1
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Wright JS, Sharninghausen LS, Lapsys A, Sanford MS, Scott PJH. C-H Labeling with [ 18F]Fluoride: An Emerging Methodology in Radiochemistry. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:1674-1688. [PMID: 39364044 PMCID: PMC11447958 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.4c00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Fluorine-18 is the most routinely employed radioisotope for positron emission tomography, a dynamic nuclear imaging modality. The radiolabeling of C-H bonds is an attractive method for installing fluorine-18 into organic molecules since it can preclude the cumbersome prefunctionalization of requisite precursors. Although electrophilic "F+" reagents (e.g., [18F]F2) are effective for C-H radiolabeling, state-of-the-art methodologies predominantly leverage high molar activity nucleophilic [18F]fluoride sources (e.g., [18F]KF) with substantial (pre)clinical advantages. Reflecting this, multiple nucleophilic C-H radiolabeling techniques of high utility have been disclosed over the past decade. However, the adoption of (pre)clinical C-H radiolabeling has been slow, and PET imaging agents are still routinely prepared via methods that, despite a high level of practicality, are limited in scope (e.g., SNAr, SN2 radiofluorinations). By addressing the drawbacks inherent to these strategies, C-H radiofluorination and radiofluoroalkylation carry the potential to complement and supersede state-of-the-art labeling methods, facilitating the expedited production of PET agents used in disease staging and drug development. In this Outlook, we showcase recent C-H labeling developments with fluorine-18 and discuss the merits, potential, and barriers to adoption in (pre)clinical settings. In addition, we highlight trends, challenges, and directions in this emerging field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S Wright
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Liam S Sharninghausen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Alex Lapsys
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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2
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Li M, Staton C, Ma X, Zhao W, Pan L, Giglio B, Berton HS, Wu Z, Nicewicz DA, Li Z. One-Step Synthesis of [ 18F]Aromatic Electrophile Prosthetic Groups via Organic Photoredox Catalysis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:1609-1618. [PMID: 39220691 PMCID: PMC11363353 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.4c00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
To avoid the harsh conditions that are oftentimes adopted in direct radiofluorination reactions, conjugation of bioactive ligands with 18F-labeled prosthetic groups has become an important strategy to construct novel PET agents under mild conditions when the ligands are structurally sensitive. Prosthetic groups with [18F]fluoroarene motifs are especially appealing because of their stability in physiological environments. However, their preparation can be intricate, often requiring multistep radiosynthesis with functional group conversions to prevent the decomposition of unprotected reactive prosthetic groups during the harsh radiofluorination. Here, we report a general and simple method to generate a variety of highly reactive 18F-labeled electrophiles via one-step organophotoredox-mediated radiofluorination. The method benefits from high step-economy, reaction efficiency, functional group tolerance, and easily accessible precursors. The obtained prosthetic groups have been successfully applied in PET agent construction and subsequent imaging studies, thereby demonstrating the feasibility of this synthetic method in promoting imaging and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manshu Li
- Department
of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center and Lineberger Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Carla Staton
- Department
of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center and Lineberger Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Xinrui Ma
- Department
of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center and Lineberger Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Weiling Zhao
- Department
of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center and Lineberger Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Liqin Pan
- Department
of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center and Lineberger Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Ben Giglio
- Department
of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center and Lineberger Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Haiden S. Berton
- Department
of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center and Lineberger Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Zhanhong Wu
- Department
of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center and Lineberger Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - David A. Nicewicz
- Department
of Chemistry University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Zibo Li
- Department
of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center and Lineberger Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
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3
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Ford J, Ortalli S, Gouverneur V. The 18F-Difluoromethyl Group: Challenges, Impact and Outlook. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404957. [PMID: 38640422 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The difluoromethyl functionality has proven useful in drug discovery, as it can modulate the properties of bioactive molecules. For PET imaging, this structural motif has been largely underexploited in (pre)clinical radiotracers due to a lack of user-friendly radiosynthetic routes. This Minireview provides an overview of the challenges facing radiochemists and summarises the efforts made to date to access 18F-difluoromethyl-containing radiotracers. Two distinct approaches have prevailed, the first of which relies on 18F-fluorination. A second approach consists of a 18F-difluoromethylation process, which uses 18F-labelled reagents capable of releasing key reactive intermediates such as the [18F]CF2H radical or [18F]difluorocarbene. Finally, we provide an outlook for future directions in the radiosynthesis of [18F]CF2H compounds and their application in tracer radiosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Ford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastiano Ortalli
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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4
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Yuan Z, Britton R. Development and application of decatungstate catalyzed C-H 18F- and 19F-fluorination, fluoroalkylation and beyond. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12883-12897. [PMID: 38023504 PMCID: PMC10664588 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04027e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, photocatalytic C-H functionalization reactions have received increasing attention due to the often mild reaction conditions and complementary selectivities to conventional functionalization processes. Now, photocatalytic C-H functionalization is a widely employed tool, supporting activities ranging from complex molecule synthesis to late-stage structure-activity relationship studies. In this perspective, we will discuss our efforts in developing a photocatalytic decatungstate catalyzed C-H fluorination reaction as well as its practical application realized through collaborations with industry partners at Hoffmann-La Roche and Merck, and extension to radiofluorination with radiopharmaceutical chemists and imaging experts at TRIUMF and the BC Cancer Agency. Importantly, we feel that our efforts address a question of utility posed by Professor Tobias Ritter in "Late-Stage Fluorination: Fancy Novelty or Useful Tool?" (ACIE, 2015, 54, 3216). In addition, we will discuss decatungstate catalyzed C-H fluoroalkylation and the interesting electrostatic effects observed in decatungstate-catalyzed C-H functionalization. We hope this perspective will inspire other researchers to explore the use of decatungstate for the purposes of photocatalytic C-H functionalization and further advance the exploitation of electrostatic effects for both rate acceleration and directing effects in these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheliang Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S2 Canada
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University Jinhua Zhejiang 321004 China
| | - Robert Britton
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S2 Canada
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5
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Demonti L, Joven-Sancho D, Nebra N. Cross-Coupling Reactions Enabled by Well-Defined Ag(III) Compounds: Main Focus on Aromatic Fluorination and Trifluoromethylation. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300143. [PMID: 37338273 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
AgIII compounds are considered strong oxidizers of difficult handling. Accordingly, the involvement of Ag catalysts in cross-coupling via 2e- redox sequences is frequently discarded. Nevertheless, organosilver(III) compounds have been authenticated using tetradentate macrocycles or perfluorinated groups as supporting ligands, and since 2014, first examples of cross-coupling enabled by AgI /AgIII redox cycles saw light. This review collects the most relevant contributions to this field, with main focus on aromatic fluorination/perfluoroalkylation and the identification of AgIII key intermediates. Pertinent comparison between the activity of AgIII RF compounds in aryl-F and aryl-CF3 couplings vs. the one shown by its CuIII RF and AuIII RF congeners is herein disclosed, thus providing a more profound picture on the scope of these transformations and the pathways commonly associated to C-RF bond formations enabled by coinage metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Demonti
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA)., Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS., 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France)
| | - Daniel Joven-Sancho
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA)., Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS., 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France)
| | - Noel Nebra
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA)., Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS., 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France)
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Rong J, Haider A, Jeppesen TE, Josephson L, Liang SH. Radiochemistry for positron emission tomography. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3257. [PMID: 37277339 PMCID: PMC10241151 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36377-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) constitutes a functional imaging technique that is harnessed to probe biological processes in vivo. PET imaging has been used to diagnose and monitor the progression of diseases, as well as to facilitate drug development efforts at both preclinical and clinical stages. The wide applications and rapid development of PET have ultimately led to an increasing demand for new methods in radiochemistry, with the aim to expand the scope of synthons amenable for radiolabeling. In this work, we provide an overview of commonly used chemical transformations for the syntheses of PET tracers in all aspects of radiochemistry, thereby highlighting recent breakthrough discoveries and contemporary challenges in the field. We discuss the use of biologicals for PET imaging and highlight general examples of successful probe discoveries for molecular imaging with PET - with a particular focus on translational and scalable radiochemistry concepts that have been entered to clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Rong
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Ahmed Haider
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Troels E Jeppesen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Steven H Liang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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7
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Madani A, Anghileri L, Heydenreich M, Möller HM, Pieber B. Benzylic Fluorination Induced by a Charge-Transfer Complex with a Solvent-Dependent Selectivity Switch. Org Lett 2022; 24:5376-5380. [PMID: 35848228 PMCID: PMC9344467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
![]()
We present a divergent strategy for the fluorination
of phenylacetic
acid derivatives that is induced by a charge-transfer complex between
Selectfluor and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine. A comprehensive investigation
of the conditions revealed a critical role of the solvent on the reaction
outcome. In the presence of water, decarboxylative fluorination through
a single-electron oxidation is dominant. Non-aqueous conditions result
in the clean formation of α-fluoro-α-arylcarboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amiera Madani
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucia Anghileri
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Heydenreich
- Institute of Chemistry/Analytical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Heiko M Möller
- Institute of Chemistry/Analytical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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8
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Liu Z, Sun Y, Liu T. Recent Advances in Synthetic Methodologies to Form C-18F Bonds. Front Chem 2022; 10:883866. [PMID: 35494631 PMCID: PMC9047704 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.883866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is an important technique for the early diagnosis of disease. Due to the specific physical and chemical properties of Fluorine-18, this important isotope is widely used in PET for labelling and molecular imaging, and its introduction into medicine molecules could produce PET tracers. Developing with the development of organic synthetic methodologies, the introduction of Fluorine-18 into drug molecules efficiently and rapidly under mild conditions, and the formation of C-18F chemical bonds, has become one of the leading topics in both organic synthetic chemistry and radiochemistry. In this mini-review, we review a series of recent advances in the organic synthesis of C-18F bonds (2015–2021), including non-catalytic radiofluorinations via good leaving functional groups, transition metal-catalyzed radiofluorinations, and photo- or electro-catalytic synthetic radiofluorinations. As a result of the remarkable advancements in this field, organic synthetic methods for forming C-18F bonds are expected to continue growing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- The Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yijun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- The Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- The Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Tianfei Liu,
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9
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Demonti L, Saffon-Merceron N, Mézailles N, Nebra N. Cross-Coupling through Ag(I)/Ag(III) Redox Manifold. Chemistry 2021; 27:15396-15405. [PMID: 34473859 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In ample variety of transformations, the presence of silver as an additive or co-catalyst is believed to be innocuous for the efficiency of the operating metal catalyst. Even though Ag additives are required often as coupling partners, oxidants or halide scavengers, its role as a catalytically competent species is widely neglected in cross-coupling reactions. Most likely, this is due to the erroneously assumed incapacity of Ag to undergo 2e- redox steps. Definite proof is herein provided for the required elementary steps to accomplish the oxidative trifluoromethylation of arenes through AgI /AgIII redox catalysis (i. e. CEL coupling), namely: i) easy AgI /AgIII 2e- oxidation mediated by air; ii) bpy/phen ligation to AgIII ; iii) boron-to-AgIII aryl transfer; and iv) ulterior reductive elimination of benzotrifluorides from an [aryl-AgIII -CF3 ] fragment. More precisely, an ultimate entry and full characterization of organosilver(III) compounds [K]+ [AgIII (CF3 )4 ]- (K-1), [(bpy)AgIII (CF3 )3 ] (2) and [(phen)AgIII (CF3 )3 ] (3), is described. The utility of 3 in cross-coupling has been showcased unambiguously, and a large variety of arylboron compounds was trifluoromethylated via [AgIII (aryl)(CF3 )3 ]- intermediates. This work breaks with old stereotypes and misconceptions regarding the inability of Ag to undergo cross-coupling by itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Demonti
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA), Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Saffon-Merceron
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse ICT-UAR2599, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 31062, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Mézailles
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA), Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Noel Nebra
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA), Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
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Ajenjo J, Destro G, Cornelissen B, Gouverneur V. Closing the gap between 19F and 18F chemistry. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2021; 6:33. [PMID: 34564781 PMCID: PMC8464544 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-021-00143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) has become an invaluable tool for drug discovery and diagnosis. The positron-emitting radionuclide fluorine-18 is frequently used in PET radiopharmaceuticals due to its advantageous characteristics; hence, methods streamlining access to 18F-labelled radiotracers can make a direct impact in medicine. For many years, access to 18F-labelled radiotracers was limited by the paucity of methodologies available, and the poor diversity of precursors amenable to 18F-incorporation. During the last two decades, 18F-radiochemistry has progressed at a fast pace with the appearance of numerous methodologies for late-stage 18F-incorporation onto complex molecules from a range of readily available precursors including those that do not require pre-functionalisation. Key to these advances is the inclusion of new activation modes to facilitate 18F-incorporation. Specifically, new advances in late-stage 19F-fluorination under transition metal catalysis, photoredox catalysis, and organocatalysis combined with the availability of novel 18F-labelled fluorination reagents have enabled the invention of novel processes for 18F-incorporation onto complex (bio)molecules. This review describes these major breakthroughs with a focus on methodologies for C-18F bond formation. This reinvigorated interest in 18F-radiochemistry that we have witnessed in recent years has made a direct impact on 19F-chemistry with many laboratories refocusing their efforts on the development of methods using nucleophilic fluoride instead of fluorination reagents derived from molecular fluorine gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ajenjo
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Gianluca Destro
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Bart Cornelissen
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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11
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García-Vázquez R, Battisti UM, Jørgensen JT, Shalgunov V, Hvass L, Stares DL, Petersen IN, Crestey F, Löffler A, Svatunek D, Kristensen JL, Mikula H, Kjaer A, Herth MM. Direct Cu-mediated aromatic 18F-labeling of highly reactive tetrazines for pretargeted bioorthogonal PET imaging. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11668-11675. [PMID: 34659701 PMCID: PMC8442695 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02789a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pretargeted imaging can be used to visualize and quantify slow-accumulating targeting vectors with short-lived radionuclides such as fluorine-18 - the most popular clinically applied Positron Emission Tomography (PET) radionuclide. Pretargeting results in higher target-to-background ratios compared to conventional imaging approaches using long-lived radionuclides. Currently, the tetrazine ligation is the most popular bioorthogonal reaction for pretargeted imaging, but a direct 18F-labeling strategy for highly reactive tetrazines, which would be highly beneficial if not essential for clinical translation, has thus far not been reported. In this work, a simple, scalable and reliable direct 18F-labeling procedure has been developed. We initially studied the applicability of different leaving groups and labeling methods to develop this procedure. The copper-mediated 18F-labeling exploiting stannane precursors showed the most promising results. This approach was then successfully applied to a set of tetrazines, including highly reactive H-tetrazines, suitable for pretargeted PET imaging. The labeling succeeded in radiochemical yields (RCYs) of up to approx. 25%. The new procedure was then applied to develop a pretargeting tetrazine-based imaging agent. The tracer was synthesized in a satisfactory RCY of ca. 10%, with a molar activity of 134 ± 22 GBq μmol-1 and a radiochemical purity of >99%. Further evaluation showed that the tracer displayed favorable characteristics (target-to-background ratios and clearance) that may qualify it for future clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío García-Vázquez
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Jagtvej 160 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Umberto M Battisti
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Jagtvej 160 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jesper T Jørgensen
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Blegdamsvej 9 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Vladimir Shalgunov
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Jagtvej 160 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Blegdamsvej 9 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Lars Hvass
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Blegdamsvej 9 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Daniel L Stares
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Jagtvej 160 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Ida N Petersen
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Blegdamsvej 9 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - François Crestey
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Jagtvej 160 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Andreas Löffler
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien (TU Wien) Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Dennis Svatunek
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien (TU Wien) Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Jesper L Kristensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Jagtvej 160 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Hannes Mikula
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien (TU Wien) Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Blegdamsvej 9 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Matthias M Herth
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Jagtvej 160 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
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12
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Gower-Fry L, Kronemann T, Dorian A, Pu Y, Jaworski C, Wängler C, Bartenstein P, Beyer L, Lindner S, Jurkschat K, Wängler B, Bailey JJ, Schirrmacher R. Recent Advances in the Clinical Translation of Silicon Fluoride Acceptor (SiFA) 18F-Radiopharmaceuticals. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070701. [PMID: 34358127 PMCID: PMC8309031 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of silicon fluoride acceptor (SiFA) moieties into a variety of molecules, such as peptides, proteins and biologically relevant small molecules, has improved the generation of 18F-radiopharmaceuticals for medical imaging. The efficient isotopic exchange radiofluorination process, in combination with the enhanced [18F]SiFA in vivo stability, make it a suitable strategy for fluorine-18 incorporation. This review will highlight the clinical applicability of [18F]SiFA-labeled compounds and discuss the significant radiotracers currently in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexi Gower-Fry
- Department of Oncology, Division of Oncological Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada; (L.G.-F.); (T.K.); (A.D.); (Y.P.); (C.J.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Travis Kronemann
- Department of Oncology, Division of Oncological Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada; (L.G.-F.); (T.K.); (A.D.); (Y.P.); (C.J.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Andreas Dorian
- Department of Oncology, Division of Oncological Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada; (L.G.-F.); (T.K.); (A.D.); (Y.P.); (C.J.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Yinglan Pu
- Department of Oncology, Division of Oncological Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada; (L.G.-F.); (T.K.); (A.D.); (Y.P.); (C.J.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Carolin Jaworski
- Department of Oncology, Division of Oncological Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada; (L.G.-F.); (T.K.); (A.D.); (Y.P.); (C.J.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Carmen Wängler
- Biomedical Chemistry, Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; (P.B.); (L.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Leonie Beyer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; (P.B.); (L.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Simon Lindner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; (P.B.); (L.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Klaus Jurkschat
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany;
| | - Björn Wängler
- Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Justin J. Bailey
- Department of Oncology, Division of Oncological Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada; (L.G.-F.); (T.K.); (A.D.); (Y.P.); (C.J.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Ralf Schirrmacher
- Department of Oncology, Division of Oncological Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada; (L.G.-F.); (T.K.); (A.D.); (Y.P.); (C.J.); (J.J.B.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Bui TT, Kim HK. Recent Advances in Photo-mediated Radiofluorination. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2155-2167. [PMID: 34189852 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-fluorine bond formations have received a lot of attention because organofluorine compounds are widely used in pharmaceutical, agricultural, and materials science applications. In particular, the incorporation of fluorine-18, which is a commonly used radioisotope for radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography (PET), a molecular imaging tool for the visualization of biochemical events, human metabolism processes, and the measurement and diagnosis of diseases in humans, plays a crucial role in clinical and preclinical studies. Several synthetic methodologies for carbon-fluorine-18 bond formation have been developed. However, conventional fluorination methods have some remaining drawbacks such as the high temperature and basic environment. Photo-induced catalysis is an emerging technique that allow chemists to achieve the synthesis of target molecular architectures under mild conditions. Moreover, several radiofluorination strategies have been developed via photocatalysis. In this review, we focused on describing recent advances in the field of light-mediated radiofluorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien Tan Bui
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, 54907, Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, 54907, Korea
| | - Hee-Kwon Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, 54907, Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, 54907, Korea
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14
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PET Radiochemistry. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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15
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Fricke C, Deckers K, Schoenebeck F. Orthogonal Stability and Reactivity of Aryl Germanes Enables Rapid and Selective (Multi)Halogenations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18717-18722. [PMID: 32656881 PMCID: PMC7590071 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
While halogenation is of key importance in synthesis and radioimaging, the currently available repertoire is largely designed to introduce a single halogen per molecule. This report makes the selective introduction of several different halogens accessible. Showcased here is the privileged stability of nontoxic aryl germanes under harsh fluorination conditions (that allow selective fluorination in their presence), while displaying superior reactivity and functional-group tolerance in electrophilic iodinations and brominations, outcompeting silanes or boronic esters under rapid and additive-free conditions. Mechanistic experiments and computational studies suggest a concerted electrophilic aromatic substitution as the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Fricke
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Kristina Deckers
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
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16
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Fricke C, Deckers K, Schoenebeck F. Orthogonal Stability and Reactivity of Aryl Germanes Enables Rapid and Selective (Multi)Halogenations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Fricke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Kristina Deckers
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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17
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Wright JS, Kaur T, Preshlock S, Tanzey SS, Winton WP, Sharninghausen LS, Wiesner N, Brooks AF, Sanford MS, Scott PJH. Copper-Mediated Late-stage Radiofluorination: Five Years of Impact on Pre-clinical and Clinical PET Imaging. Clin Transl Imaging 2020; 8:167-206. [PMID: 33748018 PMCID: PMC7968072 DOI: 10.1007/s40336-020-00368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Copper-mediated radiofluorination (CMRF) is emerging as the method of choice for the formation of aromatic C-18F bonds. This minireview examines proof-of-concept, pre-clinical, and in-human imaging studies of new and established imaging agents containing aromatic C-18F bonds synthesized with CMRF. An exhaustive discussion of CMRF methods is not provided, although key developments that have enabled or improved upon the syntheses of fluorine-18 imaging agents are discussed. METHODS A comprehensive literature search from April 2014 onwards of the Web of Science and PubMed library databases was performed to find reports that utilize CMRF for the synthesis of fluorine-18 radiopharmaceuticals, and these represent the primary body of research discussed in this minireview. Select conference proceedings, previous reports describing alternative methods for the synthesis of imaging agents, and preceding fluorine-19 methodologies have also been included for discussion. CONCLUSIONS CMRF has significantly expanded the chemical space that is accessible to fluorine-18 radiolabeling with production methods that can meet the regulatory requirements for use in Nuclear Medicine. Furthermore, it has enabled novel and improved syntheses of radiopharmaceuticals and facilitated subsequent PET imaging studies. The rapid adoption of CMRF will undoubtedly continue to simplify the production of imaging agents and inspire the development of new radiofluorination methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S Wright
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tanpreet Kaur
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sean Preshlock
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sean S Tanzey
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wade P Winton
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Nicholas Wiesner
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Allen F Brooks
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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18
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Krzyczmonik A, Keller T, López-Picón FR, Forsback S, Kirjavainen AK, Takkinen JS, Wasilewska A, Scheinin M, Haaparanta-Solin M, Sączewski F, Solin O. Radiosynthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of an α 2A-Adrenoceptor Tracer Candidate, 6-[ 18F]Fluoro-marsanidine. Mol Imaging Biol 2020; 21:879-887. [PMID: 30710261 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-019-01317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The α2-adrenoceptors mediate many effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine, and participate in the regulation of neuronal, endocrine, cardiovascular, vegetative, and metabolic functions. Of the three receptor subtypes, only α2A and α2C are found in the brain in significant amounts. Subtype-selective positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of α2-adrenoceptors has been limited to the α2C subtype. Here, we report the synthesis of 6-[18F]fluoro-marsanidine, a subtype-selective PET tracer candidate for α2A-adrenoceptors, and its preclinical evaluation in rats and mice. PROCEDURES 6-[18F]Fluoro-marsanidine was synthesized using electrophilic F-18 fluorination with [18F]Selectfluor bis(triflate). The tracer was evaluated in Sprague Dawley rats and in α2A-knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice for subtype selectivity. In vivo PET imaging and ex vivo brain autoradiography were performed to determine the tracer distribution in the brain. The specificity of the tracer for the target was determined by pretreatment with the subtype-non-selective α2-agonist medetomidine. The peripheral biodistribution and extent of metabolism of 6-[18F]fluoro-marsanidine were also analyzed. RESULTS 6-[18F]Fluoro-marsanidine was synthesized with [18F]Selectfluor bis(triflate) in a radiochemical yield of 6.4 ± 1.7 %. The molar activity was 3.1 to 26.6 GBq/μmol, and the radiochemical purity was > 99 %. In vivo studies in mice revealed lower uptake in the brains of α2A-KO mice compared to WT mice. The results for selectivity were confirmed by ex vivo brain autoradiography. Blocking studies revealed reduced uptake in α2A-adrenoceptor-rich brain regions in pretreated animals, demonstrating the specificity of the tracer. Metabolite analyses revealed very rapid metabolism of 6-[18F]fluoro-marsanidine with blood-brain barrier-permeable metabolites in both rats and mice. CONCLUSION 6-[18F]Fluoro-marsanidine was synthesized and evaluated as a PET tracer candidate for brain α2A-adrenoceptors. However, rapid metabolism, extensive presence of labeled metabolites in the brain, and high non-specific uptake in mouse and rat brain make 6-[18F]fluoro-marsanidine unsuitable for α2A-adrenoceptor targeting in rodents in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Krzyczmonik
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Thomas Keller
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Francisco R López-Picón
- PET Preclinical Imaging Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sarita Forsback
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anna K Kirjavainen
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jatta S Takkinen
- PET Preclinical Imaging Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Aleksandra Wasilewska
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mika Scheinin
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, and Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Merja Haaparanta-Solin
- PET Preclinical Imaging Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Franciszek Sączewski
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Olof Solin
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. .,Accelerator Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.
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19
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Lau J, Rousseau E, Kwon D, Lin KS, Bénard F, Chen X. Insight into the Development of PET Radiopharmaceuticals for Oncology. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1312. [PMID: 32455729 PMCID: PMC7281377 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While the development of positron emission tomography (PET) radiopharmaceuticals closely follows that of traditional drug development, there are several key considerations in the chemical and radiochemical synthesis, preclinical assessment, and clinical translation of PET radiotracers. As such, we outline the fundamentals of radiotracer design, with respect to the selection of an appropriate pharmacophore. These concepts will be reinforced by exemplary cases of PET radiotracer development, both with respect to their preclinical and clinical evaluation. We also provide a guideline for the proper selection of a radionuclide and the appropriate labeling strategy to access a tracer with optimal imaging qualities. Finally, we summarize the methodology of their evaluation in in vitro and animal models and the road to clinical translation. This review is intended to be a primer for newcomers to the field and give insight into the workflow of developing radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lau
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Etienne Rousseau
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada;
| | - Daniel Kwon
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (D.K.); (K.-S.L.); (F.B.)
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (D.K.); (K.-S.L.); (F.B.)
| | - François Bénard
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (D.K.); (K.-S.L.); (F.B.)
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
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20
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Pulagam KR, Gómez-Vallejo V, Llop J, Rejc L. Radiochemistry: A Useful Tool in the Ophthalmic Drug Discovery. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:501-522. [PMID: 31142249 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190530122032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography (SPECT) are ultra-sensitive, fully translational and minimally invasive nuclear imaging techniques capable of tracing the spatiotemporal distribution of positron (PET) or gamma (SPECT) emitter-labeled molecules after administration into a living organism. Besides their impact in the clinical diagnostic, PET and SPECT are playing an increasing role in the process of drug development, both during the evaluation of the pharmacokinetic properties of new chemical entities as well as in the proof of concept, proof of mechanism and proof of efficacy studies. However, they have been scarcely applied in the context of ophthalmic drugs. In this paper, the basics of nuclear imaging and radiochemistry are briefly discussed, and the few examples of the use of these imaging modalities in ophthalmic drug development reported in the literature are presented and discussed. Finally, in a purely theoretical exercise, some labeling strategies that could be applied to the preparation of selected ophthalmic drugs are proposed and potential applications of nuclear imaging in ophthalmology are projected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna R Pulagam
- Radiochemistry and Nuclear Imaging Group, CIC biomaGUNE, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Jordi Llop
- Radiochemistry and Nuclear Imaging Group, CIC biomaGUNE, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Luka Rejc
- Radiochemistry and Nuclear Imaging Group, CIC biomaGUNE, San Sebastian, Spain
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21
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Mattingly SJ, Wuest M, Fine EJ, Schirrmacher R, Wuest F. Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of a radiofluorinated ketone body derivative. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:297-306. [PMID: 33479637 PMCID: PMC7580772 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00486f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ketone bodies d-beta-hydroxybutyric acid and acetoacetic acid represent the principal oxidative energy sources of most tissues when dietary glucose is scarce. An 18F-labeled ketone body could be a useful tool for studying ketone body metabolism using positron emission tomography (PET). Here, we report the first radiofluorinated ketone body derivative (3S)-4-[18F]fluoro-3-hydroxybutyric acid ([18F]FBHB) as well as its enantiomer and l-beta-hydroxybutyric acid derivative, (3R)-4-[18F]fluoro-3-hydroxybutyric acid ((R)-[18F]F3HB). PET imaging in mice showed biodistribution profiles of the radiotracers that were consistent with the biodistribution of the respective endogenous compounds. Moreover, both enantiomers visualized breast cancer xenografts in vivo. Fasting over 24 h showed significantly enhanced brain and heart uptake of [18F]FBHB and tumor uptake of (R)-[18F]F3HB. Disorders exhibiting altered energy substrate utilization, such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, diabetes, and cancer may be of interest for PET imaging studies using [18F]FBHB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melinda Wuest
- Department of Oncology , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada .
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Eugene J Fine
- Department of Radiology (Nuclear Medicine) , Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center , NY , NY , USA
| | - Ralf Schirrmacher
- Department of Oncology , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada .
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Frank Wuest
- Department of Oncology , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada .
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
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22
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Ermert J, Benešová M, Hugenberg V, Gupta V, Spahn I, Pietzsch HJ, Liolios C, Kopka K. Radiopharmaceutical Sciences. Clin Nucl Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-39457-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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S. Clemente G, Zarganes-Tzitzikas T, Dömling A, H. Elsinga P. Late-Stage Copper-Catalyzed Radiofluorination of an Arylboronic Ester Derivative of Atorvastatin. Molecules 2019; 24:E4210. [PMID: 31756986 PMCID: PMC6930542 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an unmet need for late-stage 18F-fluorination strategies to label molecules with a wide range of relevant functionalities to medicinal chemistry, in particular (hetero)arenes, aiming to obtain unique in vivo information on the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) using positron emission tomography (PET). In the last few years, Cu-mediated oxidative radiofluorination of arylboronic esters/acids arose and has been successful in small molecules containing relatively simple (hetero)aromatic groups. However, this technique is sparsely used in the radiosynthesis of clinically significant molecules containing more complex backbones with several aromatic motifs. In this work, we add a new entry to this very limited database by presenting our recent results on the 18F-fluorination of an arylboronic ester derivative of atorvastatin. The moderate average conversion of [18F]F- (12%), in line with what has been reported for similarly complex molecules, stressed an overview through the literature to understand the radiolabeling variables and limitations preventing consistently higher yields. Nevertheless, the current disparity of procedures reported still hampers a consensual and conclusive output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo S. Clemente
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tryfon Zarganes-Tzitzikas
- Department of Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Department of Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip H. Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Tanaka H, Osaka I, Yoshida H. One-pot Sequential Fluorostannylation–Arylstannylation of Arynes. CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideya Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Itaru Osaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Hiroto Yoshida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
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25
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Morlot M, Gourand F, Perrio C. Deoxyradiofluorination Reaction from β-Hydroxy-α-aminoesters: an Entry to [ 18
F]Fluoroaminoesters under Mild Conditions. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marine Morlot
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, FRE2001-ISTCT, LDM-TEP, Cyceron; Boulevard Henri Becquerel 14000 Caen France
| | - Fabienne Gourand
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, FRE2001-ISTCT, LDM-TEP, Cyceron; Boulevard Henri Becquerel 14000 Caen France
| | - Cécile Perrio
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, FRE2001-ISTCT, LDM-TEP, Cyceron; Boulevard Henri Becquerel 14000 Caen France
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26
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Chen W, Huang Z, Tay NES, Giglio B, Wang M, Wang H, Wu Z, Nicewicz DA, Li Z. Direct arene C-H fluorination with 18F - via organic photoredox catalysis. Science 2019; 364:1170-1174. [PMID: 31221856 PMCID: PMC6680023 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav7019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) plays key roles in drug discovery and development, as well as medical imaging. However, there is a dearth of efficient and simple radiolabeling methods for aromatic C-H bonds, which limits advancements in PET radiotracer development. Here, we disclose a mild method for the fluorine-18 (18F)-fluorination of aromatic C-H bonds by an [18F]F- salt via organic photoredox catalysis under blue light illumination. This strategy was applied to the synthesis of a wide range of 18F-labeled arenes and heteroaromatics, including pharmaceutical compounds. These products can serve as diagnostic agents or provide key information about the in vivo fate of the labeled substrates, as showcased in preliminary tracer studies in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Zeng Huang
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Nicholas E S Tay
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Benjamin Giglio
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Mengzhe Wang
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Zhanhong Wu
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - David A Nicewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Zibo Li
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
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27
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Sap JBI, Wilson TC, Kee CW, Straathof NJW, Ende CWA, Mukherjee P, Zhang L, Genicot C, Gouverneur V. Synthesis of 18F-difluoromethylarenes using aryl boronic acids, ethyl bromofluoroacetate and [ 18F]fluoride. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3237-3241. [PMID: 30996907 PMCID: PMC6429591 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05096a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the radiosynthesis of 18F-difluoromethylarenes via the assembly of three components, a boron reagent, ethyl bromofluoroacetate, and cyclotron-produced non-carrier added [18F]fluoride. The two key steps are a copper-catalysed cross-coupling reaction, and a Mn-mediated 18F-fluorodecarboxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen B I Sap
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , Oxford University , OX1 3TA Oxford , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)1865 285002
| | - Thomas C Wilson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , Oxford University , OX1 3TA Oxford , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)1865 285002
| | - Choon Wee Kee
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , Oxford University , OX1 3TA Oxford , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)1865 285002
| | - Natan J W Straathof
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , Oxford University , OX1 3TA Oxford , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)1865 285002
| | - Christopher W Am Ende
- Pfizer Inc., Medicine Design , Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, and 1 Portland Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , USA
| | - Paramita Mukherjee
- Pfizer Inc., Medicine Design , Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, and 1 Portland Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Pfizer Inc., Medicine Design , Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, and 1 Portland Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , USA
| | - Christophe Genicot
- Global Chemistry, UCB New Medicines , UCB Biopharma Sprl , 1420 Braine-L'Alleud , Belgium
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , Oxford University , OX1 3TA Oxford , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)1865 285002
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28
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Deng X, Rong J, Wang L, Vasdev N, Zhang L, Josephson L, Liang SH. Chemistry for Positron Emission Tomography: Recent Advances in 11 C-, 18 F-, 13 N-, and 15 O-Labeling Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:2580-2605. [PMID: 30054961 PMCID: PMC6405341 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a molecular imaging technology that provides quantitative information about function and metabolism in biological processes in vivo for disease diagnosis and therapy assessment. The broad application and rapid advances of PET has led to an increased demand for new radiochemical methods to synthesize highly specific molecules bearing positron-emitting radionuclides. This Review provides an overview of commonly used labeling reactions through examples of clinically relevant PET tracers and highlights the most recent developments and breakthroughs over the past decade, with a focus on 11 C, 18 F, 13 N, and 15 O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Deng
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jian Rong
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Steven H Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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29
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Deng X, Rong J, Wang L, Vasdev N, Zhang L, Josephson L, Liang SH. Chemie der Positronenemissionstomographie: Aktuelle Fortschritte bei
11
C‐,
18
F‐,
13
N‐ und
15
O‐Markierungsreaktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Deng
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular ImagingMassachusetts General Hospital & Department of RadiologyHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Jian Rong
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular ImagingMassachusetts General Hospital & Department of RadiologyHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular ImagingMassachusetts General Hospital & Department of RadiologyHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular ImagingMassachusetts General Hospital & Department of RadiologyHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Medicine DesignPfizer Inc. Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular ImagingMassachusetts General Hospital & Department of RadiologyHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular ImagingMassachusetts General Hospital & Department of RadiologyHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
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30
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Cortés González MA, Jiang X, Nordeman P, Antoni G, Szabó KJ. Rhodium-mediated 18F-oxyfluorination of diazoketones using a fluorine-18-containing hypervalent iodine reagent. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:13358-13361. [PMID: 31625541 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06905d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
α-[18F]Fluoro ethers were obtained from diazocarbonyl compounds using a hypervalent iodine based fluorine-18 reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xingguo Jiang
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Stockholm University
- Sweden
| | | | - Gunnar Antoni
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Uppsala University
- Sweden
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31
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Li W, Zheng H, Xu J, Cao S, Xu X, Xiao P. Imaging c-Met expression using 18F-labeled binding peptide in human cancer xenografts. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199024. [PMID: 29894497 PMCID: PMC5997322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives c-Met is a receptor tyrosine kinase shown inappropriate expression and actively involved in progression and metastasis in most types of human cancer. Development of c-Met-targeted imaging and therapeutic agents would be extremely useful. Previous studies reported that c-Met-binding peptide (Met-pep1, YLFSVHWPPLKA) specifically targets c-Met receptor. Here, we evaluated 18F-labeled Met-pep1 for PET imaging of c-Met positive tumor in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) xenografted mice. Methods c-Met-binding peptide, Met-pep1, was synthesized and labeled with 4-nitrophenyl [18F]-2-fluoropropionate ([18F]-NPFP) ([18F]FP-Met-pep1). The cell uptake, internalization and efflux of [18F]FP-Met-pep1 were assessed in UM-SCC-22B cells. In vivo pharmacokinetics, blocking and biodistribution of the radiotracers were investigated in tumor-bearing nude mice by microPET imaging. Results The radiolabeling yield for [18F]FP-Met-pep1 was over 55% with 97% purity. [18F]FP-Met-pep1 showed high tumor uptake in UM-SCC-22B tumor-bearing mice with clear visualization. The specificity of the imaging tracer was confirmed by significantly decreased tumor uptake after co-administration of unlabeled Met-pep1 peptides. Prominent uptake and rapid excretion of [18F]FP-Met-pep1 was also observed in the kidney, suggesting this tracer is mainly excreted through the renal-urinary routes. Ex vivo biodistribution showed similar results that were consistent with microPET imaging data. Conclusions These results suggest that 18F-labeled c-Met peptide may potentially be used for imaging c-Met positive HNSCC cancer in vivo and for c-Met-targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Li
- Department of Medical Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (WHL); (PX)
| | - Hongqun Zheng
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiankai Xu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shaodong Cao
- Department of Medical Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiuan Xu
- Department of Medical Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WHL); (PX)
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32
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Vatsadze SZ, Eremina OE, Veselova IA, Kalmykov SN, Nenajdenko VG. 18F-Labelled catecholamine type radiopharmaceuticals in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases and neuroendocrine tumours: approaches to synthesis and development prospects. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Levin MD, Chen TQ, Neubig ME, Hong CM, Theulier CA, Kobylianskii IJ, Janabi M, O'Neil JP, Toste FD. A catalytic fluoride-rebound mechanism for C(sp 3)-CF 3 bond formation. Science 2018. [PMID: 28642435 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The biological properties of trifluoromethyl compounds have led to their ubiquity in pharmaceuticals, yet their chemical properties have made their preparation a substantial challenge, necessitating innovative chemical solutions. We report the serendipitous discovery of a borane-catalyzed formal C(sp3)-CF3 reductive elimination from Au(III) that accesses these compounds by a distinct mechanism proceeding via fluoride abstraction, migratory insertion, and C-F reductive elimination to achieve a net C-C bond construction. The parent bis(trifluoromethyl)Au(III) complexes tolerate a surprising breadth of synthetic protocols, enabling the synthesis of complex organic derivatives without cleavage of the Au-C bond. This feature, combined with the "fluoride-rebound" mechanism, was translated into a protocol for the synthesis of 18F-radiolabeled aliphatic CF3-containing compounds, enabling the preparation of potential tracers for use in positron emission tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Levin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tiffany Q Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Megan E Neubig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Cynthia M Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Cyril A Theulier
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Mustafa Janabi
- Biomedical Isotope Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - James P O'Neil
- Biomedical Isotope Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. .,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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34
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Cortés González MA, Nordeman P, Bermejo Gómez A, Meyer DN, Antoni G, Schou M, Szabó KJ. [18F]fluoro-benziodoxole: a no-carrier-added electrophilic fluorinating reagent. Rapid, simple radiosynthesis, purification and application for fluorine-18 labelling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:4286-4289. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc00526e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An electrophilic 18F transfer reagent was synthetized by rapid, operationally simple ligand exchange from a hypervalent iodine and [18F]TBAF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Bermejo Gómez
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Stockholm University
- Sweden
- AstraZeneca PET Centre at Karolinska Institutet
- Stockholm
| | | | - Gunnar Antoni
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Uppsala University
- Sweden
| | - Magnus Schou
- AstraZeneca PET Centre at Karolinska Institutet
- Stockholm
- Sweden
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35
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Wilson TC, Cailly T, Gouverneur V. Boron reagents for divergent radiochemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:6990-7005. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00499d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses boron reagents as precursors for divergent radiolabelling with a focus on carbon-11, fluorine-18 and iodine-123, -125, -131.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Cailly
- Normandie Univ
- UNICAEN
- Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN)
- 14000 Caen
- France
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36
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Krzyczmonik A, Keller T, Kirjavainen AK, Lahdenpohja S, Forsback S, Solin O. Use of SF 6 for the production of electrophilic 18 F-fluorination reagents. J Fluor Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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37
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Pellico J, Llop J, Fernández-Barahona I, Bhavesh R, Ruiz-Cabello J, Herranz F. Iron Oxide Nanoradiomaterials: Combining Nanoscale Properties with Radioisotopes for Enhanced Molecular Imaging. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2017; 2017:1549580. [PMID: 29358900 PMCID: PMC5735613 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1549580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The combination of the size-dependent properties of nanomaterials with radioisotopes is emerging as a novel tool for molecular imaging. There are numerous examples already showing how the controlled synthesis of nanoparticles and the incorporation of a radioisotope in the nanostructure offer new features beyond the simple addition of different components. Among the different nanomaterials, iron oxide-based nanoparticles are the most used in imaging because of their versatility. In this review, we will study the different radioisotopes for biomedical imaging, how to incorporate them within the nanoparticles, and what applications they can be used for. Our focus is directed towards what is new in this field, what the nanoparticles can offer to the field of nuclear imaging, and the radioisotopes hybridized with nanomaterials for use in molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pellico
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Llop
- Radiochemistry and Nuclear Imaging Group, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 182, 20009 Donostia, Spain
| | - Irene Fernández-Barahona
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Riju Bhavesh
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Ruiz-Cabello
- Departamento Química Física II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Herranz
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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38
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Kirjavainen AK, Forsback S, López-Picón FR, Marjamäki P, Takkinen J, Haaparanta-Solin M, Peters D, Solin O. 18F-labeled norepinephrine transporter tracer [ 18F]NS12137: radiosynthesis and preclinical evaluation. Nucl Med Biol 2017; 56:39-46. [PMID: 29172120 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases are associated with malfunction of brain norepinephrine transporter (NET). However, current clinical evaluations of NET function are limited by the lack of sufficiently sensitive methods of detection. To this end, we have synthesized exo-3-[(6-[18F]fluoro-2-pyridyl)oxy]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]-octane ([18F]NS12137) as a radiotracer for positron emission tomography (PET) and have demonstrated that it is highly specific for in vivo detection of NET-rich regions of rat brain tissue. METHODS We applied two methods of electrophilic, aromatic radiofluorination of the precursor molecule, exo-3-[(6-trimethylstannyl-2-pyridyl)oxy]-8-azabicyclo-[3.2.1]octane-8-carboxylate: (1) direct labeling with [18F]F2, and (2) labeling with [18F]Selectfluor, a derivative of [18F]F2, using post-target produced [18F]F2. The time-dependent distribution of [18F]NS12137 in brain tissue of healthy, adult Sprague-Dawley rats was determined by ex vivo autoradiography. The specificity of [18F]NS12137 binding was demonstrated on the basis of competitive binding by nisoxetine, a known NET antagonist of high specificity. RESULTS [18F]NS12137 was successfully synthesized with radiochemical yields of 3.9% ± 0.3% when labeled with [18F]F2 and 10.2% ± 2.7% when labeled with [18F]Selectfluor. The molar activity of radiotracer was 8.8 ± 0.7 GBq/μmol with [18F]F2 labeling and 6.9 ± 0.4 GBq/μmol with [18F]Selectfluor labeling at the end of synthesis of [18F]NS12137. Uptake of [18F]NS12137 in NET-rich areas in rat brain was demonstrated with the locus coeruleus (LCoe) having the highest regional uptake. Prior treatment of rats with nisoxetine showed no detectable [18F]NS12137 in the LCoe. Analyses of whole brain samples for radiometabolites showed only the parent compound [18F]NS12137. Uptake of 18F-radioactivity in bone increased with time. CONCLUSIONS The two electrophilic 18F-labeling methods proved to be suitable for synthesis of [18F]NS12137 with the [18F]Selectfluor method providing an approximate three-fold higher yield than the [18F]F2 method. As an electrostatically neutral radiotracer [18F]NS12137 crosses the blood-brain barrier and enabled specific labeling of NET-rich regions of rat brain tissue with the highest concentration in the LCoe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Kirjavainen
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Sarita Forsback
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Francisco R López-Picón
- Preclinical Imaging, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Jatta Takkinen
- Preclinical Imaging, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Merja Haaparanta-Solin
- Preclinical Imaging, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Dan Peters
- DanPET AB, Malmö, Sweden; Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Olof Solin
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Accelerator Laboratory, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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39
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Keller T, Krzyczmonik A, Forsback S, Picón FRL, Kirjavainen AK, Takkinen J, Rajander J, Cacheux F, Damont A, Dollé F, Rinne JO, Haaparanta-Solin M, Solin O. Radiosynthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of [ 18F]F-DPA, A Novel Pyrazolo[1,5a]pyrimidine Acetamide TSPO Radioligand, in Healthy Sprague Dawley Rats. Mol Imaging Biol 2017; 19:736-745. [PMID: 28083825 PMCID: PMC5574958 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-016-1040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Many neurological conditions result in the overexpression of the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), today recognized as a biomarker for microglial activation and neuroinflammation imaging. The pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine acetamides are a particularly attractive class of TSPO-specific ligands, prompting the development of several positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers. This includes F-DPA, a recently reported fluorinated ligand (K i = 1.7 nM), wherein the fluorine atom is directly linked to the phenyl moiety without the presence of an alkyl or alkoxy spacer chain. Reported here is the preparation of [18F]F-DPA using [18F]Selectfluor bis(triflate) and the preliminary evaluation of [18F]F-DPA in healthy rats. Its metabolic profile and biodistribution in rats are compared with that of [18F]DPA-714, a closely related structure. PROCEDURES [18F]F-DPA was synthesized by electrophilic fluorination using [18F]Selectfluor bis(triflate), [18F]DPA-714 was synthesized by conventional nucleophilic fluorination. The biodistribution of both radiotracers was compared in Sprague Dawley rats. Radiometabolites of both radiotracers in plasma and brain homogenates were analyzed by radioTLC. RESULTS The radiochemical yield of [18F]F-DPA was 15 ± 3 % and the specific activity was 7.8 ± 0.4 GBq/μmol. The radiochemical purity exceeded 99 %. The in vivo time activity curves of [18F]F-DPA demonstrate rapid entry into the brain and a concentration equilibrium at 20-30 min after injection. The metabolic profiles at 90 min after radiotracer injection in the plasma show that unchanged [18F]F-DPA and [18F]DPA-714 account for 28.3 ± 6.4 and 11.1 ± 2.6 % of the remaining radioactivity, respectively. In the brain, unchanged [18F]F-DPA accounts for 93.5 ± 2.8 % of the radioactivity; whereas for [18F]DPA-714, this value is 53.6 ± 1.6 %. CONCLUSIONS [18F]Selectfluor bis(triflate) was successfully used to label F-DPA with fluorine-18. The labeling position on the aromatic moiety imparts a higher stability compared to [18F]DPA-714 with regard to in vivo metabolism. [18F]F-DPA is a promising new radiotracer and warrants further investigation in animal models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Keller
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anna Krzyczmonik
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sarita Forsback
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Francisco R López Picón
- PET Preclinical Imaging Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anna K Kirjavainen
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jatta Takkinen
- PET Preclinical Imaging Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Johan Rajander
- Accelerator Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Fanny Cacheux
- CEA, I2BM, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France
| | | | - Frédéric Dollé
- CEA, I2BM, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France
| | - Juha O Rinne
- Turku PET Centre, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Merja Haaparanta-Solin
- PET Preclinical Imaging Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olof Solin
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- Accelerator Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520, Turku, Finland.
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40
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Ma X, Diane M, Ralph G, Chen C, Biscoe MR. Stereospecific Electrophilic Fluorination of Alkylcarbastannatrane Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12663-12667. [PMID: 28833888 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of isolable primary and secondary alkylcarbastannatrane nucleophiles in site-specific fluorination reactions. These reactions occur without the need for transition metal catalysis or in situ activation of the nucleophile. In the absence of the carbastannatrane backbone, alkyltin nucleophiles exhibit no activity towards fluorination. When enantioenriched alkylcarbastannatranes are employed, fluorination occurs predominately via a stereoinvertive mechanism to generate highly enantioenriched alkyl fluoride compounds. These conditions can also be extended to stereospecific chlorination, bromination, and iodination reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Ma
- Department of Chemistry, The City College of New York (CCNY), 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY, 10031, USA.,The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Mohamed Diane
- Department of Chemistry, The City College of New York (CCNY), 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Glenn Ralph
- Department of Chemistry, The City College of New York (CCNY), 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY, 10031, USA.,The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Christine Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The City College of New York (CCNY), 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Mark R Biscoe
- Department of Chemistry, The City College of New York (CCNY), 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY, 10031, USA.,The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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41
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Ma X, Diane M, Ralph G, Chen C, Biscoe MR. Stereospecific Electrophilic Fluorination of Alkylcarbastannatrane Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Ma
- Department of Chemistry The City College of New York (CCNY) 160 Convent Avenue New York NY 10031 USA
- The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY) 365 Fifth Avenue New York NY 10016 USA
| | - Mohamed Diane
- Department of Chemistry The City College of New York (CCNY) 160 Convent Avenue New York NY 10031 USA
| | - Glenn Ralph
- Department of Chemistry The City College of New York (CCNY) 160 Convent Avenue New York NY 10031 USA
- The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY) 365 Fifth Avenue New York NY 10016 USA
| | - Christine Chen
- Department of Chemistry The City College of New York (CCNY) 160 Convent Avenue New York NY 10031 USA
| | - Mark R. Biscoe
- Department of Chemistry The City College of New York (CCNY) 160 Convent Avenue New York NY 10031 USA
- The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY) 365 Fifth Avenue New York NY 10016 USA
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42
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Nodwell MB, Yang H, Čolović M, Yuan Z, Merkens H, Martin RE, Bénard F, Schaffer P, Britton R. 18F-Fluorination of Unactivated C-H Bonds in Branched Aliphatic Amino Acids: Direct Synthesis of Oncological Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Agents. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:3595-3598. [PMID: 28248493 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A mild and selective photocatalytic C-H 18F-fluorination reaction has been developed that provides direct access to 18F-fluorinated amino acids. The biodistribution and uptake of three 18F-labeled leucine analogues via LAT1 mediated transport in several cancer cell lines is reported. Positron emission tomography imaging of mice bearing PC3 (prostate) or U87 (glioma) xenografts using 5-[18F]-fluorohomoleucine showed high tumor uptake and excellent tumor visualization, highlighting the utility of this strategy for rapid tracer discovery for oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Nodwell
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S2, Canada
| | - Hua Yang
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Milena Čolović
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency , Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Zheliang Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S2, Canada.,Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Helen Merkens
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency , Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Rainer E Martin
- Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd , Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - François Bénard
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency , Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Paul Schaffer
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S2, Canada.,Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Robert Britton
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S2, Canada
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43
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Krzyczmonik A, Keller T, Kirjavainen AK, Forsback S, Solin O. Vacuum ultraviolet photon-mediated production of [ 18 F]F 2. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2017; 60:186-193. [PMID: 28124404 PMCID: PMC5413832 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of F2 and its derivatives are amenable to facile aliphatic or aromatic substitution, as well as electrophilic addition. The main limitation in the use of [18F]F2 for radiopharmaceutical synthesis is the low specific activity achieved by the traditional methods of production. The highest specific activities, 55 GBq/μmol, for [18F]F2 have been achieved so far by using electrical discharge in the post‐target production of [18F]F2 gas from [18F]CH3F. We demonstrate that [18F]F2 is produced by illuminating a gas mixture of neon/F2/[18F]CH3F with vacuum ultraviolet photons generated by an excimer laser. We tested several illumination chambers and production conditions. The effects of the initial amount of [18F]F‐, amount of carrier F2, and number of 193‐nm laser pulses at constant power were evaluated regarding radiochemical yield and specific activity. The specific activity attained for [18F]F2‐derived [18F]NFSi was 10.3 ± 0.9 GBq/μmol, and the average radiochemical yield over a wide range of conditions was 6.7% from [18F]F‐. The production can be improved by optimization of the synthesis device and procedures. The use of a commercially available excimer laser and the simplicity of the process can make this method relatively easy for adaptation in radiochemistry laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Krzyczmonik
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Thomas Keller
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anna K Kirjavainen
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sarita Forsback
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olof Solin
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Accelerator Laboratory, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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44
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Yuan G, Wang F, Stephenson NA, Wang L, Rotstein BH, Vasdev N, Tang P, Liang SH. Metal-free 18F-labeling of aryl-CF 2H via nucleophilic radiofluorination and oxidative C-H activation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 53:126-129. [PMID: 27917423 PMCID: PMC5179041 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07913j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free and selective method to form [18F]aryl-CF2H through nucleophilic radiofluorination of benzyl (pseudo)halides and oxidative C-H activation of benzylic C-H bonds has been developed. The method is operationally simple and tolerates a variety of electron-neutral/deficient arenes and heteroarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengyang Yuan
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA. and Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Nickeisha A Stephenson
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Lu Wang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Benjamin H Rotstein
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Pingping Tang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Steven H Liang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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45
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Makaravage KJ, Brooks AF, Mossine AV, Sanford MS, Scott PJH. Copper-Mediated Radiofluorination of Arylstannanes with [ 18F]KF. Org Lett 2016; 18:5440-5443. [PMID: 27718581 PMCID: PMC5078836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
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A copper-mediated nucleophilic radiofluorination
of aryl- and vinylstannanes
with [18F]KF is described. This method is fast, uses commercially
available reagents, and is compatible with both electron-rich and
electron-deficient arene substrates. This method has been applied
to the manual synthesis of a variety of clinically relevant radiotracers
including protected [18F]F-phenylalanine and [18F]F-DOPA. In addition, an automated synthesis of [18F]MPPF
is demonstrated that delivers a clinically validated dose of 200 ±
20 mCi with a high specific activity of 2400 ± 900 Ci/mmol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allen F Brooks
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School , 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Andrew V Mossine
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School , 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | | | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School , 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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46
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Groendyke BJ, AbuSalim DI, Cook SP. Iron-Catalyzed, Fluoroamide-Directed C-H Fluorination. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:12771-12774. [PMID: 27676449 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This communication describes a mild, amide-directed fluorination of benzylic, allylic, and unactivated C-H bonds mediated by iron. Upon exposure to a catalytic amount of iron(II) triflate (Fe(OTf)2), N-fluoro-2-methylbenzamides undergo chemoselective fluorine transfer to provide the corresponding fluorides in high yield. The reaction demonstrates broad substrate scope and functional group tolerance without the use of any noble metal additives. Mechanistic and computational experiments suggest that the reaction proceeds through short-lived radical intermediates with F-transfer mediated directly by iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Groendyke
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Deyaa I AbuSalim
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Silas P Cook
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
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47
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Gray EE, Nielsen MK, Choquette KA, Kalow JA, Graham TJA, Doyle AG. Nucleophilic (Radio)Fluorination of α-Diazocarbonyl Compounds Enabled by Copper-Catalyzed H-F Insertion. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:10802-5. [PMID: 27500313 PMCID: PMC9011916 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The copper-catalyzed H-F insertion into α-diazocarbonyl compounds is described using potassium fluoride (KF) and hexafluoroisopropanol. Access to complex α-fluorocarbonyl derivatives is achieved under mild conditions, and the method is readily adapted to radiofluorination with [(18)F]KF. This late-stage strategy provides an attractive route to (18)F-labeled biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E. Gray
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Matthew K. Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Choquette
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Julia A. Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Thomas J. A. Graham
- Translational Biomarkers, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Abigail G. Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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48
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Liu H, Audisio D, Plougastel L, Decuypere E, Buisson DA, Koniev O, Kolodych S, Wagner A, Elhabiri M, Krzyczmonik A, Forsback S, Solin O, Gouverneur V, Taran F. Ultrafast Click Chemistry with Fluorosydnones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12073-7. [PMID: 27560312 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and reactivity of 4-fluorosydnones, a unique class of mesoionic dipoles displaying exquisite reactivity towards both copper-catalyzed and strain-promoted cycloaddition reactions with alkynes. Synthetic access to these new mesoionic compounds was granted by electrophilic fluorination of σ-sydnone Pd(II) precursors in the presence of Selectfluor. Their reactions with terminal and cyclic alkynes were found to proceed very rapidly and selectively, affording 5-fluoro-1,4-pyrazoles with bimolecular rate constants up to 10(4) m(-1) s(-1) , surpassing those documented in the literature with cycloalkynes. Kinetic studies were carried out to unravel the mechanism of the reaction, and the value of 4-fluorosydnones was further highlighted by successful radiolabeling with [(18) F]Selectfluor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage (SCBM), IBITECS, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Davide Audisio
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage (SCBM), IBITECS, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Lucie Plougastel
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage (SCBM), IBITECS, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Elodie Decuypere
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage (SCBM), IBITECS, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David-Alexandre Buisson
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage (SCBM), IBITECS, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Oleksandr Koniev
- Syndivia SAS, 650 Boulevard Gonthier O'Andernach, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Sergii Kolodych
- Syndivia SAS, 650 Boulevard Gonthier O'Andernach, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Alain Wagner
- Laboratory of Functional Chemo-Systems UMR 7199 CNRS-UdS, 67401, Illkirch, France
| | - Mourad Elhabiri
- Laboratory of Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, UMR 7509 CNRS, ECPM, 25, rue Becquerel, 67200, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anna Krzyczmonik
- Turku PET Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Sarita Forsback
- Turku PET Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Olof Solin
- Turku PET Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Frédéric Taran
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage (SCBM), IBITECS, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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49
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Liu H, Audisio D, Plougastel L, Decuypere E, Buisson DA, Koniev O, Kolodych S, Wagner A, Elhabiri M, Krzyczmonik A, Forsback S, Solin O, Gouverneur V, Taran F. Ultrafast Click Chemistry with Fluorosydnones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201606495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage (SCBM), IBITECS, CEA; Université Paris-Saclay; 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Davide Audisio
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage (SCBM), IBITECS, CEA; Université Paris-Saclay; 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Lucie Plougastel
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage (SCBM), IBITECS, CEA; Université Paris-Saclay; 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Elodie Decuypere
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage (SCBM), IBITECS, CEA; Université Paris-Saclay; 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - David-Alexandre Buisson
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage (SCBM), IBITECS, CEA; Université Paris-Saclay; 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Oleksandr Koniev
- Syndivia SAS; 650 Boulevard Gonthier O'Andernach 67400 Illkirch France
| | - Sergii Kolodych
- Syndivia SAS; 650 Boulevard Gonthier O'Andernach 67400 Illkirch France
| | - Alain Wagner
- Laboratory of Functional Chemo-Systems UMR 7199 CNRS-UdS; 67401 Illkirch France
| | - Mourad Elhabiri
- Laboratory of Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, UMR 7509 CNRS; ECPM; 25, rue Becquerel 67200 Strasbourg France
| | - Anna Krzyczmonik
- Turku PET Centre and Department of Chemistry; University of Turku; 20520 Turku Finland
| | - Sarita Forsback
- Turku PET Centre and Department of Chemistry; University of Turku; 20520 Turku Finland
| | - Olof Solin
- Turku PET Centre and Department of Chemistry; University of Turku; 20520 Turku Finland
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Chemistry Research Laboratory; University of Oxford; 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Frédéric Taran
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage (SCBM), IBITECS, CEA; Université Paris-Saclay; 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
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50
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Perrin DM. [(18)F]-Organotrifluoroborates as Radioprosthetic Groups for PET Imaging: From Design Principles to Preclinical Applications. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:1333-43. [PMID: 27054808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is revolutionizing our ability to visualize in vivo targets for target validation and personalized medicine. Of several classes of imaging agents, peptides afford high affinity and high specificity to distinguish pathologically distinct cell types by the presence of specific molecular targets. Of various available PET isotopes, [(18)F]-fluoride ion is preferred because of its excellent nuclear properties and on-demand production in hospitals at Curie levels. However, the short half-life of (18)F and its lack of reactivity in water continue to challenge peptide labeling. Hence, peptides are often conjugated to a metal chelator for late-stage, one-step labeling. Yet radiometals, while effective, are neither as desirable nor as available as [(18)F]-fluoride ion. Despite considerable past success in identifying semifeasible radiosyntheses, significant challenges continue to confound tracer development. These interrelated challenges relate to (1) isotope/prosthetic choice; (2) bioconjugation for high affinity; (3) high radiochemical yields, (4) specific activities of >1 Ci/μmol to meet FDA microdose requirements; and (5) rapid clearance and in vivo stability. These enduring challenges have been extensively highlighted, while a single-step, operationally simple, and generally applicable means of labeling a peptide with [(18)F]-fluoride ion in good yield and high specific activity has eluded radiochemists and nuclear medicine practitioners for decades. Radiosynthetic ease is of primordial importance since multistep labeling reactions challenge clinical tracer production. In the past decade, as we sought to meet this challenge, appreciation of reactions with aqueous fluoride led us to consider organotrifluoroborate (RBF3(-)) synthesis as a means of rapid aqueous peptide labeling. We have applied principles of mechanistic chemistry, knowledge of chemical reactivity, and synthetic chemistry to design stable RBF3(-)s. Over the past 10 years, we have developed several new [(18)F]-RBF3(-) radioprosthetic groups, all of which guarantee radiosynthetic ease while in most cases providing high tumor:nontumor (T:NT) ratios and moderate-to-high tumor uptake. Although others have developed methods for labeling of peptides with [(18)F]-silylfluorides or [(18)F]-Al-NOTA chelates, this Account focuses on the synthesis of [(18)F]-organotrifluoroborates. In this Account, I detail mechanistic, kinetic, thermodynamic, synthetic, and radiosynthetic approaches that enabled the translation of fundamental principles regarding the chemistry of RBF3(-)s into a tantalizingly close realization of a clinical application of an [(18)F]-organotrifluoroborate-peptide conjugate for imaging of neuroendocrine tumors and the generalization of this method for labeling of several other peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Perrin
- Chemistry Department, 2036 Main Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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