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Mušálková D, Přistoupilová A, Jedličková I, Hartmannová H, Trešlová H, Nosková L, Hodaňová K, Bittmanová P, Stránecký V, Jiřička V, Langmajerová M, Woodbury‐Smith M, Zarrei M, Trost B, Scherer SW, Bleyer AJ, Vevera J, Kmoch S. Increased burden of rare protein-truncating variants in constrained, brain-specific and synaptic genes in extremely impulsively violent males with antisocial personality disorder. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2024; 23:e12882. [PMID: 38359179 PMCID: PMC10869132 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The genetic correlates of extreme impulsive violence are poorly understood, and there have been few studies that have characterized a large group of affected individuals both clinically and genetically. We performed whole exome sequencing (WES) in 290 males with the life-course-persistent, extremely impulsively violent form of antisocial personality disorder (APD) and analyzed the spectrum of rare protein-truncating variants (rPTVs). Comparisons were made with 314 male controls and publicly available genotype data. Functional annotation tools were used for biological interpretation. Participants were significantly more likely to harbor rPTVs in genes that are intolerant to loss-of-function variants (odds ratio [OR] 2.06; p < 0.001), specifically expressed in brain (OR 2.80; p = 0.036) and enriched for those involved in neurotransmitter transport and synaptic processes. In 60 individuals (20%), we identified rPTVs that we classified as clinically relevant based on their clinical associations, biological function and gene expression patterns. Of these, 37 individuals harbored rPTVs in 23 genes that are associated with a monogenic neurological disorder, and 23 individuals harbored rPTVs in 20 genes reportedly intolerant to loss-of-function variants. The analysis presents evidence in support of a model where presence of either one or several private, functionally relevant mutations contribute significantly to individual risk of life-course-persistent APD and reveals multiple individuals who could be affected by clinically unrecognized neuropsychiatric Mendelian disease. Thus, Mendelian diseases and increased rPTV burden may represent important factors for the development of extremely impulsive violent life-course-persistent forms of APD irrespective of their clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dita Mušálková
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Anna Přistoupilová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Ivana Jedličková
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Hana Hartmannová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Helena Trešlová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Lenka Nosková
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Kateřina Hodaňová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Petra Bittmanová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Viktor Stránecký
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Václav Jiřička
- Department of PsychologyPrison Service of the Czech RepublicPragueCzech Republic
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine in PilsenCharles UniversityPilsenCzech Republic
| | - Michaela Langmajerová
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine in PilsenCharles UniversityPilsenCzech Republic
| | - Marc Woodbury‐Smith
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Mehdi Zarrei
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Brett Trost
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Stephen W. Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin CentreUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Anthony J. Bleyer
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
- Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jan Vevera
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine in PilsenCharles UniversityPilsenCzech Republic
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity Hospital PilsenPilsenCzech Republic
| | - Stanislav Kmoch
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePragueCzech Republic
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine in PilsenCharles UniversityPilsenCzech Republic
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Zhou B, He Y, Chen Y, Su B. Comparative Genomic Analysis Identifies Great-Ape-Specific Structural Variants and Their Evolutionary Relevance. Mol Biol Evol 2023; 40:msad184. [PMID: 37565562 PMCID: PMC10461412 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msad184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During the origin of great apes about 14 million years ago, a series of phenotypic innovations emerged, such as the increased body size, the enlarged brain volume, the improved cognitive skill, and the diversified diet. Yet, the genomic basis of these evolutionary changes remains unclear. Utilizing the high-quality genome assemblies of great apes (including human), gibbon, and macaque, we conducted comparative genome analyses and identified 15,885 great ape-specific structural variants (GSSVs), including eight coding GSSVs resulting in the creation of novel proteins (e.g., ACAN and CMYA5). Functional annotations of the GSSV-related genes revealed the enrichment of genes involved in development and morphogenesis, especially neurogenesis and neural network formation, suggesting the potential role of GSSVs in shaping the great ape-shared traits. Further dissection of the brain-related GSSVs shows great ape-specific changes of enhancer activities and gene expression in the brain, involving a group of GSSV-regulated genes (such as NOL3) that potentially contribute to the altered brain development and function in great apes. The presented data highlight the evolutionary role of structural variants in the phenotypic innovations during the origin of the great ape lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaoxi He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yongjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Corbett MA, Depienne C, Veneziano L, Klein KM, Brancati F, Guerrini R, Zara F, Tsuji S, Gecz J. Genetics of familial adult myoclonus epilepsy: From linkage studies to noncoding repeat expansions. Epilepsia 2023; 64 Suppl 1:S14-S21. [PMID: 37021642 PMCID: PMC10952679 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Familial adult myoclonus epilepsy (FAME) is a genetic epilepsy syndrome that for many years has resisted understanding of its underlying molecular cause. This review covers the history of FAME genetic studies worldwide, starting with linkage and culminating in the discovery of noncoding TTTTA and inserted TTTCA pentanucleotide repeat expansions within six different genes to date (SAMD12, STARD7, MARCHF6, YEATS2, TNRC6A, and RAPGEF2). FAME occurs worldwide; however, repeat expansions in particular genes have regional geographical distributions. FAME repeat expansions are dynamic in nature, changing in length and structure within germline and somatic tissues. This variation poses challenges for molecular diagnosis such that molecular methods used to identify FAME repeat expansions typically require a trade-off between cost and efficiency. A rigorous evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of each molecular approach remains to be performed. The origin of FAME repeat expansions and the genetic and environmental factors that modulate repeat variability are not well defined. Longer repeats and particular arrangements of the TTTTA and TTTCA motifs within an expansion are correlated with earlier onset and increased severity of disease. Other factors such as maternal or paternal inheritance, parental age, and repeat length alone have been suggested to influence repeat variation; however, further research is required to confirm this. The history of FAME genetics to the present is a chronicle of perseverance and predominantly collaborative efforts that yielded a successful outcome. The discovery of FAME repeats will spark progress toward a deeper understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of FAME, discovery of new loci, and development of cell and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Corbett
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical SchoolUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Christel Depienne
- Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity Hospital Essen, University Duisburg–EssenEssenGermany
| | - Liana Veneziano
- Institute of Translational PharmacologyNational Research CouncilRomeItaly
| | - Karl Martin Klein
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's HospitalResearch Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine–Main, Department of Neurology, Center of Neurology and NeurosurgeryCenter for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research, University Hospital, Goethe University FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Francesco Brancati
- Institute of Translational PharmacologyNational Research CouncilRomeItaly
- Medical Genetics, Department of Life, Health, and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
- Laboratory of Human Functional GenomicsIstituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San RaffaeleRomeItaly
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Neuroscience and Neurogenetics DepartmentMeyer Children's HospitalFlorenceItaly
| | - Federico Zara
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsIRCCS Institute "G. Gaslini"GenoaItaly
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of MedicineUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Institute of Medical GenomicsInternational University of Health and WelfareChibaJapan
| | - Jozef Gecz
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical SchoolUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
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Yu Z, Li Q, An Y, Chen X, Liu Z, Li Z, Gao J, Aung LHH, Li P. Role of apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) in cancer. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:5691-5698. [PMID: 31788041 PMCID: PMC6865693 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) is a potent inhibitor of apoptosis. Under physiological conditions, ARC is abundantly expressed in terminally differentiated cells, including cardiomyocytes, skeletal muscles and neurons. ARC serves a key role in determining cell fate, and abnormal ARC expression has been demonstrated to be associated with abnormal cell growth. Previous studies have revealed that ARC was upregulated in several different types of solid tumor, where it suppressed tumor cell apoptosis. Furthermore, the increased expression levels of ARC in cancer cells contributed to the development of therapeutic resistance and adverse clinical outcomes in patients with leukemia. However, the exact role of ARC, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms involved, remain poorly understood. The present review summarizes the characteristics of ARC and its cytoprotective role under different conditions and describes the potential ARC as a new target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Yu
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China.,School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Yi An
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Xiatian Chen
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Ziqian Liu
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Li
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Jinning Gao
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Lynn Htet Htet Aung
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
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Yu Z, Li Q, An Y, Chen X, Liu Z, Li Z, Gao J, Aung LHH, Li P. Role of apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) in cancer. Oncol Lett 2019. [PMID: 31788041 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10981/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) is a potent inhibitor of apoptosis. Under physiological conditions, ARC is abundantly expressed in terminally differentiated cells, including cardiomyocytes, skeletal muscles and neurons. ARC serves a key role in determining cell fate, and abnormal ARC expression has been demonstrated to be associated with abnormal cell growth. Previous studies have revealed that ARC was upregulated in several different types of solid tumor, where it suppressed tumor cell apoptosis. Furthermore, the increased expression levels of ARC in cancer cells contributed to the development of therapeutic resistance and adverse clinical outcomes in patients with leukemia. However, the exact role of ARC, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms involved, remain poorly understood. The present review summarizes the characteristics of ARC and its cytoprotective role under different conditions and describes the potential ARC as a new target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Yu
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Yi An
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Xiatian Chen
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Ziqian Liu
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Li
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Jinning Gao
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Lynn Htet Htet Aung
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
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Barbagiovanni G, Germain PL, Zech M, Atashpaz S, Lo Riso P, D'Antonio-Chronowska A, Tenderini E, Caiazzo M, Boesch S, Jech R, Haslinger B, Broccoli V, Stewart AF, Winkelmann J, Testa G. KMT2B Is Selectively Required for Neuronal Transdifferentiation, and Its Loss Exposes Dystonia Candidate Genes. Cell Rep 2019; 25:988-1001. [PMID: 30355503 PMCID: PMC6218204 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transdifferentiation of fibroblasts into induced neuronal cells (iNs) by the neuron-specific transcription factors Brn2, Myt1l, and Ascl1 is a paradigmatic example of inter-lineage conversion across epigenetically distant cells. Despite tremendous progress regarding the transcriptional hierarchy underlying transdifferentiation, the enablers of the concomitant epigenome resetting remain to be elucidated. Here, we investigated the role of KMT2A and KMT2B, two histone H3 lysine 4 methylases with cardinal roles in development, through individual and combined inactivation. We found that Kmt2b, whose human homolog's mutations cause dystonia, is selectively required for iN conversion through suppression of the alternative myocyte program and induction of neuronal maturation genes. The identification of KMT2B-vulnerable targets allowed us, in turn, to expose, in a cohort of 225 patients, 45 unique variants in 39 KMT2B targets, which represent promising candidates to dissect the molecular bases of dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Barbagiovanni
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Pierre-Luc Germain
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Michael Zech
- Institut für Neurogenomik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Munich, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Sina Atashpaz
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Lo Riso
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Erika Tenderini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Sylvia Boesch
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Jech
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General Faculty Hospital, 12821 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bernhard Haslinger
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Vania Broccoli
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Neuroscience, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Adrian Francis Stewart
- Genomics, Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Juliane Winkelmann
- Institut für Neurogenomik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Munich, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Neurogenetik und Institut für Humangenetik, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, SyNergy, 81829 Munich, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Testa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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Abdullah S, Helal M, Dupuis L, Stavropoulos DJ, Louro P, Ramos L, Mendoza-Londono R. 16q22.1 microdeletion and anticipatory guidance. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:1287-1292. [PMID: 31141312 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The widespread availability of comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) array analysis has led to the discovery of several genomic microdeletion-associated syndromes and has identified possible genetic causes for patients with previously unexplained clinical features. We report the case of four unrelated patients who share common clinical characteristics, namely failure to thrive, developmental delay, dysmorphic features, and congenital anomalies. CGH array analysis revealed that all four patients had a de novo microdeletion at 16q22.1. In this case report, we describe the clinical features of these patients and offer possible explanations for how their 16q22.1 microdeletion may account for their symptoms. We also suggest guidelines for the management of 16q22.1 microdeletion based on the phenotypes seen in our patients and the function of the genes affected by this microdeletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Abdullah
- Undergraduate Medical Education, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mayada Helal
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lucie Dupuis
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D James Stavropoulos
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pedro Louro
- Medical Genetics Unit, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lina Ramos
- Medical Genetics Unit, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Roberto Mendoza-Londono
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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van den Ende T, Sharifi S, van der Salm SMA, van Rootselaar AF. Familial Cortical Myoclonic Tremor and Epilepsy, an Enigmatic Disorder: From Phenotypes to Pathophysiology and Genetics. A Systematic Review. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2018; 8:503. [PMID: 29416935 PMCID: PMC5801339 DOI: 10.7916/d85155wj] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autosomal dominant familial cortical myoclonic tremor and epilepsy (FCMTE) is characterized by distal tremulous myoclonus, generalized seizures, and signs of cortical reflex myoclonus. FCMTE has been described in over 100 pedigrees worldwide, under several different names and acronyms. Pathological changes have been located in the cerebellum. This systematic review discusses the clinical spectrum, treatment, pathophysiology, and genetic findings. Methods We carried out a PubMed search, using a combination of the following search terms: cortical tremor, myoclonus, epilepsy, benign course, adult onset, familial, and autosomal dominant; this resulted in a total of 77 studies (761 patients; 126 pedigrees) fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results Phenotypic differences across pedigrees exist, possibly related to underlying genetic differences. A "benign" phenotype has been described in several Japanese families and pedigrees linked to 8q (FCMTE1). French patients (5p linkage; FCMTE3) exhibit more severe progression, and in Japanese/Chinese pedigrees (with unknown linkage) anticipation has been suggested. Preferred treatment is with valproate (mind teratogenicity), levetiracetam, and/or clonazepam. Several genes have been identified, which differ in potential pathogenicity. Discussion Based on the core features (above), the syndrome can be considered a distinct clinical entity. Clinical features may also include proximal myoclonus and mild progression with aging. Valproate or levetiracetam, with or without clonazepam, reduces symptoms. FCMTE is a heterogeneous disorder, and likely to include a variety of different conditions with mutations of different genes. Distinct phenotypic traits might reflect different genetic mutations. Genes involved in Purkinje cell outgrowth or those encoding for ion channels or neurotransmitters seem good candidate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom van den Ende
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarvi Sharifi
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra M. A. van der Salm
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Fleur van Rootselaar
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Coutelier M, Coarelli G, Monin ML, Konop J, Davoine CS, Tesson C, Valter R, Anheim M, Behin A, Castelnovo G, Charles P, David A, Ewenczyk C, Fradin M, Goizet C, Hannequin D, Labauge P, Riant F, Sarda P, Sznajer Y, Tison F, Ullmann U, Van Maldergem L, Mochel F, Brice A, Stevanin G, Durr A. A panel study on patients with dominant cerebellar ataxia highlights the frequency of channelopathies. Brain 2017; 140:1579-1594. [PMID: 28444220 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias have a marked heterogeneous genetic background, with mutations in 34 genes identified so far. This large amount of implicated genes accounts for heterogeneous clinical presentations, making genotype-phenotype correlations a major challenge in the field. While polyglutamine ataxias, linked to CAG repeat expansions in genes such as ATXN1, ATXN2, ATXN3, ATXN7, CACNA1A and TBP, have been extensively characterized in large cohorts, there is a need for comprehensive assessment of frequency and phenotype of more 'conventional' ataxias. After exclusion of CAG/polyglutamine expansions in spinocerebellar ataxia genes in 412 index cases with dominantly inherited cerebellar ataxias, we aimed to establish the relative frequencies of mutations in other genes, with an approach combining panel sequencing and TaqMan® polymerase chain reaction assay. We found relevant genetic variants in 59 patients (14.3%). The most frequently mutated were channel genes [CACNA1A (n = 16), KCND3 (n = 4), KCNC3 (n = 2) and KCNA1 (n = 2)]. Deletions in ITPR1 (n = 11) were followed by biallelic variants in SPG7 (n = 9). Variants in AFG3L2 (n = 7) came next in frequency, and variants were rarely found in STBN2 (n = 2), ELOVL5, FGF14, STUB1 and TTBK2 (n = 1 each). Interestingly, possible risk factor variants were detected in SPG7 and POLG. Clinical comparisons showed that ataxias due to channelopathies had a significantly earlier age at onset with an average of 24.6 years, versus 40.9 years for polyglutamine expansion spinocerebellar ataxias and 37.8 years for SPG7-related forms (P = 0.001). In contrast, disease duration was significantly longer in the former (20.5 years versus 9.3 and 13.7, P=0.001), though for similar functional stages, indicating slower progression of the disease. Of interest, intellectual deficiency was more frequent in channel spinocerebellar ataxias, while cognitive impairment in adulthood was similar among the three groups. Similar differences were found among a single gene group, comparing 23 patients with CACNA1A expansions (spinocerebellar ataxia 6) to 22 patients with CACNA1A point mutations, which had lower average age at onset (25.2 versus 47.3 years) with longer disease duration (18.7 versus 10.9), but lower severity indexes (0.39 versus 0.44), indicating slower progression of the disease. In conclusion, we identified relevant genetic variations in up to 15% of cases after exclusion of polyglutamine expansion spinocerebellar ataxias, and confirmed CACNA1A and SPG7 as major ataxia genes. We could delineate firm genotype-phenotype correlations that are important for genetic counselling and of possible prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Coutelier
- INSERM U 1127, 75013, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7225, 75013, Paris, France.,UMRS 1127, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 06), Sorbonne Universités, 75013, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, 75013, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Coarelli
- INSERM U 1127, 75013, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7225, 75013, Paris, France.,UMRS 1127, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 06), Sorbonne Universités, 75013, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, 75013, Paris, France.,Centre de Référence de Neurogénétique, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Lorraine Monin
- Centre de Référence de Neurogénétique, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Konop
- INSERM U 1127, 75013, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7225, 75013, Paris, France.,UMRS 1127, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 06), Sorbonne Universités, 75013, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, 75013, Paris, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Claire-Sophie Davoine
- INSERM U 1127, 75013, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7225, 75013, Paris, France.,UMRS 1127, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 06), Sorbonne Universités, 75013, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Tesson
- INSERM U 1127, 75013, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7225, 75013, Paris, France.,UMRS 1127, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 06), Sorbonne Universités, 75013, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, 75013, Paris, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Valter
- INSERM U 1127, 75013, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7225, 75013, Paris, France.,UMRS 1127, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 06), Sorbonne Universités, 75013, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, 75013, Paris, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, 67200, Strasbourg, France.,Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg, 67100, Strasbourg, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Anthony Behin
- AP-HP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Paris-Est, Institut de Myologie, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Castelnovo
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Caremeau, 30900, Nîmes, France
| | - Perrine Charles
- Centre de Référence de Neurogénétique, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Albert David
- Service de Génétique Médicale Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, 44093, Nantes, France
| | - Claire Ewenczyk
- Centre de Référence de Neurogénétique, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Fradin
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Rennes, 35033, Rennes, France.,Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier de Saint Brieuc, 22000, Saint-Brieuc, France
| | - Cyril Goizet
- INSERM U1211, Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme, 33000, Bordeaux, France.,CHU Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Didier Hannequin
- Service de Génétique, Service de Neurologie, Inserm U1079, Rouen University Hospital, 76031, Rouen, France
| | - Pierre Labauge
- Service de Neurologie, Hopital Gui de Chauliac, CHU de Montpellier, 34295, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Florence Riant
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisiere-Fernand Widal, Laboratoire de Génétique, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Sarda
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Yves Sznajer
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Centre for Human Genetics, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - François Tison
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CHU de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5293, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Urielle Ullmann
- Centre de génétique humaine, Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, 6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Lionel Van Maldergem
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université de Franche-Comté, 25000, Besançon, France.,Centre de Référence pour les Maladies Métaboliques, Université de Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Fanny Mochel
- INSERM U 1127, 75013, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7225, 75013, Paris, France.,UMRS 1127, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 06), Sorbonne Universités, 75013, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, 75013, Paris, France.,Centre de Référence de Neurogénétique, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75013, Paris, France.,Neurometabolic Research Group, University Pierre and Marie Curie, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- INSERM U 1127, 75013, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7225, 75013, Paris, France.,UMRS 1127, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 06), Sorbonne Universités, 75013, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, 75013, Paris, France.,Centre de Référence de Neurogénétique, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- INSERM U 1127, 75013, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7225, 75013, Paris, France.,UMRS 1127, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 06), Sorbonne Universités, 75013, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, 75013, Paris, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University, 75014, Paris, France.,Centre de Référence de Neurogénétique, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Durr
- INSERM U 1127, 75013, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7225, 75013, Paris, France.,UMRS 1127, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 06), Sorbonne Universités, 75013, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, 75013, Paris, France.,Centre de Référence de Neurogénétique, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75013, Paris, France
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Cen ZD, Xie F, Xiao JF, Luo W. Rational search for genes in familial cortical myoclonic tremor with epilepsy, clues from recent advances. Seizure 2016; 34:83-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Cen ZD, Xie F, Lou DN, Lu XJ, Ouyang ZY, Liu L, Cao J, Li D, Yin HM, Wang ZJ, Xiao JF, Luo W. Fine mapping and whole-exome sequencing of a familial cortical myoclonic tremor with epilepsy family. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2015; 168:595-9. [PMID: 26130016 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Familial cortical myoclonic tremor with epilepsy (FCMTE) is an autosomal dominant epilepsy syndrome. Four loci, including 8q24 (FCMTE1), 2p11.1-q12.2 (FCMTE2), 5p15.31-p15.1 (FCMTE3), and 3q26.32-3q28 (FCMTE4) were previously reported. Herein, we report a new FCMTE1 pedigree from Chinese population with its clinical and genetic study results. Whole genome scan was performed to identify the causative gene region and copy number variants. Whole-exome sequencing was used to identify the causative gene. There were twelve affected members alive in this FCMTE1 pedigree. Nine affected members had both cortical myoclonic tremor and epilepsy, while three affected members had only cortical myoclonic tremor. Electrophysiologic examinations manifested giant somatosensory evoked potentials and long-latency cortical reflex in some affected members. Whole genome scan identified a 20.4 Mb causative gene region at 8q22.3-q24.13. No copy number variants were identified as the causative mutation. Whole-exome sequencing identified a co-segregated mutation (c.206A>T; p.Y69F) in the SLC30A8 gene. However, the evidence supporting this gene as the causative gene of FCMTE1 is not enough. We report the first Chinese FCMTE1 pedigree. No copy number variants, point mutation or small insertion/deletion were detected in the identified region that showed an association with FCMTE1. Further studies could focus on other possible genetic mechanisms while the association between the SLC30A8 and FCMTE1 needs further evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Dong Cen
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dan-Ning Lou
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xing-Jiao Lu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Ouyang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Cheng du, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Cao
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hou-Min Yin
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhong-Jin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian-Feng Xiao
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Maccani JZJ, Koestler DC, Lester B, Houseman EA, Armstrong DA, Kelsey KT, Marsit CJ. Placental DNA Methylation Related to Both Infant Toenail Mercury and Adverse Neurobehavioral Outcomes. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:723-9. [PMID: 25748564 PMCID: PMC4492267 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1408561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal mercury (Hg) exposure is associated with adverse child neurobehavioral outcomes. Because Hg can interfere with placental functioning and cross the placenta to target the fetal brain, prenatal Hg exposure can inhibit fetal growth and development directly and indirectly. OBJECTIVES We examined potential associations between prenatal Hg exposure assessed through infant toenail Hg, placental DNA methylation changes, and newborn neurobehavioral outcomes. METHODS The methylation status of > 485,000 CpG loci was interrogated in 192 placental samples using Illumina's Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadArray. Hg concentrations were analyzed in toenail clippings from a subset of 41 infants; neurobehavior was assessed using the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scales (NNNS) in an independent subset of 151 infants. RESULTS We identified 339 loci with an average methylation difference > 0.125 between any two toenail Hg tertiles. Variation among these loci was subsequently found to be associated with a high-risk neurodevelopmental profile (omnibus p-value = 0.007) characterized by the NNNS. Ten loci had p < 0.01 for the association between methylation and the high-risk NNNS profile. Six of 10 loci reside in the EMID2 gene and were hypomethylated in the 16 high-risk profile infants' placentas. Methylation at these loci was moderately correlated (correlation coefficients range, -0.33 to -0.45) with EMID2 expression. CONCLUSIONS EMID2 hypomethylation may represent a novel mechanism linking in utero Hg exposure and adverse infant neurobehavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Z J Maccani
- Penn State Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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Coutelier M, Stevanin G, Brice A. Genetic landscape remodelling in spinocerebellar ataxias: the influence of next-generation sequencing. J Neurol 2015; 262:2382-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-015-7725-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
As noted in the separate introduction to this special topic section, episodic and electrical disorders can appear quite different clinically and yet share many overlapping features, including attack precipitants, therapeutic responses, natural history, and the types of genes that cause many of the genetic forms (i.e., ion channel genes). Thus, as we mapped and attempted to clone genes causing other episodic disorders, ion channels were always outstanding candidates when they mapped to the critical region of linkage in such a family. However, some of these disorders do not result from mutations in channels. This realization has opened up large and exciting new areas for the pathogenesis of these disorders. In some cases, the mutations occur in genes of unknown function or without understanding of molecular pathogenesis. Recently, emerging insights into a fascinating group of episodic movement disorders, the paroxysmal dyskinesias, and study of the causative genes and proteins are leading to the emerging concept of episodic electric disorders resulting from synaptic dysfunction. Much work remains to be done, but the field is evolving rapidly. As it does, we have come to realize that the molecular pathogenesis of electrical and episodic disorders is more complex than a scenario in which such disorders are simply due to mutations in the primary determinants of membrane excitability (channels).
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Macerollo A, Mencacci NE, Erro R, Cordivari C, Edwards MJ, Wood NW, Bhatia KP. Screening of mutations in NOL3 in a myoclonic syndromes series. J Neurol 2014; 261:1830-1. [PMID: 25138476 PMCID: PMC4155162 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-014-7463-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Ganos C, Kassavetis P, Erro R, Edwards MJ, Rothwell J, Bhatia KP. The role of the cerebellum in the pathogenesis of cortical myoclonus. Mov Disord 2014; 29:437-43. [PMID: 24634361 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The putative involvement of the cerebellum in the pathogenesis of cortical myoclonic syndromes has been long hypothesized, as neuropathological changes in patients with cortical myoclonus have most commonly been found in the cerebellum rather than in the suspected culprit, the primary somatosensory cortex. A model of increased cortical excitability due to loss of cerebellar inhibitory control via cerebello-thalamo-cortical connections has been proposed, but evidence remains equivocal. Here, we explore this hypothesis by examining syndromes that present with cortical myoclonus and ataxia. We first describe common clinical characteristics and underlying neuropathology. We critically view information on cerebellar physiology with regard to motorcortical output and compare findings between hypothesized and reported neurophysiological changes in conditions with cortical myoclonus and ataxia. We synthesize knowledge and focus on neurochemical changes in these conditions. Finally, we propose that the combination of alterations in inhibitory neurotransmission and the presence of cerebellar pathology are important elements in the pathogenesis of cortical myoclonus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Ganos
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric and Adult Movement Disorders and Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Evolutionary conservation and expression of human RNA-binding proteins and their role in human genetic disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 825:1-55. [PMID: 25201102 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1221-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are effectors and regulators of posttranscriptional gene regulation (PTGR). RBPs regulate stability, maturation, and turnover of all RNAs, often binding thousands of targets at many sites. The importance of RBPs is underscored by their dysregulation or mutations causing a variety of developmental and neurological diseases. This chapter globally discusses human RBPs and provides a brief introduction to their identification and RNA targets. We review RBPs based on common structural RNA-binding domains, study their evolutionary conservation and expression, and summarize disease associations of different RBP classes.
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Abstract
Many neurologic diseases cause discrete episodic impairment in contrast with progressive deterioration. The symptoms of these episodic disorders exhibit striking variety. Herein we review what is known of the phenotypes, genetics, and pathophysiology of episodic neurologic disorders. Of these, most are genetically complex, with unknown or polygenic inheritance. In contrast, a fascinating panoply of episodic disorders exhibit Mendelian inheritance. We classify episodic Mendelian disorders according to the primary neuroanatomical location affected: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, neuromuscular junction, peripheral nerve, or central nervous system (CNS). Most known Mendelian mutations alter genes that encode membrane-bound ion channels. These mutations cause ion channel dysfunction, which ultimately leads to altered membrane excitability as manifested by episodic disease. Other Mendelian disease genes encode proteins essential for ion channel trafficking or stability. These observations have cemented the channelopathy paradigm, in which episodic disorders are conceptualized as disorders of ion channels. However, we expand on this paradigm to propose that dysfunction at the synaptic and neuronal circuit levels may underlie some episodic neurologic entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan F Russell
- Department of Neurology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, School of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Novel myoclonic disorder identified in Canadian family. Nat Rev Neurol 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2012.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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