1
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Dortaj H, Amani AM, Tayebi L, Azarpira N, Ghasemi Toudeshkchouei M, Hassanpour-Dehnavi A, Karami N, Abbasi M, Najafian-Najafabadi A, Zarei Behjani Z, Vaez A. Droplet-based microfluidics: an efficient high-throughput portable system for cell encapsulation. J Microencapsul 2024; 41:479-501. [PMID: 39077800 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2024.2382744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
One of the goals of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is restoring primary living tissue function by manufacturing a 3D microenvironment. One of the main challenges is protecting implanted non-autologous cells or tissues from the host immune system. Cell encapsulation has emerged as a promising technique for this purpose. It involves entrapping cells in biocompatible and semi-permeable microcarriers made from natural or synthetic polymers that regulate the release of cellular secretions. In recent years, droplet-based microfluidic systems have emerged as powerful tools for cell encapsulation in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. These systems offer precise control over droplet size, composition, and functionality, allowing for creating of microenvironments that closely mimic native tissue. Droplet-based microfluidic systems have extensive applications in biotechnology, medical diagnosis, and drug discovery. This review summarises the recent developments in droplet-based microfluidic systems and cell encapsulation techniques, as well as their applications, advantages, and challenges in biology and medicine. The integration of these technologies has the potential to revolutionise tissue engineering and regenerative medicine by providing a precise and controlled microenvironment for cell growth and differentiation. By overcoming the immune system's challenges and enabling the release of cellular secretions, these technologies hold great promise for the future of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengameh Dortaj
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Amani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Ashraf Hassanpour-Dehnavi
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Neda Karami
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Milad Abbasi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Atefeh Najafian-Najafabadi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Zarei Behjani
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Vaez
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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2
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Shebindu A, Kaveti D, Umutoni L, Kirk G, Burton MD, Jones CN. A programmable microfluidic platform to monitor calcium dynamics in microglia during inflammation. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:106. [PMID: 39101003 PMCID: PMC11294448 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-024-00733-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is characterized by the elevation of cytokines and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which in turn activates microglia. These immunoregulatory molecules typically form gradients in vivo, which significantly influence microglial behaviors such as increasing calcium signaling, migration, phagocytosis, and cytokine secretion. Quantifying microglial calcium signaling in the context of inflammation holds the potential for developing precise therapeutic strategies for neurological diseases. However, the current calcium imaging systems are technically challenging to operate, necessitate large volumes of expensive reagents and cells, and model immunoregulatory molecules as uniform concentrations, failing to accurately replicate the in vivo microenvironment. In this study, we introduce a novel calcium monitoring micro-total analysis system (CAM-μTAS) designed to quantify calcium dynamics in microglia (BV2 cells) within defined cytokine gradients. Leveraging programmable pneumatically actuated lifting gate microvalve arrays and a Quake valve, CAM-μTAS delivers cytokine gradients to microglia, mimicking neuroinflammation. Our device automates sample handling and cell culture, enabling rapid media changes in just 1.5 s, thus streamlining the experimental workflow. By analyzing BV2 calcium transient latency to peak, we demonstrate location-dependent microglial activation patterns based on cytokine and ATP gradients, offering insights contrasting those of non-gradient-based perfusion systems. By harnessing advancements in microsystem technology to quantify calcium dynamics, we can construct simplified human models of neurological disorders, unravel the intricate mechanisms of cell-cell signaling, and conduct robust evaluations of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shebindu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Durga Kaveti
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
| | - Linda Umutoni
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
| | - Gia Kirk
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
| | - Michael D. Burton
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
| | - Caroline N. Jones
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
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3
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Yang Y, Vagin SI, Rieger B, Destgeer G. Fabrication of Crescent Shaped Microparticles for Particle Templated Droplet Formation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300721. [PMID: 38615246 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Crescent-shaped hydrogel microparticles are shown to template uniform volume aqueous droplets upon simple mixing with aqueous and oil media for various bioassays. This emerging "lab on a particle" technique requires hydrogel particles with tunable material properties and dimensions. The crescent shape of the particles is attained by aqueous two-phase separation of polymers followed by photopolymerization of the curable precursor. In this work, the phase separation of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA, Mw 700) and dextran (Mw 40 000) for tunable manufacturing of crescent-shaped particles is investigated. The particles' morphology is precisely tuned by following a phase diagram, varying the UV intensity, and adjusting the flow rates of various streams. The fabricated particles with variable dimensions encapsulate uniform aqueous droplets upon mixing with an oil phase. The particles are fluorescently labeled with red and blue emitting dyes at variable concentrations to produce six color-coded particles. The blue fluorescent dye shows a moderate response to the pH change. The fluorescently labeled particles are able to tolerate an extremely acidic solution (pH 1) but disintegrate within an extremely basic solution (pH 14). The particle-templated droplets are able to effectively retain the disintegrating particle and the fluorescent signal at pH 14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Yang
- Control and Manipulation of Microscale Living Objects, Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, TranslaTUM - Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Einsteinstraße 25, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Sergei I Vagin
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Ghulam Destgeer
- Control and Manipulation of Microscale Living Objects, Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, TranslaTUM - Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Einsteinstraße 25, 81675, Munich, Germany
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4
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Ghosh R, Arnheim A, van Zee M, Shang L, Soemardy C, Tang RC, Mellody M, Baghdasarian S, Sanchez Ochoa E, Ye S, Chen S, Williamson C, Karunaratne A, Di Carlo D. Lab on a Particle Technologies. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7817-7839. [PMID: 38650433 PMCID: PMC11112544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Ghosh
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Alyssa Arnheim
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Mark van Zee
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Lily Shang
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Citradewi Soemardy
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Rui-Chian Tang
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Michael Mellody
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Sevana Baghdasarian
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Edwin Sanchez Ochoa
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Shun Ye
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Cayden Williamson
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Amrith Karunaratne
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Jonsson
Comprehensive Cancer Center, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California
NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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5
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Park J, Kadam PS, Atiyas Y, Chhay B, Tsourkas A, Eberwine JH, Issadore DA. High-Throughput Single-Cell, Single-Mitochondrial DNA Assay Using Hydrogel Droplet Microfluidics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401544. [PMID: 38470412 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
There is growing interest in understanding the biological implications of single cell heterogeneity and heteroplasmy of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), but current methodologies for single-cell mtDNA analysis limit the scale of analysis to small cell populations. Although droplet microfluidics have increased the throughput of single-cell genomic, RNA, and protein analysis, their application to sub-cellular organelle analysis has remained a largely unsolved challenge. Here, we introduce an agarose-based droplet microfluidic approach for single-cell, single-mtDNA analysis, which allows simultaneous processing of hundreds of individual mtDNA molecules within >10,000 individual cells. Our microfluidic chip encapsulates individual cells in agarose beads, designed to have a sufficiently dense hydrogel network to retain mtDNA after lysis and provide a robust scaffold for subsequent multi-step processing and analysis. To mitigate the impact of the high viscosity of agarose required for mtDNA retention on the throughput of microfluidics, we developed a parallelized device, successfully achieving ~95 % mtDNA retention from single cells within our microbeads at >700,000 drops/minute. To demonstrate utility, we analyzed specific regions of the single-mtDNA using a multiplexed rolling circle amplification (RCA) assay. We demonstrated compatibility with both microscopy, for digital counting of individual RCA products, and flow cytometry for higher throughput analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhwan Park
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Parnika S Kadam
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Yasemin Atiyas
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Bonirath Chhay
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Andrew Tsourkas
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - James H Eberwine
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - David A Issadore
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
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6
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Nan L, Zhang H, Weitz DA, Shum HC. Development and future of droplet microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1135-1153. [PMID: 38165829 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00729d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, advances in droplet-based microfluidics have facilitated new approaches to process and analyze samples with unprecedented levels of precision and throughput. A wide variety of applications has been inspired across multiple disciplines ranging from materials science to biology. Understanding the dynamics of droplets enables optimization of microfluidic operations and design of new techniques tailored to emerging demands. In this review, we discuss the underlying physics behind high-throughput generation and manipulation of droplets. We also summarize the applications in droplet-derived materials and droplet-based lab-on-a-chip biotechnology. In addition, we offer perspectives on future directions to realize wider use of droplet microfluidics in industrial production and biomedical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Nan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huidan Zhang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - David A Weitz
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ho Cheung Shum
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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7
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Park J, Kadam PS, Atiyas Y, Chhay B, Tsourkas A, Eberwine JH, Issadore DA. High-throughput single-cell, single-mitochondrial DNA assay using hydrogel droplet microfluidics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.29.577854. [PMID: 38352577 PMCID: PMC10862758 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.29.577854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
There is growing interest in understanding the biological implications of single cell heterogeneity and intracellular heteroplasmy of mtDNA, but current methodologies for single-cell mtDNA analysis limit the scale of analysis to small cell populations. Although droplet microfluidics have increased the throughput of single-cell genomic, RNA, and protein analysis, their application to sub-cellular organelle analysis has remained a largely unsolved challenge. Here, we introduce an agarose-based droplet microfluidic approach for single-cell, single-mtDNA analysis, which allows simultaneous processing of hundreds of individual mtDNA molecules within >10,000 individual cells. Our microfluidic chip encapsulates individual cells in agarose beads, designed to have a sufficiently dense hydrogel network to retain mtDNA after lysis and provide a robust scaffold for subsequent multi-step processing and analysis. To mitigate the impact of the high viscosity of agarose required for mtDNA retention on the throughput of microfluidics, we developed a parallelized device, successfully achieving ~95% mtDNA retention from single cells within our microbeads at >700,000 drops/minute. To demonstrate utility, we analyzed specific regions of the single mtDNA using a multiplexed rolling circle amplification (RCA) assay. We demonstrated compatibility with both microscopy, for digital counting of individual RCA products, and flow cytometry for higher throughput analysis.
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8
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Shebindu A, Kaveti D, Umutoni L, Kirk G, Burton MD, Jones CN. A Programmable Microfluidic Platform to Monitor Calcium Dynamics in Microglia during Inflammation. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3750595. [PMID: 38234790 PMCID: PMC10793498 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3750595/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Calcium dynamics significantly influence microglial cell immune responses, regulating activation, migration, phagocytosis, and cytokine release. Understanding microglial calcium signaling is vital for insights into central nervous system immune responses and their impact on neuroinflammation. We introduce a calcium monitoring micro-total analysis system (CAM-μTAS) for quantifying calcium dynamics in microglia (BV2 cells) within defined cytokine microenvironments. The CAM-μTAS leverages the high efficiency pumping capabilities of programmable pneumatically actuated lifting gate microvalve arrays and the flow blocking capabilities of the Quake valve to deliver a cytokine treatment to microglia through a concentration gradient, therefore, biomimicking microglia response to neuroinflammation. Lifting gate microvalves precisely transfer a calcium indicator and culture medium to microglia cells, while the Quake valve controls the cytokine gradient. In addition, a method is presented for the fabrication of the device to incorporate the two valve systems. By automating the sample handling and cell culture using the lifting gate valves, we could perform media changes in 1.5 seconds. BV2 calcium transient latency to peak reveals location-dependent microglia activation based on cytokine and ATP gradients, contrasting non-gradient-based widely used perfusion systems. This device streamlines cell culture and quantitative calcium analysis, addressing limitations of existing perfusion systems in terms of sample size, setup time, and biomimicry. By harnessing advancements in microsystem technology to quantify calcium dynamics, we can construct simplified human models of neurological disorders, unravel the intricate mechanisms of cell-cell signaling, and conduct robust evaluations of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shebindu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390
| | - Durga Kaveti
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Linda Umutoni
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Gia Kirk
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Michael D. Burton
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Caroline N. Jones
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390
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9
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Zhong R, Sullivan M, Upreti N, Chen R, De Ganzó A, Yang K, Yang S, Jin K, He Y, Li K, Xia J, Ma Z, Lee LP, Konry T, Huang TJ. Cellular immunity analysis by a modular acoustofluidic platform: CIAMAP. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj9964. [PMID: 38134285 PMCID: PMC10745697 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj9964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The study of molecular mechanisms at the single-cell level holds immense potential for enhancing immunotherapy and understanding neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases by identifying previously concealed pathways within a diverse range of paired cells. However, existing single-cell pairing platforms have limitations in low pairing efficiency, complex manual operation procedures, and single-use functionality. Here, we report a multiparametric cellular immunity analysis by a modular acoustofluidic platform: CIAMAP. This platform enables users to efficiently sort and collect effector-target (i.e., NK92-K562) cell pairs and monitor the real-time dynamics of immunological response formation. Furthermore, we conducted transcriptional and protein expression analyses to evaluate the pathways that mediate effector cytotoxicity toward target cells, as well as the synergistic effect of doxorubicin on the cellular immune response. Our CIAMAP can provide promising building blocks for high-throughput quantitative single-cell level coculture to understand intercellular communication while also empowering immunotherapy by precision analysis of immunological synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Zhong
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Matthew Sullivan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Neil Upreti
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Roy Chen
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Agustin De Ganzó
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kaichun Yang
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Shujie Yang
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ke Jin
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ye He
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ke Li
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jianping Xia
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Zhiteng Ma
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Luke P. Lee
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Department of Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Tania Konry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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10
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Nouri R, Jiang Y, Politza AJ, Liu T, Greene WH, Zhu Y, Nunez JJ, Lian X, Guan W. STAMP-Based Digital CRISPR-Cas13a for Amplification-Free Quantification of HIV-1 Plasma Viral Loads. ACS NANO 2023; 17:10701-10712. [PMID: 37252938 PMCID: PMC11240847 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of HIV RNA in plasma is critical for identifying the disease progression and monitoring the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy. While RT-qPCR has been the gold standard for HIV viral load quantification, digital assays could provide an alternative calibration-free absolute quantification method. Here, we reported a Self-digitization Through Automated Membrane-based Partitioning (STAMP) method to digitalize the CRISPR-Cas13 assay (dCRISPR) for amplification-free and absolute quantification of HIV-1 viral RNAs. The HIV-1 Cas13 assay was designed, validated, and optimized. We evaluated the analytical performances with synthetic RNAs. With a membrane that partitions ∼100 nL of reaction mixture (effectively containing 10 nL of input RNA sample), we showed that RNA samples spanning 4 orders of dynamic range between 1 fM (∼6 RNAs) to 10 pM (∼60k RNAs) could be quantified as fast as 30 min. We also examined the end-to-end performance from RNA extraction to STAMP-dCRISPR quantification using 140 μL of both spiked and clinical plasma samples. We demonstrated that the device has a detection limit of approximately 2000 copies/mL and can resolve a viral load change of 3571 copies/mL (equivalent to 3 RNAs in a single membrane) with 90% confidence. Finally, we evaluated the device using 140 μL of 20 patient plasma samples (10 positives and 10 negatives) and benchmarked the performance with RT-PCR. The STAMP-dCRISPR results agree very well with RT-PCR for all negative and high positive samples with Ct < 32. However, the STAMP-dCRISPR is limited in detecting low positive samples with Ct > 32 due to the subsampling errors. Our results demonstrated a digital Cas13 platform that could offer an accessible amplification-free quantification of viral RNAs. By further addressing the subsampling issue with approaches such as preconcentration, this platform could be further exploited for quantitatively determining viral load for an array of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Nouri
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Yuqian Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Anthony J Politza
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Wallace H Greene
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Yusheng Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Jonathan J Nunez
- Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Xiaojun Lian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Weihua Guan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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11
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Huang Y, Sun L, Liu W, Yang L, Song Z, Ning X, Li W, Tan M, Yu Y, Li Z. Multiplex single-cell droplet PCR with machine learning for detection of high-risk human papillomaviruses. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1252:341050. [PMID: 36935138 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) testing can significantly decline the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer. Microfluidic technology provides an effective method for accurate detection of high-risk HPV by utilizing multiplex single-cell droplet polymerase chain reaction (PCR). However, current strategies are limited by low-integration microfluidic chip, complex reagent system, expensive detection equipment and time-consuming droplet identification. Here, we developed a novel multiplex droplet PCR method that directly detected high-risk HPV sequences in single cells. A multiplex microfluidic chip integrating four flow-focusing structures was designed for one-step and parallel droplet preparation. Using single-cell droplet PCR, multi-target sequences were detected simultaneously based on a monochromatic fluorescence signal. We applied machine learning to automatically identify the large populations of single-cell droplets with 97% accuracy. HPV16, 18 and 45 sequences were sensitively detected without cross-contamination in mixed CaSki and Hela cells. The approach enables rapid and reliable detection of multi-target sequences in single cells, making it powerful for investigating cellular heterogeneity related to cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China; College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Linjun Sun
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Neural Network Intelligent Sensing and Computing Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ling Yang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhigang Song
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xin Ning
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Neural Network Intelligent Sensing and Computing Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Weijun Li
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Neural Network Intelligent Sensing and Computing Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Manqing Tan
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China; College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yude Yu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China; College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Genome and Precision Medicine Technologies, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhao Li
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China; College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Genome and Precision Medicine Technologies, Beijing, 100101, China.
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12
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A spiral microfluidic chip endows high efficiency single cell alignment at extremely low flow for ICP-MS analysis. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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13
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Tiemeijer BM, Descamps L, Hulleman J, Sleeboom JJF, Tel J. A Microfluidic Approach for Probing Heterogeneity in Cytotoxic T-Cells by Cell Pairing in Hydrogel Droplets. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1910. [PMID: 36363930 PMCID: PMC9692327 DOI: 10.3390/mi13111910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs) exhibit strong effector functions to leverage antigen-specific anti-tumoral and anti-viral immunity. When naïve CTLs are activated by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) they display various levels of functional heterogeneity. To investigate this, we developed a single-cell droplet microfluidics platform that allows for deciphering single CTL activation profiles by multi-parameter analysis. We identified and correlated functional heterogeneity based on secretion profiles of IFNγ, TNFα, IL-2, and CD69 and CD25 surface marker expression levels. Furthermore, we strengthened our approach by incorporating low-melting agarose to encapsulate pairs of single CTLs and artificial APCs in hydrogel droplets, thereby preserving spatial information over cell pairs. This approach provides a robust tool for high-throughput and single-cell analysis of CTLs compatible with flow cytometry for subsequent analysis and sorting. The ability to score CTL quality, combined with various potential downstream analyses, could pave the way for the selection of potent CTLs for cell-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart M. Tiemeijer
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lucie Descamps
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jesse Hulleman
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle J. F. Sleeboom
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jurjen Tel
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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14
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Sahin MA, Werner H, Udani S, Di Carlo D, Destgeer G. Flow lithography for structured microparticles: fundamentals, methods and applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:4007-4042. [PMID: 35920614 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00421f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Structured microparticles, with unique shapes, customizable sizes, multiple materials, and spatially-defined chemistries, are leading the way for emerging 'lab on a particle' technologies. These microparticles with engineered designs find applications in multiplexed diagnostics, drug delivery, single-cell secretion assays, single-molecule detection assays, high throughput cytometry, micro-robotics, self-assembly, and tissue engineering. In this article we review state-of-the-art particle manufacturing technologies based on flow-assisted photolithography performed inside microfluidic channels. Important physicochemical concepts are discussed to provide a basis for understanding the fabrication technologies. These photolithography technologies are compared based on the structural as well as compositional complexity of the fabricated particles. Particles are categorized, from 1D to 3D particles, based on the number of dimensions that can be independently controlled during the fabrication process. After discussing the advantages of the individual techniques, important applications of the fabricated particles are reviewed. Lastly, a future perspective is provided with potential directions to improve the throughput of particle fabrication, realize new particle shapes, measure particles in an automated manner, and adopt the 'lab on a particle' technologies to other areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Akif Sahin
- Control and Manipulation of Microscale Living Objects, Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Einsteinstraße 25, Munich 81675, Germany.
| | - Helen Werner
- Control and Manipulation of Microscale Living Objects, Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Einsteinstraße 25, Munich 81675, Germany.
| | - Shreya Udani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, California NanoSystems Institute and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Ghulam Destgeer
- Control and Manipulation of Microscale Living Objects, Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Einsteinstraße 25, Munich 81675, Germany.
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15
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Rahman M, Islam KR, Islam MR, Islam MJ, Kaysir MR, Akter M, Rahman MA, Alam SMM. A Critical Review on the Sensing, Control, and Manipulation of Single Molecules on Optofluidic Devices. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:968. [PMID: 35744582 PMCID: PMC9229244 DOI: 10.3390/mi13060968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule techniques have shifted the paradigm of biological measurements from ensemble measurements to probing individual molecules and propelled a rapid revolution in related fields. Compared to ensemble measurements of biomolecules, single-molecule techniques provide a breadth of information with a high spatial and temporal resolution at the molecular level. Usually, optical and electrical methods are two commonly employed methods for probing single molecules, and some platforms even offer the integration of these two methods such as optofluidics. The recent spark in technological advancement and the tremendous leap in fabrication techniques, microfluidics, and integrated optofluidics are paving the way toward low cost, chip-scale, portable, and point-of-care diagnostic and single-molecule analysis tools. This review provides the fundamentals and overview of commonly employed single-molecule methods including optical methods, electrical methods, force-based methods, combinatorial integrated methods, etc. In most single-molecule experiments, the ability to manipulate and exercise precise control over individual molecules plays a vital role, which sometimes defines the capabilities and limits of the operation. This review discusses different manipulation techniques including sorting and trapping individual particles. An insight into the control of single molecules is provided that mainly discusses the recent development of electrical control over single molecules. Overall, this review is designed to provide the fundamentals and recent advancements in different single-molecule techniques and their applications, with a special focus on the detection, manipulation, and control of single molecules on chip-scale devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmudur Rahman
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur 1707, Bangladesh; (M.R.); (K.R.I.); (M.R.I.); (M.A.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Kazi Rafiqul Islam
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur 1707, Bangladesh; (M.R.); (K.R.I.); (M.R.I.); (M.A.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Md. Rashedul Islam
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur 1707, Bangladesh; (M.R.); (K.R.I.); (M.R.I.); (M.A.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Md. Jahirul Islam
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Rejvi Kaysir
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Masuma Akter
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur 1707, Bangladesh; (M.R.); (K.R.I.); (M.R.I.); (M.A.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Md. Arifur Rahman
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur 1707, Bangladesh; (M.R.); (K.R.I.); (M.R.I.); (M.A.); (M.A.R.)
| | - S. M. Mahfuz Alam
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur 1707, Bangladesh; (M.R.); (K.R.I.); (M.R.I.); (M.A.); (M.A.R.)
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16
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Tiemeijer BM, Tel J. Hydrogels for Single-Cell Microgel Production: Recent Advances and Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:891461. [PMID: 35782502 PMCID: PMC9247248 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.891461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell techniques have become more and more incorporated in cell biological research over the past decades. Various approaches have been proposed to isolate, culture, sort, and analyze individual cells to understand cellular heterogeneity, which is at the foundation of every systematic cellular response in the human body. Microfluidics is undoubtedly the most suitable method of manipulating cells, due to its small scale, high degree of control, and gentle nature toward vulnerable cells. More specifically, the technique of microfluidic droplet production has proven to provide reproducible single-cell encapsulation with high throughput. Various in-droplet applications have been explored, ranging from immunoassays, cytotoxicity assays, and single-cell sequencing. All rely on the theoretically unlimited throughput that can be achieved and the monodispersity of each individual droplet. To make these platforms more suitable for adherent cells or to maintain spatial control after de-emulsification, hydrogels can be included during droplet production to obtain “microgels.” Over the past years, a multitude of research has focused on the possibilities these can provide. Also, as the technique matures, it is becoming clear that it will result in advantages over conventional droplet approaches. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on how various types of hydrogels can be incorporated into different droplet-based approaches and provide novel and more robust analytic and screening applications. We will further focus on a wide range of recently published applications for microgels and how these can be applied in cell biological research at the single- to multicell scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. M. Tiemeijer
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, TU Eindhoven, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, TU Eindhoven, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - J. Tel
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, TU Eindhoven, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, TU Eindhoven, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: J. Tel,
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17
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Chen Z, Kheiri S, Young EWK, Kumacheva E. Trends in Droplet Microfluidics: From Droplet Generation to Biomedical Applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6233-6248. [PMID: 35561292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, droplet microfluidics has attracted growing interest in biology, medicine, and engineering. In this feature article, we review the advances in droplet microfluidics, primarily focusing on the research conducted by our group. Starting from the introduction to the mechanisms of microfluidic droplet formation and the strategies for cell encapsulation in droplets, we then focus on droplet transformation into microgels. Furthermore, we review three biomedical applications of droplet microfluidics, that is, 3D cell culture, single-cell analysis, and in vitro organ and disease modeling. We conclude with our perspective on future directions in the development of droplet microfluidics for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengkun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Sina Kheiri
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3G8
| | - Edmond W K Young
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3G8
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Roseburgh Building, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G9
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Roseburgh Building, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G9
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E5
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18
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de Rutte J, Dimatteo R, Archang MM, van Zee M, Koo D, Lee S, Sharrow AC, Krohl PJ, Mellody M, Zhu S, Eichenbaum JV, Kizerwetter M, Udani S, Ha K, Willson RC, Bertozzi AL, Spangler J, Damoiseaux R, Di Carlo D. Suspendable Hydrogel Nanovials for Massively Parallel Single-Cell Functional Analysis and Sorting. ACS NANO 2022; 16:7242-7257. [PMID: 35324146 PMCID: PMC9869715 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Techniques to analyze and sort single cells based on functional outputs, such as secreted products, have the potential to transform our understanding of cellular biology as well as accelerate the development of next-generation cell and antibody therapies. However, secreted molecules rapidly diffuse away from cells, and analysis of these products requires specialized equipment and expertise to compartmentalize individual cells and capture their secretions. Herein, we describe methods to fabricate hydrogel-based chemically functionalized microcontainers, which we call nanovials, and demonstrate their use for sorting single viable cells based on their secreted products at high-throughput using only commonly accessible laboratory infrastructure. These nanovials act as solid supports that facilitate attachment of a variety of adherent and suspension cell types, partition uniform aqueous compartments, and capture secreted proteins. Solutions can be exchanged around nanovials to perform fluorescence immunoassays on secreted proteins. Using this platform and commercial flow sorters, we demonstrate high-throughput screening of stably and transiently transfected producer cells based on relative IgG production. Chinese hamster ovary cells sorted based on IgG production regrew and maintained a high secretion phenotype over at least a week, yielding >40% increase in bulk IgG production rates. We also sorted hybridomas and B lymphocytes based on antigen-specific antibody production. Hybridoma cells secreting an antihen egg lysozyme antibody were recovered from background cells, enriching a population of ∼4% prevalence to >90% following sorting. Leveraging the high-speed sorting capabilities of standard sorters, we sorted >1 million events in <1 h. IgG secreting mouse B cells were also sorted and enriched based on antigen-specific binding. Successful sorting of antibody-secreting B cells combined with the ability to perform single-cell RT-PCR to recover sequence information suggests the potential to perform antibody discovery workflows. The reported nanovials can be easily stored and distributed among researchers, democratizing access to high-throughput functional cell screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph de Rutte
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Partillion Bioscience Corporation, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Robert Dimatteo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Maani M. Archang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mark van Zee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Doyeon Koo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sohyung Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Allison C. Sharrow
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Patrick J. Krohl
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Michael Mellody
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sheldon Zhu
- Partillion Bioscience Corporation, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - James V. Eichenbaum
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Monika Kizerwetter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Shreya Udani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kyung Ha
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Richard C. Willson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Andrea L. Bertozzi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jamie Spangler
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Robert Damoiseaux
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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19
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Qiu S, Shen C, Jian X, Lu Y, Tong Z, Wu Z, Mao H, Zhao J. Single-cell level point mutation analysis of circulating tumor cells through droplet microfluidics. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.08.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has emerged as a promising analytical platform for the quantification of biomolecules using elemental tags; however, absolute quantification at extremely low concentrations by ICP-MS without a calibration curve remains challenging. Here, we developed a digital loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for counting hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA using single-particle (sp) ICP-MS. The sample and LAMP reagents were mixed and encapsulated in agarose droplets, which were generated by homemade centrifugal droplet generators. The agarose droplets were incubated at 65 °C for amplifying the virus DNA with LAMP primers and then cooled to 4 °C for generating "gel" particles during the temperature-dependent "sol-gel" transition. The LAMP amplicons were intercalated into the agarose particles using polyacrylamide-modified LAMP primers, enabling the labeling of dsDNA with [Ru(bpy)2dppz]2+ and the removal of excess reagents. Only those agarose particles, containing virus DNA, could be labeled with 101Ru and detected in spICP-MS. We also embedded the 153Eu-containing polystyrene microspheres into agarose droplets as the internal standard for counting the total number of agarose droplets. The copy number of virus DNA could be counted from the 101Ru/153Eu pulse numbers in spICP-MS. We achieved the lowest quantification of 25 copy μL-1 virus DNA in one analysis without the need for a calibration curve. The developed assay can be easily tuned for counting multiple types of nucleic acid targets and extended for new possibilities of the spICP-MS-based digital assay.
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21
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Waghchoure AP, Reddy JP, Bhosale RS. Fluorescence based miniaturized microfluidic and nanofluidic systems for biomedical applications. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 186:217-243. [PMID: 35033286 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades miniaturized microfluidic and nanofluidic systems with fluorescence setup emerged as a powerful technological platform for diverse biomedical applications. Bio-macromolecules such as nucleic acids and proteins are the core cellular components, their single molecule analysis allow us to understand biological processes, disease creation and progression, and development of novel treatment policies. Design and development of foolproof treatment methods requires rigorously analysis of nucleic acids and proteins such as length quantifications, sequence profiling, sequence mapping, analysis of conformational changes, analysis and recognition of epigenetic changes, and their interactions with other biomolecules. Miniaturized microfluidic and nanofluidic systems with fluorescence spectroscopy enable worldwide researchers to perform nucleic acids and proteins extractions and single molecule analysis from the trace amount of biological samples. In the present chapter we mostly highlighted over one decade applications of microfluidic and nanofluidic systems for single cell micro ribonucleic acid (miRNA) isolation and detection, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) mapping, DNA barcoding, identification of epigenetic mark on single DNA molecule, DNA-protein interactions study, protein sensing, protein sequencing, protein binding kinetics and many other applications. We also presented the recently reported microfluidic platform for the preparation of reproducible unisize aggregation induced emission (AIE) active nanomaterials and their biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Prakasha Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India.
| | - Rajesh S Bhosale
- Department of Chemistry, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India.
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22
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Dubay R, Urban JN, Darling EM. Single-Cell Microgels for Diagnostics and Therapeutics. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2021; 31:2009946. [PMID: 36329867 PMCID: PMC9629779 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202009946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell encapsulation within hydrogel droplets is transforming what is feasible in multiple fields of biomedical science such as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, in vitro modeling, and cell-based therapies. Recent advances have allowed researchers to miniaturize material encapsulation complexes down to single-cell scales, where each complex, termed a single-cell microgel, contains only one cell surrounded by a hydrogel matrix while remaining <100 μm in size. With this achievement, studies requiring single-cell resolution are now possible, similar to those done using liquid droplet encapsulation. Of particular note, applications involving long-term in vitro cultures, modular bioinks, high-throughput screenings, and formation of 3D cellular microenvironments can be tuned independently to suit the needs of individual cells and experimental goals. In this progress report, an overview of established materials and techniques used to fabricate single-cell microgels, as well as insight into potential alternatives is provided. This focused review is concluded by discussing applications that have already benefited from single-cell microgel technologies, as well as prospective applications on the cusp of achieving important new capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Dubay
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, 175 Meeting St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Draper, 555 Technology Sq., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joseph N Urban
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, 175 Meeting St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Eric M Darling
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University, 175 Meeting St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
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23
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Wang Y, Shah V, Lu A, Pachler E, Cheng B, Di Carlo D. Counting of enzymatically amplified affinity reactions in hydrogel particle-templated drops. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:3438-3448. [PMID: 34378611 PMCID: PMC11288628 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00344e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Counting of numerous compartmentalized enzymatic reactions underlies quantitative and high sensitivity immunodiagnostic assays. However, digital enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) require specialized instruments which have slowed adoption in research and clinical labs. We present a lab-on-a-particle solution to digital counting of thousands of single enzymatic reactions. Hydrogel particles are used to bind enzymes and template the formation of droplets that compartmentalize reactions with simple pipetting steps. These hydrogel particles can be made at a high throughput, stored, and used during the assay to create ∼500 000 compartments within 2 minutes. These particles can also be dried and rehydrated with sample, amplifying the sensitivity of the assay by driving affinity interactions on the hydrogel surface. We demonstrate digital counting of β-galactosidase enzyme at a femtomolar detection limit with a dynamic range of 3 orders of magnitude using standard benchtop equipment and experiment techniques. This approach can faciliate the development of digital ELISAs with reduced need for specialized microfluidic devices, instruments, or imaging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilian Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Vishwesh Shah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Angela Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Ella Pachler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Brian Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, California NanoSystems Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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24
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Komazaki Y, Hirama H, Uemura S, Fuchigami K, Torii T. Glass Capillary Microfluidic Device Utilizing Pipette Tips for Droplet Formation. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Komazaki
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-1, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hirotada Hirama
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-1, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Sei Uemura
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-1, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Fuchigami
- Shofu Inc., 11 Kamitakamatsu-cho, Fukuine, Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto 605-0983, Japan
| | - Toru Torii
- Future Center Initiative, The University of Tokyo, 148-4-4 Wakashiba, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0871, Japan
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25
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Khater A, Abdelrehim O, Mohammadi M, Mohamad A, Sanati-Nezhad A. Thermal droplet microfluidics: From biology to cooling technology. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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26
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Zhu Y, Li J, Lin X, Huang X, Hoffmann MR. Single-Cell Phenotypic Analysis and Digital Molecular Detection Linkable by a Hydrogel Bead-Based Platform. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:2664-2674. [PMID: 33763633 PMCID: PMC7976597 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell heterogeneity, such as antibiotic heteroresistance and cancer cell heterogeneity, has been increasingly observed. To probe the underlying molecular mechanisms in the dynamically changing heterogeneous cells, a high throughput platform is urgently needed to establish single cell genotype-phenotype correlations. Herein, we report a platform combining single-cell viability phenotypic analysis with digital molecular detection for bacterial cells. The platform utilizes polyethylene glycol hydrogel that cross-links through a thiol-Michael addition, which is biocompatible, fast, and spontaneous. To generate uniform nanoliter-sized hydrogel beads (Gelbeads), we developed a convenient and disposable device made of needles and microcentrifuge tubes. Gelbead-based single cell viability and molecular detection assays were established. Enhanced thermal stability and uncompromised efficiency were achieved for digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and digital loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) within the Gelbeads. Reagent exchange for in situ PCR following viability phenotypic analyses was demonstrated. The combined analyses may address the genotypic differences between cellular subpopulations exhibiting distinct phenotypes. The platform promises unique perspectives in mechanism elucidation of environment-evolution interaction that may be extended to other cell types for medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhe Zhu
- Linde+Robinson Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Linde+Robinson Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Xingyu Lin
- Linde+Robinson Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Xiao Huang
- Linde+Robinson Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Michael R Hoffmann
- Linde+Robinson Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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27
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Destgeer G, Ouyang M, Di Carlo D. Engineering Design of Concentric Amphiphilic Microparticles for Spontaneous Formation of Picoliter to Nanoliter Droplet Volumes. Anal Chem 2021; 93:2317-2326. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Destgeer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Mengxing Ouyang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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28
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Destgeer G, Ouyang M, Wu CY, Di Carlo D. Fabrication of 3D concentric amphiphilic microparticles to form uniform nanoliter reaction volumes for amplified affinity assays. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:3503-3514. [PMID: 32895694 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00698j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Reactions performed in uniform microscale volumes have enabled numerous applications in the analysis of rare entities (e.g. cells and molecules). Here, highly monodisperse aqueous droplets are formed by simply mixing microscale multi-material particles, consisting of concentric hydrophobic outer and hydrophilic inner layers, with oil and water. The particles are manufactured in batch using a 3D printed device to co-flow four concentric streams of polymer precursors which are polymerized with UV light. The cross-sectional shapes of the particles are altered by microfluidic nozzle design in the 3D printed device. Once a particle encapsulates an aqueous volume, each "dropicle" provides uniform compartmentalization and customizable shape-coding for each sample volume to enable multiplexing of uniform reactions in a scalable manner. We implement an enzymatically-amplified immunoassay using the dropicle system, yielding a detection limit of <1 pM with a dynamic range of at least 3 orders of magnitude. Multiplexing using two types of shape-coded particles was demonstrated without cross talk, laying a foundation for democratized single-entity assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Destgeer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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29
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Yamahira S, Satoh T, Yanagawa F, Tamura M, Takagi T, Nakatani E, Kusama Y, Sumaru K, Sugiura S, Kanamori T. Stepwise construction of dynamic microscale concentration gradients around hydrogel-encapsulated cells in a microfluidic perfusion culture device. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200027. [PMID: 32874617 PMCID: PMC7428233 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Inside living organisms, concentration gradients dynamically change over time as biological processes progress. Therefore, methods to construct dynamic microscale concentration gradients in a spatially controlled manner are needed to provide more realistic research environments. Here, we report a novel method for the construction of dynamic microscale concentration gradients in a stepwise manner around cells in micropatterned hydrogel. In our method, cells are encapsulated in a photodegradable hydrogel formed inside a microfluidic perfusion culture device, and perfusion microchannels are then fabricated in the hydrogel by micropatterned photodegradation. The cells in the micropatterned hydrogel can then be cultured by perfusing culture medium through the fabricated microchannels. By using this method, we demonstrate the simultaneous construction of two dynamic concentration gradients, which allowed us to expose the cells encapsulated in the hydrogel to a dynamic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Yamahira
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Taku Satoh
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Fumiki Yanagawa
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Masato Tamura
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Takagi
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Eri Nakatani
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Yuta Kusama
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Kimio Sumaru
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Shinji Sugiura
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kanamori
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
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30
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Cao X, Du Y, Küffner A, Van Wyk J, Arosio P, Wang J, Fischer P, Stavrakis S, deMello A. A Counter Propagating Lens-Mirror System for Ultrahigh Throughput Single Droplet Detection. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1907534. [PMID: 32309905 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201907534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence-based detection schemes provide for multiparameter analysis in a broad range of applications in the chemical and biological sciences. Toward the realization of fully portable analysis systems, microfluidic devices integrating diverse functional components have been implemented in a range of out-of-lab environments. That said, there still exits an unmet and recognized need for miniaturized, low-cost, and sensitive optical detection systems, which provide not only for efficient molecular excitation, but also enhanced photon collection capabilities. To this end, an optofluidic platform that is adept at enhancing fluorescence light collection from microfluidic channels is presented. The central component of the detection module is a monolithic parabolic mirror located directly above the microfluidic channel, which acts to enhance the number of emitted photons reflected toward the detector. In addition, two-photon polymerization is used to print a microscale-lens below the microfluidic flow channel and directly opposite the mirror, to enhance the delivery of excitation radiation into the channel. Using such an approach, it is demonstrated that fluorescence signals can be enhanced by over two orders of magnitude, with component parallelization enabling the detection of pL-volume droplets at rates up to 40 000 droplets per second.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobao Cao
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ying Du
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
- College of Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Andreas Küffner
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Jordan Van Wyk
- Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Paolo Arosio
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Peter Fischer
- IFNH Food Process Engineering Group, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Stavros Stavrakis
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Andrew deMello
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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31
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Yuan Y, Brouchon J, Calvo-Calle JM, Xia J, Sun L, Zhang X, Clayton KL, Ye F, Weitz DA, Heyman JA. Droplet encapsulation improves accuracy of immune cell cytokine capture assays. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1513-1520. [PMID: 32242586 PMCID: PMC7313394 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01261c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of cell-secreted molecules, e.g., cytokines, is fundamental to the characterization of immune responses. Cytokine capture assays that use engineered antibodies to anchor the secreted molecules to the secreting cells are widely used to characterize immune responses because they allow both sensitive identification and recovery of viable responding cells. However, if the cytokines diffuse away from the secreting cells, non-secreting cells will also be identified as responding cells. Here we encapsulate immune cells in microfluidic droplets and perform in-droplet cytokine capture assays to limit the diffusion of the secreted cytokines. We use microfluidic devices to rapidly encapsulate single natural killer NK-92 MI cells and their target K562 cells into microfluidic droplets. We perform in-droplet IFN-γ capture assays and demonstrate that NK-92 MI cells recognize target cells within droplets and become activated to secrete IFN-γ. Droplet encapsulation prevents diffusion of secreted products to neighboring cells and dramatically reduces both false positives and false negatives, relative to assays performed without droplets. In a sample containing 1% true positives, encapsulation reduces, from 94% to 2%, the number of true-positive cells appearing as negatives; in a sample containing 50% true positives, the number of non-stimulated cells appearing as positives is reduced from 98% to 1%. After cells are released from the droplets, secreted cytokine remains captured onto secreting immune cells, enabling FACS-isolation of populations highly enriched for activated effector immune cells. Droplet encapsulation can be used to reduce background and improve detection of any single-cell secretion assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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32
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Jo YK, Lee D. Biopolymer Microparticles Prepared by Microfluidics for Biomedical Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1903736. [PMID: 31559690 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biopolymers are macromolecules that are derived from natural sources and have attractive properties for a plethora of biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, low antigenicity, and high bioactivity. Microfluidics has emerged as a powerful approach for fabricating polymeric microparticles (MPs) with designed structures and compositions through precise manipulation of multiphasic flows at the microscale. The synergistic combination of materials chemistry afforded by biopolymers and precision provided by microfluidic capabilities make it possible to design engineered biopolymer-based MPs with well-defined physicochemical properties that are capable of enabling an efficient delivery of therapeutics, 3D culture of cells, and sensing of biomolecules. Here, an overview of microfluidic approaches is provided for the design and fabrication of functional MPs from three classes of biopolymers including polysaccharides, proteins, and microbial polymers, and their advances for biomedical applications are highlighted. An outlook into the future research on microfluidically-produced biopolymer MPs for biomedical applications is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kee Jo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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33
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Chen F, Xue J, Zhang J, Bai M, Yu X, Fan C, Zhao Y. Differentiated Visualization of Single-Cell 5-Hydroxymethylpyrimidines with Microfluidic Hydrogel Encoding. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2889-2896. [PMID: 31986025 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
5-Hydroxymethyluracil ( 5hmU ) is found in the genomes of a diverse range of organisms as another kind of 5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine, with the exception of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine ( 5hmC ). The biological function of 5hmU has not been well explored due to lacking both specific 5hmU recognition and single-cell analysis methods. Here we report differentiated visualization of single-cell 5hmU and 5hmC with microfluidic hydrogel encoding (sc 5hmU / 5hmC -microgel). Single cells and their genomic DNA after cell lysis can be encapsulated in individual agarose microgels. The 5hmU sites are then specifically labeled with thiophosphate for the first time, followed by labeling 5hmC with azide glucose. These labeled bases are each encoded into respective DNA barcode primers by chemical cross-linking. In situ amplification is triggered for single-molecule fluorescence visualization of single-cell 5hmU and 5hmC . On the basis of the sc 5hmU / 5hmC -microgel, we reveal cell type-specific molecular signatures of these two bases with remarkable single-cell heterogeneity. Utilizing machine learning algorithms to decode four-dimensional signatures of 5hmU / 5hmC , we visualize the discrimination of nontumorigenic, carcinoma and highly invasive breast cell lines. This strategy provides a new route to analyze and decode single-cell DNA epigenetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xianning West Road , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710049 , P. R. China
| | - Jing Xue
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xianning West Road , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710049 , P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xianning West Road , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710049 , P. R. China
| | - Min Bai
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xianning West Road , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710049 , P. R. China
| | - Xu Yu
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xianning West Road , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710049 , P. R. China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Chemistry and ChemicalEngineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200127 , P. R. China
| | - Yongxi Zhao
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xianning West Road , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710049 , P. R. China
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ding
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Philip D. Howes
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J. deMello
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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35
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Grasping and Releasing Agarose micro Beads in Water Drops. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10070436. [PMID: 31262087 PMCID: PMC6680837 DOI: 10.3390/mi10070436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The micromanipulation of micro objects is nowadays the focus of several investigations, specially in biomedical applications. Therefore, some manipulation tasks are required to be in aqueous environment and become more challenging because they depend upon observation and actuation methods that are compatible with MEMS Technology based micromanipulators. This paper describes how three grasping-releasing based tasks have been successfully applied to agarose micro beads whose average size is about 60 μm: (i) the extraction of a single micro bead from a water drop; (ii) the insertion of a single micro bead into the drop; (iii) the grasping of a single micro bead inside the drop. The success of the performed tasks rely on the use of a microgripper previously designed, fabricated, and tested.
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36
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Gorgannezhad L, Stratton H, Nguyen NT. Microfluidic-Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Systems in Microbiology. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E408. [PMID: 31248141 PMCID: PMC6630468 DOI: 10.3390/mi10060408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapid, sensitive, and selective bacterial detection is a hot topic, because the progress in this research area has had a broad range of applications. Novel and innovative strategies for detection and identification of bacterial nucleic acids are important for practical applications. Microfluidics is an emerging technology that only requires small amounts of liquid samples. Microfluidic devices allow for rapid advances in microbiology, enabling access to methods of amplifying nucleic acid molecules and overcoming difficulties faced by conventional. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in microfluidics-based polymerase chain reaction devices for the detection of nucleic acid biomarkers. The paper also discusses the recent development of isothermal nucleic acid amplification and droplet-based microfluidics devices. We discuss recent microfluidic techniques for sample preparation prior to the amplification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Gorgannezhad
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane QLD 4111, Australia.
- School of Environment and Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Helen Stratton
- School of Environment and Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane QLD 4111, Australia.
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37
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Gao W, Zhang X, Yuan H, Wang Y, Zhou H, Jin H, Jia C, Jin Q, Cong H, Zhao J. EGFR point mutation detection of single circulating tumor cells for lung cancer using a micro-well array. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 139:111326. [PMID: 31129389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In view of their critical function in metastasis, characterization of single circulating tumor cells (CTCs) can provide important clinical information to monitor tumor progression and guide personal therapy. Single-cell genetic analysis methods based on microfluidics have some inherent shortcomings such as complicated operation, low throughput, and expensive equipment requirements. To overcome these barriers, we developed a simple and open micro-well array containing 26,208 units for either nuclear acids or single-cell genetic analysis. Through modification of the polydimethylsiloxane surface and optimization of chip packaging, we addressed protein adsorption and solution evaporation for PCR amplification on a chip. In the detection of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon gene 21, this micro-well array demonstrated good linear correlation at a DNA concentration from 1 × 101 to 1 × 105 copies/μL (R2 = 0.9877). We then successfully integrated cell capture, lysis, PCR amplification, and signal read-out on the micro-well array, enabling the rapid and simple genetic analysis of single cells. This device was used to detect duplex EGFR mutation genes of lung cancer cell lines (H1975 and A549 cells) and normal leukocytes, demonstrating the ability to perform high-throughput, massively parallel duplex gene analysis at the single-cell level. Different types of point mutations (EGFR-L858R mutation or EGFR-T790M mutation) were detected in single H1975 cells, further validating the significance of single-cell level gene detection. In addition, this method showed a good performance in the heterogeneity detection of individual CTCs from lung cancer patients, required for micro-invasive cancer monitoring and treatment selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlei Gao
- The Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China; State Key Laboratories of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Xiaofen Zhang
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226000, China
| | - Haojun Yuan
- State Key Laboratories of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Yanmin Wang
- State Key Laboratories of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- State Key Laboratories of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Han Jin
- The Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Chunping Jia
- State Key Laboratories of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China.
| | - Qinghui Jin
- The Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
| | - Hui Cong
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226000, China.
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- The Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
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38
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Qin Y, Wu L, Wang J, Han R, Shen J, Wang J, Xu S, Paguirigan AL, Smith JL, Radich JP, Chiu DT. A Fluorescence-Activated Single-Droplet Dispenser for High Accuracy Single-Droplet and Single-Cell Sorting and Dispensing. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6815-6819. [PMID: 31050286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability to sort and dispense droplets accurately is essential to droplet-based single-cell analysis. Here, we describe a fluorescence-activated single-droplet dispenser (FASD) that is analogous to a conventional fluorescence-activated cell sorter, but sorts droplets containing single cells within an oil emulsion. The FASD system uses cytometric detection and electrohydrodynamic actuation-based single-droplet manipulation, allowing droplet isolation and dispensing with high efficiency and accuracy. The system is compatible with multiwell plates and can be integrated with existing microfluidic devices and large-scale screening systems. By enabling sorting based on single-cell reactions such as PCR, this platform will help expand the basis of cell sorting from mainly protein biomarkers to nucleic acid sequences and secreted biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Qin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Li Wu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Jingang Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Rui Han
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Jingyu Shen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Jiasi Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Shihan Xu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Amy L Paguirigan
- Clinical Research Division , Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Jordan L Smith
- Clinical Research Division , Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Jerald P Radich
- Clinical Research Division , Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Daniel T Chiu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
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39
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Lin X, Huang X, Urmann K, Xie X, Hoffmann MR. Digital Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification on a Commercial Membrane. ACS Sens 2019; 4:242-249. [PMID: 30604619 PMCID: PMC6350201 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b01419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In
this work, we report digital loop-mediated isothermal amplification
(LAMP) or reverse-transcription LAMP (RT-LAMP) on a commercial membrane,
without the need for complex chip fabrication or use of specialized
equipment. Due to the pore size distribution, the theoretical error
for digital LAMP on these membranes was analyzed, using a combination
of Random Distribution Model and Multivolume Theory. A facile peel-off
process was developed for effective droplet formation on the commercial
track-etched polycarbonate (PCTE) membrane. Each pore functions as
an individual nanoreactor for single DNA amplification. Absolute quantification
of bacteria genomic DNA was realized with a dynamic range from 11
to 1.1 × 105 copies/μL. One-step digital RT-LAMP
was also successfully performed on the membrane for the quantification
of MS2 virus in wastewater. With the introduction of new probes, the
positive pores can be easily distinguished from negative ones with
100 times difference in fluorescence intensities. Finally, the cost
of a disposable membrane is less than $0.10/piece, which, to the best
of our knowledge, is the most inexpensive way to perform digital LAMP.
The membrane system offers opportunities for point-of-care users or
common laboratories to perform digital quantification, single cell
analysis, or other bioassays in an inexpensive, flexible, and simplified
way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Lin
- Linde + Robinson Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Xiao Huang
- Linde + Robinson Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Katharina Urmann
- Linde + Robinson Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Xing Xie
- Linde + Robinson Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Michael R. Hoffmann
- Linde + Robinson Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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40
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Sun D, Cao F, Cong L, Xu W, Chen Q, Shi W, Xu S. Cellular heterogeneity identified by single-cell alkaline phosphatase (ALP) via a SERRS-microfluidic droplet platform. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:335-342. [PMID: 30566170 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01006d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a useful indicator for disease state diagnosis and clinical outcome. Investigation of ALP expression among cells is still challenging since ALP expression in a single cell is too low to be detectable. In our work, an ultrasensitive, high-throughput analytical method was applied for ALP determination in a single cell by using a surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS)-based microfluidic droplet technique. An ALP catalyzed substrate (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate, BCIP) was used to evaluate ALP activity in the cell within one droplet. When BCIP was incubated with cells, ALP can catalyze a hydrolysis reaction of colorless BCIP and oxidize the intermediate compound to form blue 5,5'-dibromo-4,4'-dichloro-1H,1H-[2,2']biindolylidene-3,3'-dione (BCI), which is a resonant Raman-active species. The encapsulation of BCI in droplets is favorable for detecting extremely low levels of molecules due to an accumulation effect along with reaction time. The ALP concentration as low as 1.0 × 10-15 M can be successfully detected in a uniform droplet. In addition, cellular heterogeneity profiled by ALP expression on single-cell resolution was monitored with this SERRS-based microfluidic droplet technique. Ultrasensitive determination of ALP secreted from individual cells can help us to understand cell-to-cell heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
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41
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Sun D, Cao F, Xu W, Chen Q, Shi W, Xu S. Ultrasensitive and Simultaneous Detection of Two Cytokines Secreted by Single Cell in Microfluidic Droplets via Magnetic-Field Amplified SERS. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2551-2558. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Fanghao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
- School of Chemical Engineering and New Energy Materials, Zhuhai College, Jilin University, Zhuhai 519041, PR China
| | - Weiqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Qidan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
- School of Chemical Engineering and New Energy Materials, Zhuhai College, Jilin University, Zhuhai 519041, PR China
| | - Wei Shi
- Key Lab for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Shuping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
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42
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Kaushik AM, Hsieh K, Wang TH. Droplet microfluidics for high-sensitivity and high-throughput detection and screening of disease biomarkers. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 10:e1522. [PMID: 29797414 PMCID: PMC6185786 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers are nucleic acids, proteins, single cells, or small molecules in human tissues or biological fluids whose reliable detection can be used to confirm or predict disease and disease states. Sensitive detection of biomarkers is therefore critical in a variety of applications including disease diagnostics, therapeutics, and drug screening. Unfortunately for many diseases, low abundance of biomarkers in human samples and low sample volumes render standard benchtop platforms like 96-well plates ineffective for reliable detection and screening. Discretization of bulk samples into a large number of small volumes (fL-nL) via droplet microfluidic technology offers a promising solution for high-sensitivity and high-throughput detection and screening of biomarkers. Several microfluidic strategies exist for high-throughput biomarker digitization into droplets, and these strategies have been utilized by numerous droplet platforms for nucleic acid, protein, and single-cell detection and screening. While the potential of droplet-based platforms has led to burgeoning interest in droplets, seamless integration of sample preparation technologies and automation of platforms from biological sample to answer remain critical components that can render these platforms useful in the clinical setting in the near future. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kuangwen Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
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43
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Lin X, Huang X, Zhu Y, Urmann K, Xie X, Hoffmann MR. Asymmetric Membrane for Digital Detection of Single Bacteria in Milliliters of Complex Water Samples. ACS NANO 2018; 12:10281-10290. [PMID: 30211534 PMCID: PMC6202633 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we introduce an asymmetric membrane as a simple and robust nanofluidic platform for digital detection of single pathogenic bacteria directly in 10 mL of unprocessed environmental water samples. The asymmetric membrane, consisting of uniform micropores on one side and a high density of vertically aligned nanochannels on the other side, was prepared within 1 min by a facile method. The single membrane covers all the processing steps from sample concentration, purification, and partition to final digital loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). By simple filtration, bacteria were enriched and partitioned inside the micropores, while inhibitors typically found in the environmental samples ( i.e., proteins, heavy metals, and organics) were washed away through the nanochannels. Meanwhile, large particles, indigenous plankton, and positively charged pollutants in the samples were excluded by using a sacrificial membrane stacked on top. After initial filtration, modified LAMP reagents, including NaF and lysozyme, were loaded onto the membrane. Each pore in the asymmetric membrane functioned as an individual nanoreactor for selective, rapid, and efficient isothermal amplification of single bacteria, generating a bright fluorescence for direct counting. Even though high levels of inhibitors were present, absolute quantification of Escherichia coli and Salmonella directly in an unprocessed environmental sample (seawater and pond water) was achieved within 1 h, with sensitivity down to single cell and a dynamic range of 0.3-10000 cells/mL. The simple and low-cost analysis platform described herein has an enormous potential for the detection of pathogens, exosomes, stem cells, and viruses as well as single-cell heterogeneity analysis in environmental, food, and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Lin
- Linde
+ Robinson Laboratories, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Xiao Huang
- Linde
+ Robinson Laboratories, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Yanzhe Zhu
- Linde
+ Robinson Laboratories, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Katharina Urmann
- Linde
+ Robinson Laboratories, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Xing Xie
- Linde
+ Robinson Laboratories, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Michael R. Hoffmann
- Linde
+ Robinson Laboratories, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- E-mail:
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44
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Li L, Li Y, Shao Z, Luo G, Ding M, Liang Q. Simultaneous Assay of Oxygen-Dependent Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Anticancer Drugs on an Integrated Microchip. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11899-11907. [PMID: 30168712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen deprivation is a common feature in a variety of cancer tissues and associated with tumor progression, acquisition of antiapoptotic potential, and clinical therapeutic resistance. Thus, great interest has been aroused to develop new platforms or approaches of activity assays to impact on the hypoxic microenvironment and oxygen-dependent drug responses to improve the productivity of new drug discovery. In this study, an integrated microsystem is established to combine the cytotoxic and genotoxic tests together for continuous multiple measurements under mimicking hypoxic tumor microenvironment. We fabricated a double-layer chip device by combining a single-cell-arrayed agarose layer with a microfluidics-based oxygen gradient-generating layer using a PDMS membrane. Using tirapazamine (TPZ) and blemycin (BLM) as model anticancer drugs, we demonstrated its application and performance in single cell loading, cell cultivation, and subsequent drug treatment as well as in situ analysis of oxygen-dependent cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of anticancer drugs. The results demonstrated the opposite oxygen-dependent toxicity of TPZ and BLM, which also indicated that the formation of DNA breaks is related with cell apoptosis. Compared with the traditional assays, this device takes advantage of microfluidic phenomena to generate various oxygen concentrations while exhibiting the combinatorial diversities achieved by the single cell microarray, offering a powerful tool to study single cell behaviors and responses under different oxygen conditions with desired high-content and high-throughput capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Li
- MOE Key Laboratory Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China.,Department of Pharmacy , Beijing Pharmaceutical University of Staff and Workers , Beijing 100079 , P. R. China
| | - Yaqiong Li
- MOE Key Laboratory Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Zixing Shao
- MOE Key Laboratory Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Guoan Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Mingyu Ding
- MOE Key Laboratory Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Qionglin Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
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45
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Li M, van Zee M, Goda K, Di Carlo D. Size-based sorting of hydrogel droplets using inertial microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:2575-2582. [PMID: 30046787 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00568k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel droplets encapsulating cells and molecules provide a unique platform in biochemistry, biology, and medicine, including single-cell and single-molecule analysis, directed molecular evolution, and detection of cellular secretions. The ability to prepare hydrogel droplets with high monodispersity can lead to synchronization of populations, more controlled biomaterials, and more quantitative assays. Here, we present an inertial microfluidic device for passive, continuous, and high-throughput sorting of hydrogel droplets by size. The sorting is achieved due to size-dependent lateral inertial equilibrium positions: hydrogel droplets of different sizes have different equilibrium positions under the combined effects of shear-gradient lift and wall-effect lift forces. We apply this separation technique to isolate smaller hydrogel droplets containing microalgal colonies from larger empty droplets. We found that hydrogel droplets containing microalga Euglena gracilis (E. gracilis) shrink as cells grow and divide, while empty hydrogel droplets retain their size. Cell-laden hydrogel droplets were collected with up to 93.6% purity, and enrichment factor up to 5.51. After sorting, we were able to recover cells from hydrogel droplets without significantly affecting cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
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46
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Li W, Zhang L, Ge X, Xu B, Zhang W, Qu L, Choi CH, Xu J, Zhang A, Lee H, Weitz DA. Microfluidic fabrication of microparticles for biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5646-5683. [PMID: 29999050 PMCID: PMC6140344 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00263g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Droplet microfluidics offers exquisite control over the flows of multiple fluids in microscale, enabling fabrication of advanced microparticles with precisely tunable structures and compositions in a high throughput manner. The combination of these remarkable features with proper materials and fabrication methods has enabled high efficiency, direct encapsulation of actives in microparticles whose features and functionalities can be well controlled. These microparticles have great potential in a wide range of bio-related applications including drug delivery, cell-laden matrices, biosensors and even as artificial cells. In this review, we briefly summarize the materials, fabrication methods, and microparticle structures produced with droplet microfluidics. We also provide a comprehensive overview of their recent uses in biomedical applications. Finally, we discuss the existing challenges and perspectives to promote the future development of these engineered microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Department of Polymer Materials, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Street, Shanghai 200444, China.
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47
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Qin Y, Wu L, Schneider T, Yen GS, Wang J, Xu S, Li M, Paguirigan AL, Smith JL, Radich JP, Anand RK, Chiu DT. A Self-Digitization Dielectrophoretic (SD-DEP) Chip for High-Efficiency Single-Cell Capture, On-Demand Compartmentalization, and Downstream Nucleic Acid Analysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11378-11383. [PMID: 30003660 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The design and fabrication of a self-digitization dielectrophoretic (SD-DEP) chip with simple components for single-cell manipulation and downstream nucleic acid analysis is presented. The device employed the traditional DEP and insulator DEP to create the local electric field that is tailored to approximately the size of single cells, enabling highly efficient single-cell capture. The multistep procedures of cell manipulation, compartmentalization, lysis, and analysis were performed in the integrated microdevice, consuming minimal reagents, minimizing contamination, decreasing lysate dilution, and increasing assay sensitivity. The platform developed here could be a promising and powerful tool in single-cell research for precise medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Qin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Li Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Gloria S Yen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Jiasi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Shihan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50010, USA
| | - Amy L Paguirigan
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA)
| | - Jordan L Smith
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA)
| | - Jerald P Radich
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA)
| | - Robbyn K Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50010, USA
| | - Daniel T Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
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48
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Qin Y, Wu L, Schneider T, Yen GS, Wang J, Xu S, Li M, Paguirigan AL, Smith JL, Radich JP, Anand RK, Chiu DT. A Self-Digitization Dielectrophoretic (SD-DEP) Chip for High-Efficiency Single-Cell Capture, On-Demand Compartmentalization, and Downstream Nucleic Acid Analysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Qin
- Department of Chemistry; University of Washington; Seattle Washington 98195 USA
| | - Li Wu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Washington; Seattle Washington 98195 USA
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Department of Chemistry; University of Washington; Seattle Washington 98195 USA
| | - Gloria S. Yen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Washington; Seattle Washington 98195 USA
| | - Jiasi Wang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Washington; Seattle Washington 98195 USA
| | - Shihan Xu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Washington; Seattle Washington 98195 USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Chemistry; Iowa State University; Ames Iowa 50010 USA
| | - Amy L. Paguirigan
- Clinical Research Division; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle Washington 98109 USA)
| | - Jordan L. Smith
- Clinical Research Division; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle Washington 98109 USA)
| | - Jerald P. Radich
- Clinical Research Division; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle Washington 98109 USA)
| | - Robbyn K. Anand
- Department of Chemistry; Iowa State University; Ames Iowa 50010 USA
| | - Daniel T. Chiu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Washington; Seattle Washington 98195 USA
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49
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Demaree B, Weisgerber D, Lan F, Abate AR. An Ultrahigh-throughput Microfluidic Platform for Single-cell Genome Sequencing. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29889211 PMCID: PMC6101372 DOI: 10.3791/57598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequencing technologies have undergone a paradigm shift from bulk to single-cell resolution in response to an evolving understanding of the role of cellular heterogeneity in biological systems. However, single-cell sequencing of large populations has been hampered by limitations in processing genomes for sequencing. In this paper, we describe a method for single-cell genome sequencing (SiC-seq) which uses droplet microfluidics to isolate, amplify, and barcode the genomes of single cells. Cell encapsulation in microgels allows the compartmentalized purification and tagmentation of DNA, while a microfluidic merger efficiently pairs each genome with a unique single-cell oligonucleotide barcode, allowing >50,000 single cells to be sequenced per run. The sequencing data is demultiplexed by barcode, generating groups of reads originating from single cells. As a high-throughput and low-bias method of single-cell sequencing, SiC-seq will enable a broader range of genomic studies targeted at diverse cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Demaree
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco; UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Daniel Weisgerber
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Freeman Lan
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco; UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Adam R Abate
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco; UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub;
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50
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Fan Y, Dong D, Li Q, Si H, Pei H, Li L, Tang B. Fluorescent analysis of bioactive molecules in single cells based on microfluidic chips. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1151-1173. [PMID: 29541737 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc01333g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell analysis of bioactive molecules is an essential strategy for a better understanding of cell biology, exploring cell heterogeneity, and improvement of the ability to detect early diseases. In single-cell analysis, highly efficient single-cell manipulation techniques and high-sensitive detection schemes are in urgent need. The rapid development of fluorescent analysis techniques combined with microfluidic chips have offered a widely applicable solution. Thus, in this review, we mainly focus on the application of fluorescence methods in components analysis on microchips at a single-cell level. By targeting different types of biological molecules in cells such as nucleic acids, proteins, and active small molecules, we specially introduce and comment on their corresponding fluorescent probes, fluorescence labelling and sensing strategies, and different fluorescence detection instruments used in single-cell analysis on a microfluidic chip. We hope that through this review, readers will have a better understanding of single-cell fluorescence analysis, especially for single-cell component fluorescence analysis based on microfluidic chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Fan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
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