as well as the findings from human genetic association studies which point to different roles for these receptors in risk for initiation and continuation of drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney E. Melroy-Greif
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jerry A. Stitzel
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Marissa A. Ehringer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
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12
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Cannon DS, Mermelstein RJ, Medina TR, Pugach O, Hedeker D, Weiss RB. CYP2A6 Effects on Subjective Reactions to Initial Smoking Attempt. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 18:637-41. [PMID: 26541911 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In very novice smokers, CYP2A6 genotypes that reduce nicotine metabolism to an intermediate rate may increase smoking risk, relative to both normal and slow rates. The present study examined the hypothesis that intermediate metabolism variants are associated with greater pleasurable effects of the initial smoking attempt than either normal or slow metabolism variants. METHODS Participants were novice smokers (N = 261, 65% female) of European descent. Predicted nicotine metabolic rate based on CYP2A6 diplotypes (CYP2A6 Diplotype Predicted Rate [CDPR]) was partitioned into Normal, Intermediate, and Slow categories using a metabolism metric. Subjective reactions to the initial smoking attempt were assessed by the Pleasurable Smoking Experiences (PSE) scale, which was collected within 3 years of the initial smoking attempt. The effect of CDPR on PSE was tested using a generalized linear model in which CDPR was dummy coded and Intermediate CDPR was the reference condition. Gender was included in the model as a control for higher PSE scores by males. RESULTS Lower PSE scores were associated with Normal CDPR, β = -0.34, P = .008, and Slow CDPR, β = -0.52, P = .001, relative to Intermediate CDPR. CONCLUSIONS Intermediate CDPR-enhanced pleasurable effects of the initial smoking attempt relative to other CYP2A6 variants. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that the risk effect of Intermediate CDPR on early smoking is a function of optimal pleasurable effects. IMPLICATIONS This study supports our recent hypothesis that CYP2A6 diplotypes that encode intermediate nicotine metabolism rate are associated with enhanced pleasurable events following the initial smoking attempt, compared with diplotypes that encode either normal or slow metabolism. This hypothesis was offered to account for our unexpected previous finding of enhanced smoking risk in very novice smokers associated with intermediate metabolism rate. Our new finding encourages further investigation of time-dependent relations between CYP2A6 effects and smoking motives, and it encourages laboratory study of the mechanisms underlying the initial smoking enhancement in novice smokers associated with intermediate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale S Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT;
| | - Robin J Mermelstein
- Institute for Health Research and Policy and Psychology Department, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL
| | - Tait R Medina
- Institute for Public Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL
| | - Oksana Pugach
- Institute for Public Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Robert B Weiss
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
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13
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Kamens HM, Miyamoto J, Powers MS, Ro K, Soto M, Cox R, Stitzel JA, Ehringer MA. The β3 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: Modulation of gene expression and nicotine consumption. Neuropharmacology 2015; 99:639-49. [PMID: 26318101 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic factors explain approximately half of the variance in smoking behaviors, but the molecular mechanism by which genetic variation influences behavior is poorly understood. SNPs in the putative promoter region of CHRNB3, the gene that encodes the β3 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), have been repeatedly associated with nicotine behaviors. In this work we sought to identify putative function of three SNPs in the promoter region of CHRNB3 on in vitro gene expression. Additionally, we used β3 null mutant mice as a model of reduced gene expression to assess the effects on nicotine behaviors. The effect of rs13277254, rs6474413, and rs4950 on reporter gene expression was examined using a luciferase reporter assay. A major and minor parent haplotype served as the background on which alleles at the three SNPs were flipped onto different backgrounds (e.g. minor allele on major haplotype background). Constructs were tested in three human cell lines: BE(2)-C, SH-SY5Y and HEK293T. In all cell types the major haplotype led to greater reporter gene expression compared to the minor haplotype, and results indicate that this effect is driven by rs6474413. Moreover, mice lacking the β3 subunit showed reduced voluntary nicotine consumption compared that of wildtype animals. These data provide evidence that the protective genetic variant at rs6474413 identified in human genetic studies reduces gene expression and that decreased β3 gene expression in mice reduces nicotine intake. This work contributes to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that contribute to the human genetic associations of tobacco behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Kamens
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Jill Miyamoto
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Matthew S Powers
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Kasey Ro
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Marissa Soto
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Ryan Cox
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Jerry A Stitzel
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA; Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Marissa A Ehringer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA; Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
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14
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Agrawal A, Lynskey MT, Kapoor M, Bucholz KK, Edenberg HJ, Schuckit M, Brooks A, Hesselbrock V, Kramer J, Saccone N, Tischfield J, Bierut LJ. Are genetic variants for tobacco smoking associated with cannabis involvement? Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 150:183-7. [PMID: 25770649 PMCID: PMC4443812 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis users are highly likely to also be tobacco cigarette smokers and a proportion of this comorbidity is attributable to shared genetic influences. Three large meta-analyses of genomewide association studies (GWAS) of tobacco smoking have identified multiple genomewide significant (p<5×10(-8)) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We examine whether these SNPs are associated with tobacco smoking and with cannabis involvement in an independent sample. METHOD Eleven SNPs associated with cigarettes per day (CPD), ever versus never smoking and current smoking/smoking cessation at p<5×10(-8) were selected from three published meta-analyses. Association analyses were conducted with similar tobacco smoking measures in 2716 European-American subjects from the Study of Addictions Genes and Environment (SAGE) and with lifetime and current cannabis use and DSM-IV cannabis abuse/dependence. RESULTS Cannabis use and tobacco smoking correlated at 0.54. Rs16969968 in CHRNA5 (and its proxy, rs1051730 in CHRNA3) and rs1451240, a proxy for rs13280604 in CHRNB3, were associated with CPD after Bonferroni correction (p<0.006). rs1451240 was also associated with DSM-IV cannabis abuse/dependence. Rs6265 in BDNF was associated with smoking initiation, as in the original meta-analysis and also with lifetime cannabis use. Associations with cannabis involvement were no longer significant upon adjustment for the tobacco smoking measures. CONCLUSIONS The modest associations between cannabis involvement and SNPs for tobacco smoking were not independent of the comorbidity between tobacco and cannabis involvement. Larger samples of individuals might be required to articulate the specific genetic architecture of cannabis involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpana Agrawal
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | | | - Manav Kapoor
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kathleen K Bucholz
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew Brooks
- Rutgers University, Department of Genetics, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Victor Hesselbrock
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Department of Psychiatry, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - John Kramer
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nancy Saccone
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Laura J Bierut
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, St. Louis, MO, USA
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15
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Chen X, Aggen SH, Chen J, Li L, Kendler KS, Blank M, Eissenberg T. Genetic risks to nicotine dependence predict negative mood and affect in current non-smokers. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9521. [PMID: 25826680 PMCID: PMC4894432 DOI: 10.1038/srep09521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine is the psychoactive agent involved in nicotine dependence. However, nicotine as a drug, and its effects on human psychology are largely under-investigated in genetic studies. In this study, we recruited 208 current non-smokers to evaluate the effect of nicotine and its relationship to genetic risks to nicotine dependence. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, as well as measurement invariance testing, were conducted to evaluate the latent factor structures of the POMS, PANAS and DEN questionnaires across 3 nicotine doses. Structural models were used to examine the effects of nicotine and their relationship to genetic risks of nicotine dependence. We found that nicotine administration led to the change of both measurement construct and factor means, indicating the causal effect of nicotine on the psychological responses. The genotypes of rs588765 predicted the scores of the DEN Confused and Dizzy factors (p = 0.0003 and 0.001 respectively), and rs16969968 and rs588765 were associated with the PANAS Nervous factor (p = 0.006 and 0.007 respectively). Our study suggested that genetic risk of nicotine dependence is associated with acute psychological responses. The integration of psychometric analyses and dose effects could be a powerful approach for genetic study of nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangning Chen
- 1] Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University [2] Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Steven H Aggen
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Jingchun Chen
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Lingxi Li
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- 1] Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University [2] Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | | | - Thomas Eissenberg
- Department of Psychology and Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University
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16
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Daw J, Boardman JD, Peterson R, Smolen A, Haberstick BC, Ehringer MA, Ennett ST, Foshee VA. The interactive effect of neighborhood peer cigarette use and 5HTTLPR genotype on individual cigarette use. Addict Behav 2014; 39:1804-10. [PMID: 25127196 PMCID: PMC4240634 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous cross-sectional research has shown that adolescents' cigarette use is interactively associated with that of their school peers and their 5HTTLPR genotype, such that the cigarette use of persons with more copies of the 5HTTLPR*S' allele is more dependent on school peers' cigarette use behaviors than their counterparts. This analysis seeks to extend this novel finding by examining whether the same conclusion can be reached when substituting neighborhood peers for school peers and examining the timing of the initiation of any and regular smoking in adolescence. METHODS This analysis employs an independent sample with longitudinal measures of cigarette use among 6th through 8th graders clustered in 82 neighborhoods, of whom 1098 contributed genetic data. The proportion of respondents who had ever smoked cigarettes by the first wave was calculated for each census block group in the study. 5HTTLPR genotype was assayed using the method of Whisman et al. (2011). The timing of any or regular smoking initiation and over four years were modeled as dependent variables using Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS The interaction of neighborhood peer smoking behavior in the first wave and 5HTTLPR genotype statistically significantly predicted any smoking initiation (hazard ratio: 3.532; p-value=0.002) and regular smoking initiation (hazard ratio: 5.686; p-value=0.000), net of controls for sex, race/ethnicity, grade in the first wave of data, and parental educational attainment. These findings reach the same conclusions as previous cross-sectional research. CONCLUSIONS These results differ in the model of gene-environment interaction that they support. The findings for any smoking initiation are consistent with the diathesis-stress model of gene-environment interaction; the findings for regular smoking initiation are consistent with the differential susceptibility model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Daw
- Department of Sociology, University of Alabama-Birmingham, United States.
| | - Jason D Boardman
- Department of Sociology, University of Colorado-Boulder, United States; Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado-Boulder, United States; Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado-Boulder, United States
| | - Rachel Peterson
- Department of Sociology, University of Colorado-Boulder, United States; Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado-Boulder, United States
| | - Andrew Smolen
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado-Boulder, United States
| | - Brett C Haberstick
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado-Boulder, United States
| | - Marissa A Ehringer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado-Boulder, United States; Department of Integrative Physiology and Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado-Boulder, United States
| | - Susan T Ennett
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Vangie A Foshee
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, United States
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17
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Bloom AJ, Hartz SM, Baker TB, Chen LS, Piper ME, Fox L, Martinez M, Hatsukami D, Johnson EO, Laurie CC, Saccone NL, Goate A, Bierut LJ. Beyond cigarettes per day. A genome-wide association study of the biomarker carbon monoxide. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2014; 11:1003-10. [PMID: 25072098 PMCID: PMC4214060 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201401-010oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 locus is associated with self-reported smoking behavior and also harbors the strongest genetic associations with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. Because the associations with lung disease remain after adjustment for self-reported smoking behaviors, it has been asserted that CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 variants increase COPD and lung cancer susceptibility independently of their effects on smoking. OBJECTIVES To compare the genetic associations of exhaled carbon monoxide (CO), a biomarker of current cigarette exposure, with self-reported smoking behaviors. METHODS A total of 1,521 European American and 247 African American current smokers recruited into smoking cessation studies were assessed for CO at intake before smoking cessation. DNA samples were genotyped using the Illumina Omni2.5 microarray. Genetic associations with CO and smoking behaviors (cigarettes smoked per day, Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence) were studied. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Variants in the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 locus, including rs16969968, a nonsynonymous variant in CHRNA5, are genomewide association study-significantly associated with CO (β = 2.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.74-3.58; P = 1.65 × 10(-8)), and this association remains strong after adjusting for smoking behavior (β = 2.18; 95% CI, 1.32-3.04; P = 7.47 × 10(-7)). The correlation between CO and cigarettes per day is statistically significantly lower (z = 3.43; P = 6.07 × 10(-4)) in African Americans (r = 0.14; 95% CI, 0.02-0.26; P = 0.003) than in European-Americans (r = 0.36; 95% CI, 0.31-0.40; P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Exhaled CO, a biomarker that is simple to measure, captures aspects of cigarette smoke exposure in current smokers beyond the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Behavioral measures of smoking are therefore insufficient indices of cigarette smoke exposure, suggesting that genetic associations with COPD or lung cancer that persist after adjusting for self-reported smoking behavior may still reflect genetic effects on smoking exposure.
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18
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Culverhouse RC, Johnson EO, Breslau N, Hatsukami DK, Sadler B, Brooks AI, Hesselbrock VM, Schuckit MA, Tischfield JA, Goate AM, Saccone NL, Bierut LJ. Multiple distinct CHRNB3-CHRNA6 variants are genetic risk factors for nicotine dependence in African Americans and European Americans. Addiction 2014; 109:814-22. [PMID: 24401102 PMCID: PMC3984604 DOI: 10.1111/add.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Studies have shown association between common variants in the α6-β3 nicotinic receptor subunit gene cluster and nicotine dependence in European ancestry populations. We investigate whether this generalizes to African Americans, whether the association is specific to nicotine dependence and whether this region contains additional genetic contributors to nicotine dependence. DESIGN We examined consistency of association across studies and race between the α6β3 nicotinic receptor subunit locus and nicotine, alcohol, marijuana and cocaine dependence in three independent studies. SETTING United States of America. PARTICIPANTS European Americans and African Americans from three case-control studies of substance dependence. MEASUREMENTS Subjects were evaluated using the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism. Nicotine dependence was determined using the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence. FINDINGS The single nucleotide polymorphism rs13273442 was associated significantly with nicotine dependence across all three studies in both ancestry groups [odds ratio (OR) = 0.75, P = 5.8 × 10(-4) European Americans; OR = 0.80, P = 0.05 African Americans]. No other substance dependence was associated consistently with this variant in either group. Another SNP in the region, rs4952, remains modestly associated with nicotine dependence in the combined data after conditioning on rs13273442. CONCLUSIONS The common variant rs13273442 in the CHRNB3-CHNRA6 region is associated significantly with nicotine dependence in European Americans and African Americans across studies recruited for nicotine, alcohol and cocaine dependence. Although these data are modestly powered for other substances, our results provide no evidence that correlates of rs13273442 represent a general substance dependence liability. Additional variants probably account for some of the association of this region to nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Culverhouse
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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Bar-Shira A, Gana-Weisz M, Gan-Or Z, Giladi E, Giladi N, Orr-Urtreger A. CHRNB3 c.-57A>G functional promoter change affects Parkinson's disease and smoking. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:2179.e1-6. [PMID: 24731518 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is protective in Parkinson's disease (PD), possibly because of nicotine action on brain nicotinic-acetylcholine receptors. The β3 nicotinic-acetylcholine receptor subunit (encoded by CHRNB3) is depleted in the striatum of PD patients and associated with nicotine dependence. Herein, the CHRNB3 gene was sequenced, and the c.-57G allele frequency was 0.31 and 0.26 among patients (n = 596) and controls (n = 369), respectively (p = 0.02, odds ratio = 1.33, 95% confidence interval = 1.03-1.73). The c.-57G allele was strongly associated with smoking in patients, as 48.4% of c.-57G carriers compared with 32.6% of noncarriers reported smoking history (p < 0.0001). The transcription factor Oct-1 binding was almost eliminated in lymphoblasts with the c.-57G/G genotype, to only 6.5% percent, and the CHRNB3 promoter activity was reduced in cells with the c.-57G/G genotype by 96%-70%. These findings suggest that the CHRNB3 c.-57A>G alteration affects the promoter activity and is associated with PD and smoking in PD patients. It is therefore possible that nicotine may be valuable for patients who carry this alteration and beneficial in PD only for patients with specific genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Bar-Shira
- The Genetic Institute, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Mali Gana-Weisz
- The Genetic Institute, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- The Genetic Institute, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Eytan Giladi
- The Genetic Institute, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Nir Giladi
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Movement Disorders Unit, Parkinson Center, Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Avi Orr-Urtreger
- The Genetic Institute, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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20
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Pedneault M, Labbe A, Roy-Gagnon MH, Low NC, Dugas E, Engert JC, O'Loughlin J. The association between CHRN genetic variants and dizziness at first inhalation of cigarette smoke. Addict Behav 2014; 39:316-20. [PMID: 24119711 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in multiple nicotinic receptor genes (CHRN) are associated with smoking. However few studies have examined the association between CHRN SNPs and subjective responses to smoking in adolescents which may relate to sustained smoking, such as dizziness at first inhalation. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between 61 SNPs in eight CHRN genes (CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNA5, CHRNA6, CHRNA7, CHRNB2, CHRNB3, CHRNB4) and dizziness at first inhalation. Data were available from a longitudinal cohort investigation of 1293 students 12-13year-old at baseline. Students completed self-report questionnaires at school every 3months for 5years during secondary school, and a mailed questionnaire three years later. DNA extracted from blood or saliva was genotyped for 61 CHRN SNPs selected using a gene tagging approach. Associations were modeled using logistic regression controlling for sex, race and age at first cigarette. Complete data were available for 356 of 475 participants (75%) who initiated smoking. The minor alleles of three SNPs in CHRNA6 (rs7812298, rs2304297, rs7828365) were associated with a decreased probability of dizziness (OR(95% CI)=0.54 (0.36, 0.81), 0.59 (0.40, 0.86) and 0.58 (0.36, 0.95), respectively), while one SNP in each of three other genes (rs3743077 (CHRNA3), rs755204 (CHRNA4), rs7178176 (CHRNA7)) was associated with an increased probability of dizziness (OR(95% CI)=1.40 (1.02, 1.90), 1.85 (1.05, 3.27) and 1.51 (1.06, 2.15), respectively). Thus, several SNPs located in CHRN genes are associated with dizziness at first inhalation, a smoking initiation phenotype that may relate to sustained smoking.
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21
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Cannon DS, Mermelstein RJ, Hedeker D, Coon H, Cook EH, McMahon WM, Hamil C, Dunn D, Weiss RB. Effect of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes (CHRN) on longitudinal cigarettes per day in adolescents and young adults. Nicotine Tob Res 2013; 16:137-44. [PMID: 23943838 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntt125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Few studies have sought to identify specific genetic markers associated with cigarettes per day (CPD) during adolescence and young adulthood, the period of greatest vulnerability for the development of nicotine dependence. METHODS We used a longitudinal design to investigate the effect of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (CHRN) subunit genes on CPD from 15 to 21 years of age in young smokers of European descent (N = 439, 59% female). The number of CPD typically smoked during the previous 30 days was self-reported. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from CHRN genes were genotyped using DNA extracted from saliva samples collected at the 5-year assessment. Mixed-model analyses of SNP effects were computed across age at the time of assessment using log-transformed CPD as the phenotype. Data from the 1000 Genomes Project were used to clarify the architecture of CHRN genes to inform SNP selection and interpretation of results. RESULTS CPD was associated with a CHRNB3A6 region tagged by rs2304297, with CHRNA5A3B4 haplotype C (tagged by rs569207), and with the CHRNA2 SNP rs2271920, ps < .004. The reliability of single-SNP associations was supported by the correspondence between a more extensive set of SNP signals and the underlying genetic architecture. The 3 signals identified in this study appear to make independent contributions to CPD, and their combined effect accounts for 5.5% of the variance in log-transformed CPD. CONCLUSIONS Level of CPD during adolescence and young adulthood is associated with CHRNB3A6, CHRNA5A3B4, and CHRNA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale S Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
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22
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Flora AV, Zambrano CA, Gallego X, Miyamoto JH, Johnson KA, Cowan KA, Stitzel JA, Ehringer MA. Functional characterization of SNPs in CHRNA3/B4 intergenic region associated with drug behaviors. Brain Res 2013; 1529:1-15. [PMID: 23872218 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The cluster of human neuronal nicotinic receptor genes (CHRNA5/A3/B4) (15q25.1) has been associated with a variety of smoking and drug-related behaviors, as well as risk for lung cancer. CHRNA3/B4 intergenic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs1948 and rs8023462 have been associated with early initiation of alcohol and tobacco use, and rs6495309 has been associated with nicotine dependence and risk for lung cancer. An in vitro luciferase expression assay was used to determine whether these SNPs and surrounding sequences contribute to differences in gene expression using cell lines either expressing proteins characteristic of neuronal tissue or derived from lung cancers. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) were performed to investigate whether nuclear proteins from these cell lines bind SNP alleles differentially. Results from expression assays were dependent on cell culture type and haplotype. EMSAs indicated that rs8023462 and rs6495309 bind nuclear proteins in an allele-specific way. Additionally, GATA transcription factors appeared to bind rs8023462 only when the minor/risk allele was present. Much work has been done to describe the rat Chrnb4/a3 intergenic region, but few studies have examined the human intergenic region effects on expression; therefore, these studies greatly aid human genetic research as it relates to observed nicotine phenotypes, lung cancer risk and potential underlying genetic mechanisms. Data from these experiments support the hypothesis that SNPs associated with human addiction-related phenotypes and lung cancer risk can affect gene expression, and are potential therapeutic targets. Additionally, this is the first evidence that rs8023462 interacts with GATA transcription factors to influence gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber V Flora
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, 1480 30th Street, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
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23
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Gallego X, Cox RJ, Laughlin JR, Stitzel JA, Ehringer MA. Alternative CHRNB4 3'-UTRs mediate the allelic effects of SNP rs1948 on gene expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63699. [PMID: 23691088 PMCID: PMC3653846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Common genetic factors strongly contribute to both nicotine, the main addictive component of tobacco, and alcohol use. Several lines of evidence suggest nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as common sites of action for nicotine and alcohol. Specifically, rs1948, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located in the CHRNB4 3′-untranslated region (UTR), has been associated to early age of initiation for both alcohol and tobacco use. To determine the allelic effects of rs1948 on gene expression, two rs1948-containing sequences of different lengths corresponding to the CHRNB4 3′-UTR were cloned into pGL3-promoter luciferase reporter vectors. Data obtained showed that the allelic effects of SNP rs1948 on luciferase expression are mediated by the length and species of transcripts generated. In addition, it was found that miR-3157 increased the overall luciferase expression while miR-138, a microRNA known to play a role in neuroadaptation to drug abuse, decreased luciferase expression when compared to basal conditions. These findings demonstrate the importance of SNP rs1948 on the regulation of CHRNB4 expression and provide the first evidence of CHRNB4 down-regulation by miR-138.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Gallego
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ryan J. Cox
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - James R. Laughlin
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jerry A. Stitzel
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Marissa A Ehringer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kamens HM, Corley RP, McQueen MB, Stallings MC, Hopfer CJ, Crowley TJ, Brown SA, Hewitt JK, Ehringer MA. Nominal association with CHRNA4 variants and nicotine dependence. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2013; 12:297-304. [PMID: 23350800 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and studies in animal models have shown that α4β2 receptors mediate many behavioral effects of nicotine. Human genetics studies have provided support that variation in the gene that codes for the α4 subunit influences nicotine dependence (ND), but the evidence for the involvement of the β2 subunit gene is less convincing. In this study, we examined the genetic association between variation in the genes that code for the α4 (CHRNA4) and β2 (CHRNB2) subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and a quantitative measure of lifetime DSM-IV ND symptom counts. We performed this analysis in two longitudinal family-based studies focused on adolescent antisocial drug abuse: the Center on Antisocial Drug Dependence (CADD, N = 313 families) and Genetics of Antisocial Drug Dependence (GADD, N = 111 families). Family-based association tests were used to examine associations between 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CHRNA4 and CHRNB2 and ND symptoms. Symptom counts were corrected for age, sex and clinical status prior to the association analysis. Results, when the samples were combined, provided modest evidence that SNPs in CHRNA4 are associated with ND. The minor allele at both rs1044394 (A; Z = 1.988, P = 0.047, unadjusted P-value) and rs1044396 (G; Z = 2.398, P = 0.017, unadjusted P-value) was associated with increased risk of ND symptoms. These data provide suggestive evidence that variation in the α4 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor may influence ND liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Kamens
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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25
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Rice JP, Hartz SM, Agrawal A, Almasy L, Bennett S, Breslau N, Bucholz KK, Doheny KF, Edenberg HJ, Goate AM, Hesselbrock V, Howells WB, Johnson EO, Kramer J, Krueger RF, Kuperman S, Laurie C, Manolio TA, Neuman RJ, Nurnberger JI, Porjesz B, Pugh E, Ramos EM, Saccone N, Saccone S, Schuckit M, Bierut LJ. CHRNB3 is more strongly associated with Fagerström test for cigarette dependence-based nicotine dependence than cigarettes per day: phenotype definition changes genome-wide association studies results. Addiction 2012; 107:2019-28. [PMID: 22524403 PMCID: PMC3427406 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Nicotine dependence is a highly heritable disorder associated with severe medical morbidity and mortality. Recent meta-analyses have found novel genetic loci associated with cigarettes per day (CPD), a proxy for nicotine dependence. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the importance of phenotype definition (i.e., CPD versus Fagerström test for cigarette dependence (FTCD) score as a measure of nicotine dependence) on genome-wide association studies of nicotine dependence. DESIGN Genome-wide association study. SETTING Community sample. PARTICIPANTS A total of 3365 subjects who had smoked at least one cigarette were selected from the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment (SAGE). Of the participants, 2267 were European Americans, 999 were African Americans. MEASUREMENTS Nicotine dependence defined by FTCD score ≥4, CPD. FINDINGS The genetic locus most strongly associated with nicotine dependence was rs1451240 on chromosome 8 in the region of CHRNB3 [odds ratio (OR) = 0.65, P = 2.4 × 10(-8) ]. This association was further strengthened in a meta-analysis with a previously published data set (combined P = 6.7 × 10(-16) , total n = 4200). When CPD was used as an alternate phenotype, the association no longer reached genome-wide significance (β = -0.08, P = 0.0004). CONCLUSIONS Daily cigarette consumption and the Fagerstrom Test for Cigarette Dependence show different associations with polymorphisms in genetic loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Rice
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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26
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The α6 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit influences ethanol-induced sedation. Alcohol 2012; 46:463-71. [PMID: 22572056 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol and nicotine are often co-used and data from human and animals studies have demonstrated that common genes underlie responses to these two drugs. Recently, the genes that code for the subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors have been implicated as a common genetic mediator for alcohol and nicotine responses. The mammalian genes that code for the α6 and β3 subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (Chrna6 and Chrnb3, respectively) are located adjacent to each other on human and mouse chromosome 8. These subunits have gained attention as potential regulators of drug behaviors because of their expression in the striatum where they have been shown to modulate dopamine release. Human genetic studies have shown that variation in these genes is associated with alcohol phenotypes. In the current experiments, mice lacking the Chrna6 or Chrnb3 gene were tested for three ethanol behaviors: choice ethanol consumption, ataxia, and sedation. Wildtype (WT), heterozygous (HET), and knockout (KO) mice of each strain went through a standard 2-bottle choice drinking paradigm, the balance beam, and the Loss of Righting Reflex (LORR) paradigm. No genotypic effects on any of the 3 behavioral tasks were observed in Chrnb3 animals. While the Chrna6 gene did not significantly influence ethanol consumption (g/kg) or ataxia, mice lacking the α6 subunit took significantly longer to recover their righting reflex than WT animals. These data provide evidence that receptors containing this subunit modulate the sedative effects of ethanol. Further work examining other models of ethanol consumption and behavioral responses to ethanol is needed to fully characterize the role of these receptor subunits in modulating ethanol responses.
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27
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Lessov-Schlaggar CN, Wahlgren DR, Liles S, Ji M, Hughes SC, Winickoff JP, Jones JA, Swan GE, Hovell MF. Sensitivity to secondhand smoke exposure predicts future smoking susceptibility. Pediatrics 2011; 128:254-62. [PMID: 21746728 PMCID: PMC3146357 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2010-3156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Susceptibility to cigarette smoking in tobacco-naive youth is a strong predictor of smoking initiation. Identifying mechanisms that contribute to smoking susceptibility provide information about early targets for smoking prevention. This study investigated whether sensitivity to secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) contributes to smoking susceptibility. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Subjects were high-risk, ethnically diverse 8- to 13-year-old subjects who never smoked and who lived with at least 1 smoker and who participated in a longitudinal SHSe reduction intervention trial. Reactions (eg, feeling dizzy) to SHSe were assessed at baseline, and smoking susceptibility was assessed at baseline and 3 follow-up measurements over 12 months. We examined the SHSe reaction factor structure, association with demographic characteristics, and prediction of longitudinal smoking susceptibility status. RESULTS Factor analysis identified "physically unpleasant" and "pleasant" reaction factors. Reported SHSe reactions did not differ across gender or family smoking history. More black preteens reported feeling relaxed and calm, and fewer reported feeling a head rush or buzz compared with non-Hispanic white and Hispanic white counterparts. Longitudinally, 8.5% of subjects tracked along the trajectory for high (versus low) smoking susceptibility. Reporting SHSe as "unpleasant or gross" predicted a 78% reduction in the probability of being assigned to the high-smoking susceptibility trajectory (odds ratio: 0.22 [95% confidence interval: 0.05-0.95]), after covariate adjustment. CONCLUSIONS Assessment of SHSe sensitivity is a novel approach to the study of cigarette initiation etiology and informs prevention interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandy Liles
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health and
| | - Ming Ji
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | | | - Jonathan P. Winickoff
- Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | | | - Gary E. Swan
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California
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28
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Varenicline for smoking cessation: nausea severity and variation in nicotinic receptor genes. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2011; 12:349-58. [PMID: 21606948 PMCID: PMC3405554 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2011.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated association between common and rare sequence variants in 10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit genes and the severity of nausea 21 days after initiating the standard, FDA-approved varenicline regimen for smoking cessation. Included in the analysis were 397 participants from a randomized clinical effectiveness trial with complete clinical and DNA resequencing data (mean age = 49.2 years; 68.0% female). Evidence for significant association between common sequence variants in CHRNB2 and nausea severity was obtained after adjusting for age, gender, and correlated tests (all PACT<.05). Individuals with the minor allele of CHRNB2 variants experienced less nausea than did those without the minor allele, consistent with previously reported findings for CHRNB2 and the occurrence of nausea and dizziness as a consequence of first smoking attempt in adolescents, and with the known neurophysiology of nausea. As nausea is the most common reason for discontinuance of varenicline, further pharmacogenetic investigations are warranted.
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Abstract
Addictions include a group of common, heritable psychiatric illnesses that have multiple psychiatric and medical comorbidities. Robust genetic associations have been found for alcohol dependence, nicotine dependence, and cocaine dependence. Common genetic associations have been found between alcohol dependence and aerodigestive cancers and between nicotine dependence and lung disease. These associations highlight the importance of understanding the genetics of substance dependence in the context of its multiple medical and psychiatric comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Hartz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8134, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
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30
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Hoft NR, Stitzel JA, Hutchison KE, Ehringer MA. CHRNB2 promoter region: association with subjective effects to nicotine and gene expression differences. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2010; 10:176-85. [PMID: 20854418 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2010.00650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Smoking behavior is a complex, which includes multiple stages in the progression from experimentation to continued use and dependence. The experience of subjective effects, such as dizziness, euphoria, heart pounding, nausea and high, have been associated with varying degrees of persistence and subsequent abuse/dependence of marijuana, cocaine, tobacco and alcohol (Grant et al. 2005, Wagner & Anthony 2002). Previous studies have reported associations between neuronal nicotinic receptor (CHRN) genes and subjective effects to nicotine. We sought to replicate and expand this work by examining eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a sample of adult smokers (n = 316) who reported subjective effects following cigarette smoking in a controlled laboratory environment. Two SNPs each in the CHRNB2, CHRNB3, CHRNA6 and CHRNA4 genes were examined. A significant association was found between two SNPs and physical effects reported after smoking the first experimental cigarette. SNP rs2072658 is upstream of CHRNB2 (P-value = 0.0046) and rs2229959 is a synonymous change in exon 5 of CHRNA4 (P value = 0.0051). We also examined possible functional relevance of SNP rs2072658 using an in vitro gene expression assay. These studies provided evidence that the minor allele of rs2072658 may lead to decreased gene expression, using two separate cell lines, P19 and SH-SY5Y (18% P < 0.001 and 26% P < 0.001 respectively). The human genetic study and functional assays suggest that variation in the promoter region of CHRNB2 gene may be important in mediating levels of expression of the β2 nicotinic receptor subunit, which may be associated with variation in subjective response to nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Hoft
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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Saccone NL, Schwantes-An TH, Wang JC, Grucza RA, Breslau N, Hatsukami D, Johnson EO, Rice JP, Goate AM, Bierut LJ. Multiple cholinergic nicotinic receptor genes affect nicotine dependence risk in African and European Americans. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2010; 9:741-50. [PMID: 20584212 PMCID: PMC2970751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2010.00608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Several independent studies show that the chromosome 15q25.1 region, which contains the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 gene cluster, harbors variants strongly associated with nicotine dependence, other smoking behaviors, lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We investigated whether variants in other cholinergic nicotinic receptor subunit (CHRN) genes affect the risk of nicotine dependence in a new sample of African Americans (AAs) (N = 710). We also analyzed this AA sample together with a European American (EA) sample (N = 2062, 1608 of which have been previously studied), allowing for differing effects in the two populations. Cases are current nicotine-dependent smokers and controls are non-dependent smokers. Variants in or near CHRND-CHRNG, CHRNA7 and CHRNA10 show modest association with nicotine dependence risk in the AA sample. In addition, CHRNA4, CHRNB3-CHRNA6 and CHRNB1 show association in at least one population. CHRNG and CHRNA4 harbor single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that have opposite directions of effect in the two populations. In each of the population samples, these loci substantially increase the trait variation explained, although no loci meet Bonferroni-corrected significance in the AA sample alone. The trait variation explained by three key associated SNPs in CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 is 1.9% in EAs and also 1.9% in AAs; this increases to 4.5% in EAs and 7.3% in AAs when we add six variants representing associations at other CHRN genes. Multiple nicotinic receptor subunit genes outside chromosome 15q25 are likely to be important in the biological processes and development of nicotine dependence, and some of these risks may be shared across diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Saccone
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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32
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Sand PG. Dizziness genes. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:1250-1; author reply 1248-9. [PMID: 20552679 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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33
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Sherva R, Kranzler HR, Yu Y, Logue MW, Poling J, Arias AJ, Anton RF, Oslin D, Farrer LA, Gelernter J. Variation in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes is associated with multiple substance dependence phenotypes. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:1921-31. [PMID: 20485328 PMCID: PMC3055642 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is shared genetic risk for dependence on multiple substances, and the nicotinic receptor gene cluster on chromosome 15 harbors multiple polymorphisms that associate to this risk. Here, we report the results of an association study with 21 SNPs genotyped across the CHRNA5, CHRNA3, and CHRNB4 loci on chromosome 15q25.1. The sample consists of a discovery set (N=1858) of European-American and African-American (AA) families, ascertained on the basis of a sibling pair with cocaine and/or opioid dependence, and a case-control replication sample (N=3388) collected for association studies of alcohol, cocaine, and opioid dependence. We tested the SNPs for association with lifetime cocaine, opioid, nicotine, and alcohol dependence. We replicated several previous findings, including associations between rs16969968 and nicotine dependence (P=0.002) and cocaine dependence (P=0.02), with opposite risk alleles for each substance. We observed these associations in AAs, which is a novel finding. The strongest association signal in either sample was between rs684513 in CHRNA5 and cocaine dependence (OR=1.43, P=0.0004) in the AA replication set. We also observed two SNPs associated with alcohol dependence, that is, rs615470 in CHRNA5 (OR=0.77, P=0.0006) and rs578776 (OR=0.78, P=0.001). The associations between CD and rs684513, AD and rs615470, and AD and rs578776 remained significant after a permutation-based correction for multiple testing. These data reinforce the importance of variation in the chromosome 15 nicotinic receptor subunit gene cluster for risk of dependence on multiple substances, although the direction of the effects may vary across substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Sherva
- Department of Medicine (Genetics Program), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Henry R Kranzler
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Yi Yu
- Department of Medicine (Genetics Program), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark W Logue
- Department of Medicine (Genetics Program), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James Poling
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,VA CT Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Albert J Arias
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Raymond F Anton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - David Oslin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania and Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Genetics Program), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Departments of Neurology, Genetics & Genomics, Biostatistics, and Epidemiology, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,VA CT Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA,Departments of Neurobiology and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Yale University School of Medicine, VA CT Healthcare Center 116A2, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT 06516, USA. Tel: +1 203 932 5711 ext 3599; Fax: +1 203 937 3897; E-mail:
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Abstract
Addictions include a group of common, heritable psychiatric illnesses that have multiple psychiatric and medical comorbidities. Robust genetic associations have been found for alcohol dependence, nicotine dependence, and cocaine dependence. Common genetic associations have been found between alcohol dependence and aerodigestive cancers and between nicotine dependence and lung disease. These associations highlight the importance of understanding the genetics of substance dependence in the context of its multiple medical and psychiatric comorbidities.
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