1
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Bieniek J, Nater DF, Eberwein SL, Schollmeyer D, Klein M, Waldvogel SR. Efficient and Sustainable Electrosynthesis of N-Sulfonyl Iminophosphoranes by the Dehydrogenative P-N Coupling Reaction. JACS AU 2024; 4:2188-2196. [PMID: 38938819 PMCID: PMC11200248 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Iminophosphoranes are commonly used reagents in organic synthesis and are, therefore, of great interest. An efficient and sustainable iodide-mediated electrochemical synthesis of N-sulfonyl iminophosphoranes from readily available phosphines and sulfonamides is reported. This method features low amounts of supporting electrolytes, inexpensive electrode materials, a simple galvanostatic setup, and high conversion rates. The broad applicability could be demonstrated by synthesizing 20 examples in yields up to 90%, having diverse functional groups including chiral moieties and biologically relevant species. Furthermore, electrolysis was performed on a 20 g scale and could be run in repetitive mode by recycling the electrolyte, which illustrates the suitability for large-scale production. A reaction mechanism involving electrochemical mediation by the iodide-based supporting electrolyte is proposed, completely agreeing with all of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica
C. Bieniek
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Darryl F. Nater
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute
for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34–36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Sara L. Eberwein
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Klein
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute
of Biological and Chemical Systems—Functional Molecular Systems
(IBCS-FMS), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz
1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute
for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34–36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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2
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Rücker T, Schupp N, Sprang F, Horsten T, Wittgens B, Waldvogel SR. Peroxodicarbonate - a renaissance of an electrochemically generated green oxidizer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 38912960 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02501f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
The direct anodic conversion of alkali carbonates in aqueous media provides access to peroxodicarbonate, which is a safe to use and green oxidizer. Although first reports date back around 150 years, its low concentrations and limited thermal stability have consigned this reagent to oblivion. Boron-doped diamond anodes, novel electrolyser concepts for heat dissipation, and the mixed cation trick allow record breaking peroxodicarbonate concentrations >900 mM. The electrochemical generation of peroxodicarbonate was already demonstrated on a pilot scale. The inherent safety is ensured by the limited stability of the peroxodicarbonate solution, which decomposes under ambient conditions to oxygen and facilitates subsequent downstream processing. This peroxide has, in particular at higher concentrations, an unusual reactivity and seems to be an ideal reagent when peroxo-equivalents in combination with alkaline base are required. The conversions with peroxodicarbonate include the Dakin reaction, epoxidation, oxidation of amines (aliphatic and aromatic) and sulfur compounds, deborolative hydroxylation reactions, and many more. Since the base equivalents also represent the makeup chemical for pulping plants, peroxodicarbonate is an ideal reagent for the selective degradation of lignin to vanillin. Moreover, peroxodicarbonate can be used as a halogen-free bleaching agent. The emerging electrogeneration and use of this green platform oxidizer are surveyed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Rücker
- Process Technology, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Niclas Schupp
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Fiona Sprang
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Tomas Horsten
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | | | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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3
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Winter J, Lühr S, Hochadel K, Gálvez-Vázquez MDJ, Prenzel T, Schollmeyer D, Waldvogel SR. Simple electrochemical synthesis of cyclic hydroxamic acids by reduction of nitroarenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 38904167 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02118e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The electrochemical reduction of nitroarenes allows direct access to manifold nitrogen containing heterocycles. This work reports the simple and direct electro-organic synthesis of 18 different examples of 2H,4H-4-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones in up to 81% yield. The scalability of the method was demonstrated on a gram-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Susan Lühr
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa 775000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kyra Hochadel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Prenzel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (MPI-CEC), Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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4
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Xiao W, Wang J, Ye J, Wang H, Wu J, Ye S. Electrochemical Synthesis of Spirolactones from α-Tetralone Derivatives with Methanol as a C1 Source. Org Lett 2024; 26:5016-5020. [PMID: 38825794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Spirolactones are widely found in pharmaceuticals and bioactive natural products. However, efficient and environmentally friendly approaches to accessing spirolactones are still highly desirable. Herein, a novel electrochemical synthesis of spirolactones from α-tetralone derivatives with methanol as a C1 source is described. This electrochemical reaction exhibits a high efficiency and good functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Jianyan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Jiamin Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Shengqing Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
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5
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Soutome H, Yamashita H, Shimizu Y, Takumi M, Ashikari Y, Nagaki A. Convergent approach for direct cross-coupling enabled by flash irreversible generation of cationic and anionic species. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4873. [PMID: 38871696 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48723-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
In biosynthesis multiple kinds of reactive intermediates are generated, transported, and reacted across different parts of organisms, enabling highly sophisticated synthetic reactions. Herein we report a convergent synthetic approach, which utilizes dual intermediates of cationic and carbanionic species in a single step, hinted at by the ideal reaction conditions. By reactions of unsaturated precursors, such as enamines, with a superacid in a flow microreactor, cationic species, such as iminium ions, are generated rapidly and irreversibly, and before decomposition, they are transported to react with rapidly and independently generated carbanions, enabling direct C-C bond formation. Taking advantage of the reactivity of these double reactive intermediates, the reaction take place within a few seconds, enabling synthetic reactions which are not applicable in conventional reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Soutome
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Yokohama Technical Center, AGC Inc, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takumi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ashikari
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
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6
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Alzaidi O, Wirth T. Continuous Flow Electroselenocyclization of Allylamides and Unsaturated Oximes to Selenofunctionalized Oxazolines and Isoxazolines. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2024; 4:350-355. [PMID: 38855333 PMCID: PMC11157512 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.4c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of selenofunctionalized oxazolines and isoxazolines from N-allyl benzamides and unsaturated oximes with diselenides was studied by utilizing a continuous flow electrochemical approach. At mild reaction conditions and short reaction times of 10 min product yields of up to 90% were achieved including a scale-up reaction. A broad substrate scope was studied and the reaction was shown to have a wide functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohud Alzaidi
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science –
Al Khurma, Taif University, P.O. Box
11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K.
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7
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Mast F, Hielscher MM, Wirtanen T, Erichsen M, Gauss J, Diezemann G, Waldvogel SR. Choice of the Right Supporting Electrolyte in Electrochemical Reductions: A Principal Component Analysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15119-15129. [PMID: 38785120 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
We present an analysis of a set of molecular, electrical, and electronic properties for a large number of the cations of quaternary ammonium salts usually employed as supporting electrolytes in cathodic reduction reactions. The goal of the present study is to define a measure for the quality of a supporting electrolyte in terms of the yield of the reaction considered. We performed a principal component analysis using the normalized values of the properties in order to lower the number of relevant reaction coordinates and find that the integral variance of 13 properties can well be represented by three principal components. The yield of the electrochemical hydrodimerization of acrylonitrile employing different quaternary ammonium salts as supporting electrolytes was determined in a series of experiments. We found only a very weak correlation between the yield and the values of the properties but a strong correlation between the yield and the values of the most important principal component. Very similar results are obtained for two further existing systematic experimental studies of the impact of the supporting electrolyte on the yield of cathodic reductions. For all three example reactions, a supervised regression using the two most important principal components as variables yields excellent values for the coefficients of determination. For comparison, we also applied our methodology to sets of purely structure-based features that are usually employed in cheminformatics and obtained results of almost similar quality. We therefore conjecture that our methodology in combination with a small number of experiments can be used to predict the yield of a given cathodic reduction on the basis of the properties of the supporting electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Mast
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian M Hielscher
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tom Wirtanen
- Chemical and Polymer Synthesis, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Max Erichsen
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gauss
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gregor Diezemann
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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8
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Suryawanshi SM, Sahoo S, Shaligram PS, Manna N, Samanta RC. Electrochemically enabled (3+2) cycloaddition of unbiased alkenes and β-dicarbonyls. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5836-5839. [PMID: 38747259 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01263a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
A (3+2) cycloaddition between unbiased alkenes and 1,3-dicarbonyls is accomplished by judicious choice of electrode material and electrocatalyst to access dihydrofuran derivatives. A fluorinated porous carbon electrode with appropriate thickness governs unprecedented reactivity. This methodology eliminates the necessity for any stabilizing group within the alkene substrate. This is a rare example of the annulation of unbiased internal and terminal alkenes with cyclic and acyclic β-dicarbonyls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad M Suryawanshi
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Suman Sahoo
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India.
| | - Parth S Shaligram
- Physical and Material Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Narugopal Manna
- Log 9 Materials HQ and R&D Centre Survey 9, Jakkuru Layout, Bengaluru 560092, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramesh C Samanta
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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9
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Noël F, El Kaïm L, Masson G, Claraz A. Electrocatalytic dehydrogenative and defluorinative coupling between aldehyde-derived N, N-dialkylhydrazones and fluoromalonates: synthesis of 2-pyrazolines. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4269-4273. [PMID: 38742988 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00588k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
An electrocatalytic synthesis of 2-pyrazolines via dehydrogenative and defluorinative cross-coupling reactions between (hetero)arylaldehyde-derived N,N-dialkylhydrazones and fluoromalonates is disclosed. Salient features of this work include (i) readily available starting materials, (ii) practical reaction conditions, and (ii) a formal oxidative (4 + 1)-cycloaddition via triple C-H bond functionalization. Cyclic voltammetry analyses support the electrocatalytic formation of an α-fluoromalonyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Noël
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
| | - Laurent El Kaïm
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique (LSO-UMR 76523), CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, ENSTA-Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 828 Bd des Maréchaux, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
- HitCat, Seqens-CNRS Joint Laboratory, Seqens'Lab, Porcheville, France
| | - Aurélie Claraz
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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10
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Schneider J, Häring AP, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Dehydration of Dicarboxylic Acids to Their Cyclic Anhydrides. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400403. [PMID: 38527230 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
An intramolecular electrochemical dehydration reaction of dicarboxylic acids to their cyclic anhydrides is presented. This electrolysis allows dicarboxylic acids as naturally abundant, inexpensive, safe, and readily available starting materials to be transformed into carboxylic anhydrides under mild reaction conditions. No conventional dehydration reagent is required. The obtained cyclic anhydrides are highly valuable reagents in organic synthesis, and in this report, we use them in-situ for acylation reactions of amines to synthesize amides. This work is part of the recent progress in electrochemical dehydration, which - in contrast to electrochemical dehydrogenative reactions for example - is an underexplored field of research. The reaction mechanism was investigated by 18O isotope labeling, revealing the formation of sulfate by electrochemical oxidation and hydrolysis of the thiocyanate-supporting electrolyte. This transformation is not a classical Kolbe electrolysis, because it is non-decarboxylative, and all carbon atoms of the carboxylic acid starting material are contained in the carboxylic anhydride. In total, 20 examples are shown with NMR yields up to 71 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas P Häring
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institut für Technologie, Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (MPI CEC), Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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11
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Zhang Q, Zhang J, Zhu W, Lu R, Guo C. Enantioselective nickel-catalyzed anodic oxidative dienylation and allylation reactions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4477. [PMID: 38796470 PMCID: PMC11127924 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48936-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Precision control of stereochemistry in radical reactions remains a formidable challenge due to the prevalence of incidental racemic background reactions resulting from undirected substrate oxidation in the absence of chiral induction. In this study, we devised an thoughtful approach-electricity-driven asymmetric Lewis acid catalysis-to circumvent this impediment. This methodology facilitates both asymmetric dienylation and allylation reactions, resulting in the formation of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters and demonstrating significant potential in the modular synthesis of functional and chiral benzoxazole-oxazoline (Boox) ligands. Notably, the involvement of chiral Lewis acids in both the electrochemical activation and stereoselectivity-defining radical stages offers innovative departures for designing single electron transfer-based reactions, significantly underscoring the relevance of this approach as a multifaceted and universally applicable strategy for various fields of study, including electrosynthesis, organic chemistry, and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jiayin Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wangjie Zhu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ruimin Lu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chang Guo
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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12
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Wan Q, Wu XD, Hou ZW, Ma Y, Wang L. Organophotoelectrocatalytic C(sp 2)-H alkylation of heteroarenes with unactivated C(sp 3)-H compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5502-5505. [PMID: 38699797 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01335b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
An organophotoelectrocatalytic method for the C(sp2)-H alkylation of heteroarenes with unactivated C(sp3)-H compounds through dehydrogenation cross-coupling has been developed. The C(sp2)-H alkylation combines organic catalysis, photochemistry and electrochemistry, avoiding the need for external metal-reagents, HAT-reagents, and oxidants. This protocol exhibits good substrate tolerance and functional group compatibility, providing a straightforward and powerful pathway to access a variety of alkylated heteroarenes under green conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinhui Wan
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, P. R. China.
| | - Xia-Die Wu
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, P. R. China.
| | - Zhong-Wei Hou
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, P. R. China.
| | - Yongmin Ma
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, P. R. China.
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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13
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He H, Pan CM, Hou ZW, Sun M, Wang L. Organocatalyzed Photoelectrochemistry for the Generation of Acyl and Phosphoryl Radicals through Hydrogen Atom-Transfer Process. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38761155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
An organocatalyzed photoelectrochemical method for the generation of acyl and phosphoryl radicals from formamides, aldehydes, and phosphine oxides has been developed. This protocol utilizes 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (PQ) as both a molecular catalyst and a hydrogen atom-transfer (HAT) reagent, eliminating the requirement for external metal-based reagents, HAT reagents, and oxidants. The generated acyl radicals can be applied to a range of radical-mediated transformation reactions, including C-H carbamoylation of heteroarenes, intermolecular tandem radical cyclization of CF3-substituted N-arylacrylamides, as well as intramolecular cyclization reactions. The use of acyl radicals in these transformations offers an efficient and sustainable approach to accessing structurally diverse carbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong He
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Cai-Mi Pan
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Wei Hou
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Manman Sun
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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14
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Boudjelel M, Zhong J, Ballerini L, Vanswearingen I, Al-Dhufari R, Malapit CA. Electrochemical Generation of Aryl Radicals from Organoboron Reagents Enabled by Pulsed Electrosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202406203. [PMID: 38753725 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Aryl radicals play a pivotal role as reactive intermediates in chemical synthesis, commonly arising from aryl halides and aryl diazo compounds. Expanding the repertoire of sources for aryl radical generation to include abundant and stable organoboron reagents would significantly advance radical chemistry and broaden their reactivity profile. While traditional approaches utilize stoichiometric oxidants or photocatalysis to generate aryl radicals from these reagents, electrochemical conditions have been largely underexplored. Through rigorous mechanistic investigations, we identified fundamental challenges hindering aryl radical generation. In addition to the high oxidation potentials of aromatic organoboron compounds, electrode passivation through radical grafting, homocoupling of aryl radicals, and decomposition issues were identified. We demonstrate that pulsed electrosynthesis enables selective and efficient aryl radical generation by mitigating the fundamental challenges. Our discoveries facilitated the development of the first electrochemical conversion of aryl potassium trifluoroborate salts into aryl C-P bonds. This sustainable and straightforward oxidative electrochemical approach exhibited a broad substrate scope, accommodating various heterocycles and aryl chlorides, typical substrates in transition-metal catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Furthermore, we extended this methodology to form aryl C-Se, C-Te, and C-S bonds, showcasing its versatility and potential in bond formation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Boudjelel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 N Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jessica Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 N Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Lorenzo Ballerini
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 N Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Ian Vanswearingen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 N Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Rossul Al-Dhufari
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 N Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Christian A Malapit
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 N Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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15
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Huang C, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Wang F, Zhang YY, Qiu M, Zhang Y, Zhai L. Self-driven electrochemical system using solvent-regulated structural diversity of cadmium(II) metal-organic frameworks. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 662:953-961. [PMID: 38382378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.02.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Optimizing friction materials based on molecular diversity in a molecular framework system is an effective method to improve the output performance of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). In this study, three cadmium(II) metal-organic frameworks (Cd-MOFs) with different cavities were synthesized solvothermally by the assembly of cadmium nitrate (Cd(NO3)2·4H2O), 4',4'''-carbonylbis(([1,1'-biphenyl]-3,5-dicarboxylic acid)) (H4CBBD), and trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (4,4'-bpe) via a solvent-regulated strategy. The topology and porosity of Cd-MOFs could be controlled effectively by the solvent constituents and were demonstrated to be closely related to their triboelectric behaviors. Theoretical calculations and experimental characterizations revealed that the TENGs fabricated by the Cd-MOF with maximum porosity exhibited the best triboelectric performance owing to the enhanced specific surface area and surface potential. In the applications, the high-output TENGs can be successfully used as an efficient power supply for electrochemical systems, enabling the direct bromination of aromatic compounds in high yields with good regioselectivity. This study provides a simple and feasible method to optimize positive friction materials at the molecular level and develops the practical applications of TENGs in electrochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huang
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Salt Materials, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, PR China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Salt Materials, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, PR China; School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450007, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Salt Materials, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, PR China; School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450007, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Salt Materials, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, PR China; School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450007, China
| | - Ying-Ying Zhang
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Salt Materials, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, PR China.
| | - Mei Qiu
- College of Chemistry and Materials, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, PR China.
| | - Yongfan Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, PR China
| | - Lipeng Zhai
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Salt Materials, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, PR China.
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16
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Díaz-Ruiz M, Nieto-Rodríguez M, Maseras F. Revealing the Mechanistic Features of an Electrosynthetic Catalytic Reaction and the Role of Redox Mediators through DFT Calculations and Microkinetic Modeling. Chemphyschem 2024:e202400402. [PMID: 38739104 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Organic electrosynthesis is an emerging field that provides original selectivity while adding features of atom economy, sustainability, and selectivity. Electrosynthesis is often enhanced by redox mediators or electroauxiliaries. The mechanistic understanding of organic electrosynthesis is however often limited by the low lifetime of intermediates and its difficult detection. In this work, we report a computational analysis of the mechanism of an appealing reaction previously reported by Mei and co-workers which is catalyzed by copper and employs iodide as redox mediator. Our scheme combines DFT calculations with microkinetic modeling and covers both the reaction in solution and the electrodic steps. A detailed mechanistic scheme is obtained which reproduces well experimental data and opens perspectives for the general treatment of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Díaz-Ruiz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països, Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel⋅lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Marc Nieto-Rodríguez
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països, Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel⋅lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països, Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
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17
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Kim J, Ling J, Lai Y, Milner PJ. Redox-Active Organic Materials: From Energy Storage to Redox Catalysis. ACS MATERIALS AU 2024; 4:258-273. [PMID: 38737116 PMCID: PMC11083122 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.3c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Electroactive materials are central to myriad applications, including energy storage, sensing, and catalysis. Compared to traditional inorganic electrode materials, redox-active organic materials such as porous organic polymers (POPs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are emerging as promising alternatives due to their structural tunability, flexibility, sustainability, and compatibility with a range of electrolytes. Herein, we discuss the challenges and opportunities available for the use of redox-active organic materials in organoelectrochemistry, an emerging area in fine chemical synthesis. In particular, we highlight the utility of organic electrode materials in photoredox catalysis, electrochemical energy storage, and electrocatalysis and point to new directions needed to unlock their potential utility for organic synthesis. This Perspective aims to bring together the organic, electrochemistry, and polymer communities to design new heterogeneous electrocatalysts for the sustainable synthesis of complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jianheng Ling
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yihuan Lai
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Phillip J. Milner
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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18
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Zhao Z, Zhang R, Liu Y, Zhu Z, Wang Q, Qiu Y. Electrochemical C-H deuteration of pyridine derivatives with D 2O. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3832. [PMID: 38714720 PMCID: PMC11076510 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, we develop a straightforward, metal-free, and acid-/base-free electrochemical C4-selective C - H deuteration of pyridine derivatives with economic and convenient D2O at room temperature. This strategy features an efficient and environmentally friendly approach with high chemo- and regioselectivity, affording a wide range of D-compounds, such as pyridines, quinolones, N-ligands and biorelevant compounds. Notably, the mechanistic experiments and cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies demonstrate that N-butyl-2-phenylpyridinium iodide is a crucial intermediate during the electrochemical transformation, which provides a general and efficient way for deuteration of pyridine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ranran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaowen Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zile Zhu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiuyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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19
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Carneiro SN, Laffoon JD, Luo L, Sanford MS. Benchmarking Trisaminocyclopropeniums as Mediators for Anodic Oxidation Reactions. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6389-6394. [PMID: 38607957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
This report benchmarks a tris(amino)cyclopropenium (TAC) salt as an electron-transfer mediator for anodic oxidation reactions in comparison to two known mediators: a triarylamine and a triarylimidazole derivative. The three mediators have redox potentials, diffusion coefficients, and heterogeneous electron transfer rates similar to those of glassy carbon electrodes in acetonitrile/KPF6. However, they differ significantly in their performance in two electro-organic reactions: anodic fluorination of a dithiane and anodic oxidation of 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol. These differences are rationalized based on variable stability in the presence of reaction components (e.g., NEt3·3HF, lutidine, and Cs2CO3) as well as very different rates of electron transfer with the organic substrate. Overall, this work highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each mediator and provides a foundation for expanding the applications of TACs in electro-organic synthesis moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina N Carneiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Joshua D Laffoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Long Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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20
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Yavari I, Shaabanzadeh S. Electrochemical Formation of α-Ketoamides from Ketoximes through Non-Beckmann Mechanism Pathway. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6238-6246. [PMID: 38652259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
α-Ketoamides are highly valued in synthetic chemistry due to their incorporation into diverse natural products and drug molecules. Here, we present an innovative electrochemical approach for constructing α-ketoamides, utilizing a mild and environmentally friendly strategy in a user-friendly undivided cell setup under constant current. The excellent functional-group tolerance, convenient accessibility of reaction instruments and starting materials, and easy scalability collectively enhance the importance of this protocol compared to previous challenging methods. Additionally, mechanistic insight into this reaction is obtained through the investigation of cyclic voltammograms of the reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issa Yavari
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Shaabanzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Derat E, Masson G, Claraz A. Electrochemically-Driven 1,4-Aryl Migration via Radical Fluoromethylation of N-Allylbenzamides: a Straightforward Access to Functionalized β-Arylethylamines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202406017. [PMID: 38687085 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical radical Truce Smiles rearrangement of N-allylbenzamides is documented herein. The selective 1,4-aryl migration was triggered by the radical fluoromethylation of the alkene providing a direct route to fluoro derivatives of the highly privileged β-arylethylamine pharmacophore. This practical transformation utilizes readily available starting materials and employs an electrical current to drive the oxidative process under mild reaction conditions. It accommodates a variety of migratory aryl groups with different electronic properties and substitution patterns. Careful selection of the protecting group on the nitrogen atom of the N-allylbenzamide is crucial to outcompete the undesired 6-endo cyclization and achieve high level of selectivity towards the 1,4-aryl migration. DFT calculations support the reaction mechanism and unveil the origin of selectivity between the two competitive pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Derat
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, 4 Place Jussieu, CC 229, 75252, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- HitCat, Seqens-CNRS joint laboratory, Seqens'lab, 8 rue de Rouen, 78440, Porcheville, France
| | - Aurélie Claraz
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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22
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Oehl EK, Jirsch PT, Hammes J, Stenglein A, Méndez M, Ruf S, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Synthesis of a Sitagliptin Precursor. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38655880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
A novel synthesis of sitagliptin based on a redox-active ester derived from the chiral pool is reported. The key step is an electrochemical nickel-catalyzed sp2-sp3 cross-coupling reaction using inexpensive nickel foam in an undivided cell. It was successfully applied to 21 examples in up to 88% yield. These sitagliptin-analogue precursors could potentially interact with the DPP4 enzyme. A full synthesis based on our new reaction pathway provided sitagliptin in an overall yield of 33%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth K Oehl
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul T Jirsch
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jasmin Hammes
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Stenglein
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - María Méndez
- Sanofi R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, Bldg. G838, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sven Ruf
- Sanofi R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, Bldg. G838, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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23
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Mdluli V, Lehnherr D, Lam YH, Chaudhry MT, Newman JA, DaSilva JO, Regalado EL. Electrosynthesis of iminophosphoranes and applications in nickel catalysis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5980-5992. [PMID: 38665537 PMCID: PMC11041257 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05357a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
P(v) iminophosphorane compounds are accessed via electrochemical oxidation of commercially available P(iii) phosphines, including mono-, di- and tri-dentate phosphines, as well as chiral phosphines. The reaction uses inexpensive bis(trimethylsilyl)carbodiimide as an efficient and safe aminating reagent. DFT calculations, cyclic voltammetry, and NMR studies provide insight into the reaction mechanism. The proposed mechanism reveals a special case of sequential paired electrolysis. DFT calculations of the frontier orbitals of an iminophosphorane are compared with those of the analogous phosphines and phosphine oxides. X-ray crystallographic studies of the ligands as well as a Ni-coordination complex provide structural insight for these ligands. The utility of these iminophosphoranes as ligands is demonstrated in nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile couplings including C(sp2)-C(sp3) and C(sp2)-C(sp2) couplings, an electrochemically driven C-N cross-coupling, and a photochemical arylative C(sp3)-H functionalization. In some cases, these new ligands provide improved performance over commonly used sp2-N-based ligands (e.g. 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Velabo Mdluli
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Yu-Hong Lam
- Modeling and Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Mohammad T Chaudhry
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Justin A Newman
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Jimmy O DaSilva
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Erik L Regalado
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
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24
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Ucheniya K, Jat PK, Chouhan A, Yadav L, Badsara SS. Electrochemical selective divergent C-H chalcogenocyanation of N-heterocyclic scaffolds. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3220-3224. [PMID: 38577798 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00448e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical direct selective C-H chalcogenocyanation approach for indolizine derivatives under mild conditions has been described. Cyclic enone-fused, chromone-fused and 2-substituted indolizines possessing EDGs (electron donating groups) and EWGs (electron withdrawing groups) were successfully reacted with NH4SCN and KSeCN under electrochemical conditions to provide a wide array of mono and bis-chalcogenocyanate-indolizines in 75-94% yields. In addition, 1-substituted imidazo[1,5-a]quinolines were also successfully chalcogenocyanated under the optimized reaction conditions providing a platform for the synthesis of pharmaceutically privileged molecules. By switching the reaction conditions, the developed protocol offers selective synthesis of C-3 thiocyanate and 1,3 bis-thiocyanate indolizines in good to excellent yields under catalyst-free conditions. On the basis of control experiments and cyclic voltammetry data, a plausible reaction pathway is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusum Ucheniya
- MFOS Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, JLN Marg, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302004, India.
| | - Pooja Kumari Jat
- MFOS Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, JLN Marg, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302004, India.
| | - Amreen Chouhan
- MFOS Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, JLN Marg, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302004, India.
| | - Lalit Yadav
- MFOS Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, JLN Marg, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302004, India.
| | - Satpal Singh Badsara
- MFOS Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, JLN Marg, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302004, India.
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25
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Ware SD, Zhang W, Guan W, Lin S, See KA. A guide to troubleshooting metal sacrificial anodes for organic electrosynthesis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5814-5831. [PMID: 38665512 PMCID: PMC11041367 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06885d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of reductive electrosynthetic reactions is often enabled by the oxidation of a sacrificial metal anode, which charge-balances the reductive reaction of interest occurring at the cathode. The metal oxidation is frequently assumed to be straightforward and innocent relative to the chemistry of interest, but several processes can interfere with ideal sacrificial anode behavior, thereby limiting the success of reductive electrosynthetic reactions. These issues are compounded by a lack of reported observations and characterization of the anodes themselves, even when a failure at the anode is observed. Here, we weave lessons from electrochemistry, interfacial characterization, and organic synthesis to share strategies for overcoming issues related to sacrificial anodes in electrosynthesis. We highlight common but underexplored challenges with sacrificial anodes that cause reactions to fail, including detrimental side reactions between the anode or its cations and the components of the organic reaction, passivation of the anode surface by an insulating native surface film, accumulation of insulating byproducts at the anode surface during the reaction, and competitive reduction of sacrificial metal cations at the cathode. For each case, we propose experiments to diagnose and characterize the anode and explore troubleshooting strategies to overcome the challenge. We conclude by highlighting open questions in the field of sacrificial-anode-driven electrosynthesis and by indicating alternatives to traditional sacrificial anodes that could streamline reaction optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skyler D Ware
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Wendy Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Weiyang Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Kimberly A See
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
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26
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Hu L, Zhang J, Li M, Feng Y, Lu F. Electrochemical oxidative radical cascade cyclization of dienes and diselenides towards the synthesis of seleno-benzazepines. RSC Adv 2024; 14:12556-12560. [PMID: 38638814 PMCID: PMC11024674 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01914h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Selenium-containing compounds are important scaffolds owing to their value in medicinal chemistry, biochemistry and material chemistry. Herein, we report an electrochemical approach to access seleno-benzazepines through an oxidative radical cascade cyclization of dienes with diselenides under metal-free, external oxidant-free and base-free conditions. In a simple undivided cell, various dienes and diselenides were suitable for this transformation, generating the desired products in up to 84% yields. This method provides a green and convenient route for the synthesis of valuable selenium-containing seven-membered N-heterocycles from simple starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Hu
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine 56 Yangming Road Jiangxi Nanchang 330006 P. R. China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine 56 Yangming Road Jiangxi Nanchang 330006 P. R. China
| | - Minghan Li
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine 56 Yangming Road Jiangxi Nanchang 330006 P. R. China
| | - Yulin Feng
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine 56 Yangming Road Jiangxi Nanchang 330006 P. R. China
| | - Fangling Lu
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine 56 Yangming Road Jiangxi Nanchang 330006 P. R. China
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27
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Wang X, Zhang L, Wu J, Xue M, Gu Q, Qi J, Kang F, He Q, Zhong X, Zhang Q. Constructing N-Containing Poly(p-Phenylene) (PPP) Films Through A Cathodic-Dehalogenation Polymerization Method. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400185. [PMID: 38616739 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Developing the films of N-containing unsubstituted poly(p-phenylene) (PPP) films for diverse applications is significant and highly desirable because the replacement of sp2 C atoms with sp2 N atoms will bring novel properties to the as-prepared polymers. In this research, an electrochemical-dehalogenation polymerization strategy is employed to construct two N-containing PPP films under constant potentials, where 2,5-diiodopyridine (DIPy) and 2,5-dibromopyrazine (DBPz) are used as starting agents. The corresponding polymers are named CityU-23 (for polypyridine) and CityU-24 (for polypyrazine). Moreover, it is found that both polymers can form films in situ on different conductive substrates (i.e., silicon, gold, ITO, and nickel), satisfying potential device fabrication. Furthermore, the as-obtained thin films of CityU-23 and CityU-24 exhibit good performance of alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction with the overpotential of 212.8 and 180.7 mV and the Tafel slope of 157.0 and 122.4 mV dec-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jinghang Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Xue
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Qianfeng Gu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Junlei Qi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Fangyuan Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Qiyuan He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
- City University of Hong Kong Matter Science Research Institute (Futian, Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518048, P. R. China
- Nanomanufacturing Laboratory (NML), City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Qichun Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy (HKICE), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
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28
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Xu PC, Qian S, Meng X, Zheng Y, Huang S. Electrochemical Ring-Opening of Cyclopropylamides with Alcohols toward the Synthesis of 1,3-Oxazines. Org Lett 2024; 26:2806-2810. [PMID: 38127264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical method is presented to construct 1,3-oxazines by the oxidative ring-opening of cyclopropylamides with alcohols. This method avoids the use of external oxidants and thus shows good functional group tolerance. The substrate scope covers primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols as well as (hetero)aryl amide-substituted cyclopropanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Cheng Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Shencheng Qian
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Xiangtai Meng
- Sinopec Maoming Petrochemical Company, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Shenlin Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
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29
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Schüll A, Grothe L, Rodrigo E, Erhard T, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Synthesis of S-Aryl Dibenzothiophenium Triflates as Precursors for Selective Nucleophilic Aromatic (Radio)fluorination. Org Lett 2024; 26:2790-2794. [PMID: 37805940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel electrosynthetic approach to aryl dibenzothiophenium salts, including the direct intramolecular formation of a C-S bond in a metal-free, electrochemical key step under ambient conditions, is reported. The broad applicability of this method is demonstrated with 14 examples, including nitrogen-containing heterocycles in isolated yields up to 72%. The resulting sulfonium salts can be used as precursors for fluorine labeling to give [18F]fluoroarenes as found in PET tracer ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Schüll
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lisa Grothe
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Eduardo Rodrigo
- Medicinal Chemistry & Screening Biology, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstraße, 67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Thomas Erhard
- Medicinal Chemistry & Screening Biology, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstraße, 67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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30
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de A Bartolomeu A, Breitschaft FA, Schollmeyer D, Pilli RA, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Multicomponent Synthesis of Alkyl Alkenesulfonates using Styrenes, SO 2 and Alcohols. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400557. [PMID: 38335153 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical approach to access alkyl alkenesulfonates via a multicomponent reaction was developed. The metal-free method features easy-to-use SO2 stock solution forming monoalkylsulfites from alcohols with an auxiliary base in-situ. These intermediates serve a dual role as starting materials and as supporting electrolyte enabling conductivity. Anodic oxidation of the substrate styrene, radical addition of these monoalkylsulfites and consecutive second oxidation and deprotonation preserve the double bond and form alkyl β-styrenesulfonates in a highly regio- and stereoselective fashion. The feasibility of this electrosynthetic method is demonstrated in 44 examples with yields up to 81 %, employing various styrenes and related substrates as well as a diverse set of alcohols. A gram-scale experiment underlines the applicability of this process, which uses inexpensive and readily available electrode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloisio de A Bartolomeu
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Florian A Breitschaft
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ronaldo A Pilli
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS FMS), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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31
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Liu C, Chen F, Zhao BH, Wu Y, Zhang B. Electrochemical hydrogenation and oxidation of organic species involving water. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:277-293. [PMID: 38528116 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00589-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Fossil fuel-driven thermochemical hydrogenation and oxidation using high-pressure H2 and O2 are still popular but energy-intensive CO2-emitting processes. At present, developing renewable energy-powered electrochemical technologies, especially those using clean, safe and easy-to-handle reducing agents and oxidants for organic hydrogenation and oxidation reactions, is urgently needed. Water is an ideal carrier of hydrogen and oxygen. Electrochemistry provides a powerful route to drive water splitting under ambient conditions. Thus, electrochemical hydrogenation and oxidation transformations involving water as the hydrogen source and oxidant, respectively, have been developed to be mild and efficient tools to synthesize organic hydrogenated and oxidized products. In this Review, we highlight the advances in water-participating electrochemical hydrogenation and oxidation reactions of representative organic molecules. Typical electrode materials, performance metrics and key characterization techniques are firstly introduced. General electrocatalyst design principles and controlling the microenvironment for promoting hydrogenation and oxygenation reactions involving water are summarized. Furthermore, paired hydrogenation and oxidation reactions are briefly introduced before finally discussing the challenges and future opportunities of this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuibo Liu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fanpeng Chen
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo-Hang Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongmeng Wu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
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32
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Personick ML, Jallow AA, Halford GC, Baker LA. Nanomaterials Synthesis Discovery via Parallel Electrochemical Deposition. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2024; 36:3034-3041. [PMID: 38558921 PMCID: PMC10976633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.4c00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Electrodeposition of nanoparticles is investigated with a multichannel potentiostat in electrochemical and chemical arrays. De novo deposition and shape control of palladium nanoparticles are explored in arrays with a two-stage strategy. Initial conditions for electrodeposition of materials are discovered in a first stage and then used in a second stage to logically expand chemical and electrochemical parameters. Shape control is analyzed primarily with scanning electron microscopy. Using this approach, optimized conditions for the electrodeposition of cubic palladium nanoparticles were identified from a set of previously untested electrodeposition conditions. The parameters discovered through the array format were then successfully extrapolated to a traditional bulk three-electrode electrochemical cell. Electrochemical arrays were also used to explore electrodeposition parameters reported in previous bulk studies, further demonstrating the correspondence between the array and bulk systems. These results broadly highlight opportunities for electrochemical arrays, both for discovery and for further investigations of electrodeposition in nanomaterials synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Personick
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - Abdoulie A. Jallow
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Gabriel C. Halford
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Lane A. Baker
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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33
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Czaikowski ME, Anferov SW, Anderson JS. Metal-ligand cooperativity in chemical electrosynthesis. CHEM CATALYSIS 2024; 4:100922. [PMID: 38799408 PMCID: PMC11115383 DOI: 10.1016/j.checat.2024.100922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemistry has been an increasingly useful tool for organic synthesis, as it can selectively generate reactive intermediates under mild conditions using an applied potential. Concurrently, synergistic activity of a metal and a ligand has been used in thermal catalysis and electrocatalytic renewable fuel generation for substrate selectivity and improved catalyst activity. Combining these synthetic strategies is an attractive approach for mild, selective, and sustainable electrosynthesis. This perspective discusses examples of metal-ligand synergistic catalysis in electrochemical applications in organic and organometallic synthesis. The range of reactions and ligand design principles illustrates many opportunities for further discovery in this area and the potential for far-reaching synthetic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia E. Czaikowski
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60627, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Sophie W. Anferov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60627, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - John S. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60627, USA
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34
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Chen PY, Huang C, Jie LH, Guo B, Zhu S, Xu HC. Unlocking the Potential of Oxidative Asymmetric Catalysis with Continuous Flow Electrochemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7178-7184. [PMID: 38466344 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
In the field of catalytic asymmetric synthesis, the less-treated path lies in oxidative catalytic asymmetric transformations. The hurdles of pinpointing the appropriate chemical oxidants and addressing their compatibility issues with catalysts and functionalities present significant challenges. Organic electrochemistry, employing traceless electrons for redox reactions, is underscored as a promising solution. However, the commonly used electrolysis in batch cells introduces its own set of challenges, hindering the advancement of electrochemical asymmetric catalysis. Here we introduce a microfluidic electrochemistry platform with single-pass continuous flow reactors that exhibits a wide-ranging applicability to various oxidative asymmetric catalytic transformations. This is exemplified through the sulfenylation of 1,3-dicarbonyls, dehydrogenative C-C coupling, and dehydrogenative alkene annulation processes. The unique properties of microfluidic electrochemical reactors not only eliminate the need for chemical oxidants but also enhance reaction efficiency and reduce the use of additives and electrolytes. These salient features of microfluidic electrochemistry expedite the discovery and development of oxidative asymmetric transformations. In addition, the continuous production facilitated by parallel single-pass reactors ensures straightforward reaction upscaling, removing the necessity for reoptimization across various scales, as evidenced by direct translation from milligram screening to hectogram asymmetric synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang-Hua Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaobin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
- NanoFCM INC., Building No. 5, Xinke Square, Xiamen 361006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
- Discipline of Intelligent Instrument and Equipment, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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35
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Kohlpaintner PJ, Schupp N, Ehlenz N, Marquart L, Gooßen LJ, Waldvogel SR. Synthesis of Aromatic N-Oxides Using Electrochemically Generated Peroxodicarbonate. Org Lett 2024; 26:1607-1611. [PMID: 38364789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemically generated green platform oxidizers like peroxodicarbonate (PODIC) constitute a game-changing technology in terms of sustainable chemistry while serving as an alternative counterreaction in the electrochemical hydrogen evolution. Peroxodicarbonate avoids the storage and shipping of concentrated hydrogen peroxide solution. We herein disclose an efficient method for the N-oxidation of quinolines, pyridines, and complex tertiary amines. The use of phenoyloxy succinimide (POSI) is the decisive factor for obtaining N-oxides (28 examples) in isolated yields of up to 98%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp J Kohlpaintner
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Niclas Schupp
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Niklas Ehlenz
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lucas Marquart
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lukas J Gooßen
- Ruhr University Bochum, Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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36
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Moreno-García P, de Gálvez-Vázquez MDJ, Prenzel T, Winter J, Gálvez-Vázquez L, Broekmann P, Waldvogel SR. Self-Standing Metal Foam Catalysts for Cathodic Electro-Organic Synthesis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307461. [PMID: 37917032 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Although electro-organic synthesis is currently receiving renewed interest because of its potential to enable sustainability in chemical processes to value-added products, challenges in process development persist: For reductive transformations performed in protic media, an inherent issue is the limited choice of metallic cathode materials that can effectively suppress the parasitic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) while maintaining a high activity toward the targeted electro-organic reaction. Current development trends are aimed at avoiding the previously used HER-suppressing elements (Cd, Hg, and Pb) because of their toxicity. Here, this work reports the rational design of highly porous foam-type binary and ternary electrocatalysts with reduced Pb content. Optimized cathodes are tested in electro-organic reductions using an oxime to nitrile transformation as a model reaction relevant for the synthesis of fine chemicals. Their electrocatalytic performance is compared with that of the model CuSn7Pb15 bronze alloy that has recently been endorsed as the best cathode replacement for bare Pb electrodes. All developed metal foam catalysts outperform both bare Pb and the CuSn7Pb15 benchmark in terms of chemical yield and energetic efficiency. Moreover, post-electrolysis analysis of the crude electrolyte mixture and the cathode's surfaces through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively, reveal the foam catalysts' elevated resistance to cathodic corrosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Moreno-García
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | | | - Tobias Prenzel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Liliana Gálvez-Vázquez
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Peter Broekmann
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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37
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Dapkekar AB, Satyanarayana G. Electrochemical selenofunctionalization of unactivated alkenes: access to β-hydroxy-selenides. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1775-1781. [PMID: 38328950 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00105b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the electrochemical construction of 2-methyl-1-aryloxy-3-(arylselanyl)propan-2-ol/2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-(arylselanyl)propyl 2-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-(arylselanyl)propoxy)benzoate starting from aryl allyl ethers/allyl benzoates and diaryl diselenides under additive-free electrochemical conditions. This environmentally friendly method was achieved through constant current electrolysis in an undivided cell setup under acid, oxidant, or catalyst-free conditions. Additionally, this technique enabled the synthesis of a variety of β-hydroxy selenides including late-stage functionalization of drug derivatives in good to exceptional yields across various substrates under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Balajirao Dapkekar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502284, India.
| | - Gedu Satyanarayana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502284, India.
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38
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Guo S, Li Y, Li QH, Zheng K. Electrochemical desulfurative formation of C-N bonds through selective activation of inert C(sp 3)-S bonds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2501-2504. [PMID: 38343365 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00142g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we introduce an efficient, metal-free electrocatalytic desulfurative protocol for forming C-N bonds by selectively activating inert C(sp3)-S bonds of alkyl thioethers. This method offers a straightforward and environmentally friendly approach for modification of heterocyclic compounds from readily accessible thioethers. Preliminary mechanistic investigations suggest that the reaction proceeds via a carbocation intermediate. Furthermore, successful synthesis on a 10-gram scale was achieved in a continuous flow electrochemical reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Yujun Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Qing-Han Li
- Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, PR China.
| | - Ke Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China.
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39
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Shi Z, Dong S, Liu T, Wang WZ, Li N, Yuan Y, Zhu J, Ye KY. Electrochemical cascade migratory versus ortho-cyclization of 2-alkynylbenzenesulfonamides. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2827-2832. [PMID: 38404399 PMCID: PMC10882495 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05229j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Efficient control over several possible reaction pathways of free radicals is the chemical basis of their highly selective transformations. Among various competing reaction pathways, sulfonimidyl radicals generated from the electrolysis of 2-alkynylbenzenesulfonamides undergo cascade migratory or ortho-cyclization cyclization selectively. It is found that the incorporation of an extra 2-methyl substituent biases the selective migration of the acyl- over vinyl-linker of the key spirocyclic cation intermediate and thus serves as an enabling handle to achieve the synthetically interesting yet under-investigated cascade migratory cyclization of spirocyclic cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojiang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Shicheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Ting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Wei-Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Yaofeng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Jun Zhu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Guangdong 518172 China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
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40
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Yan ZH, Yan Y, Wei ZL, Liao WW. Electrochemical Trifluoromethylation/Bicyclization of N-Cyanamide Alkenes: Synthesis of Bicyclic Amidine Derivatives. J Org Chem 2024; 89:2718-2725. [PMID: 38306613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
An anodically oxidizing trifluoromethylation cascade of N-cyanamide alkene bearing two electronically differentiated olefin moieties was reported, in which various N-unsaturated acyl cyanamide alkenes and CF3SO2Na acting as readily available starting materials furnished nonaromatic fused azaheterobicyclic compounds in a highly efficient and sustainable manner. The broad substrate scope, facile scalability, and sustainability enabled this electrochemical process to be an appealing complement for trifluoromethylated cyclic amidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Yan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P R China
| | - Yan Yan
- State Key Lab of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Lin Wei
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P R China
| | - Wei-Wei Liao
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P R China
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41
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Udayasurian SR, Li T. Recent research progress on building C-N bonds via electrochemical NO x reduction. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:2805-2819. [PMID: 38240609 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06151e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The release of NOx species (such as nitrate, nitrite and nitric oxide) into water and the atmosphere due to human being's agricultural and industrial activities has caused a series of environmental problems, including accumulation of toxic pollutants that are dangerous to humans and animals, acid rain, the greenhouse effect and disturbance of the global nitrogen cycle balance. Electrosynthesis of organonitrogen compounds with NOx species as the nitrogen source offers a sustainable strategy to upgrade the waste NOx into value-added organic products under ambient conditions. The electrochemical reduction of NOx species can generate surface-adsorbed intermediates such as hydroxylamine, which are usually strong nucleophiles and can undergo nucleophilic attack to carbonyl groups to build C-N bonds and generate organonitrogen compounds such as amine, oxime, amide and amino acid. This mini-review summarizes the most recent progress in building C-N bonds via the in situ generation of nucleophilic intermediates from electrochemical NOx reduction, and highlights some important strategies in facilitating the reaction rates and selectivities towards the C-N coupling products. In particular, the preparation of high-performance electrocatalysts (e.g., nano-/atomic-scale catalysts, single-atom catalysts, alloy catalysts), selection of nucleophilic intermediates, novel design of reactors and understanding the surface adsorption process are highlighted. A few key challenges and knowledge gaps are discussed, and some promising research directions are also proposed for future advances in electrochemical C-N coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaktiswaran R Udayasurian
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.
| | - Tengfei Li
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.
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42
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Bandyopadhyay A, Biswas P, Kundu SK, Sarkar R. Electrochemistry-enabled residue-specific modification of peptides and proteins. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1085-1101. [PMID: 38231504 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01857a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Selective chemical reactions at precise amino acid residues of peptides and proteins have become an exploding field of research in the last few decades. With the emerging utility of bioconjugated peptides and proteins as drug leads and therapeutic agents, the design of smart protocols to modulate and conjugate biomolecules has become necessary. During this modification, the most important concern of biochemists is to keep intact the structural integrity of the biomolecules. Hence, a soft and selective biocompatible reaction environment is necessary. Electrochemistry, a mild and elegant tunable reaction platform to synthesize complex molecules while avoiding harsh and toxic chemicals, can provide such a reaction condition. However, this strategy is yet to be fully exploited in the field of selective modification of polypeptides. With this possibility, the use of electrochemistry as a reaction toolbox in peptide and protein chemistry is flourishing day by day. Unfortunately, there is no suitable review article summarizing the residue-specific modification of biomolecules. The present review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest manifested electrochemical approaches for the modulation of five redox-active amino acid residues, namely cysteine, tyrosine, tryptophan, histidine and methionine, found in peptides and proteins. The article also highlights the incredible potential of electrochemistry for the regio- as well as chemoselective bioconjugation strategy of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Chapra Government College, Nadia-741123, West Bengal, India
| | - Pranay Biswas
- Department of Physics, Dinabandhu Mahavidyalaya, 24 Parganas (N), 743235, West Bengal, India
| | - Sudipta K Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Muragachha Government College, Nadia-741154, West Bengal, India.
| | - Rajib Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Muragachha Government College, Nadia-741154, West Bengal, India.
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43
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Zheng YT, Xu HC. Electrochemical Azidocyanation of Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313273. [PMID: 37906439 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The difunctionalization of alkenes-a process that installs two functional groups in a single operation and transforms chemical feedstocks into value-added products-is one of the most appealing synthetic methods in contemporary chemistry. However, the introduction of two distinct functional groups via two readily accessible nucleophiles remains a formidable challenge. Existing intermolecular alkene azidocyanation methods, which primarily focus on aryl alkenes and rely on stoichiometric chemical oxidants. We report herein an unprecedented electrochemical strategy for alkene azidocyanation that is compatible with both alkyl and aryl alkenes. This is achieved by harnessing the finely-tuned anodic electron transfer and the strategic selection of copper/ligand complexes. The reactions of aryl alkenes were rendered enantioselective by employing a chiral ligand. Crucially, the mild conditions and well-regulated electrochemical process assure exceptional tolerance for various functional groups and substrate compatibility with both terminal and internal alkyl alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Tao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
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44
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Bieniek JC, Mashtakov B, Schollmeyer D, Waldvogel SR. Dehydrogenative Electrochemical Synthesis of N-Aryl-3,4-Dihydroquinolin-2-ones by Iodine(III)-Mediated Coupling Reaction. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303388. [PMID: 38018461 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemically generated hypervalent iodine(III) species are powerful reagents for oxidative C-N coupling reactions, providing access to valuable N-heterocycles. A new electrocatalytic hypervalent iodine(III)-mediated in-cell synthesis of 1H-N-aryl-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2-ones by dehydrogenative C-N bond formation is presented. Catalytic amounts of the redox mediator, a low supporting electrolyte concentration and recycling of the solvent used make this method a sustainable alternative to electrochemical ex-cell or conventional approaches. Furthermore, inexpensive, readily available electrode materials and a simple galvanostatic set-up are applied. The broad functional group tolerance could be demonstrated by synthesizing 23 examples in yields up to 96 %, with one reaction being performed on a 10-fold higher scale. Based on the obtained results a sound reaction mechanism could be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Bieniek
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Boris Mashtakov
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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45
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Atkins AP, Chaturvedi AK, Tate JA, Lennox AJJ. Pulsed electrolysis: enhancing primary benzylic C(sp 3)-H nucleophilic fluorination. Org Chem Front 2024; 11:802-808. [PMID: 38298566 PMCID: PMC10825853 DOI: 10.1039/d3qo01865b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis is an efficient and powerful tool for the generation of elusive reactive intermediates. The application of alternative electrolysis waveforms provides a new level of control for dynamic redox environments. Herein, we demonstrate that pulsed electrolysis provides a favourable environment for the generation and fluorination of highly unstable primary benzylic cations from C(sp3)-H bonds. By introduction of a toff period, we propose this waveform modulates the electrical double layer to improve mass transport and limit over-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Atkins
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close BS8 1TS Bristol UK
| | - Atul K Chaturvedi
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close BS8 1TS Bristol UK
| | - Joseph A Tate
- Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta Jealott's Hill Bracknell RG426EY UK
| | - Alastair J J Lennox
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close BS8 1TS Bristol UK
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46
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He T, Liang C, Cheng H, Shi S, Huang S. Cathodically Coupled Electrolysis to Access Biheteroaryls. Org Lett 2024; 26:607-612. [PMID: 38206057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical approach to biheteroaryls through the coupling of diverse N-heteroarenes with heteroaryl phosphonium salts is reported. The reaction features pH and redox-neutral conditions and excellent regioselectivity, as well as exogenous air or moisture tolerance. Additionally, a one-pot, two-step protocol can be established to realize formal C-H/C-H coupling of heteroarenes, thereby greatly expanding the substrate availability. The utility of this method is demonstrated through late-stage functionalization, the total synthesis of nitraridine, and antifungal activity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu He
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chaoqiang Liang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Haoyuan Cheng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shuai Shi
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shenlin Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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47
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Uehara D, Adachi S, Tsubouchi A, Okada Y, Zhdankin VV, Yoshimura A, Saito A. Peptide coupling using recyclable bicyclic benziodazolone. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:956-959. [PMID: 38131348 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04431a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
We report a greener peptide coupling using bicyclic benziodazolone and triarylphosphine as coupling reagents. Bicyclic benziodazolone also works as a base and can be recovered as the corresponding iodine(I) compound after use, which can be converted to the original iodine(III) reagent by electrolytic oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Uehara
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Sota Adachi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Akira Tsubouchi
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Viktor V Zhdankin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Akira Yoshimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aomori University, 2-3-1 Kobata, Aomori 030-0943, Japan
| | - Akio Saito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
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48
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Drögemüller P, Stobbe T, Schröder U. Closing the Gap: Towards a Fully Continuous and Self-Regulated Kolbe Electrosynthesis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202300973. [PMID: 37679942 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we address the transition of the Kolbe electrolysis of valeric acid (VA) to n-octane as an exemplary electrosynthesis process from a batch reaction to a continuous, self-regulated process. Based on a systematic assessment of chemical boundary conditions and sustainability aspects, we propose a continuous electrosynthesis including a simple product separation and electrolyte recirculation, as well as an online-pH-controlled VA feeding. We demonstrate how essential performance parameters such as product selectivity (S) and coulombic efficiency (CE) are significantly improved by the transition from batch to a continuous process. Thus, the continuous and pH-controlled electrolysis of a 1 M valeric acid, starting pH 6.0, allowed a constantly high selectivity of around 47 % and an average Coulomb efficiency about 52 % throughout the entire experimental duration. Under otherwise identical conditions, the conventional batch operation suffered from lower and strongly decreasing performance values (Sn-octane, 60min =10.4 %, Sn-octane, 240min =1.3 %; CEn-octane, 60min =7.1 %, CEn-octane, 240min =0.5 %). At the same time, electrolyte recirculation significantly reduces wastes and limits the use of electrolyte components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Drögemüller
- Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence SE2A-Sustainable and Energy-Efficient Aviation, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tobias Stobbe
- Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Uwe Schröder
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence SE2A-Sustainable and Energy-Efficient Aviation, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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49
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Huang X, Yao Y, Yin X, Guan W, Yuan C, Fang Z, Qin H, Liu C, Guo K. Electro-oxidative quinylation of sulfides to sulfur ylides in batch and continuous flow. iScience 2024; 27:108605. [PMID: 38174319 PMCID: PMC10762464 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
An unprecedented strategy for preparing a series of sulfur ylides through electro-oxidative quinylation of sulfides in batch and continuous flow has been developed. Good to excellent yields were obtained with excellent functional group compatibility and good concentration tolerance under exogenous oxidant- and transition metal-free conditions. Advantageously, this electrosynthesis methodology was scalable with higher daily production and steady production was achieved attributing to the use of micro-flow cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxing Huang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yifei Yao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xing Yin
- Intervention Therapy Department, General Hospital of Eastern Theater Command, Nanjing 222042, China
| | - Wenjing Guan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chengcheng Yuan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zheng Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Hong Qin
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chengkou Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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50
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Zhang J, Zhu W, Chen Z, Zhang Q, Guo C. Dual-Catalyzed Stereodivergent Electrooxidative Homocoupling of Benzoxazolyl Acetate. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1522-1531. [PMID: 38166394 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
The development of a reliable strategy for stereodivergent radical reactions that allows convenient access to all stereoisomers of homocoupling adducts with multiple stereogenic centers remains an unmet goal in organic synthesis. Herein, we describe a dual-catalyzed electrooxidative C(sp3)-H/C(sp3)-H homocoupling with complete absolute and relative stereocontrol for the synthesis of molecules with contiguous quaternary stereocenters in a general and predictable manner. The stereodivergent electrooxidative homocoupling reaction is achieved by synergistically utilizing two distinct chiral catalysts that convert identical racemic substrates into inherently distinctive reactive chiral intermediates, dictate enantioselective radical addition, and allow access to the full complement of stereoisomeric products via simple catalyst permutation. The successful execution of the dual-electrocatalytic strategy programmed via electrooxidative activation provides a significant conceptual advantage and will serve as a useful foundation for further research into cooperative stereocontrolled radical transformations and diversity-oriented synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wangjie Zhu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ziting Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chang Guo
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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