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Teichmann B, Liu B, Hirsch M, Dubey RK, Würthner F. Sequential Synthesis and Secondary Structure Analysis of Two Classes of Perylene Bisimide Oligomers. Org Lett 2024; 26:5544-5548. [PMID: 38912957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
An iterative step-by-step synthetic approach is employed to form perylene bisimide (PBI) oligomers of defined sizes by connecting the PBI units through their imide positions via a benzyl linker. The versatility of this approach was showcased by its successful implementation on two different PBI building blocks to achieve two separate series of oligomers (up to the pentamer) with modulated conformations: one with an open random coil oligomer and one with an H-type foldamer architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Teichmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bin Liu
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Hirsch
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rajeev K Dubey
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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2
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Walker SE, Chant W, Thoonen S, Tuck KL, Turner DR. Stabilization of Lantern-Type Metal-Organic Cages (MOCs) by Protective Control of Ligand Exchange Rates. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400072. [PMID: 38366309 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Self-assembling systems in nature display remarkable complexity with assemblies of different sub-units to generate functional species. Synthetic analogues of such systems are a challenge, often requiring the ability to bias distributions that are under thermodynamic assembly control. Using lantern-type MOCs (metal-organic cages) as a prototypical self-assembling system, herein we explore the role that steric bulk plays in controlling the exchange rate of ligands in paddlewheel-based assemblies, and thus the stability of cages, in competitive self-assembling scenarios. The effective lifetime of the lantern-type MOCs varies over an order of magnitude depending on the steric bulk proximal to the metal nodes with lifetimes of the cages ranging from tens of minutes to several hours. The bulk of the coordinating solvents likewise reduces the rate of ligand exchange, and thus yields longer-lived species. Understanding this subtle effect has implications for controlling the stability of complex assemblies in competitive environments with implications for guest release and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Walker
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - William Chant
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Shannon Thoonen
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kellie L Tuck
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - David R Turner
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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3
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Elizebath D, Lim JH, Nishiyama Y, Vedhanarayanan B, Saeki A, Ogawa Y, Praveen VK. Nonclassical Crystal Growth of Supramolecular Polymers in Aqueous Medium. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306175. [PMID: 37771173 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
A mechanistic understanding of the principles governing the hierarchical organization of supramolecular polymers offers a paradigm for tailoring synthetic molecular architectures at the nano to micrometric scales. Herein, the unconventional crystal growth mechanism of a supramolecular polymer of superbenzene(coronene)-diphenylalanine conjugate (Cr-FFOEt ) is demonstrated. 3D electron diffraction (3D ED), a technique underexplored in supramolecular chemistry, is effectively utilized to gain a molecular-level understanding of the gradual growth of the initially formed poorly crystalline hairy, fibril-like supramolecular polymers into the ribbon-like crystallites. The further evolution of these nanosized flat ribbons into microcrystals by oriented attachment and lateral fusion is probed by time-resolved microscopy and electron diffraction. The gradual morphological and structural changes reveal the nonclassical crystal growth pathway, where the balance of strong and weak intermolecular interactions led to a structure beyond the nanoscale. The role of distinct π-stacking and H-bonding interactions that drive the nonclassical crystallization process of Cr-FFOEt supramolecular polymers is analyzed in comparison to analogous molecules, Py-FFOEt and Cr-FF forming helical and twisted fibers, respectively. Furthermore, the Cr-FFOEt crystals formed through nonclassical crystallization are found to improve the functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drishya Elizebath
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Jia Hui Lim
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | | | - Balaraman Vedhanarayanan
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
| | - Akinori Saeki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yu Ogawa
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Vakayil K Praveen
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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4
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Lago-Silva M, Fernández-Míguez M, Rodríguez R, Quiñoá E, Freire F. Stimuli-responsive synthetic helical polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:793-852. [PMID: 38105704 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00952a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic dynamic helical polymers (supramolecular and covalent) and foldamers share the helix as a structural motif. Although the materials are different, these systems also share many structural properties, such as helix induction or conformational communication mechanisms. The introduction of stimuli responsive building blocks or monomer repeating units in these materials triggers conformational or structural changes, due to the presence/absence of the external stimulus, which are transmitted to the helix resulting in different effects, such as assymetry amplification, helix inversion or even changes in the helical scaffold (elongation, J/H helical aggregates). In this review, we show through selected examples how different stimuli (e.g., temperature, solvents, cations, anions, redox, chiral additives, pH or light) can alter the helical structures of dynamic helical polymers (covalent and supramolecular) and foldamers acting on the conformational composition or molecular structure of their components, which is also transmitted to the macromolecular helical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Lago-Silva
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Manuel Fernández-Míguez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Rafael Rodríguez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Emilio Quiñoá
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Félix Freire
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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5
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Heidecker AA, Stasi M, Spears A, Boekhoven J, Pöthig A. Silver and Gold Pillarplex Pseudorotaxanes from α,ω-Dicarboxylic Acids. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300234. [PMID: 37306394 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A series of pseudorotaxanes with supramolecular organometallic silver(I) and gold(I) pillarplexes acting as rings and different α,ω-dicarboxylic acids as axle components are reported. The successful formation of the host-guest complexes is shown by 1 H NMR spectroscopy and respective NMR titration. Additional evaluation with ITC titration experiments yielded dissociation constants (Kd ) ranging from 10-5 to 10-7 M. Single-crystal X-Ray diffraction analysis reveals a particularly exciting pore alignment of different examples in the solid state depending on the length of the guest. The work highlights, that dicarboxylic acids can penetrate the tight tubular pillarplex pore, paving the way to future mechanically interlocked molecules and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A Heidecker
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Michele Stasi
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Chair of Supramolecular Chemistry Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Alexander Spears
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Job Boekhoven
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Chair of Supramolecular Chemistry Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Alexander Pöthig
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
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6
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Tian S, Lugger SJD, Lee CS, Debije MG, Schenning APHJ. Fully (Re)configurable Interactive Material through a Switchable Photothermal Charge Transfer Complex Gated by a Supramolecular Liquid Crystal Elastomer Actuator. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19347-19353. [PMID: 37609696 PMCID: PMC10485926 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Charge transfer complexes (CTCs) based on self-assembled donor and acceptor molecules allow light absorption of significantly redshifted wavelengths to either the donor or acceptor. In this work, we demonstrate a CTC embedded in a hydrogen-bonded liquid crystal elastomer (LCE), which in itself is fully reformable and reprocessable. The LCE host acts as a gate, directing the self-assembly of the CTC. When hydrogen bonding is present, the CTC behaves as a near-infrared (NIR) dye allowing photothermal actuation of the LCE. The CTC can be disassembled in specific regions of the LCE film by disrupting the hydrogen bond interactions, allowing selective NIR heating and localized actuation of the films. The metastable non-CTC state may persist for weeks or can be recovered on demand by heat treatment. Besides the CTC variability, the capability of completely reforming the shape, color, and actuation mode of the LCE provides an interactive material with unprecedented application versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Tian
- Center
of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF) and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P.
R. China
- Stimuli-Responsive
Functional Materials and Devices (SFD), Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sean J. D. Lugger
- Stimuli-Responsive
Functional Materials and Devices (SFD), Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper 3, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Chun-Sing Lee
- Center
of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF) and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P.
R. China
| | - Michael G. Debije
- Stimuli-Responsive
Functional Materials and Devices (SFD), Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper 3, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Interactive
Polymer Materials (IPM), Eindhoven University
of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper 3, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albert P. H. J. Schenning
- Stimuli-Responsive
Functional Materials and Devices (SFD), Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper 3, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Interactive
Polymer Materials (IPM), Eindhoven University
of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper 3, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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7
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Seo J, Khazi MI, Bae K, Kim JM. Temperature-Controlled Pathway Complexity in Self-Assembly of Perylene Diimide-Polydiacetylene Supramolecule. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206428. [PMID: 36732849 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly process represents one of the most powerful and efficient methods for designing functional nanomaterials. For generating optimal functional materials, understanding the pathway complexity during self-assembly is essential, which involves the aggregation of molecules into thermodynamically or kinetically favored pathways. Herein, a functional perylene diimide (PDI) derivative by introducing diacetylene (DA) chains (PDI-DA) is designed. Temperature control pathway complexity with the evolution of distinct morphology for the kinetic and thermodynamic product of PDI-DA is investigated in detail. A facile strategy of UV-induced polymerization is adopted to trap and capture metastable kinetic intermediates to understand the self-assembly mechanism. PDI-DA showed two kinetic intermediates having the morphology of nanosheets and nanoparticles before transforming into the thermodynamic product having fibrous morphology. Spectroscopic studies revealed the existence of distinct H- and J-aggregates for kinetic and thermodynamic products respectively. The polymerized fibrous PDI-DA displayed reversible switching between J-aggregate and H-aggregate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonsik Seo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
| | | | - Kwangmin Bae
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
| | - Jong-Man Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
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8
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Dhara A, Fadler RE, Chen Y, Köttner LA, Van Craen D, Carta V, Flood AH. Orthogonal, modular anion-cation and cation-anion self-assembly using pre-programmed anion binding sites. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2585-2595. [PMID: 36908961 PMCID: PMC9993851 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05121d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Subcomponent self-assembly relies on cation coordination whereas the roles of anions often only emerge during the assembly process. When sites for anions are instead pre-programmed, they have the potential to be used as orthogonal elements to build up structure in a predictable and modular way. We explore this idea by combining cation (M+) and anion (X-) binding sites together and show the orthogonal and modular build up of structure in a multi-ion assembly. Cation binding is based on a ligand (L) made by subcomponent metal-imine chemistry (M+ = Cu+, Au+) while the site for anion binding (X- = BF4 -, ClO4 -) derives from the inner cavity of cyanostar (CS) macrocycles. The two sites are connected by imine condensation between a pyridyl-aldehyde and an aniline-modified cyanostar. The target assembly [LM-CS-X-CS-ML],+ generates two terminal metal complexation sites (LM and ML) with one central anion-bridging site (X) defined by cyanostar dimerization. We showcase modular assembly by isolating intermediates when the primary structure-directing ions are paired with weakly coordinating counter ions. Cation-directed (Cu+) or anion-bridged (BF4 -) intermediates can be isolated along either cation-anion or anion-cation pathways. Different products can also be prepared in a modular way using Au+ and ClO4 -. This is also the first use of gold(i) in subcomponent self-assembly. Pre-programmed cation and anion binding sites combine with judicious selection of spectator ions to provide modular noncovalent syntheses of multi-component architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Dhara
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Rachel E Fadler
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA .,Wayne State University Law School, Wayne State University 471 W Palmer Ave Detroit MI 48202 USA
| | - Yusheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Laura A Köttner
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA .,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - David Van Craen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA .,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Str. 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Veronica Carta
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
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9
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Saito T, Kajitani T, Yagai S. Amplification of Molecular Asymmetry during the Hierarchical Self-Assembly of Foldable Azobenzene Dyads into Nanotoroids and Nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:443-454. [PMID: 36574732 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The amplification of molecular asymmetry through self-assembly is a phenomenon that not only comprehends the origin of homochirality in nature but also produces chiroptically active functional materials from molecules with minimal enantiomeric purity. Understanding how molecular asymmetry can be transferred and amplified into higher-order structures in a hierarchical self-assembly system is important but still unexplored. Herein, we present an intriguing example of the amplification of molecular asymmetry in hierarchically self-assembled nanotubes that feature discrete and isolatable toroidal intermediates. The hierarchical self-assembly is initiated via asymmetric intramolecular folding of scissor-shaped azobenzene dyads furnished with chiral side chains. When scalemic mixtures of the enantiomers are dissolved in a non-polar solvent and cooled to 20 °C, single-handed nanotoroids are formed, as confirmed using atomic force microscopy and circular dichroism analyses. A strong majority-rules effect at the nanotoroid level is observed and can be explained by a low mismatch penalty and a high helix-reversal penalty. The single-handed nanotoroids stack upon cooling to 0 °C to exclusively afford their respective single-handed nanotubes. Thus, the same degree of amplification of molecular asymmetry is realized at the nanotube level. The internal packing efficiency of molecules within nanotubes prepared from the pure enantiomers or their scalemic mixtures is likely different, as suggested by the absence of higher-order structure (supercoil) formation in the latter. X-ray diffraction analysis of the anisotropically oriented nanotube films revealed looser molecular packing within the scalemic nanotubes, which clearly reflects the lower enantiomeric purity of their internal chiral side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuho Saito
- Division of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Takashi Kajitani
- Open Facility development office, Open Facility Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Shiki Yagai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Academic Research (IAAR), Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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10
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Barratt CM, Haraniya TK, Iwamasa SJ, Yun JJ, Desyatkin VG, Wilcox KG, Morozova SA, Rodionov VO. Synthesis and conformational studies of hyperbranched-core star polymers with poly(γ–benzyl-L-glutamate) arms. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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11
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Barooah N, Mohanty J, Bhasikuttan AC. Cucurbituril-Based Supramolecular Assemblies: Prospective on Drug Delivery, Sensing, Separation, and Catalytic Applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6249-6264. [PMID: 35535760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Precise control over the stimuli-responsive noncovalent interactions operative in a complex molecular system has emerged as a convenient way to realize applications in the detection and sensing of trace analytes, metal ion separation, uptake-release, in situ nanoparticle synthesis, and catalytic activity. This feature article focuses on the attributes and advantages of noncovalent host-guest interactions involving cucurbituril homologues (CBs) with a wide range of organic and inorganic guests, starting from organic dyes to drugs, proteins, surfactants, metal ions, and polyoxometalates. The unique structural features of CBs provide interaction sites for cations at the portals, polyanions at the periphery, and hydrophobic groups in its cavity. The facile complexation and consequent compositional and geometrical arrangements of guests such as naphthalenediimides, coumarins, porphyrins, and triphenylpyrylium ions with the host CBs led to remarkable changes in many molecular properties, especially aggregation, the proton binding and release affinity, and novel emissive dimers, and each of such spectroscopic signatures have been appropriately channeled to drug delivery and activation to improve the antibacterial efficacy and shelf life of drugs by increasing their photostability. Several technological advantages have also been extracted from the interaction of CBs with inorganic guests as well. The interaction of CB7 with the heptamolybdate anion resulted in the precipitation of a hybrid complex material which enabled a convenient separation methodology for the use of clinically pure radioactive 99mTc in diagnostic applications. Certain cucurbituril-based hybrid materials have been developed for enhanced SO2 adsorption at low pressures, high-efficiency hydrogen production, and reversible catalytic systems. Thus, this feature article provides a glimpse of the vast potential of cucurbituril homologues with organic and inorganic guests and calls for a dedicated effort to explore supramolecular strategies for better sensors, therapeutics, smart drug delivery modules, and facile devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilotpal Barooah
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Jyotirmayee Mohanty
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Achikanath C Bhasikuttan
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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12
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Optical and electrochemical properties of novel fused tricyclic thiophene–15-crown-5 systems and their complexes with Mg and Ba ions. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2022.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Au-Yeung HY, Deng Y. Distinctive features and challenges in catenane chemistry. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3315-3334. [PMID: 35432874 PMCID: PMC8943846 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05391d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
From being an aesthetic molecular object to a building block for the construction of molecular machines, catenanes and related mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) continue to attract immense interest in many research areas. Catenane chemistry is closely tied to that of rotaxanes and knots, and involves concepts like mechanical bonds, chemical topology and co-conformation that are unique to these molecules. Yet, because of their different topological structures and mechanical bond properties, there are some fundamental differences between the chemistry of catenanes and that of rotaxanes and knots although the boundary is sometimes blurred. Clearly distinguishing these differences, in aspects of bonding, structure, synthesis and properties, between catenanes and other MIMs is therefore of fundamental importance to understand their chemistry and explore the new opportunities from mechanical bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yu Au-Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Yulin Deng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
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14
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Abstract
We report a hydrogen-bonded supramolecular miktoarm star polymer containing three distinct helical arms. Our design involves two helical poly(methacrylamide) arms connected by a barbituric acid (Ba) at the center, prepared through the reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization with a bifunctional agent. Together with a telechelic helical poly(isocyanide) end-functionalized with a Hamilton Wedge (HW) that is complementary to Ba, the two components assemble into an AB2-type star copolymer. The assembly is driven by the hydrogen bonding between HW and Ba, which is quantified by 1H NMR titration and isothermal titration calorimetry. Gel-permeation chromatography provides evidence for the formation of the desired miktoarm star architecture. This strategy of site-specific functionalization on helical polymers provides a modular approach to preparing nonlinear supramolecular ensembles with topologically diverse building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Chengyuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Marcus Weck
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
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15
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Heidecker AA, Bohn M, Pöthig A. Crystal structure of a hexacationic Ag(I)-pillarplex-dodecyl-diammonium pseudo-rotaxane as terephthalate salt. Z KRIST-CRYST MATER 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/zkri-2021-2076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A new pseudo-rotaxane, consisting of a tubular, organometallic Ag-pillarplex ring and dodecyldiammonium axle component, is introduced and investigated towards potential non-covalent interactions by Full Interaction Maps (FIMs). FIMs predict regions of probable supramolecular interactions solely at the organic ligands, namely the rim and the aromatic rings of the pillarplex. The results were compared to structural parameters experimentally obtained by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The pseudo-rotaxane was crystallized as a hydrated terephthalate salt, and the molecular and the crystal structure are discussed. The experimentally observed interactions are quantified using Hirshfeld surface analysis. In contrast to the FIMs prediction, four different interaction modes can be experimentally observed in the solid-state: encapsulation of a guest molecule, hydrogen bonding, π- and metal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A. Heidecker
- Department of Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Moritz Bohn
- Department of Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Alexander Pöthig
- Department of Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching , Germany
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16
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Valera JS, Arima H, Naranjo C, Saito T, Suda N, Gómez R, Yagai S, Sánchez L. Biasing the Hierarchy Motifs of Nanotoroids: from 1D Nanotubes to 2D Porous Networks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202114290. [PMID: 34822210 PMCID: PMC9299728 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hierarchical organization of self-assembled structures into superstructures is omnipresent in Nature but has been rarely achieved in synthetic molecular assembly due to the absence of clear structural rules. We herein report on the self-assembly of scissor-shaped azobenzene dyads which form discrete nanotoroids that further organize into 2D porous networks. The steric demand of the peripheral aliphatic units diminishes the trend of the azobenzene dyad to constitute stackable nanotoroids in solution, thus affording isolated (unstackable) nanotoroids upon cooling. Upon drying, these nanotoroids organize at graphite surface to form well-defined 2D porous networks. The photoirradiation with UV and visible light enabled reversible dissociation and reconstruction of nanotoroids through the efficient trans↔cis isomerization of azobenzene moieties in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge S. Valera
- Dpto. Química OrgánicaFacultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Complutense de MadridCiudad Universitaria, s/n28040MadridSpain
| | - Hironari Arima
- Division of Advanced Science and EngineeringGraduate School of Science and EngineeringChiba University1–33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-kuChiba263-8522Japan
| | - Cristina Naranjo
- Dpto. Química OrgánicaFacultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Complutense de MadridCiudad Universitaria, s/n28040MadridSpain
| | - Takuho Saito
- Division of Advanced Science and EngineeringGraduate School of Science and EngineeringChiba University1–33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-kuChiba263-8522Japan
| | - Natsuki Suda
- Division of Advanced Science and EngineeringGraduate School of Science and EngineeringChiba University1–33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-kuChiba263-8522Japan
| | - Rafael Gómez
- Dpto. Química OrgánicaFacultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Complutense de MadridCiudad Universitaria, s/n28040MadridSpain
| | - Shiki Yagai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and BiotechnologyGraduate School of EngineeringChiba University1–33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-kuChiba263-8522Japan
- Institute for Global Prominent Research (IGPR)Chiba University1–33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-kuChiba263-8522Japan
| | - Luis Sánchez
- Dpto. Química OrgánicaFacultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Complutense de MadridCiudad Universitaria, s/n28040MadridSpain
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17
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Valera JS, Arima H, Naranjo C, Saito T, Suda N, Gómez R, Yagai S, Sánchez L. Biasing the Hierarchy Motifs of Nanotoroids: from 1D Nanotubes to 2D Porous Networks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge S. Valera
- Dpto. Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria, s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Hironari Arima
- Division of Advanced Science and Engineering Graduate School of Science and Engineering Chiba University 1–33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Cristina Naranjo
- Dpto. Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria, s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Takuho Saito
- Division of Advanced Science and Engineering Graduate School of Science and Engineering Chiba University 1–33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Natsuki Suda
- Division of Advanced Science and Engineering Graduate School of Science and Engineering Chiba University 1–33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Rafael Gómez
- Dpto. Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria, s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Shiki Yagai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Graduate School of Engineering Chiba University 1–33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
- Institute for Global Prominent Research (IGPR) Chiba University 1–33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Luis Sánchez
- Dpto. Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria, s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
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18
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Dietzsch J, Bialas D, Bandorf J, Würthner F, Höbartner C. Tuning Exciton Coupling of Merocyanine Nucleoside Dimers by RNA, DNA and GNA Double Helix Conformations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dietzsch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Würzburg Germany
| | - David Bialas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry University of Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | | | - Frank Würthner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry University of Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Claudia Höbartner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry University of Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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19
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Zhang L, Sun LY, Chang JP, Xie HY, Zhang YW, Zhang YF, Han YF. A trefoil-shaped macrocycle with 12 imidazolium cations. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Dietzsch J, Bialas D, Bandorf J, Würthner F, Höbartner C. Tuning exciton coupling of merocyanine nucleoside dimers by RNA, DNA and GNA double helix conformations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202116783. [PMID: 34937127 PMCID: PMC9302137 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Exciton coupling between two or more chromophores in a specific environment is a key mechanism associated with color tuning and modulation of absorption energies. This concept is well exemplified by natural photosynthetic proteins, and can also be achieved in synthetic nucleic acid nanostructures. Here we report the coupling of barbituric acid merocyanine (BAM) nucleoside analogues and show that exciton coupling can be tuned by the double helix conformation. BAM is a nucleobase mimic that was incorporated in the phosphodiester backbone of RNA, DNA and GNA oligonucleotides. Duplexes with different backbone constitutions and geometries afforded different mutual dye arrangements, leading to distinct optical signatures due to competing modes of chromophore organization via electrostatic, dipolar, π–π‐stacking and hydrogen‐bonding interactions. The realized supramolecular motifs include hydrogen‐bonded BAM–adenine base pairs and antiparallel as well as rotationally stacked BAM dimer aggregates with distinct absorption, CD and fluorescence properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dietzsch
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg Fakultat fur Chemie und Pharmazie, Organic Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - David Bialas
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg Fakultat fur Chemie und Pharmazie, Organic Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Johannes Bandorf
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg Fakultat fur Chemie und Pharmazie, Organic Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Frank Würthner
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg Fakultat fur Chemie und Pharmazie, Organic Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Claudia Höbartner
- Universität Würzburg, Institute für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, GERMANY
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21
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Khodaverdi M, Hossain MS, Zhang Z, Martino RP, Nehls CW, Mozhdehi D. Pathway‐Selection for Programmable Assembly of Genetically Encoded Amphiphiles by Thermal Processing. CHEMSYSTEMSCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.202100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Khodaverdi
- Department of Chemistry Syracuse University Center for Science and Technology, 111 Syracuse NY 13244 USA
| | - Md Shahadat Hossain
- Department of Chemistry Syracuse University Center for Science and Technology, 111 Syracuse NY 13244 USA
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Syracuse University Center for Science and Technology, 111 Syracuse NY 13244 USA
| | - Robert P. Martino
- Department of Chemistry Syracuse University Center for Science and Technology, 111 Syracuse NY 13244 USA
| | - Connor W. Nehls
- Department of Chemistry Syracuse University Center for Science and Technology, 111 Syracuse NY 13244 USA
| | - Davoud Mozhdehi
- Department of Chemistry Syracuse University Center for Science and Technology, 111 Syracuse NY 13244 USA
- BioInspired Syracuse Institute for Material and Living Systems Syracuse University Syracuse NY 13244 USA
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22
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van der Zwan KP, Steinlein C, Kreger K, Schmidt HW, Senker J. Crystal Engineering of Supramolecular 1,4-Benzene Bisamides by Side-Chain Modification - Towards Tuneable Anisotropic Morphologies and Surfaces. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:2585-2593. [PMID: 34643979 PMCID: PMC9299472 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Benzene bisamides are promising building blocks for supramolecular nano‐objects. Their functionality depends on morphology and surface properties. However, a direct link between surface properties and molecular structure itself is missing for this material class. Here, we investigate this interplay for two series of 1,4‐benzene bisamides with symmetric and asymmetric peripheral substitution. We elucidated the crystal structures, determined the nano‐object morphologies and derived the wetting behaviour of the preferentially exposed surfaces. The crystal structures were solved by combining single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction, solid‐state NMR spectroscopy and computational modelling. Bulky side groups, here t‐butyl groups, serve as a structure‐directing motif into a packing pattern, which favours the formation of thin platelets. The use of slim peripheral groups on both sides, in our case linear perfluorinated, alkyl chains, self‐assemble the benzene bisamides into a second packing pattern which leads to ribbon‐like nano‐objects. For both packing types, the preferentially exposed surfaces consist of the ends of the peripheral groups. Asymmetric substitution with bulky and slim groups leads to an ordered alternating arrangement of the groups exposed to the surface. This allows the hydrophobicity of the surfaces to be gradually altered. We thus identified two leitmotifs for molecular packings of benzene bisamides providing the missing link between the molecular structure, the anisotropic morphologies and adjustable surface properties of the supramolecular nano‐objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper P van der Zwan
- Inorganic Chemistry III and North Bavarian NMR Center, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christoph Steinlein
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Klaus Kreger
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Hans-Werner Schmidt
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jürgen Senker
- Inorganic Chemistry III and North Bavarian NMR Center, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
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23
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Nicoli F, Baroncini M, Silvi S, Groppi J, Credi A. Direct synthetic routes to functionalised crown ethers. Org Chem Front 2021; 8:5531-5549. [PMID: 34603737 PMCID: PMC8477657 DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00699a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Crown ethers are macrocyclic hosts that can complex a wide range of inorganic and organic cations as well as neutral guest species. Their widespread utilization in several areas of fundamental and applied chemistry strongly relies on strategies for their functionalisation, in order to obtain compounds that could carry out multiple functions and could be incorporated in sophisticated systems. Although functionalised crown ethers are normally synthesised by templated macrocyclisation using appropriately substituted starting materials, the direct addition of functional groups onto a pre-formed macrocyclic framework is a valuable yet underexplored alternative. Here we review the methodologies for the direct functionalisation of aliphatic and aromatic crown ethers sporadically reported in the literature over a period of four decades. The general approach for the introduction of moieties on aliphatic crown ethers involves a radical mediated cross dehydrogenative coupling initiated either by photochemical or thermal/chemical activation, while aromatic crown ethers are commonly derivatised via electrophilic aromatic substitution. Direct functionalization routes can reduce synthetic effort, allow the later modification of crown ether-based architectures, and disclose new ways to exploit these versatile macrocycles in contemporary supramolecular science and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Nicoli
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures Istituto ISOF-CNR via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna viale del Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Massimo Baroncini
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures Istituto ISOF-CNR via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, Università di Bologna viale Fanin 44 40127 Bologna Italy
| | - Serena Silvi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures Istituto ISOF-CNR via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Jessica Groppi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures Istituto ISOF-CNR via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures Istituto ISOF-CNR via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna viale del Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
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24
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Rimmele M, Nogala W, Seif-Eddine M, Roessler MM, Heeney M, Plasser F, Glöcklhofer F. Functional group introduction and aromatic unit variation in a set of π-conjugated macrocycles: revealing the central role of local and global aromaticity. Org Chem Front 2021; 8:4730-4745. [PMID: 34484800 PMCID: PMC8382046 DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00901j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
π-Conjugated macrocycles are molecules with unique properties that are increasingly exploited for applications and the question of whether they can sustain global aromatic or antiaromatic ring currents is particularly intriguing. However, there are only a small number of experimental studies that investigate how the properties of π-conjugated macrocycles evolve with systematic structural changes. Here, we present such a systematic experimental study of a set of [2.2.2.2]cyclophanetetraenes, all with formally Hückel antiaromatic ground states, and combine it with an in-depth computational analysis. The study reveals the central role of local and global aromaticity for rationalizing the observed optoelectronic properties, ranging from extremely large Stokes shifts of up to 1.6 eV to reversible fourfold reduction, a highly useful feature for charge storage/accumulation applications. A recently developed method for the visualization of chemical shielding tensors (VIST) is applied to provide unique insight into local and global ring currents occurring in different planes along the macrocycle. Conformational changes as a result of the structural variations can further explain some of the observations. The study contributes to the development of structure-property relationships and molecular design guidelines and will help to understand, rationalize, and predict the properties of other π-conjugated macrocycles. It will also assist in the design of macrocycle-based supramolecular elements with defined properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rimmele
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK .,Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Wojciech Nogala
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Maxie M Roessler
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK .,Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Felix Plasser
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
| | - Florian Glöcklhofer
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK .,Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK
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25
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A case study of monomer design for controlled/living supramolecular polymerization. Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-021-00478-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Chen LJ, Humphrey SJ, Zhu JL, Zhu FF, Wang XQ, Wang X, Wen J, Yang HB, Gale PA. A Two-Dimensional Metallacycle Cross-Linked Switchable Polymer for Fast and Highly Efficient Phosphorylated Peptide Enrichment. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8295-8304. [PMID: 34042430 PMCID: PMC8193630 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The selective and
efficient capture of phosphopeptides is critical
for comprehensive and in-depth phosphoproteome analysis. Here we report
a new switchable two-dimensional (2D) supramolecular polymer that
serves as an ideal platform for the enrichment of phosphopeptides.
A well-defined, positively charged metallacycle incorporated into
the polymer endows the resultant polymer with a high affinity for
phosphopeptides. Importantly, the stimuli-responsive nature of the
polymer facilitates switchable binding affinity of phosphopeptides,
thus resulting in an excellent performance in phosphopeptide enrichment
and separation from model proteins. The polymer has a high enrichment
capacity (165 mg/g) and detection sensitivity (2 fmol), high enrichment
recovery (88%), excellent specificity, and rapid enrichment and separation
properties. Additionally, we have demonstrated the capture of phosphopeptides
from the tryptic digest of real biosamples, thus illustrating the
potential of this polymeric material in phosphoproteomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Chen
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sean J Humphrey
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jun-Long Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Fan-Fan Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xu-Qing Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials & College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jin Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials & College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.,Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Vienna, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hai-Bo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Philip A Gale
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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27
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Turkin A, Holzapfel M, Agarwal M, Fischermeier D, Mitric R, Schweins R, Gröhn F, Lambert C. Solvent Induced Helix Folding of Defined Indolenine Squaraine Oligomers. Chemistry 2021; 27:8380-8389. [PMID: 33871113 PMCID: PMC8251825 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A protecting group strategy was employed to synthesise a series of indolenine squaraine dye oligomers up to the nonamer. The longer oligomers show a distinct solvent dependence of the absorption spectra, that is, either a strong blue shift or a strong red shift of the lowest energy bands in the near infrared spectral region. This behaviour is explained by exciton coupling theory as being due to H- or J-type coupling of transition moments. The H-type coupling is a consequence of a helix folding in solvents with a small Hansen dispersity index. DOSY NMR, small angle neutron scattering (SANS), quantum chemical and force field calculations agree upon a helix structure with an unusually large pitch and open voids that are filled with solvent molecules, thereby forming a kind of clathrate. The thermodynamic parameters of the folding process were determined by temperature dependent optical absorption spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Turkin
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Marco Holzapfel
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Mohit Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI)University of Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
- Institut Max von Laue - Paul Langevin (ILL), DS / LSS71, Avenue des Martyrs - CS 2015638042Grenoble Cedex 9France
| | - David Fischermeier
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Roland Mitric
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Center for Nanosystems ChemistryUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Ralf Schweins
- Institut Max von Laue - Paul Langevin (ILL), DS / LSS71, Avenue des Martyrs - CS 2015638042Grenoble Cedex 9France
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI)University of Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Center for Nanosystems ChemistryUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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28
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Milton M, Deng R, Mann A, Wang C, Tang D, Weck M. Secondary Structure in Nonpeptidic Supramolecular Block Copolymers. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:2397-2408. [PMID: 33914498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteins contain a level of complexity-secondary and tertiary structures-that polymer chemists aim to imitate. The bottom-up synthesis of protein-mimicking polymers mastering sequence variability and dispersity remains challenging. Incorporating polymers with predefined secondary structures, such as helices and π-π stacking sheets, into block copolymers circumvents the issue of designing and predicting one facet of their 3D architecture. Block copolymers with well-defined secondary-structure elements formed by covalent chain extension or supramolecular self-assembly may be considered for localized tertiary structures.In this Account, we describe a strategy toward block copolymers composed of units bearing well-defined secondary structures mixed in a "plug-and-play" manner that approaches a modicum of the versatility seen in nature. Our early efforts focused on the concept of single-chain collapse to achieve folded secondary structures through either hydrogen bonding or quadrupole attractive forces. These cases, however, required high dilution. Therefore, we turned to the ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of [2.2]paracyclophane-1,9-dienes (pCpd), which forms conjugated, fluorescent poly(p-phenylenevinylene)s (PPVs) evocative of β-sheets. Helical building blocks arise from polymers such as poly(isocyanide)s (PICs) or poly(methacrylamide)s (PMAcs) containing bulky, chiral side groups while the coil motif can be represented by any flexible chain; we frequently chose poly(styrene) (PS) or poly(norbornene) (PNB). We installed moieties for supramolecular assembly at the chain ends of our "sheets" to combine them with complementary helical or coil-shaped polymeric building blocks.Assembling hierarchical materials tantamount to the complexity of proteins requires directional interactions with high specificity, covalent chain extension, or a combination of both chemistries. Our design is based on functionalized reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) agents that allowed for the introduction of recognition motifs at the terminus of building blocks and chain-terminating agents (CTAs) that enabled the macroinitiation of helical polymers from the chain end of ROMP-generated sheets and/or coils. To achieve triblock copolymers with a heterotelechelic helix, we relied on supramolecular assembly with helix and coil-shaped building blocks. Our most diverse structures to date comprised a middle block of PPV sheets, parallel or antiparallel, and supramolecularly or covalently linked, respectively, end-functionalized with molecular recognition units (MRUs) for orthogonal supramolecular assembly. We explored PPV sheets with multiple folds achieved by chain extension using alternating pCpd and phenyl-pentafluorophenyl β-hairpin turns. Using single-molecule polarization spectroscopy, we showed that folding occurs preferentially in multistranded over double-stranded PPV sheets. Our strategy toward protein-mimicking and foldable polymers demonstrates an efficient route toward higher ordered, well-characterized materials by taking advantage of polymers that naturally manifest secondary structures. Our studies demonstrate the retention of distinct architectures after complex assembly, a paradigm that we believe may extend to other polymeric folding systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Milton
- Molecular Design Institute and Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Ru Deng
- Molecular Design Institute and Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Arielle Mann
- Molecular Design Institute and Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Chengyuan Wang
- Molecular Design Institute and Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Danni Tang
- Molecular Design Institute and Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Marcus Weck
- Molecular Design Institute and Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
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Würthner F. Solvent Effects in Supramolecular Chemistry: Linear Free Energy Relationships for Common Intermolecular Interactions. J Org Chem 2021; 87:1602-1615. [PMID: 33973476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The proper choice of solvent is of major importance for all studies in supramolecular chemistry, including molecular recognition in host-guest systems, intramolecular folding, self-assembly, and supramolecular polymerization. In this Perspective, the usefulness of linear free energy relationships (LFERs) is highlighted to unravel the effect of solvents on coordinate bonding (e.g., cation-crown ether), hydrogen bonding, halogen bonding, dipolar aggregation, and π-π-stacking. For all of these intermolecular interactions widely applied in supramolecular systems, LFER relationships between the Gibbs binding energies and common solvent polarity scales including ET(30), π*, α or β based on solvatochromic dyes, scales derived from binding processes such as Gutmann donor and acceptor numbers or hydrogen bond donor and acceptor scales, or physical functions like the Kirkwood-Onsager or the Liptay-Onsager functions could be demonstrated. These relationships can now be applied toward a better understanding of the prevailing intermolecular forces for supramolecular interactions. They further enable a rational selection of the most suitable solvent for the preparation of self-assembled materials and the estimation of binding constants without the need for time-consuming comprehensive investigations of solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Würthner
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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30
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Das G, Cherumukkil S, Padmakumar A, Banakar VB, Praveen VK, Ajayaghosh A. Tweaking a BODIPY Spherical Self‐Assembly to 2D Supramolecular Polymers Facilitates Excited‐State Cascade Energy Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gourab Das
- Photosciences and Photonics Section Chemical Sciences and Technology Division CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695019 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | - Sandeep Cherumukkil
- Photosciences and Photonics Section Chemical Sciences and Technology Division CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695019 India
| | - Akhil Padmakumar
- Photosciences and Photonics Section Chemical Sciences and Technology Division CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695019 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | - Vijay B. Banakar
- Photosciences and Photonics Section Chemical Sciences and Technology Division CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695019 India
| | - Vakayil K. Praveen
- Photosciences and Photonics Section Chemical Sciences and Technology Division CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695019 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | - Ayyappanpillai Ajayaghosh
- Photosciences and Photonics Section Chemical Sciences and Technology Division CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695019 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
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31
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Bialas D, Kirchner E, Röhr MIS, Würthner F. Perspectives in Dye Chemistry: A Rational Approach toward Functional Materials by Understanding the Aggregate State. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4500-4518. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Bialas
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eva Kirchner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Merle I. S. Röhr
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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32
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Das G, Cherumukkil S, Padmakumar A, Banakar VB, Praveen VK, Ajayaghosh A. Tweaking a BODIPY Spherical Self‐Assembly to 2D Supramolecular Polymers Facilitates Excited‐State Cascade Energy Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7851-7859. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gourab Das
- Photosciences and Photonics Section Chemical Sciences and Technology Division CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695019 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | - Sandeep Cherumukkil
- Photosciences and Photonics Section Chemical Sciences and Technology Division CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695019 India
| | - Akhil Padmakumar
- Photosciences and Photonics Section Chemical Sciences and Technology Division CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695019 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | - Vijay B. Banakar
- Photosciences and Photonics Section Chemical Sciences and Technology Division CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695019 India
| | - Vakayil K. Praveen
- Photosciences and Photonics Section Chemical Sciences and Technology Division CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695019 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | - Ayyappanpillai Ajayaghosh
- Photosciences and Photonics Section Chemical Sciences and Technology Division CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695019 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
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33
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Zahoranová A, Luxenhofer R. Poly(2-oxazoline)- and Poly(2-oxazine)-Based Self-Assemblies, Polyplexes, and Drug Nanoformulations-An Update. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001382. [PMID: 33448122 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
For many decades, poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s, two closely related families of polymers, have led the life of a rather obscure research topic with only a few research groups world-wide working with them. This has changed in the last five to ten years, presumably triggered significantly by very promising clinical trials of the first poly(2-oxazoline)-based drug conjugate. The huge chemical and structural toolbox poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s has been extended very significantly in the last few years, but their potential still remains largely untapped. Here, specifically, the developments in macromolecular self-assemblies and non-covalent drug delivery systems such as polyplexes and drug nanoformulations based on poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s are reviewed. This highly dynamic field benefits particularly from the extensive synthetic toolbox poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s offer and also may have the largest potential for a further development. It is expected that the research dynamics will remain high in the next few years, particularly as more about the safety and therapeutic potential of poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s is learned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zahoranová
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Vienna University of Technology Getreidemarkt 9/163MC Vienna 1060 Austria
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Functional Polymer Materials Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis Institute for Functional Materials and Biofabrication Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Julius‐Maximilians‐Universität Würzburg Röntgenring 11 Würzburg 97070 Germany
- Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Chemistry Helsinki University Helsinki 00014 Finland
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34
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Hecht M, Würthner F. Supramolecularly Engineered J-Aggregates Based on Perylene Bisimide Dyes. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:642-653. [PMID: 33289387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the self-assembly of cyanine dyes into J-aggregates had a major impact on the development of dye chemistry due to the emergence of new useful properties in the aggregated state. The unique optical features of these J-aggregates are narrowed, bathochromically shifted absorption bands with almost resonant fluorescence with an increased radiative rate that results from the coherently coupled molecular transition dipoles arranged in a slip-stacked fashion. Because of their desirable properties, J-aggregates gained popularity in the field of functional materials and enabled the efficient photosensitization of silver halide grains in color photography. However, despite a good theoretical understanding of structure-property relationships by the molecular exciton model, further examples of J-aggregates remained scarce for a long time as supramolecular designs to guide the formation of dye aggregates into the required slip-stacked arrangement were lacking.Drawing inspiration from the bacteriochlorophyll c self-organization found in the chlorosomal light-harvesting antennas of green sulfur bacteria, we envisioned the use of nature's supramolecular blueprint to develop J-aggregates of perylene bisimides (PBIs). This class of materials is applied in high-performance color pigments and as n-type organic semiconductors in transistors and solar cells. Combining outstanding photochemical and thermal stability, high tinctorial strength and excellent fluorescence, PBIs are therefore an ideal model system for the preparation of J-aggregates with a wide range of potential applications.In this Account, we elucidate how a combination of steric constraints and hydrogen bonding receptor sites can guide the self-assembly of PBI dyes into slip-stacked packing motifs with J-type exciton coupling. We will discuss the supramolecular polymerization of multiple hydrogen-bonded PBI strands in organic and aqueous media and how minor structural modifications in monomeric PBI molecules can be used to obtain near-infrared absorbing J-aggregates, organogels, or thermoresponsive hydrogels. Pushing the boundaries of self-assembly into the bulk, engineering of the substituents' steric requirements by a dendron-wedge approach afforded adjustable numbers of helical strands of PBI J-aggregates in the columnar liquid-crystalline state and the preparation of lamellar phases. To fully explore their potential, we have studied PBI J-aggregates in collaborative work with spectroscopists, physicists, and theoreticians. In this way, exciton migration over distances of up to 180 nm was shown, and insights into the influence of static disorder on the transport of excitation energy in PBI J-aggregates were derived. Furthermore, the application of PBI J-aggregates as functional materials was demonstrated in photonic microcavities, thin-film transistors, and organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hecht
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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35
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Gao X, Cui Z, Lin YJ, Jin GX. Construction of organometallic trefoil knots and one-dimensional chains featuring half-sandwich Cp*Rh corner units and an abnormal zwitterion ligand. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01279c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An abnormal flexible O-coordinated zwitterion ligand L shows self-adaptive conformation behaviour in chemical self-assembly. Two trefoil knots were obtained with C-shaped ligand L and two novel 1D chains were obtained with Z-shaped ligand L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
| | - Zheng Cui
- Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
| | - Yue-Jian Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
| | - Guo-Xin Jin
- Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
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36
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Liu Z, Kang K, Zhou Y, Liu R, Cai Y, Feng W, Yuan L. Switchable supramolecular ensemble for anion binding with ditopic hydrogen-bonded macrocycles. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00764e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel supramolecular strategy has been proposed by using a ditopic H-bonded amide macrocycle that is capable of controlling the binding process in response to external stimulus due to its assembly-and-disassembly-induced anion binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejiang Liu
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Kang Kang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yidan Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Rui Liu
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yimin Cai
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wen Feng
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Lihua Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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37
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Guan S, Pickl T, Jandl C, Schuchmann L, Zhou X, Altmann PJ, Pöthig A. Triazolate-based pillarplexes: shape-adaptive metallocavitands via rim modification of macrocyclic ligands. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00588j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Rim-modified pillarplexes are prepared by a macrocycle-templated synthesis strategy. They exhibit a shape-adaptive behaviour and complementary H-bonding, showing that rim modification can modulate the flexibility and functionality of the cavitand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyang Guan
- Catalysis Research Center & Department of Chemistry
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry
- Technische Universität München
- D-85748 Garching b. München
- Germany
| | - Thomas Pickl
- Catalysis Research Center & Department of Chemistry
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry
- Technische Universität München
- D-85748 Garching b. München
- Germany
| | - Christian Jandl
- Catalysis Research Center & Department of Chemistry
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry
- Technische Universität München
- D-85748 Garching b. München
- Germany
| | - Leon Schuchmann
- Catalysis Research Center & Department of Chemistry
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry
- Technische Universität München
- D-85748 Garching b. München
- Germany
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- Catalysis Research Center & Department of Chemistry
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry
- Technische Universität München
- D-85748 Garching b. München
- Germany
| | - Philipp J. Altmann
- Catalysis Research Center & Department of Chemistry
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry
- Technische Universität München
- D-85748 Garching b. München
- Germany
| | - Alexander Pöthig
- Catalysis Research Center & Department of Chemistry
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry
- Technische Universität München
- D-85748 Garching b. München
- Germany
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38
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Abstract
Hai-Bo Yang and Christoph A. Schalley introduce this themed issue on macrocyle-based supramolecular elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bo Yang
- East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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39
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Shao YG, He L, Mao QQ, Hong T, Ying XW, Zhang Z, Li S, Stang PJ. Efficient one-pot synthesis of [3]catenanes based on Pt( ii) metallacycles with a flexible building block. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00910a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three [3]catenanes were fabricated in high efficiency through the self-assembly of a 90° platinum(ii) receptor, a flexible bis(4,4′-bipyridinium) donor and a crown ether (DB24C8 or DB30C10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Guang Shao
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Lang He
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Qian-Qian Mao
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Tao Hong
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xin-Wen Ying
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zibin Zhang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Shijun Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Peter J. Stang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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Iwamoto T, Miyagawa S, Naito M, Tokunaga Y. Orientation of the α-CD component of [2]rotaxanes affects their specific molecular recognition behaviour. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01337d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An α-CD component enhanced the anion recognition ability of the urea moiety and the deprotonation of the phenol moiety in the axle component in orientationally isomeric [2]rotaxanes with the OH groups on the wide rim of the α-CD, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Iwamoto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Fukui
- Bunkyo
- Japan
| | - Shinobu Miyagawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Fukui
- Bunkyo
- Japan
| | - Masaya Naito
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Fukui
- Bunkyo
- Japan
| | - Yuji Tokunaga
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Fukui
- Bunkyo
- Japan
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41
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Wang Y, Lu S, Wang XQ, Niu YF, Wang H, Wang W. Synthesis, structure elucidation and functionalization of sulfonamide [2]catenanes. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00691f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A pyrene-functionalized [2]catenane with switchable optical output was constructed through a novel sulfonamide [2]catenane synthesized by a self-templation approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Lu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xu-Qing Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Fei Niu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
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42
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Taura D, Wang X, Ito M, Yashima E. Selective formation of spiroborate-based double-stranded hetero-helicates assisted by donor–acceptor interactions. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00286d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel spiroborate-based double-stranded hetero-helicate is selectively formed through donor–acceptor interactions between the central electron-rich porphyrin and electron-deficient naphthalene diimide units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Taura
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8603
- Japan
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8603
- Japan
| | - Masaki Ito
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8603
- Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8603
- Japan
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43
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Chen R, Yan QQ, Hu SJ, Guo XQ, Cai LX, Yan DN, Zhou LP, Sun QF. Dinuclear helicate or mononuclear pincer lanthanide complexes from one ligand: stereo-controlled assembly and catalysis. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00369k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
By varying the metal/ligand ratio, either dinuclear triple helicate or mononuclear pincer can be stereo-selectively obtained from the same chiral ligand. Their catalytic properties have been demonstrated with the asymmetric FC alkylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Chen
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
| | - Qian-Qian Yan
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
| | - Shao-Jun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou 350002
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou 350002
- People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Xuan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou 350002
- People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Ni Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou 350002
- People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou 350002
- People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Fu Sun
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
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44
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Ouyang G, Bialas D, Würthner F. Reversible fluorescence modulation through the photoisomerization of an azobenzene-bridged perylene bisimide cyclophane. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01635g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An azobenzene-bridged perylene bisimide cyclophane was designed and synthesized, which showed reversible fluorescence intensity switching under light-irradiation due to cooperative adjustments of PBI–PBI and PBI–Azo interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Ouyang
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- Universität Würzburg
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid
| | - David Bialas
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- Universität Würzburg
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- Universität Würzburg
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
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45
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Niedbała P, Jurczak J. A new class of “pincer” receptors – macrocyclic systems containing an incorporated amide group. J COORD CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2020.1867313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Niedbała
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Jurczak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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46
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Liu M, Han Y, Zhong H, Zhang X, Wang F. Supramolecular Chirogenesis Induced by Platinum(II) Tweezers with Excellent Environmental Tolerance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:3498-3503. [PMID: 33118695 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular chirogenesis has emerged as an effective strategy to access symmetry breaking in artificial systems. However, the chirogenic signals suffer from high susceptibility toward environmental variations. An effective strategy has been developed to address this issue by constructing platinum(II)-based tweezer/guest complexes stabilized by two-fold donor-acceptor and PtII -PtII metal-metal interactions. Upon guest encapsulation, the two pincers on the achiral PtII tweezer undergo a stereospecific twist to minimize steric repulsion, thus locking tweezer/guest complexes into the preferred chiral conformations. The induced chiroptical effects display outstanding solvent and temperature tolerance, ascribed to the balance between electrostatic and desolvation effects for the involved non-covalent interactions. Moreover, hierarchical and multi-component supramolecular assembly of tweezer/guest complexes provide a convenient way to modulate chirogeneic signals for their intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yifei Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hua Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
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47
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Liu M, Han Y, Zhong H, Zhang X, Wang F. Supramolecular Chirogenesis Induced by Platinum(II) Tweezers with Excellent Environmental Tolerance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Yifei Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Hua Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
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48
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Abstract
Different from molecular level topology, the development of supramolecular topology has been limited due to a lack of reliable synthetic methods. Here we describe a supramolecular strategy of accessing Möbius strip, a fascinating topological object featured with only a single edge and single side. Through bending and cyclization of twisted nanofibers self-assembled from chiral glutamate amphiphiles, supramolecular nano-toroids with various twist numbers were obtained. Electron microscopic techniques could clearly identify the formation of Möbius strips when twist numbers on the toroidal fibers are odd ones. Spectroscopic and morphological analysis indicates that the helicity of the Möbius strips and nano-toroids stems from the molecular chirality of glutamate molecules. Therefore, M- and P-helical Möbius strips could be formed from L- and D-amphiphiles, respectively. Our experimental results and theoretical simulations may advance the prospect of creating chiral topologically complex structures via supramolecular approach.
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49
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Periasamy R. A systematic review on the significant roles of cyclodextrins in the construction of supramolecular systems and their potential usage in various fields. J Carbohydr Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2020.1792919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Periasamy
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, India
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50
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Supramolecular double-stranded Archimedean spirals and concentric toroids. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3578. [PMID: 32681045 PMCID: PMC7368029 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17356-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Connecting molecular-level phenomena to larger scales and, ultimately, to sophisticated molecular systems that resemble living systems remains a considerable challenge in supramolecular chemistry. To this end, molecular self-assembly at higher hierarchical levels has to be understood and controlled. Here, we report unusual self-assembled structures formed from a simple porphyrin derivative. Unexpectedly, this formed a one-dimensional (1D) supramolecular polymer that coiled to give an Archimedean spiral. Our analysis of the supramolecular polymerization by using mass-balance models suggested that the Archimedean spiral is formed at high concentrations of the monomer, whereas other aggregation types might form at low concentrations. Gratifyingly, we discovered that our porphyrin-based monomer formed supramolecular concentric toroids at low concentrations. Moreover, a mechanistic insight into the self-assembly process permitted a controlled synthesis of these concentric toroids. This study both illustrates the richness of self-assembled structures at higher levels of hierarchy and demonstrates a topological effect in noncovalent synthesis. Connecting molecular-level phenomena to larger scales and molecular systems that resemble living systems remains a considerable challenge in supramolecular chemistry. Here, the authors report different self-assembly patterns in a porphyrin structure which can form – depending on the concentration - spirals or toroids.
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