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Enrico A, Buchmann S, De Ferrari F, Lin Y, Wang Y, Yue W, Mårtensson G, Stemme G, Hamedi MM, Niklaus F, Herland A, Zeglio E. Cleanroom-Free Direct Laser Micropatterning of Polymers for Organic Electrochemical Transistors in Logic Circuits and Glucose Biosensors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307042. [PMID: 38225700 PMCID: PMC11251563 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are promising devices for bioelectronics, such as biosensors. However, current cleanroom-based microfabrication of OECTs hinders fast prototyping and widespread adoption of this technology for low-volume, low-cost applications. To address this limitation, a versatile and scalable approach for ultrafast laser microfabrication of OECTs is herein reported, where a femtosecond laser to pattern insulating polymers (such as parylene C or polyimide) is first used, exposing the underlying metal electrodes serving as transistor terminals (source, drain, or gate). After the first patterning step, conducting polymers, such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), or semiconducting polymers, are spin-coated on the device surface. Another femtosecond laser patterning step subsequently defines the active polymer area contributing to the OECT performance by disconnecting the channel and gate from the surrounding spin-coated film. The effective OECT width can be defined with high resolution (down to 2 µm) in less than a second of exposure. Micropatterning the OECT channel area significantly improved the transistor switching performance in the case of PEDOT:PSS-based transistors, speeding up the devices by two orders of magnitude. The utility of this OECT manufacturing approach is demonstrated by fabricating complementary logic (inverters) and glucose biosensors, thereby showing its potential to accelerate OECT research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Enrico
- Department of Micro and NanosystemsKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyMalvinas väg 10Stockholm100 44Sweden
- Synthetic Physiology labDepartment of Civil Engineering and ArchitectureUniversity of PaviaVia Ferrata 3Pavia27100Italy
| | - Sebastian Buchmann
- Division of NanobiotechnologySciLifeLabDepartment of Protein ScienceKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyTomtebodavägen 23aSolna171 65Sweden
- AIMES – Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering SciencesDepartment of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstituteStockholm17177Sweden
| | - Fabio De Ferrari
- Department of Micro and NanosystemsKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyMalvinas väg 10Stockholm100 44Sweden
| | - Yunfan Lin
- Division of NanobiotechnologySciLifeLabDepartment of Protein ScienceKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyTomtebodavägen 23aSolna171 65Sweden
| | - Yazhou Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable DevicesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Wan Yue
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Gustaf Mårtensson
- Division of NanobiotechnologySciLifeLabDepartment of Protein ScienceKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyTomtebodavägen 23aSolna171 65Sweden
- Mycronic ABNytorpsvägen 9Täby183 53Sweden
| | - Göran Stemme
- Department of Micro and NanosystemsKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyMalvinas väg 10Stockholm100 44Sweden
| | - Mahiar Max Hamedi
- Department of Fibre and Polymer TechnologySchool of Engineering Sciences in ChemistryBiotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyTeknikringen 56Stockholm10044Sweden
| | - Frank Niklaus
- Department of Micro and NanosystemsKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyMalvinas väg 10Stockholm100 44Sweden
| | - Anna Herland
- Division of NanobiotechnologySciLifeLabDepartment of Protein ScienceKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyTomtebodavägen 23aSolna171 65Sweden
- AIMES – Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering SciencesDepartment of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstituteStockholm17177Sweden
| | - Erica Zeglio
- Division of NanobiotechnologySciLifeLabDepartment of Protein ScienceKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyTomtebodavägen 23aSolna171 65Sweden
- AIMES – Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering SciencesDepartment of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstituteStockholm17177Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for SustainabilityDepartment of Materials and Environmental ChemistryStockholm UniversityStockholm114 18Sweden
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2
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Schafer EA, Maraj JJ, Kenney C, Sarles SA, Rivnay J. Droplet Polymer Bilayers for Bioelectronic Membrane Interfacing. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14391-14396. [PMID: 38748513 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Model membranes interfaced with bioelectronics allow for the exploration of fundamental cell processes and the design of biomimetic sensors. Organic conducting polymers are an attractive surface on which to study the electrical properties of membranes because of their low impedance, high biocompatibility, and hygroscopic nature. However, establishing supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) on conducting polymers has lagged significantly behind other substrate materials, namely, for challenges in membrane electrical sealing and stability. Unlike SLBs that are highly dependent on surface interactions, droplet interface bilayers (DIBs) and droplet hydrogel bilayers (DHBs) leverage the energetically favorable organization of phospholipids at atomically smooth liquid interfaces to build high-integrity membranes. For the first time, we report the formation of droplet polymer bilayers (DPBs) between a lipid-coated aqueous droplet and the high-performing conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). The resulting bilayers can be produced from a range of lipid compositions and demonstrate strong electrical sealing that outcompetes SLBs. DPBs are subsequently translated to patterned and planar microelectrode arrays to ease barriers to implementation and improve the reliability of membrane formation. This platform enables more reproducible and robust membranes on conducting polymers to further the mission of merging bioelectronics and synthetic, natural, or hybrid bilayer membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Schafer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Joshua J Maraj
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37916, United States
| | - Camryn Kenney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Stephen A Sarles
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37916, United States
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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3
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Ahmed SA, Liu Y, Xiong T, Zhao Y, Xie B, Pan C, Ma W, Yu P. Iontronic Sensing Based on Confined Ion Transport. Anal Chem 2024; 96:8056-8077. [PMID: 38663001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Saud Asif Ahmed
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tianyi Xiong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yueru Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Boyang Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Cong Pan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wenjie Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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4
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Guo J, Chen SE, Giridharagopal R, Bischak CG, Onorato JW, Yan K, Shen Z, Li CZ, Luscombe CK, Ginger DS. Understanding asymmetric switching times in accumulation mode organic electrochemical transistors. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:656-663. [PMID: 38632374 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01875-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the factors underpinning device switching times is crucial for the implementation of organic electrochemical transistors in neuromorphic computing, bioelectronics and real-time sensing applications. Existing models of device operation cannot explain the experimental observations that turn-off times are generally much faster than turn-on times in accumulation mode organic electrochemical transistors. Here, using operando optical microscopy, we image the local doping level of the transistor channel and show that turn-on occurs in two stages-propagation of a doping front, followed by uniform doping-while turn-off occurs in one stage. We attribute the faster turn-off to a combination of engineering as well as physical and chemical factors including channel geometry, differences in doping and dedoping kinetics and the phenomena of carrier-density-dependent mobility. We show that ion transport limits the operation speed in our devices. Our study provides insights into the kinetics of organic electrochemical transistors and guidelines for engineering faster organic electrochemical transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Guo
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shinya E Chen
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Connor G Bischak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jonathan W Onorato
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kangrong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ziqiu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Christine K Luscombe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- pi-Conjugated Polymers Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Japan
| | - David S Ginger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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5
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Li X, Chen J, Yang Y, Cai H, Ao Z, Xing Y, Li K, Yang K, Wallace A, Friend J, Lee LP, Wang N, Guo F. Extracellular vesicles-based point-of-care testing for the diagnosis and monitoring of Alzheimer's disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.31.587511. [PMID: 38617279 PMCID: PMC11014472 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.31.587511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating condition that affects millions of people worldwide. One promising strategy for detecting and monitoring AD early on is using extracellular vesicles (EVs)-based point-of-care testing; however, diagnosing AD using EVs poses a challenge due to the low abundance of EV-biomarkers. Here, we present a fully integrated organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) that enables high accuracy, speed, and convenience in the detection of EVs from AD patients. We incorporated self-aligned acoustoelectric enhancement of EVs on a chip that rapidly propels, enriches, and specifically binds EVs to the OECT detection area. With our enhancement of pre-concentration, we increased the sensitivity to a limit of detection of 500 EV particles/μL and reduced the required detection time to just two minutes. We also tested the sensor on an AD mouse model to monitor AD progression, examined mouse Aβ EVs at different time courses, and compared them with intraneuronal Aβ cumulation using MRI. This innovative technology has the potential to diagnose Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases accurately and quickly, enabling monitoring of disease progression and treatment response.
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Sung J, Chung S, Jang Y, Jang H, Kim J, Lee C, Lee D, Jeong D, Cho K, Kim YS, Kang J, Lee W, Lee E. Unveiling the Role of Side Chain for Improving Nonvolatile Characteristics of Conjugated Polymers-Based Artificial Synapse. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2400304. [PMID: 38408158 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Interest has grown in services that consume a significant amount of energy, such as large language models (LLMs), and research is being conducted worldwide on synaptic devices for neuromorphic hardware. However, various complex processes are problematic for the implementation of synaptic properties. Here, synaptic characteristics are implemented through a novel method, namely side chain control of conjugated polymers. The developed devices exhibit the characteristics of the biological brain, especially spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP), high-pass filtering, and long-term potentiation/depression (LTP/D). Moreover, the fabricated synaptic devices show enhanced nonvolatile characteristics, such as long retention time (≈102 s), high ratio of Gmax/Gmin, high linearity, and reliable cyclic endurance (≈103 pulses). This study presents a new pathway for next-generation neuromorphic computing by modulating conjugated polymers with side chain control, thereby achieving high-performance synaptic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junho Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Sein Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongchan Jang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Energy Engineering Convergence, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoik Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwa Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyeong Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Sang Kim
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonhee Kang
- Department of Nanoenergy Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonho Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Energy Engineering Convergence, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunho Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
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7
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Nam Y, Shin D, Choi JG, Lee I, Moon S, Yun Y, Lee WJ, Park I, Park S, Lee J. Ultra-Thin GaAs Single-Junction Solar Cells for Self-Powered Skin-Compatible Electrocardiogram Sensors. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2301735. [PMID: 38529746 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
GaAs thin-film solar cells have high efficiency, reliability, and operational stability, making them a promising solution for self-powered skin-conformal biosensors. However, inherent device thickness limits suitability for such applications, making them uncomfortable and unreliable in flexural environments. Therefore, reducing the flexural rigidity becomes crucial for integration with skin-compatible electronic devices. Herein, this study demonstrated a novel one-step surface modification bonding methodology, allowing a streamlined transfer process of ultra-thin (2.3 µm thick) GaAs solar cells on flexible polymer substrates. This reproducible technique enables strong bonding between dissimilar materials (GaAs-polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS) without high external pressures and temperatures. The fabricated solar cell showed exceptional performance with an open-circuit voltage of 1.018 V, short-circuit current density of 20.641 mA cm-2, fill factor of 79.83%, and power conversion efficiency of 16.77%. To prove the concept, the solar cell is integrated with a skin-compatible organic electrochemical transistor (OECT). Competitive electrical outputs of GaAs solar cells enabled high current levels of OECT under subtle light intensities lower than 50 mW cm-2, which demonstrates a self-powered electrocardiogram sensor with low noise (signal-to-noise ratio of 32.68 dB). Overall, this study presents a promising solution for the development of free-form and comfortable device structures that can continuously power wearable devices and biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghyun Nam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjoon Shin
- Department of Intelligence Semiconductor and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Gyu Choi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Lee
- Department of Intelligence Semiconductor and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghyun Moon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeojun Yun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-June Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ikmo Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjun Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligence Semiconductor and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaejin Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligence Semiconductor and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
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8
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Wang Y, Seki T, Gkoupidenis P, Chen Y, Nagata Y, Bonn M. Aqueous chemimemristor based on proton-permeable graphene membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314347121. [PMID: 38300862 PMCID: PMC10861866 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314347121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Memristive devices, electrical elements whose resistance depends on the history of applied electrical signals, are leading candidates for future data storage and neuromorphic computing. Memristive devices typically rely on solid-state technology, while aqueous memristive devices are crucial for biology-related applications such as next-generation brain-machine interfaces. Here, we report a simple graphene-based aqueous memristive device with long-term and tunable memory regulated by reversible voltage-induced interfacial acid-base equilibria enabled by selective proton permeation through the graphene. Surface-specific vibrational spectroscopy verifies that the memory of the graphene resistivity arises from the hysteretic proton permeation through the graphene, apparent from the reorganization of interfacial water at the graphene/water interface. The proton permeation alters the surface charge density on the CaF2 substrate of the graphene, affecting graphene's electron mobility, and giving rise to synapse-like resistivity dynamics. The results pave the way for developing experimentally straightforward and conceptually simple aqueous electrolyte-based neuromorphic iontronics using two-dimensional (2D) materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing211189, China
- Molecular Spectroscopy Department, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz55128, Germany
| | - Takakazu Seki
- Molecular Spectroscopy Department, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz55128, Germany
| | - Paschalis Gkoupidenis
- Molecular Spectroscopy Department, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz55128, Germany
| | - Yunfei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing211189, China
| | - Yuki Nagata
- Molecular Spectroscopy Department, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz55128, Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Molecular Spectroscopy Department, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz55128, Germany
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9
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Jiang X, Shi C, Wang Z, Huang L, Chi L. Healthcare Monitoring Sensors Based on Organic Transistors: Surface/Interface Strategy and Performance. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308952. [PMID: 37951211 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic transistors possess inherent advantages such as flexibility, biocompatibility, customizable chemical structures, solution-processability, and amplifying capabilities, making them highly promising for portable healthcare sensor applications. Through convenient and diverse modifications at the material and device surfaces or interfaces, organic transistors allow for a wide range of sensor applications spanning from chemical and biological to physical sensing. In this comprehensive review, the surface and interface engineering aspect associated with four types of typical healthcare sensors is focused. The device operation principles and sensing mechanisms are systematically analyzed and highlighted, and particularly surface/interface functionalization strategies that contribute to the enhancement of sensing performance are focused. An outlook and perspective on the critical issues and challenges in the field of healthcare sensing using organic transistors are provided as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Jiang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Shi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zi Wang
- Suzhou Laboratory, 388 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lizhen Huang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
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10
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Ok J, Park S, Jung YH, Kim TI. Wearable and Implantable Cortisol-Sensing Electronics for Stress Monitoring. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2211595. [PMID: 36917076 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cortisol is a steroid hormone that is released from the body in response to stress. Although a moderate level of cortisol secretion can help the body maintain homeostasis, excessive secretion can cause various diseases, such as depression and anxiety. Conventional methods for cortisol measurement undergo procedures that limit continuous monitoring, typically collecting samples of bodily fluids, followed by separate analysis in a laboratory setting that takes several hours. Thus, recent studies demonstrate wearable, miniaturized sensors integrated with electronic modules that enable wireless real-time analysis. Here, the primary focus is on wearable and implantable electronic devices that continuously measure cortisol concentration. Diverse types of cortisol-sensing techniques, such as antibody-, DNA-aptamer-, and molecularly imprinted polymer-based sensors, as well as wearable and implantable devices that aim to continuously monitor cortisol in a minimally invasive fashion are discussed. In addition to the cortisol monitors that directly measure stress levels, other schemes that indirectly measure stress, such as electrophysiological signals and sweat are also summarized. Finally, the challenges and future directions in stress monitoring and management electronics are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehyung Ok
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Park
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yei Hwan Jung
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Il Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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11
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Diacci C, Burtscher B, Berto M, Ruoko TP, Lienemann S, Greco P, Berggren M, Borsari M, Simon DT, Bortolotti CA, Biscarini F. Organic Electrochemical Transistor Aptasensor for Interleukin-6 Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 38141020 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) biosensor for the detection of interleukin 6 (IL6), an important biomarker associated with various pathological processes, including chronic inflammation, inflammaging, cancer, and severe COVID-19 infection. The biosensor is functionalized with oligonucleotide aptamers engineered to bind specifically IL6. We developed an easy functionalization strategy based on gold nanoparticles deposited onto a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) gate electrode for the subsequent electrodeposition of thiolated aptamers. During this functionalization step, the reduction of sulfide bonds allows for simultaneous deposition of a blocking agent. A detection range from picomolar to nanomolar concentrations for IL6 was achieved, and the selectivity of the device was assessed against Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), another cytokine involved in the inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Diacci
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Bernhard Burtscher
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Marcello Berto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Tero-Petri Ruoko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Samuel Lienemann
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Pierpaolo Greco
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Università di Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Fossato di Mortara 17-193, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Marco Borsari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Daniel T Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Carlo A Bortolotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Biscarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Fossato di Mortara 17-193, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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12
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Song Q, Wang W, Liang J, Chen C, Cao Y, Cai B, Chen B, He R. Fabrication of PEDOT:PSS-based solution gated organic electrochemical transistor array for cancer cells detection. RSC Adv 2023; 13:36416-36423. [PMID: 38099254 PMCID: PMC10719902 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06800e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) was applied in chemical and biological sensing. In this work, we developed a simple and repeatable method to fabricate OECT array, which had been successfully used to detect cancer cells. PEDPT:PSS conductive film between source and drain electrodes were patterned through photolithography, which can achieve uniform devices with same electrical characterization. When MCF-7 cancer cells are captured on the PEDOT:PSS surface via specifical antibody, the transfer characteristic of OECT shifts to higher gate electrode voltage due to the electrostatic interaction between cancer cells and device. The effective gate voltage shift can reach about 63 mV when the concentration of cancer cells increased to 5000. The shift of effective gate voltage is related to the cancer cell morphology, which is increased in the first 1 h and decreased when the capture time was larger than 1 h. The device of OECT array can increase the sample flux and make the detection result more accurate. It is expected that OECT array will have promising practical applications in single cancer cell detection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Photoelectric Materials and Technology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
| | - Weiyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Photoelectric Materials and Technology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
| | - Jinjin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Photoelectric Materials and Technology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
| | - Chaohui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Photoelectric Materials and Technology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
| | - Yiping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Photoelectric Materials and Technology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
| | - Bo Cai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
| | - Bolei Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
| | - Rongxiang He
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Photoelectric Materials and Technology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
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13
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Osazuwa PO, Lo CY, Feng X, Nolin A, Dhong C, Kayser LV. Surface Functionalization with (3-Glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GOPS) as an Alternative to Blending for Enhancing the Aqueous Stability and Electronic Performance of PEDOT:PSS Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:54711-54720. [PMID: 37962428 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors, such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), are essential materials for the fabrication of bioelectronic devices due to their unique ability to couple and transport ionic and electronic charges. The growing interest in bioelectronic devices has led to the development of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) that can operate in aqueous solutions and transduce ionic signals of biological origin into measurable electronic signals. A common challenge with OECTs is maintaining the stability and performance of the PEDOT:PSS films operating under aqueous conditions. Although the conventional approach of blending the PEDOT:PSS dispersions with a cross-linker such as (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GOPS) helps to ensure strong adhesion of the films to device substrates, it also impacts the morphology and thus electrical properties of the PEDOT:PSS films, which leads to a significant reduction in the performance of OECTs. In this study, we instead functionalize only the surface of the device substrates with GOPS to introduce a silane monolayer before spin-coating the PEDOT:PSS dispersion on the substrate. In all cases, having a GOPS monolayer instead of a blend leads to increased electronic performance metrics, such as three times higher electronic conductivity, volumetric capacitance, and mobility-capacitance product [μC*] value in OECT devices, ultimately leading to a record value of 406 ± 39 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 for amorphous PEDOT:PSS. This increased performance does not come at the expense of operational stability, as both the blend and surface functionalization show similar performance when subjected to pulsed gate bias stress, long-term electrochemical cycling tests, and aging over 150 days. Overall, this study establishes a novel approach to using GOPS as a surface monolayer instead of a blended cross-linker, for achieving high-performance organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors that are stable in water for bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter O Osazuwa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Chun-Yuan Lo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Xu Feng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Abigail Nolin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Charles Dhong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Laure V Kayser
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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14
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Pawar D, Lo Presti D, Silvestri S, Schena E, Massaroni C. Current and future technologies for monitoring cultured meat: A review. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113464. [PMID: 37803787 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The high population growth rate, massive animal food consumption, fast economic progress, and limited food resources could lead to a food crisis in the future. There is a huge requirement for dietary proteins including cultured meat is being progressed to fulfill the need for meat-derived proteins in the diet. However, production of cultured meat requires monitoring numerous bioprocess parameters. This review presents a comprehensive overview of various widely adopted techniques (optical, spectroscopic, electrochemical, capacitive, FETs, resistive, microscopy, and ultrasound) for monitoring physical, chemical, and biological parameters that can improve the bioprocess control in cultured meat. The methods, operating principle, merits/demerits, and the main open challenges are reviewed with the aim to support the readers in advancing knowledge on novel sensing systems for cultured meat applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dnyandeo Pawar
- Microwave Materials Group, Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET), Athani P.O, Thrissur, Kerala 680581, India.
| | - Daniela Lo Presti
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Silvestri
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Emiliano Schena
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Massaroni
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
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15
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Yao Y, Huang W, Chen J, Liu X, Bai L, Chen W, Cheng Y, Ping J, Marks TJ, Facchetti A. Flexible and Stretchable Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Physiological Sensing Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209906. [PMID: 36808773 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable bioelectronics provides a biocompatible interface between electronics and biological systems and has received tremendous attention for in situ monitoring of various biological systems. Considerable progress in organic electronics has made organic semiconductors, as well as other organic electronic materials, ideal candidates for developing wearable, implantable, and biocompatible electronic circuits due to their potential mechanical compliance and biocompatibility. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), as an emerging class of organic electronic building blocks, exhibit significant advantages in biological sensing due to the ionic nature at the basis of the switching behavior, low driving voltage (<1 V), and high transconductance (in millisiemens range). During the past few years, significant progress in constructing flexible/stretchable OECTs (FSOECTs) for both biochemical and bioelectrical sensors has been reported. In this regard, to summarize major research accomplishments in this emerging field, this review first discusses structure and critical features of FSOECTs, including working principles, materials, and architectural engineering. Next, a wide spectrum of relevant physiological sensing applications, where FSOECTs are the key components, are summarized. Last, major challenges and opportunities for further advancing FSOECT physiological sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Xiaoxue Liu
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
| | - Libing Bai
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yuhua Cheng
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Ping
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
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16
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Lee Y, Carnicer-Lombarte A, Han S, Woodington BJ, Chai S, Polyravas AG, Velasco-Bosom S, Kim EH, Malliaras GG, Jung S. Tunable Organic Active Neural Probe Enabling Near-Sensor Signal Processing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2301782. [PMID: 37212503 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Neural recording systems have significantly progressed to provide an advanced understanding and treatment for neurological diseases. Flexible transistor-based active neural probes exhibit great potential in electrophysiology applications due to their intrinsic amplification capability and tissue-compliant nature. However, most current active neural probes exhibit bulky back-end connectivity since the output is current, and the development of an integrated circuit for voltage output is crucial for near-sensor signal processing at the abiotic/biotic interface. Here, inkjet-printed organic voltage amplifiers are presented by monolithically integrating organic electrochemical transistors and thin-film polymer resistors on a single, highly flexible substrate for in vivo brain activity recording. Additive inkjet printing enables the seamless integration of multiple active and passive components on the somatosensory cortex, leading to significant noise reduction over the externally connected typical configuration. It also facilitates fine-tuning of the voltage amplification and frequency properties. The organic voltage amplifiers are validated as electrocorticography devices in a rat in vivo model, showing their ability to record local field potentials in an experimental model of spontaneous and epileptiform activity. These results bring organic active neural probes to the forefront in applications where efficient sensory data processing is performed at sensor endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwoo Lee
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Alejandro Carnicer-Lombarte
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Sanggil Han
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
- Department of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Ben J Woodington
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Seungjin Chai
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Anastasios G Polyravas
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Santiago Velasco-Bosom
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 20 Bodeum 7-ro, Sejong, 30099, Republic of Korea
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Sungjune Jung
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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17
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Ravariu C. From Enzymatic Dopamine Biosensors to OECT Biosensors of Dopamine. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:806. [PMID: 37622892 PMCID: PMC10452593 DOI: 10.3390/bios13080806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are an important category of substances used inside the nervous system, whose detection with biosensors has been seriously addressed in the last decades. Dopamine, a neurotransmitter from the catecholamine family, was recently discovered to have implications for cardiac arrest or muscle contractions. In addition to having many other neuro-psychiatric implications, dopamine can be detected in blood, urine, and sweat. This review highlights the importance of biosensors as influential tools for dopamine recognition. The first part of this article is related to an introduction to biosensors for neurotransmitters, with a focus on dopamine. The regular methods in their detection are expensive and require high expertise personnel. A major direction of evolution of these biosensors has expanded with the integration of active biological materials suitable for molecular recognition near electronic devices. Secondly, for dopamine in particular, the miniaturized biosensors offer excellent sensitivity and specificity and offer cheaper detection than conventional spectrometry, while their linear detection ranges from the last years fall exactly on the clinical intervals. Thirdly, the applications of novel nanomaterials and biomaterials to these biosensors are discussed. Older generations, metabolism-based or enzymatic biosensors, could not detect concentrations below the micro-molar range. But new generations of biosensors combine aptamer receptors and organic electrochemical transistors, OECTs, as transducers. They have pushed the detection limit to the pico-molar and even femto-molar ranges, which fully correspond to the usual ranges of clinical detection of human dopamine in body humors that cover 0.1 ÷ 10 nM. In addition, if ten years ago the use of natural dopamine receptors on cell membranes seemed impossible for biosensors, the actual technology allows co-integrate transistors and vesicles with natural receptors of dopamine, like G protein-coupled receptors. The technology is still complicated, but the uni-molecular detection selectivity is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Ravariu
- Biodevices and Nano-Electronics of Cell Group, Department of Electronic Devices Circuits and Architectures, Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- EduSciArt SRL, Iovita 2, 050686 Bucharest, Romania
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18
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Biosensor integrated brain-on-a-chip platforms: Progress and prospects in clinical translation. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 225:115100. [PMID: 36709589 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Because of the brain's complexity, developing effective treatments for neurological disorders is a formidable challenge. Research efforts to this end are advancing as in vitro systems have reached the point that they can imitate critical components of the brain's structure and function. Brain-on-a-chip (BoC) was first used for microfluidics-based systems with small synthetic tissues but has expanded recently to include in vitro simulation of the central nervous system (CNS). Defining the system's qualifying parameters may improve the BoC for the next generation of in vitro platforms. These parameters show how well a given platform solves the problems unique to in vitro CNS modeling (like recreating the brain's microenvironment and including essential parts like the blood-brain barrier (BBB)) and how much more value it offers than traditional cell culture systems. This review provides an overview of the practical concerns of creating and deploying BoC systems and elaborates on how these technologies might be used. Not only how advanced biosensing technologies could be integrated with BoC system but also how novel approaches will automate assays and improve point-of-care (PoC) diagnostics and accurate quantitative analyses are discussed. Key challenges providing opportunities for clinical translation of BoC in neurodegenerative disorders are also addressed.
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19
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Preziosi V, Barra M, Villella VR, Esposito S, D'Angelo P, Marasso SL, Cocuzza M, Cassinese A, Guido S. Immuno-Sensing at Ultra-Low Concentration of TG2 Protein by Organic Electrochemical Transistors. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13040448. [PMID: 37185523 PMCID: PMC10136445 DOI: 10.3390/bios13040448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a ubiquitously expressed member of the transglutaminase family with Ca2+-dependent protein crosslinking activity. Its subcellular localization is crucial in determining its function, and indeed, TG2 is found in the extracellular matrix, mitochondria, recycling endosomes, plasma membrane, cytosol, and nucleus because it is associated with cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. It is involved in several pathologies, such as celiac disease, cardiovascular, hepatic, renal, and fibrosis diseases, carrying out opposite functions of up and down regulation in the progression of the same pathology. Therefore, this fine regulation requires a very sensitive and specific method of identification of TG2, which is to be detected in very small quantities in a deregulated condition. Here, we demonstrate the possibility of detecting TG2 down to attomolar concentration by using organic electrochemical transistors driven by gold electrodes functionalized with anti-TG2 antibodies. In particular, a direct correlation between the TG2 concentration and the transistor transconductance values, as extracted from typical transfer curves, was found. Overall, our findings highlight the potentialities of this new biosensing approach for the detection of TG2 in the context of pathological diseases, offering a rapid and cost-effective alternative to traditional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Preziosi
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, I-80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Barra
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini", P.le Tecchio, 80, I-80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Rachela Villella
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, I-80125 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnologies, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, I-80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Speranza Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, I-80125 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnologies, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, I-80145 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Simone Luigi Marasso
- IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
- ChiLab, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, I-10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Matteo Cocuzza
- IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
- ChiLab, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, I-10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Antonio Cassinese
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini", P.le Tecchio, 80, I-80125 Naples, Italy
- Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini", University Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, I-80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Guido
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, I-80125 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnologies, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, I-80145 Naples, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), I-50121 Firenze, Italy
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20
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Bali K, Guffick C, McCoy R, Lu Z, Kaminski CF, Mela I, Owens RM, van Veen HW. Biosensor for Multimodal Characterization of an Essential ABC Transporter for Next-Generation Antibiotic Research. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:12766-12776. [PMID: 36866935 PMCID: PMC10020959 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
As the threat of antibiotic resistance increases, there is a particular focus on developing antimicrobials against pathogenic bacteria whose multidrug resistance is especially entrenched and concerning. One such target for novel antimicrobials is the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter MsbA that is present in the plasma membrane of Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria where it is fundamental to the survival of these bacteria. Supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) are useful in monitoring membrane protein structure and function since they can be integrated with a variety of optical, biochemical, and electrochemical techniques. Here, we form SLBs containing Escherichia coli MsbA and use atomic force microscopy (AFM) and structured illumination microscopy (SIM) as high-resolution microscopy techniques to study the integrity of the SLBs and incorporated MsbA proteins. We then integrate these SLBs on microelectrode arrays (MEA) based on the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene) poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to monitor ion flow through MsbA proteins in response to ATP hydrolysis. These EIS measurements can be correlated with the biochemical detection of MsbA-ATPase activity. To show the potential of this SLB approach, we observe not only the activity of wild-type MsbA but also the activity of two previously characterized mutants along with quinoline-based MsbA inhibitor G907 to show that EIS systems can detect changes in ABC transporter activity. Our work combines a multitude of techniques to thoroughly investigate MsbA in lipid bilayers as well as the effects of potential inhibitors of this protein. We envisage that this platform will facilitate the development of next-generation antimicrobials that inhibit MsbA or other essential membrane transporters in microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Bali
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0AS Cambridge, U. K.
| | - Charlotte Guffick
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, CB2 1PD Cambridge, U. K.
| | - Reece McCoy
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0AS Cambridge, U. K.
| | - Zixuan Lu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0AS Cambridge, U. K.
| | - Clemens F. Kaminski
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0AS Cambridge, U. K.
| | - Ioanna Mela
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0AS Cambridge, U. K.
| | - Róisín M. Owens
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0AS Cambridge, U. K.
| | - Hendrik W. van Veen
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, CB2 1PD Cambridge, U. K.
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21
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Lim DU, Jo SB, Cho JH. Monolithic Tandem Vertical Electrochemical Transistors for Printed Multi-Valued Logic. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208757. [PMID: 36484362 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have recently emerged as a feasible candidate to realize the next generation of printable electronics. Especially, their chemical versatility and the unique redox-based operating principle have provided new possibilities in high-functioning logic circuitry beyond the traditional binary Boolean logic. Here, a simple strategy to electrochemically realize monolithic multi-valued logic transistors is presented, which is one of the most promising branches of transistor technology in the forthcoming era of hyper Moore's law. A vertically stacked heterogeneous dual-channel architecture is introduced with a patterned reference electrode, which enables a facile manifestation of stable and equiprobable ternary logic states with a reduced transistor footprint. The dual-ion-penetration mechanism coupled with ultrashort vertical channel even allows a very-high accessing frequency to multiple logic states reaching over 10 MHz. Furthermore, printed arrays of ternary logic gates with full voltage swing within 1 V are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Un Lim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Byeok Jo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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22
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Manfredi R, Vurro F, Janni M, Bettelli M, Gentile F, Zappettini A, Coppedè N. Long-Term Stability in Electronic Properties of Textile Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Integrated Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1861. [PMID: 36902979 PMCID: PMC10003982 DOI: 10.3390/ma16051861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have demonstrated themselves to be an efficient interface between living environments and electronic devices in bioelectronic applications. The peculiar properties of conductive polymers allow new performances that overcome the limits of conventional inorganic biosensors, exploiting the high biocompatibility coupled to the ionic interaction. Moreover, the combination with biocompatible and flexible substrates, such as textile fibers, improves the interaction with living cells and allows specific new applications in the biological environment, including real-time analysis of plants' sap or human sweat monitoring. In these applications, a crucial issue is the lifetime of the sensor device. The durability, long-term stability, and sensitivity of OECTs were studied for two different textile functionalized fiber preparation processes: (i) adding ethylene glycol to the polymer solution, and (ii) using sulfuric acid as a post-treatment. Performance degradation was studied by analyzing the main electronic parameters of a significant number of sensors for a period of 30 days. RGB optical analysis were performed before and after the treatment of the devices. This study shows that device degradation occurs at voltages higher than 0.5 V. The sensors obtained with the sulfuric acid approach exhibit the most stable performances over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Manfredi
- IMEM-CNR Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, Italian National Research Council, Parco Area delle Scienze, 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Filippo Vurro
- IMEM-CNR Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, Italian National Research Council, Parco Area delle Scienze, 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Michela Janni
- IMEM-CNR Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, Italian National Research Council, Parco Area delle Scienze, 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Manuele Bettelli
- IMEM-CNR Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, Italian National Research Council, Parco Area delle Scienze, 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Gentile
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Zappettini
- IMEM-CNR Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, Italian National Research Council, Parco Area delle Scienze, 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Nicola Coppedè
- IMEM-CNR Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, Italian National Research Council, Parco Area delle Scienze, 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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23
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Montero-Jimenez M, Amante FL, Fenoy GE, Scotto J, Azzaroni O, Marmisolle WA. PEDOT-Polyamine-Based Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Monitoring Protein Binding. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:288. [PMID: 36832054 PMCID: PMC9954629 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of efficient organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs)-based biosensors requires the design of biocompatible interfaces for the immobilization of biorecognition elements, as well as the development of robust channel materials to enable the transduction of the biochemical event into a reliable electrical signal. In this work, PEDOT-polyamine blends are shown as versatile organic films that can act as both highly conducting channels of the transistors and non-denaturing platforms for the construction of the biomolecular architectures that operate as sensing surfaces. To achieve this goal, we synthesized and characterized films of PEDOT and polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH) and employed them as conducting channels in the construction of OECTs. Next, we studied the response of the obtained devices to protein adsorption, using glucose oxidase (GOx) as a model system, through two different strategies: The direct electrostatic adsorption of GOx on the PEDOT-PAH film and the specific recognition of the protein by a lectin attached to the surface. Firstly, we used surface plasmon resonance to monitor the adsorption of the proteins and the stability of the assemblies on PEDOT-PAH films. Then, we monitored the same processes with the OECT showing the capability of the device to perform the detection of the protein binding process in real time. In addition, the sensing mechanisms enabling the monitoring of the adsorption process with the OECTs for the two strategies are discussed.
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24
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DiTullio BT, Savagian LR, Bardagot O, De Keersmaecker M, Österholm AM, Banerji N, Reynolds JR. Effects of Side-Chain Length and Functionality on Polar Poly(dioxythiophene)s for Saline-Based Organic Electrochemical Transistors. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:122-134. [PMID: 36563183 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the impact of side chains on the aqueous redox properties of conjugated polymers is crucial to unlocking their potential in bioelectrochemical devices, such as organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). Here, we report a series of polar propylenedioxythiophene-based copolymers functionalized with glyme side chains of varying lengths as well as an analogue with short hydroxyl side chains. We show that long polar side chains are not required for achieving high volumetric capacitance (C*), as short hydroxy substituents can afford facile doping and high C* in saline-based electrolytes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that varying the length of the polar glyme chains leads to subtle changes in material properties. Increasing the length of glyme side chain is generally associated with an enhancement in OECT performance, doping kinetics, and stability, with the polymer bearing the longest side chains exhibiting the highest performance ([μC*]OECT = 200 ± 8 F cm-1 V-1 s-1). The origin of this performance enhancement is investigated in different device configurations using in situ techniques (e.g., time-resolved spectroelectrochemistry and chronoamperometry). These studies suggest that the performance improvement is not due to significant changes in C* but rather due to variations in the inferred mobility. Through a thorough comparison of two different architectures, we demonstrate that device geometry can obfuscate the benchmarking of OECT active channel materials, likely due to contact resistance effects. By complementing all electrochemical and spectroscopic experiments with in situ measurements performed within a planar OECT device configuration, this work seeks to unambiguously assign material design principles to fine-tune the properties of poly(dioxythiophene)s relevant for application in OECTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon T DiTullio
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Lisa R Savagian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Olivier Bardagot
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences (DCBP), University of Bern, Bern3012, Switzerland
| | - Michel De Keersmaecker
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Anna M Österholm
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Natalie Banerji
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences (DCBP), University of Bern, Bern3012, Switzerland
| | - John R Reynolds
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
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25
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Brendgen R, Graßmann C, Gellner S, Schwarz-Pfeiffer A. Textile One-Component Organic Electrochemical Sensor for Near-Body Applications. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1980. [PMID: 36422410 PMCID: PMC9695350 DOI: 10.3390/mi13111980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The need for more efficient health services and the trend of a healthy lifestyle pushes the development of smart textiles. Since textiles have always been an object of everyday life, smart textiles promise an extensive user acceptance. Thereby, the manufacture of electrical components based on textile materials is of great interest for applications as biosensors. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are often used as biosensors for the detection of saline content, adrenaline, glucose, etc., in diverse body fluids. Textile-based OECTs are mostly prepared by combining a liquid electrolyte solution with two separate electro-active yarns that must be precisely arranged in a textile structure. Herein, on the other hand, a biosensor based on a textile single-component organic electrochemical transistor with a hardened electrolyte was developed by common textile technologies such as impregnation and laminating. Its working principle was demonstrated by showing that the herein-produced transistor functions similarly to a switch or an amplifier and that it is able to detect ionic analytes of a saline solution. These findings support the idea of using this new device layout of textile-based OECTs as biosensors in near-body applications, though future work must be carried out to ensure reproducibility and selectivity, and to achieve an increased level of textile integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rike Brendgen
- Research Institute for Textile and Clothing (FTB), Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Webschulstr. 31, 41065 Moenchengladbach, Germany
| | - Carsten Graßmann
- Research Institute for Textile and Clothing (FTB), Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Webschulstr. 31, 41065 Moenchengladbach, Germany
| | - Sandra Gellner
- Faculty Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Reinarzstr. 49, 47805 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Anne Schwarz-Pfeiffer
- Faculty of Textile and Clothing Technology, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Webschulstr. 31, 41065 Moenchengladbach, Germany
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26
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Stein E, Nahor O, Stolov M, Freger V, Petruta IM, McCulloch I, Frey GL. Ambipolar blend-based organic electrochemical transistors and inverters. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5548. [PMID: 36137998 PMCID: PMC9500051 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33264-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CMOS-like circuits in bioelectronics translate biological to electronic signals using organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) based on organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs). Ambipolar OECTs can reduce the complexity of circuit fabrication, and in bioelectronics have the major advantage of detecting both cations and anions in one device, which further expands the prospects for diagnosis and sensing. Ambipolar OMIECs however, are scarce, limited by intricate materials design and complex synthesis. Here we demonstrate that judicious selection of p- and n-type materials for blend-based OMIECs offers a simple and tunable approach for the fabrication of ambipolar OECTs and corresponding circuits. These OECTs show high transconductance and excellent stability over multiple alternating polarity cycles, with ON/OFF ratios exceeding 103 and high gains in corresponding inverters. This work presents a simple and versatile new paradigm for the fabrication of ambipolar OMIECs and circuits with little constraints on materials design and synthesis and numerous possibilities for tunability and optimization towards higher performing bioelectronic applications. Ambipolar organic electrochemical transistors simplify bioelectronics circuitry but are challenging due to complicated material design and synthesis. Here, the authors demonstrate that p- and n-type blends offer a simple and tuneable approach for the fabrication of ambipolar devices and circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Stein
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Oded Nahor
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Mikhail Stolov
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Viatcheslav Freger
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Iuliana Maria Petruta
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.,Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gitti L Frey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel.
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27
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AC amplification gain in organic electrochemical transistors for impedance-based single cell sensors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5423. [PMID: 36109508 PMCID: PMC9477811 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on electrolyte-gated and organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) architectures is motivated by the prospect of a highly biocompatible interface capable of amplifying bioelectronic signals at the site of detection. Despite many demonstrations in these directions, a quantitative model for OECTs as impedance biosensors is still lacking. We overcome this issue by introducing a model experiment where we simulate the detection of a single cell by the impedance sensing of a dielectric microparticle. The highly reproducible experiment allows us to study the impact of transistor geometry and operation conditions on device sensitivity. With the data we rationalize a mathematical model that provides clear guidelines for the optimization of OECTs as single cell sensors, and we verify the quantitative predictions in an in-vitro experiment. In the optimized geometry, the OECT-based impedance sensor allows to record single cell adhesion and detachment transients, showing a maximum gain of 20.2±0.9 dB with respect to a single electrode-based impedance sensor. The authors develop a quantitative description of alternating current amplification gain in organic electrochemical transistors. The findings are applied to achieve detection of single glioblastoma cell adhesion with 20 dB gain compared to microelectrodes.
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28
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PEDOT Composite with Ionic Liquid and Its Application to Deformable Electrochemical Transistors. Gels 2022; 8:gels8090534. [PMID: 36135246 PMCID: PMC9498364 DOI: 10.3390/gels8090534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have become popular due to their advantages of a lower operating voltage and higher transconductance compared with conventional silicon transistors. However, current OECT platform-based skin-inspired electronics applications are limited due to the lack of stretchability in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). Some meaningful structural design strategies to resolve this limitation, including rendering OECT to make it more stretchable, have been reported. However, these strategies require complicated fabrication processes and face challenges due to the low areal density of active devices because wavy interconnect parts account for a large area. Nevertheless, there have been only a few reports of fully deformable OECT having skin-like mechanical properties and deformability. In this study, we fabricated stretchable and conductivity-enhanced channel materials using a spray-coating method after a composite solution preparation by blending PEDOT:PSS with several ionic liquids. Among these, the PEDOT composite prepared using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium octyl sulfate exhibited a better maximum transconductance value (~0.3 mS) than the other ion composites. When this material was used for our deformable OECT platform using stretchable Au nanomembrane electrodes on an elastomer substrate and an encapsulation layer, our d-ECT showed a barely degraded resistance value between the source and drain during 1000 cycles of a 30% repeated strain. We expect that our d-ECT device will serve as a step toward the development of more precise and accurate biomedical healthcare monitoring systems.
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29
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Cucchi M, Weissbach A, Bongartz LM, Kantelberg R, Tseng H, Kleemann H, Leo K. Thermodynamics of organic electrochemical transistors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4514. [PMID: 35922437 PMCID: PMC9349225 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32182-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their increasing usefulness in a wide variety of applications, organic electrochemical transistors still lack a comprehensive and unifying physical framework able to describe the current-voltage characteristics and the polymer/electrolyte interactions simultaneously. Building upon thermodynamic axioms, we present a quantitative analysis of the operation of organic electrochemical transistors. We reveal that the entropy of mixing is the main driving force behind the redox mechanism that rules the transfer properties of such devices in electrolytic environments. In the light of these findings, we show that traditional models used for organic electrochemical transistors, based on the theory of field-effect transistors, fall short as they treat the active material as a simple capacitor while ignoring the material properties and energetic interactions. Finally, by analyzing a large spectrum of solvents and device regimes, we quantify the entropic and enthalpic contributions and put forward an approach for targeted material design and device applications. Though models describing the operating mechanism of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have been developed, these models are unable to accurately reproduce OECT electrical characteristics. Here, the authors report a thermodynamic-based framework that accurately models OECT operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Cucchi
- Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Neuro-X Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland. .,Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | | | | | | | - Hsin Tseng
- Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Karl Leo
- Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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30
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Kang J, Lim YW, Lee I, Kim S, Kim KY, Lee W, Bae BS. Photopatternable Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) for an Intrinsically Stretchable Organic Electrochemical Transistor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:24840-24849. [PMID: 35584034 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Patterning elastomers is an essential process for the application of elastomers to stretchable bioelectric devices. In general, replication of a mold and laser ablation are used for patterning elastomers. However, these methods are inefficient and time consuming due to complex patterning procedures and a heat-induced curing mechanism. In this work, we developed a photopatternable elastomer called thiol-ene cross-linked poly(dimethylsiloxane) (TC-PDMS). TC-PDMS showed high-resolution patternability (∼100 μm) through a direct patterning process. It also had high stretchability (∼140%) and low Young's modulus (∼2.9 MPa) similar to conventional PDMS. To demonstrate its practicability in stretchable bioelectric devices, TC-PDMS was applied to a passivation layer of an intrinsically stretchable organic electrochemical transistor (OECT), which showed a low leakage current (∼20 μA) and a high transconductance (0.432 mS) at high strain (60%). The stretchable OECT was able to record electrocardiographic (ECG) signals from human skin, and the measured ECG signals exhibited a high signal-to-noise ratio of 12.2 dB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohyuk Kang
- Wearable Platform Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Woo Lim
- Wearable Platform Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Injun Lee
- Wearable Platform Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwan Kim
- Wearable Platform Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Yeun Kim
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonryung Lee
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Soo Bae
- Wearable Platform Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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31
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Feng K, Shan W, Wang J, Lee JW, Yang W, Wu W, Wang Y, Kim BJ, Guo X, Guo H. Cyano-Functionalized n-Type Polymer with High Electron Mobility for High-Performance Organic Electrochemical Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201340. [PMID: 35429014 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
n-Type organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) with high electron mobility are scarce and highly challenging to develop. As a result, the figure-of-merit (µC*) of n-type organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) lags far behind the p-type analogs, restraining the development of OECT-based low-power complementary circuits and biosensors. Here, two n-type donor-acceptor (D-A) polymers based on fused bithiophene imide dimer f-BTI2 as the acceptor unit and thienylene-vinylene-thienylene (TVT) as the donor co-unit are reported. The cyanation of TVT enables polymer f-BTI2g-TVTCN with simultaneously enhanced ion-uptake ability, film structural order, and charge-transport property. As a result, it is able to obtain a high volumetric capacitance (C*) of 170 ± 22 F cm-3 and a record OECT electron mobility (μe,OECT ) of 0.24 cm2 V-1 s-1 for f-BTI2g-TVTCN, subsequently achieving a state-of-the-art µC* of 41.3 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 and geometry-normalized transconductance (gm,norm ) of 12.8 S cm-1 in n-type accumulation-mode OECTs. In contrast, only a moderate µC* of 1.50 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 is measured for the non-cyanated polymer f-BTI2g-TVT. These remarkable results demonstrate the great power of cyano functionalization of polymer semiconductors in developing n-type OMIECs with substantial electron mobility in aqueous environment for high-performance n-type OECTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Feng
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Wentao Shan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Jin-Woo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanli Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Wenchang Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Bumjoon J Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Han Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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32
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Tan STM, Gumyusenge A, Quill TJ, LeCroy GS, Bonacchini GE, Denti I, Salleo A. Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conduction, a Multifunctional Property in Organic Conductors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110406. [PMID: 35434865 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) have gained recent interest and rapid development due to their versatility in diverse applications ranging from sensing, actuation and computation to energy harvesting/storage, and information transfer. Their multifunctional properties arise from their ability to simultaneously participate in redox reactions as well as modulation of ionic and electronic charge density throughout the bulk of the material. Most importantly, the ability to access charge states with deep modulation through a large extent of its density of states and physical volume of the material enables OMIEC-based devices to display exciting new characteristics and opens up new degrees of freedom in device design. Leveraging the infinite possibilities of the organic synthetic toolbox, this perspective highlights several chemical and structural design approaches to modify OMIECs' properties important in device applications such as electronic and ionic conductivity, color, modulus, etc. Additionally, the ability for OMIECs to respond to external stimuli and transduce signals to myriad types of outputs has accelerated their development in smart systems. This perspective further illustrates how various stimuli such as electrical, chemical, and optical inputs fundamentally change OMIECs' properties dynamically and how these changes can be utilized in device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Ting Melissa Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Aristide Gumyusenge
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Tyler James Quill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Garrett Swain LeCroy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Giorgio Ernesto Bonacchini
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Giovanni Pascoli, 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Ilaria Denti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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33
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Hoskin CEG, Schild VR, Vinals J, Bayley H. Parallel transmission in a synthetic nerve. Nat Chem 2022; 14:650-657. [PMID: 35449216 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00916-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronic devices that are tetherless and soft are promising developments in medicine, robotics and chemical computing. Here, we describe bioinspired synthetic neurons, composed entirely of soft, flexible biomaterials, capable of rapid electrochemical signal transmission over centimetre distances. Like natural cells, our synthetic neurons release neurotransmitters from their terminals, which initiate downstream reactions. The components of the neurons are nanolitre aqueous droplets and hydrogel fibres, connected through lipid bilayers. Transmission is powered at these interfaces by light-driven proton pumps and mediated by ion-conducting protein pores. By bundling multiple neurons into a synthetic nerve, we have shown that distinct signals can propagate simultaneously along parallel axons, thereby transmitting spatiotemporal information. Synthetic nerves might play roles in next-generation implants, soft machines and computing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E G Hoskin
- Chemistry Department, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.,Doctoral Training Centre, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Javier Vinals
- Biochemistry Department, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Hagan Bayley
- Chemistry Department, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
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34
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Mousa A, Bliman D, Hiram Betancourt L, Hellman K, Ekström P, Savvakis M, Strakosas X, Marko-Varga G, Berggren M, Hjort M, Ek F, Olsson R. Method Matters: Exploring Alkoxysulfonate-Functionalized Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and Its Unintentional Self-Aggregating Copolymer toward Injectable Bioelectronics. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 34:2752-2763. [PMID: 35360437 PMCID: PMC8944941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c04342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Injectable bioelectronics could become an alternative or a complement to traditional drug treatments. To this end, a new self-doped p-type conducting PEDOT-S copolymer (A5) was synthesized. This copolymer formed highly water-dispersed nanoparticles and aggregated into a mixed ion-electron conducting hydrogel when injected into a tissue model. First, we synthetically repeated most of the published methods for PEDOT-S at the lab scale. Surprisingly, analysis using high-resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectroscopy showed that almost all the methods generated PEDOT-S derivatives with the same polymer lengths (i.e., oligomers, seven to eight monomers in average); thus, the polymer length cannot account for the differences in the conductivities reported earlier. The main difference, however, was that some methods generated an unintentional copolymer P(EDOT-S/EDOT-OH) that is more prone to aggregate and display higher conductivities in general than the PEDOT-S homopolymer. Based on this, we synthesized the PEDOT-S derivative A5, that displayed the highest film conductivity (33 S cm-1) among all PEDOT-S derivatives synthesized. Injecting A5 nanoparticles into the agarose gel cast with a physiological buffer generated a stable and highly conductive hydrogel (1-5 S cm-1), where no conductive structures were seen in agarose with the other PEDOT-S derivatives. Furthermore, the ion-treated A5 hydrogel remained stable and maintained initial conductivities for 7 months (the longest period tested) in pure water, and A5 mixed with Fe3O4 nanoparticles generated a magnetoconductive relay device in water. Thus, we have successfully synthesized a water-processable, syringe-injectable, and self-doped PEDOT-S polymer capable of forming a conductive hydrogel in tissue mimics, thereby paving a way for future applications within in vivo electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrazek
H. Mousa
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Chemical
Biology & Therapeutics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - David Bliman
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Chemical
Biology & Therapeutics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lazaro Hiram Betancourt
- Division
of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
- Department
of Translational Medicine, Lund University,
Skåne University Hospital Malmö, 202 13 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Karin Hellman
- Chemical
Biology & Therapeutics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Ekström
- Chemical
Biology & Therapeutics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marios Savvakis
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xenofon Strakosas
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - György Marko-Varga
- Division
of Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Department of Clinical
Sciences and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Martin Hjort
- Chemical
Biology & Therapeutics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Ek
- Chemical
Biology & Therapeutics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Roger Olsson
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Chemical
Biology & Therapeutics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
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35
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Sheth M, Esfandiari L. Bioelectric Dysregulation in Cancer Initiation, Promotion, and Progression. Front Oncol 2022; 12:846917. [PMID: 35359398 PMCID: PMC8964134 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.846917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is primarily a disease of dysregulation – both at the genetic level and at the tissue organization level. One way that tissue organization is dysregulated is by changes in the bioelectric regulation of cell signaling pathways. At the basis of bioelectricity lies the cellular membrane potential or Vmem, an intrinsic property associated with any cell. The bioelectric state of cancer cells is different from that of healthy cells, causing a disruption in the cellular signaling pathways. This disruption or dysregulation affects all three processes of carcinogenesis – initiation, promotion, and progression. Another mechanism that facilitates the homeostasis of cell signaling pathways is the production of extracellular vesicles (EVs) by cells. EVs also play a role in carcinogenesis by mediating cellular communication within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Furthermore, the production and release of EVs is altered in cancer. To this end, the change in cell electrical state and in EV production are responsible for the bioelectric dysregulation which occurs during cancer. This paper reviews the bioelectric dysregulation associated with carcinogenesis, including the TME and metastasis. We also look at the major ion channels associated with cancer and current technologies and tools used to detect and manipulate bioelectric properties of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maulee Sheth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Leyla Esfandiari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Leyla Esfandiari,
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36
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Moser M, Wang Y, Hidalgo TC, Liao H, Yu Y, Chen J, Duan J, Moruzzi F, Griggs S, Marks A, Gasparini N, Wadsworth A, Inal S, McCulloch I, Yue W. Propylene and butylene glycol: new alternatives to ethylene glycol in conjugated polymers for bioelectronic applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:973-980. [PMID: 34935815 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01889b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To date, many of the high-performance conjugated polymers employed as OECT channel materials make use of ethylene glycol (EG) chains to confer the materials with mixed ionic-electronic conduction properties, with limited emphasis placed on alternative hydrophilic moieties. While a degree of hydrophilicity is required to facilitate some ionic conduction in hydrated channels, an excess results in excessive swelling, with potentially detrimental effects on charge transport. This is therefore a subtle balance that must be optimised to maximise electrical performance. Herein a series of polymers based on a bithiophene-thienothiophene conjugated backbone was synthesised and the conventional EG chains substituted by their propylene and butylene counterparts. Specifically, the use of propylene and butylene chains was found to afford polymers with a more hydrophobic character, thereby reducing excessive water uptake during OECT operation and in turn significantly boosting the polymers' electronic charge carrier mobility. Despite the polymers' lower water uptake, the newly developed oligoether chains retained sufficiently high degrees of hydrophilicity to enable bulk volumetric doping, ultimately resulting in the development of polymers with superior OECT performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Moser
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Yazhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Tania Cecilia Hidalgo
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hailiang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Yaping Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Junxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Jiayao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Floriana Moruzzi
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Sophie Griggs
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Adam Marks
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Andrew Wadsworth
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Sahika Inal
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Iain McCulloch
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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37
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Abarkan M, Pirog A, Mafilaza D, Pathak G, N'Kaoua G, Puginier E, O'Connor R, Raoux M, Donahue MJ, Renaud S, Lang J. Vertical Organic Electrochemical Transistors and Electronics for Low Amplitude Micro-Organ Signals. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105211. [PMID: 35064774 PMCID: PMC8922095 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrical signals are fundamental to key biological events such as brain activity, heartbeat, or vital hormone secretion. Their capture and analysis provide insight into cell or organ physiology and a number of bioelectronic medical devices aim to improve signal acquisition. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECT) have proven their capacity to capture neuronal and cardiac signals with high fidelity and amplification. Vertical PEDOT:PSS-based OECTs (vOECTs) further enhance signal amplification and device density but have not been characterized in biological applications. An electronic board with individually tuneable transistor biases overcomes fabrication induced heterogeneity in device metrics and allows quantitative biological experiments. Careful exploration of vOECT electric parameters defines voltage biases compatible with reliable transistor function in biological experiments and provides useful maximal transconductance values without influencing cellular signal generation or propagation. This permits successful application in monitoring micro-organs of prime importance in diabetes, the endocrine pancreatic islets, which are known for their far smaller signal amplitudes as compared to neurons or heart cells. Moreover, vOECTs capture their single-cell action potentials and multicellular slow potentials reflecting micro-organ organizations as well as their modulation by the physiological stimulator glucose. This opens the possibility to use OECTs in new biomedical fields well beyond their classical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Abarkan
- UMR CNRS 5248 (CBMN, Chemistry and Biology of Membranes)Univ. BordeauxAv Geoffroy St HilairePessacF‐33600France
| | - Antoine Pirog
- UMR CNRS 5218 (IMS, Integration of Materials into Systems)Univ. BordeauxBordeaux Institut National Polytechnique351 Cours de la LibérationTalenceF‐33405France
| | - Donnie Mafilaza
- UMR CNRS 5218 (IMS, Integration of Materials into Systems)Univ. BordeauxBordeaux Institut National Polytechnique351 Cours de la LibérationTalenceF‐33405France
| | - Gaurav Pathak
- Department of BioelectronicsMines Saint EtienneCMP‐EMSEMOCGardanne13541France
- Linköping UniversityDepartment of Science and Technology (ITN)Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsLinköpingSE‐581 83Sweden
| | - Gilles N'Kaoua
- UMR CNRS 5218 (IMS, Integration of Materials into Systems)Univ. BordeauxBordeaux Institut National Polytechnique351 Cours de la LibérationTalenceF‐33405France
| | - Emilie Puginier
- UMR CNRS 5248 (CBMN, Chemistry and Biology of Membranes)Univ. BordeauxAv Geoffroy St HilairePessacF‐33600France
| | - Rodney O'Connor
- Department of BioelectronicsMines Saint EtienneCMP‐EMSEMOCGardanne13541France
| | - Matthieu Raoux
- UMR CNRS 5248 (CBMN, Chemistry and Biology of Membranes)Univ. BordeauxAv Geoffroy St HilairePessacF‐33600France
| | - Mary J. Donahue
- Department of BioelectronicsMines Saint EtienneCMP‐EMSEMOCGardanne13541France
- Linköping UniversityDepartment of Science and Technology (ITN)Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsLinköpingSE‐581 83Sweden
| | - Sylvie Renaud
- UMR CNRS 5218 (IMS, Integration of Materials into Systems)Univ. BordeauxBordeaux Institut National Polytechnique351 Cours de la LibérationTalenceF‐33405France
| | - Jochen Lang
- UMR CNRS 5248 (CBMN, Chemistry and Biology of Membranes)Univ. BordeauxAv Geoffroy St HilairePessacF‐33600France
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38
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He Y, Kukhta NA, Marks A, Luscombe CK. The effect of side chain engineering on conjugated polymers in organic electrochemical transistors for bioelectronic applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:2314-2332. [PMID: 35310858 PMCID: PMC8852261 DOI: 10.1039/d1tc05229b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronics focuses on the establishment of the connection between the ion-driven biosystems and readable electronic signals. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) offer a viable solution for this task. Organic mixed ionic/electronic conductors (OMIECs) rest at the heart of OECTs. The balance between the ionic and electronic conductivities of OMIECs is closely connected to the OECT device performance. While modification of the OMIECs' electronic properties is largely related to the development of conjugated scaffolds, properties such as ion permeability, solubility, flexibility, morphology, and sensitivity can be altered by side chain moieties. In this review, we uncover the influence of side chain molecular design on the properties and performance of OECTs. We summarise current understanding of OECT performance and focus specifically on the knowledge of ionic-electronic coupling, shedding light on the significance of side chain development of OMIECs. We show how the versatile synthetic toolbox of side chains can be successfully employed to tune OECT parameters via controlling the material properties. As the field continues to mature, more detailed investigations into the crucial role side chain engineering plays on the resultant OMIEC properties will allow for side chain alternatives to be developed and will ultimately lead to further enhancements within the field of OECT channel materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei He
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195-2120 USA
| | - Nadzeya A Kukhta
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195-2120 USA
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Christine K Luscombe
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195-2120 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle Washington 98195 USA
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39
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Strakosas X, Donahue MJ, Hama A, Braendlein M, Huerta M, Simon DT, Berggren M, Malliaras GG, Owens RM. Biostack: Nontoxic Metabolite Detection from Live Tissue. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2101711. [PMID: 34741447 PMCID: PMC8805579 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing demand for direct in situ metabolite monitoring from cell cultures and in vivo using implantable devices. Electrochemical biosensors are commonly preferred due to their low-cost, high sensitivity, and low complexity. Metabolite detection, however, in cultured cells or sensitive tissue is rarely shown. Commonly, glucose sensing occurs indirectly by measuring the concentration of hydrogen peroxide, which is a by-product of the conversion of glucose by glucose oxidase. However, continuous production of hydrogen peroxide in cell media with high glucose is toxic to adjacent cells or tissue. This challenge is overcome through a novel, stacked enzyme configuration. A primary enzyme is used to provide analyte sensitivity, along with a secondary enzyme which converts H2 O2 back to O2 . The secondary enzyme is functionalized as the outermost layer of the device. Thus, production of H2 O2 remains local to the sensor and its concentration in the extracellular environment does not increase. This "biostack" is integrated with organic electrochemical transistors to demonstrate sensors that monitor glucose concentration in cell cultures in situ. The "biostack" renders the sensors nontoxic for cells and provides highly sensitive and stable detection of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenofon Strakosas
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping UniversityNorrköping601 74Sweden
| | - Mary J. Donahue
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping UniversityNorrköping601 74Sweden
| | - Adel Hama
- King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyKAUSTThuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Miriam Huerta
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
| | - Daniel T. Simon
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping UniversityNorrköping601 74Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping UniversityNorrköping601 74Sweden
| | | | - Roisin M. Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUKUSA
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40
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Preziosi V, Barra M, Tomaiuolo G, D'Angelo P, Marasso SL, Verna A, Cocuzza M, Cassinese A, Guido S. Organic electrochemical transistors as novel biosensing platforms to study the electrical response of whole blood and plasma. J Mater Chem B 2021; 10:87-95. [PMID: 34870646 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01584b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, organic electrochemical transistors are employed to investigate the electrical response of human blood, plasma and alternative buffer solutions that inhibit red blood cell (RBC) aggregation. Our focus is on selecting a suitable electrolytic platform and the related operating conditions, where the RBC effect on the OECT response can be observed separately from the strong ionic environment of plasma in whole blood. The transient response of whole blood to pulse experiments is characterized by two time constants, which can be related to blood viscosity and to the capacitive coupling between the ionic and electronic components of the overall system. The role of capacitive effects, likely due to enhanced double-layer formation by negatively charged RBCs, is also confirmed by the increase of transconductance which was found in RBC suspensions as compared to the suspending buffer. Overall, the complex behavior found in these experiments provides new insights for the development of innovative blood-based sensing devices for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Preziosi
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering - University Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, I-80125 Naples, Italy.
| | - Mario Barra
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini", P.le Tecchio, 80, I-80125 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Tomaiuolo
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering - University Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, I-80125 Naples, Italy.
| | | | - Simone Luigi Marasso
- IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy.,Chi-Lab, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessio Verna
- Chi-Lab, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Matteo Cocuzza
- IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy.,Chi-Lab, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Antonio Cassinese
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini", P.le Tecchio, 80, I-80125 Napoli, Italy. .,Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini", University Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, I-80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Guido
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering - University Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, I-80125 Naples, Italy. .,National Interuniversity Consortium for Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy.,CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnologies, 80145 Napoli, Italy
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41
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Dufil G, Bernacka-Wojcik I, Armada-Moreira A, Stavrinidou E. Plant Bioelectronics and Biohybrids: The Growing Contribution of Organic Electronic and Carbon-Based Materials. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4847-4883. [PMID: 34928592 PMCID: PMC8874897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Life in our planet is highly dependent on plants as they are the primary source of food, regulators of the atmosphere, and providers of a variety of materials. In this work, we review the progress on bioelectronic devices for plants and biohybrid systems based on plants, therefore discussing advancements that view plants either from a biological or a technological perspective, respectively. We give an overview on wearable and implantable bioelectronic devices for monitoring and modulating plant physiology that can be used as tools in basic plant science or find application in agriculture. Furthermore, we discuss plant-wearable devices for monitoring a plant's microenvironment that will enable optimization of growth conditions. The review then covers plant biohybrid systems where plants are an integral part of devices or are converted to devices upon functionalization with smart materials, including self-organized electronics, plant nanobionics, and energy applications. The review focuses on advancements based on organic electronic and carbon-based materials and discusses opportunities, challenges, as well as future steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwennaël Dufil
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Iwona Bernacka-Wojcik
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Adam Armada-Moreira
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden.,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.,Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Campus Umeå, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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42
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Pitsalidis C, Pappa AM, Boys AJ, Fu Y, Moysidou CM, van Niekerk D, Saez J, Savva A, Iandolo D, Owens RM. Organic Bioelectronics for In Vitro Systems. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4700-4790. [PMID: 34910876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronics have made strides in improving clinical diagnostics and precision medicine. The potential of bioelectronics for bidirectional interfacing with biology through continuous, label-free monitoring on one side and precise control of biological activity on the other has extended their application scope to in vitro systems. The advent of microfluidics and the considerable advances in reliability and complexity of in vitro models promise to eventually significantly reduce or replace animal studies, currently the gold standard in drug discovery and toxicology testing. Bioelectronics are anticipated to play a major role in this transition offering a much needed technology to push forward the drug discovery paradigm. Organic electronic materials, notably conjugated polymers, having demonstrated technological maturity in fields such as solar cells and light emitting diodes given their outstanding characteristics and versatility in processing, are the obvious route forward for bioelectronics due to their biomimetic nature, among other merits. This review highlights the advances in conjugated polymers for interfacing with biological tissue in vitro, aiming ultimately to develop next generation in vitro systems. We showcase in vitro interfacing across multiple length scales, involving biological models of varying complexity, from cell components to complex 3D cell cultures. The state of the art, the possibilities, and the challenges of conjugated polymers toward clinical translation of in vitro systems are also discussed throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Alexander J Boys
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
| | - Chrysanthi-Maria Moysidou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Douglas van Niekerk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Janire Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Miguel de Unamuno, 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Donata Iandolo
- INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Université Jean Monnet, Mines Saint-Étienne, Université de Lyon, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Róisín M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
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43
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Nawaz A, Liu Q, Leong WL, Fairfull-Smith KE, Sonar P. Organic Electrochemical Transistors for In Vivo Bioelectronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101874. [PMID: 34606146 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are presently a focus of intense research and hold great potential in expanding the horizons of the bioelectronics industry. The notable characteristics of OECTs, including their electrolyte-gating, which offers intimate interfacing with biological environments, and aqueous stability, make them particularly suitable to be operated within a living organism (in vivo). Unlike the existing in vivo bioelectronic devices, mostly based on rigid metal electrodes, OECTs form a soft mechanical contact with the biological milieu and ensure a high signal-to-noise ratio because of their powerful amplification capability. Such features make OECTs particularly desirable for a wide range of in vivo applications, including electrophysiological recordings, neuron stimulation, and neurotransmitter detection, and regulation of plant processes in vivo. In this review, a systematic compilation of the in vivo applications is presented that are addressed by the OECT technology. First, the operating mechanisms, and the device design and materials design principles of OECTs are examined, and then multiple examples are provided from the literature while identifying the unique device properties that enable the application progress. Finally, one critically looks at the future of the OECT technology for in vivo bioelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nawaz
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19044, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil
- Center for Sensors and Devices, Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Trento, 38123, Italy
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Wei Lin Leong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Kathryn E Fairfull-Smith
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Prashant Sonar
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
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Mello HJNPD, Faleiros MC, Mulato M. Electrochemically activated polyaniline based ambipolar organic electrochemical transistor. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo José Nogueira Pedroza Dias Mello
- Institute of Physics Federal University of Goiás (UFG) Goiânia Goiás Brazil
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirao Preto (FFCLRP) University of Sao Paulo (USP) Ribeirao Preto Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Murilo Calil Faleiros
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirao Preto (FFCLRP) University of Sao Paulo (USP) Ribeirao Preto Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Marcelo Mulato
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirao Preto (FFCLRP) University of Sao Paulo (USP) Ribeirao Preto Sao Paulo Brazil
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45
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Fu Y, Wang N, Yang A, Xu Z, Zhang W, Liu H, Law HKW, Yan F. Ultrasensitive Detection of Ribonucleic Acid Biomarkers Using Portable Sensing Platforms Based on Organic Electrochemical Transistors. Anal Chem 2021; 93:14359-14364. [PMID: 34661391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) plays an important role in the early diagnosis of diseases and will greatly benefit patients with a higher cure rate. However, the low abundance of RNA in physiological environments requires ultrahigh sensitivity of a detection technology. Here, we construct a portable and smart-phone-controlled biosensing platform based on disposable organic electrochemical transistors for ultrasensitive analysis of microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers within 1 h. Due to their inherent amplification function, the devices can detect miRNA cancer biomarkers from little-volume solutions with concentrations down to 10-14 M. The devices can distinguish blood miRNA expression levels at different cancer stages using a 4T1 mouse tumor model. The technique for ultrasensitive and fast detection of RNA biomarkers with high selectivity opens a window for mobile diagnosis of various diseases with low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, United Kingdom
| | - Naixiang Wang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Anneng Yang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zhiai Xu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Wen Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Helen Ka-Wai Law
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Research Institute of Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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46
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Rashid RB, Ji X, Rivnay J. Organic electrochemical transistors in bioelectronic circuits. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 190:113461. [PMID: 34197997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) represents a versatile and impactful electronic building block in the areas of printed electronics, bioelectronics, and neuromorphic computing. Significant efforts in OECTs have focused on device physics, new active material design and synthesis, and on preliminary implementation of individual transistors as proof-of-concept components for sensing and computation. However, as most of the current studies are based on single devices, the integration of OECTs into circuits or high-level systems has lagged. In this review, we focus on recent efforts to incorporate individual OECTs into digital, analog, and neuromorphic circuits, and lay out important considerations relevant for (hybrid) systems integration. We summarize the operation principles and the functions of OECT-based circuits and discuss the approaches for wireless power and data transmission for practicality in biological and bio-inspired applications. Finally, we comment on the future directions and challenges facing OECT circuits from both a fundamental and applied perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem B Rashid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Xudong Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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47
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Koklu A, Ohayon D, Wustoni S, Druet V, Saleh A, Inal S. Organic Bioelectronic Devices for Metabolite Sensing. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4581-4635. [PMID: 34610244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical detection of metabolites is essential for early diagnosis and continuous monitoring of a variety of health conditions. This review focuses on organic electronic material-based metabolite sensors and highlights their potential to tackle critical challenges associated with metabolite detection. We provide an overview of the distinct classes of organic electronic materials and biorecognition units used in metabolite sensors, explain the different detection strategies developed to date, and identify the advantages and drawbacks of each technology. We then benchmark state-of-the-art organic electronic metabolite sensors by categorizing them based on their application area (in vitro, body-interfaced, in vivo, and cell-interfaced). Finally, we share our perspective on using organic bioelectronic materials for metabolite sensing and address the current challenges for the devices and progress to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Koklu
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Ohayon
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shofarul Wustoni
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Victor Druet
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulelah Saleh
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahika Inal
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Lieberth K, Romele P, Torricelli F, Koutsouras DA, Brückner M, Mailänder V, Gkoupidenis P, Blom PWM. Current-Driven Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Monitoring Cell Layer Integrity with Enhanced Sensitivity. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100845. [PMID: 34309226 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this progress report an overview is given on the use of the organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) as a biosensor for impedance sensing of cell layers. The transient OECT current can be used to detect changes in the impedance of the cell layer, as shown by Jimison et al. To circumvent the application of a high gate bias and preventing electrolysis of the electrolyte, in case of small impedance variations, an alternative measuring technique based on an OECT in a current-driven configuration is developed. The ion-sensitivity is larger than 1200 mV V-1 dec-1 at low operating voltage. It can be even further enhanced using an OECT based complementary amplifier, which consists of a p-type and an n-type OECT connected in series, as known from digital electronics. The monitoring of cell layer integrity and irreversible disruption of barrier function with the current-driven OECT is demonstrated for an epithelial Caco-2 cell layer, showing the enhanced ion-sensitivity as compared to the standard OECT configuration. As a state-of-the-art application of the current-driven OECT, the in situ monitoring of reversible tight junction modulation under the effect of drug additives, like poly-l-lysine, is discussed. This shows its potential for in vitro and even in vivo toxicological and drug delivery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Lieberth
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 Mainz 55128 Germany
| | - Paolo Romele
- Department of Information Engineering University of Brescia Via Branze 38 Brescia 25123 Italy
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- Department of Information Engineering University of Brescia Via Branze 38 Brescia 25123 Italy
| | | | - Maximilian Brückner
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 Mainz 55128 Germany
- Dermatology Clinic University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Langenbeckstr. 1 Mainz 55131 Germany
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 Mainz 55128 Germany
- Dermatology Clinic University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Langenbeckstr. 1 Mainz 55131 Germany
| | | | - Paul W. M. Blom
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 Mainz 55128 Germany
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Burtscher B, Manco Urbina PA, Diacci C, Borghi S, Pinti M, Cossarizza A, Salvarani C, Berggren M, Biscarini F, Simon DT, Bortolotti CA. Sensing Inflammation Biomarkers with Electrolyte-Gated Organic Electronic Transistors. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100955. [PMID: 34423579 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An overview of cytokine biosensing is provided, with a focus on the opportunities provided by organic electronic platforms for monitoring these inflammation biomarkers which manifest at ultralow concentration levels in physiopathological conditions. Specifically, two of the field's state-of-the-art technologies-organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) and electrolyte gated organic field effect transistors (EGOFETs)-and their use in sensing cytokines and other proteins associated with inflammation are a particular focus. The overview will include an introduction to current clinical and "gold standard" quantification techniques and their limitations in terms of cost, time, and required infrastructure. A critical review of recent progress with OECT- and EGOFET-based protein biosensors is presented, alongside a discussion onthe future of these technologies in the years and decades ahead. This is especially timely as the world grapples with limited healthcare diagnostics during the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)pandemic where one of the worst-case scenarios for patients is the "cytokine storm." Clearly, low-cost point-of-care technologies provided by OECTs and EGOFETs can ease the global burden on healthcare systems and support professionals by providing unprecedented wealth of data that can help to monitor disease progression in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Burtscher
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University Norrköping 60174 Sweden
| | | | - Chiara Diacci
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University Norrköping 60174 Sweden
| | - Simone Borghi
- Department of Life Sciences University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via Campi 103 Modena 41125 Italy
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via Campi 103 Modena 41125 Italy
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via Campi 287 Modena 41125 Italy
| | - Carlo Salvarani
- Rheumatology Unit University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Medical School Azienda Ospedaliero‐Universitaria Policlinico di Modena Modena 41124 Italy
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University Norrköping 60174 Sweden
| | - Fabio Biscarini
- Department of Life Sciences University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via Campi 103 Modena 41125 Italy
- Center for Translation Neurophysiology Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Fossato di Mortara 17–19 Ferrara 44100 Italy
| | - Daniel T. Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University Norrköping 60174 Sweden
| | - Carlo A. Bortolotti
- Department of Life Sciences University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via Campi 103 Modena 41125 Italy
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50
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Rashid RB, Du W, Griggs S, Maria IP, McCulloch I, Rivnay J. Ambipolar inverters based on cofacial vertical organic electrochemical transistor pairs for biosignal amplification. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabh1055. [PMID: 34516877 PMCID: PMC8442873 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
On-site signal amplification for bioelectronic sensing is a desirable approach to improving recorded signal quality and to reducing the burden on signal transmission and back-end electronics. While organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have been used as local transducers of bioelectronic signals, their current output presents challenges for implementation. OECT-based circuits offer new opportunities for high-performance signal processing. In this work, we introduce an active sensing node based on cofacial vertical OECTs forming an ambipolar complementary inverter. The inverter, which shows a voltage gain of 28, is composed of two OECTs on opposite side walls of a single active area, resulting in a footprint identical to a planar OECT. The inverter is used as an analog voltage preamplifier for recording electrocardiogram signals when biased at the input voltage corresponding to peak gain. We further demonstrate compatibility with nontraditional fabrication methods with potential benefits for rapid prototyping and large-area printed electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem B. Rashid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Weiyuan Du
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sophie Griggs
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Iuliana P. Maria
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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