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Wang Y, Wang X, Du C, Wang Z, Wang J, Zhou N, Wang B, Tan K, Fan Y, Cao P. Glycolysis and beyond in glucose metabolism: exploring pulmonary fibrosis at the metabolic crossroads. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1379521. [PMID: 38854692 PMCID: PMC11157045 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1379521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
At present, pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a prevalent and irreversible lung disease with limited treatment options, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is one of its most common forms. Recent research has highlighted PF as a metabolic-related disease, including dysregulated iron, mitochondria, lipid, and glucose homeostasis. Systematic reports on the regulatory roles of glucose metabolism in PF are rare. This study explores the intricate relationships and signaling pathways between glucose metabolic processes and PF, delving into how key factors involved in glucose metabolism regulate PF progression, and the interplay between them. Specifically, we examined various enzymes, such as hexokinase (HK), 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3), pyruvate kinase (PK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), illustrating their regulatory roles in PF. It highlights the significance of lactate, alongside the role of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) and glucose transporters (GLUTs) in modulating pulmonary fibrosis and glucose metabolism. Additionally, critical regulatory factors such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 subunit alpha (HIF-1α) were discussed, demonstrating their impact on both PF and glucose metabolic pathways. It underscores the pivotal role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in this interplay, drawing connections between diabetes mellitus, insulin, insulin-like growth factors, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) with PF. This study emphasizes the role of key enzymes, regulators, and glucose transporters in fibrogenesis, suggesting the potential of targeting glucose metabolism for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of PF, and proposing new promising avenues for future research and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejiao Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Chaoqi Du
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zeming Wang
- Department of Laboratory, Hebei Provincial People’s Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, Xingtai People’s Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei, China
| | - Baohua Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ke Tan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yumei Fan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Pengxiu Cao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Salama RAM, Raafat FA, Hasanin AH, Hendawy N, Saleh LA, Habib EK, Hamza M, Hassan ANE. A neuroprotective effect of pentoxifylline in rats with diabetic neuropathy: Mitigation of inflammatory and vascular alterations. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 128:111533. [PMID: 38271813 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of diabetic neuropathic pain does not change the natural history of neuropathy. Improved glycemic control is the recommended treatment in these cases, given that no specific treatment for the underlying nerve damage is available, so far. In the present study, the potential neuroprotective effect of pentoxifylline in streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) induced diabetic neuropathy in rats was investigated. METHODS Pentoxifylline was administered at doses equivalent to 50, 100 & 200 mg/kg, in drinking water, starting one week after streptozotocin injection and for 7 weeks. Mechanical allodynia, body weight and blood glucose level were assessed weekly. Epidermal thickness of the footpad skin, and neuroinflammation and vascular alterations markers were assessed. RESULTS Tactile allodynia was less in rats that received pentoxifylline at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg (60 % mechanical threshold increased by 48 % and 60 %, respectively). The decrease in epidermal thickness of footpad skin was almost completely prevented by the same doses. This was associated with a decrease in spinal tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and nuclear factor kappa B levels and a decrease in microglial ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 immunoreactivity, compared to the control diabetic group. In sciatic nerve, there was decrease in TNF-α and vascular endothelial growth factor levels and intercellular adhesion molecule immunoreactivity. CONCLUSION Pentoxifylline showed a neuroprotective effect in streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy, which was associated with a suppression of both the inflammatory and vascular pathogenic pathways that was not associated with a hypoglycemic effect. Thus, it may represent a potential neuroprotective drug for diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghda A M Salama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fatema Ahmed Raafat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amany Helmy Hasanin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nevien Hendawy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Galala University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Lobna A Saleh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman K Habib
- Faculty of Medicine, Galala University, Suez, Egypt; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - May Hamza
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Nour Eldin Hassan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Galala University, Suez, Egypt
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Gül N, Cebesoy S, Özsoy N, Eskizengin H, Özer Ç. The Ultrastructure of Skeletal Muscle Capillaries of Streptozotocin Diabetic Rats and the Therapeutic Effect of Benfluorex. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2022; 28:1-5. [PMID: 36205173 DOI: 10.1017/s143192762201251x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a serious disease worldwide and causes other associated diseases. In this study, we observed the effect of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes and benfluorex treatment on muscular capillary ultrastructure. Adult male rats were used as the test subjects and each individual was intraperitoneally injected with one dose of STZ (45 mg/kg) to induce diabetes. Doses (50 mg/kg) of benfluorex were given to the subjects with tap water by intragastric gavage application once daily for 21 days. At the end of day 21, muscle tissues were obtained from animals and examined under transmission electron microscopy. From the data obtained with the electron microscope, it was observed that the control group had typical continuous capillary vascular structures in their muscles, while STZ caused disruptive disorder of the muscle cells in the capillary wall of the STZ-diabetic group. Additionally, the thickening of the basement membrane around endothelial cells, loss of mitochondrial crista in the muscle cells, enlarged endothelial cells, and narrowed vessel lumen were observed in the muscle tissue. The findings of our study revealed that STZ-induced diabetes disrupted the vascular structure, while benfluorex partially improved it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nursel Gül
- Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, Ankara University, Tandogan, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Suna Cebesoy
- Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, Ankara University, Tandogan, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Özsoy
- Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, Ankara University, Tandogan, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Hakan Eskizengin
- Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, Ankara University, Tandogan, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Çiğdem Özer
- School of Medicine, Physiology Department, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara 06500, Turkey
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Santos AL, Liu D, Reed AK, Wyderka AM, van Venrooy A, Li JT, Li VD, Misiura M, Samoylova O, Beckham JL, Ayala-Orozco C, Kolomeisky AB, Alemany LB, Oliver A, Tegos GP, Tour JM. Light-activated molecular machines are fast-acting broad-spectrum antibacterials that target the membrane. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm2055. [PMID: 35648847 PMCID: PMC9159576 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm2055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the dwindling antibiotic research and development pipeline have created a pressing global health crisis. Here, we report the discovery of a distinctive antibacterial therapy that uses visible (405 nanometers) light-activated synthetic molecular machines (MMs) to kill Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, in minutes, vastly outpacing conventional antibiotics. MMs also rapidly eliminate persister cells and established bacterial biofilms. The antibacterial mode of action of MMs involves physical disruption of the membrane. In addition, by permeabilizing the membrane, MMs at sublethal doses potentiate the action of conventional antibiotics. Repeated exposure to antibacterial MMs is not accompanied by resistance development. Finally, therapeutic doses of MMs mitigate mortality associated with bacterial infection in an in vivo model of burn wound infection. Visible light-activated MMs represent an unconventional antibacterial mode of action by mechanical disruption at the molecular scale, not existent in nature and to which resistance development is unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- IdISBA–Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares, Palma, Spain
| | - Dongdong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Anna K. Reed
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Aaron M. Wyderka
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | | | - John T. Li
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Victor D. Li
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Mikita Misiura
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Olga Samoylova
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Jacob L. Beckham
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | | | | | - Lawrence B. Alemany
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Antonio Oliver
- IdISBA–Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares, Palma, Spain
- Servicio de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma, Spain
| | - George P. Tegos
- Office of Research, Reading Hospital, Tower Health, 420 S. Fifth Avenue, West Reading, PA 19611, USA
| | - James M. Tour
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- NanoCarbon Center and the Welch Institute for Advanced Materials, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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Zhang Q, Wang Y, Tian C, Yu J, Li Y, Yang J. Clinical characteristics and genetic analysis of a Chinese pedigree of type 2 diabetes complicated with interstitial lung disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1050200. [PMID: 36733806 PMCID: PMC9887333 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1050200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetes mellitus is a systemic metabolic disorder which may target the lungs and lead to interstitial lung disease. The clinical characteristics and mechanisms of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) complicated with interstitial lung disease (ILD) have been studied. However, little work has been done to assess genetic contributions to the development of T2DM complicated with ILD. METHOD A pedigree of T2DM complicated with ILD was investigated, and the whole genome re-sequencing was performed to identify the genetic variations in the pedigree. According to the literature, the most valuable genetic contributors to the pathogenesis of T2DM complicated with ILD were screened out, and the related cellular functional experiments were also performed. RESULTS A large number of SNPs, InDels, SVs and CNVs were identified in eight subjects including two diabetic patients with ILD, two diabetic patients without ILD, and four healthy subjects from the pedigree. After data analysis according to the literature, MUC5B SNP rs2943512 (A > C) was considered to be an important potentially pathogenic gene mutation associated with the pathogenesis of ILD in T2DM patients. In vitro experiments showed that the expression of MUC5B in BEAS-2B cells was significantly up-regulated by high glucose stimulation, accompanied by the activation of ERK1/2 and the increase of IL-1β and IL-6. When silencing MUC5B by RNA interference, the levels of p-ERK1/2 as well as IL-1β and IL-6 in BEAS-2B cells were all significantly decreased. CONCLUSION The identification of these genetic variants in the pedigree enriches our understanding of the potential genetic contributions to T2DM complicated with ILD. MUC5B SNP rs2943512 (A > C) or the up-regulated MUC5B in bronchial epithelial cells may be an important factor in promoting ILD inT2DM patients, laying a foundation for future exploration about the pathogenesis of T2DM complicated with ILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chang Tian
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinyan Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanlei Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junling Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Junling Yang,
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Kopf S, Kumar V, Kender Z, Han Z, Fleming T, Herzig S, Nawroth PP. Diabetic Pneumopathy-A New Diabetes-Associated Complication: Mechanisms, Consequences and Treatment Considerations. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:765201. [PMID: 34899603 PMCID: PMC8655305 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.765201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with diabetes are over-represented among the total cases reported with "idiopathic" pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). This raises the question, whether this is an association only or whether diabetes itself can cause pulmonary fibrosis. Recent studies in mouse models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes demonstrated that diabetes causes pulmonary fibrosis. Both types of diabetes trigger a cascade, starting with increased DNA damage, an impaired DNA repair, and leading to persistent DNA damage signaling. This response, in turn, induces senescence, a senescence-associated-secretory phenotype (SASP), marked by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors, finally resulting in fibrosis. Restoring DNA repair drives fibrosis into remission, thus proving causality. These data can be translated clinically to patients with type 2 diabetes, characterized by long-term diabetes and albuminuria. Hence there are several arguments, to substitute the term "idiopathic" pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) in patients with diabetes (and exclusion of other causes of lung diseases) by the term "diabetes-induced pulmonary fibrosis" (DiPF). However, future studies are required to establish this term and to study whether patients with diabetes respond to the established therapies similar to non-diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kopf
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Varun Kumar
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Advanced Light Microscopy Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zoltan Kender
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Zhe Han
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Fleming
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC) Translational Diabetes Programme, Helmholtz-Zentrum, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter P. Nawroth
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC) Translational Diabetes Programme, Helmholtz-Zentrum, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Peter P. Nawroth,
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Wang D, Ma Y, Tong X, Zhang Y, Fan H. Diabetes Mellitus Contributes to Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Review From Clinical Appearance to Possible Pathogenesis. Front Public Health 2020; 8:196. [PMID: 32582606 PMCID: PMC7285959 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a systematic metabolic disease characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, which complications often involve multiple organs and systems including vessels, kidneys, retinas, and nervous system. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic, progressive, fibrotic disease with usual interstitial pneumonia patterns. With in-depth research, diabetic related lung injury has been confirmed, and the lung is also considered as one of the targeted organs of diabetes, which mainly manifests as the pulmonary fibrosis. Based on that, this review discusses the association between diabetes mellitus and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis from clinical findings to possible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongguang Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Ma
- The Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Tong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Periodical Press, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Fan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Parise G, Murrant CL, Cocks M, Snijders T, Baum O, Plyley MJ. Capillary facilitation of skeletal muscle function in health and disease. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:453-462. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is highly vascularized, with perfusion being tightly regulated to meet wide-ranging metabolic demands. For decades, the capillary supply has been explored mainly in terms of evaluating the capillary numbers and their function in the supply of oxygen and substrates and the removal of metabolic byproducts. This review will focus on recent discoveries concerning the role played by capillaries in facilitating other aspects of cell regulation and maintenance, in health and disease, as well as alterations during the aging process. Novelty Capillaries play a central role in the coordination of the vascular response that controls blood flow during contraction and the cellular responses to which they feed into. Nitric oxide is an important regulatory compound within the cardiovascular system, and a significant contributor to skeletal muscle capillary angiogenesis and vasodilatory response to agonists. The microvascular network between muscle fibres may play a critical role in the distribution of signalling factors necessary for optimal muscle satellite cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Parise
- McMaster University, Departments of Kinesiology and Medical Physics & Applied Radiation Science, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Coral L. Murrant
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Matthew Cocks
- Liverpool John Moores University, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool, L3 5UG, UK
| | - Tim Snijders
- Maastricht University, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Oliver Baum
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitäts medizin Berlin, Berlin D-10117, Germany
| | - Michael J. Plyley
- Brock University, Department of Kinesiology, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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Wang W, Jiang S, Tang X, Cai L, Epstein PN, Cheng Y, Sun W, Xu Z, Tan Y. Sex differences in progression of diabetic nephropathy in OVE26 type 1 diabetic mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165589. [PMID: 31678163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS OVE26 mice (FVB background), genetically overexpressing calmodulin in pancreatic beta cells, develop early onset type 1 diabetes, leading to progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN), with features of established human DN. The role of gender in characteristics of renal lesions has remained unexplored. METHODS Male and female OVE26 mice were compared to age and sex matched wild-type, nondiabetic FVB mice at ages of 4, 12, 24 and 36 weeks. Nephropathy was examined by measuring urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, histopathology, expression of pathological markers and immunochemistry in the same cohort of mice. RESULTS Progression of diabetic kidney disease was evident first in the OVE26 glomerulus, initially as mesangial matrix expansion at 4 weeks followed by loss of podocytes, glomerular volume expansion and severe albuminuria at 12 weeks. Tubule dilation and initiation of interstitial fibrosis did not become significant until 24 weeks. T-lymphocyte infiltration into the renal parenchyma appeared at 36 weeks. OVE26 female mice developed more advanced DN than male OVE26 mice, such as more severe albuminuria, greater podocyte loss, additional fibrosis and significantly more inflammatory cell infiltration. The female OVE26 mice had lowest level of plasma estradiol in all 36 weeks old mice, as well as renal estrogen receptors. CONCLUSIONS This demonstration of the role of gender, combined with the detailed characterization of DN progression illustrates the value of OVE26 mice for understanding gender effects on DN and provides the basis for researchers to better select the age and sex of OVE26 mice in future studies of type 1 DN. RESEARCH IN CONTEXT What is already known about this subject? What is the key question? What are the new findings? How might this impact on clinical practice in the foreseeable future?
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanning Wang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Saizhi Jiang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Pediatric Department, the First affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Tang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lu Cai
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Wendy Novak Diabetes Center, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Paul N Epstein
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Wendy Novak Diabetes Center, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Yanli Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Weixia Sun
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Zhonggao Xu
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yi Tan
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Wendy Novak Diabetes Center, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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Wang K, Chen Q, Wu N, Li Y, Zhang R, Wang J, Gong D, Zou X, Liu C, Chen J. Berberine Ameliorates Spatial Learning Memory Impairment and Modulates Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway in Diabetic Rats. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1003. [PMID: 31551793 PMCID: PMC6743342 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cognitive impairment caused by diabetes has been recognized. Berberine is well known for its resistance to peripheral lesions, but it is rarely used for the treatment of spatial learning and memory caused by diabetes. This study explored the mechanism of berberine to alleviate cognitive impairment via the cholinergic anti-inflammatory and insulin signaling pathways. Methods: Morris water maze was used to appraise spatial learning and memory. Positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging was adopted to detect the transport of glucose, and blood/cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glucose was checked using commercial blood glucose meter. Insulin level was measured by ELISA kit and β-Amyloid (Aβ) formation was observed by Congo red staining. Western-blot was performed to appraise protein expression. Results: We found that berberine rectified some aberrant changes in signal molecules concerning inflammation, and cholinergic and insulin signaling pathways in the hippocampus. Furthermore, CSF/blood glucose, inflammatory response or acetyl cholinesterase enzyme (AChE) activity were reduced by berberine. Additionally, acetylcholine levels were enhanced after berberine treatment in diabetic rats. Finally, Aβ formation in diabetic hippocampus was inhibited and spatial learning memory was ameliorated by berberine. Discussion: In conclusion, berberine clears Aβ deposit and consequently ameliorates spatial learning memory impairment via the activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory and insulin signaling pathways in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifu Wang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingjie Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Ninghua Wu
- Basic Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Yong Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Ruyi Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Jiawen Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Di Gong
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Zou
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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11
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic, progressive, incompletely understood metabolic disorder whose prevalence has been increasing steadily worldwide. Even though little attention has been paid to lung disorders in the context of diabetes, its prevalence has recently been challenged by newer studies of disease development. In this review, we summarize and discuss the role of diabetes mellitus involved in the progression of pulmonary diseases, with the main focus on pulmonary fibrosis, which represents a chronic and progressive disease with high mortality and limited therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Kolahian
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research (ICePhA), Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse. 56, D-72074, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Veronika Leiss
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research (ICePhA), Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Nürnberg
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research (ICePhA), Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, Tübingen, Germany
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12
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Comparison of Pulmonary and Systemic NO- and PGI 2-Dependent Endothelial Function in Diabetic Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:4036709. [PMID: 29967661 PMCID: PMC6008763 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4036709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes increases the risk of pulmonary hypertension and is associated with alterations in pulmonary vascular function. Still, it is not clear whether alterations in the phenotype of pulmonary endothelium induced by diabetes are distinct, as compared to peripheral endothelium. In the present work, we characterized differences between diabetic complications in the lung and aorta in db/db mice with advanced diabetes. Male, 20-week-old db/db mice displayed increased HbA1c and glucose concentration compatible with advanced diabetes. Diabetic lungs had signs of mild fibrosis, and pulmonary endothelium displayed significantly ultrastructural changes. In the isolated, perfused lung from db/db mice, filtration coefficient (Kf,c) and contractile response to TXA2 analogue were enhanced, while endothelial NO-dependent modulation of pulmonary response to hypoxic ventilation and cumulative production of NO2− were impaired, with no changes in immunostaining for eNOS expression. In turn, 6-keto-PGF1α release from the isolated lung from db/db mice was increased, as well as immunostaining of thrombomodulin (CD141). In contrast to the lung, NO-dependent, acetylcholine-induced vasodilation, ionophore-stimulated NO2− generation, and production of 6-keto-PGF1α were all impaired in aortic rings from db/db mice. Although eNOS immunostaining was not changed, that of CD141 was clearly lowered. Interestingly, diabetes-induced nitration of proteins in aorta was higher than that in the lungs. In summary, diabetes induced marked ultrastructural changes in pulmonary endothelium that were associated with the increased permeability of pulmonary microcirculation, impaired NO-dependent vascular function, with compensatory increase in PGI2 production, and increased CD141 expression. In contrast, endothelial dysfunction in the aorta was featured by impaired NO-, PGI2-dependent function and diminished CD141 expression.
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13
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Abstract
Over the past decade, studies have repeatedly found single-nucleotide polymorphisms located in the collagen ( COL) 4A1 and COL4A2 genes to be associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), and the 13q34 locus harboring these genes is one of ~160 genome-wide significant risk loci for coronary artery disease. COL4A1 and COL4A2 encode the α1- and α2-chains of collagen type IV, a major component of basement membranes in various tissues including arteries. Despite the growing body of evidence indicating a role for collagen type IV in CVD, remarkably few studies have aimed to directly investigate such a role. The purpose of this review is to summarize the clinical reports linking 13q34 to coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, and artery stiffening and to assemble the scattered pieces of evidence from experimental studies based on vascular cells and tissue collectively supporting a role for collagen type IV in atherosclerosis and other macrovascular disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Steffensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital , Odense , Denmark.,Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases, Odense University Hospital , Odense , Denmark.,Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | - L M Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital , Odense , Denmark.,Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases, Odense University Hospital , Odense , Denmark
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14
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Carlson EC, Chhoun JM, Grove BD, Laturnus DI, Zheng S, Epstein PN, Tan Y. Renoprotection From Diabetic Complications in OVE Transgenic Mice by Endothelial Cell Specific Overexpression of Metallothionein: A TEM Stereological Analysis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:560-576. [PMID: 27813325 PMCID: PMC5309165 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that OVE transgenic diabetic mice are susceptible to chronic complications of diabetic nephropathy (DN) including substantial oxidative damage to the renal glomerular filtration barrier (GFB). Importantly, the damage was mitigated significantly by overexpression of the powerful antioxidant, metallothionein (MT) in podocytes. To test our hypothesis that GFB damage in OVE mice is the result of endothelial oxidative insult, a new JTMT transgenic mouse was designed in which MT overexpression was targeted specifically to endothelial cells. At 60 days of age, JTMT mice were crossed with age-matched OVE diabetic mice to produce bi-transgenic OVE-JTMT diabetic progeny that carried the endothelial targeted JTMT transgene. Renal tissues from the OVE-JTMT progeny were examined by unbiased TEM stereometry for possible GFB damage and other alterations from chronic complications of DN. In 150 day-old OVE-JTMT mice, blood glucose and HbA1c were indistinguishable from age-matched OVE mice. However, endothelial-specific MT overexpression in OVE-JTMT mice mitigated several DN complications including significantly increased non-fenestrated glomerular endothelial area, and elimination of glomerular basement membrane thickening. Significant renoprotection was also observed outside of endothelial cells, including reduced podocyte effacement, and increased podocyte and total glomerular cell densities. Moreover, when compared to OVE diabetic animals, OVE-JTMT mice showed significant mitigation of nephromegaly, glomerular hypertrophy, increased mesangial cell numbers and increased total glomerular cell numbers. These results confirm the importance of oxidative stress to glomerular damage in DN, and show the central role of endothelial cell injury to the pathogenesis of chronic complications of diabetes. Anat Rec, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 300:560-576, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C. Carlson
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North DakotaGrand ForksNorth Dakota
| | - Jennifer M. Chhoun
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North DakotaGrand ForksNorth Dakota
| | - Bryon D. Grove
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North DakotaGrand ForksNorth Dakota
| | - Donna I. Laturnus
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North DakotaGrand ForksNorth Dakota
| | - Shirong Zheng
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKentucky
| | - Paul N. Epstein
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKentucky
| | - Yi Tan
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKentucky
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15
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Bischel LL, Coneski PN, Lundin JG, Wu PK, Giller CB, Wynne J, Ringeisen BR, Pirlo RK. Electrospun gelatin biopapers as substrate for in vitro bilayer models of blood-brain barrier tissue. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:901-9. [PMID: 26650896 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gaining a greater understanding of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is critical for improvement in drug delivery, understanding pathologies that compromise the BBB, and developing therapies to protect the BBB. In vitro human tissue models are valuable tools for studying these issues. The standard in vitro BBB models use commercially available cell culture inserts to generate bilayer co-cultures of astrocytes and endothelial cells (EC). Electrospinning can be used to produce customized cell culture substrates with optimized material composition and mechanical properties with advantages over off-the-shelf materials. Electrospun gelatin is an ideal cell culture substrate because it is a natural polymer that can aid cell attachment and be modified and degraded by cells. Here, we have developed a method to produce cell culture inserts with electrospun gelatin "biopaper" membranes. The electrospun fiber diameter and cross-linking method were optimized for the growth of primary human endothelial cell and primary human astrocyte bilayer co-cultures to model human BBB tissue. BBB co-cultures on biopaper were characterized via cell morphology, trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER), and permeability to FITC-labeled dextran and compared to BBB co-cultures on standard cell culture inserts. Over longer culture periods (up to 21 days), cultures on the optimized electrospun gelatin biopapers were found to have improved TEER, decreased permeability, and permitted a smaller separation between co-cultured cells when compared to standard PET inserts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L Bischel
- American Society for Engineering Education Postdoctoral Fellow at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC
| | - Peter N Coneski
- American Society for Engineering Education Postdoctoral Fellow at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC
| | - Jeffrey G Lundin
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Washington, DC
| | - Peter K Wu
- Department of Physics, Southern Oregon University, Ashland, Oregon
| | - Carl B Giller
- Contractor at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Leidos, Washington, DC
| | - James Wynne
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Washington, DC
| | - Brad R Ringeisen
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Washington, DC
| | - Russell K Pirlo
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Washington, DC
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16
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Long YS, Zheng S, Kralik PM, Benz FW, Epstein PN. Impaired Albumin Uptake and Processing Promote Albuminuria in OVE26 Diabetic Mice. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:8749417. [PMID: 27822483 PMCID: PMC5086391 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8749417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of proximal tubules dysfunction to diabetic albuminuria is uncertain. OVE26 mice have the most severe albuminuria of all diabetic mouse models but it is not known if impaired tubule uptake and processing are contributing factors. In the current study fluorescent albumin was used to follow the fate of albumin in OVE26 and normal mice. Compared to normal urine, OVE26 urine contained at least 23 times more intact fluorescent albumin but only 3-fold more 70 kD fluorescent dextran. This indicated that a function other than size selective glomerular sieving contributed to OVE26 albuminuria. Imaging of albumin was similar in normal and diabetic tubules for 3 hrs after injection. However 3 days after injection a subset of OVE26 tubules retained strong albumin fluorescence, which was never observed in normal mice. OVE26 tubules with prolonged retention of injected albumin lost the capacity to take up albumin and there was a significant correlation between tubules unable to eliminate fluorescent albumin and total albuminuria. TUNEL staining revealed a 76-fold increase in cell death in OVE26 tubules that retained fluorescent albumin. These results indicate that failure to process and dispose of internalized albumin leads to impaired albumin uptake, increased albuminuria, and tubule cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. S. Long
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - S. Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - P. M. Kralik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - F. W. Benz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - P. N. Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- *P. N. Epstein:
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17
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Preil SAR, Kristensen LP, Beck HC, Jensen PS, Nielsen PS, Steiniche T, Bjørling-Poulsen M, Larsen MR, Hansen ML, Rasmussen LM. Quantitative Proteome Analysis Reveals Increased Content of Basement Membrane Proteins in Arteries From Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Lower Levels Among Metformin Users. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 8:727-35. [PMID: 26371159 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.115.001165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in type 2 diabetes mellitus has been extensively documented, but the origins of the association remain largely unknown. We sought to determine changes in protein expressions in arterial tissue from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and moreover hypothesized that metformin intake influences the protein composition. METHODS AND RESULTS We analyzed nonatherosclerotic repair arteries gathered at coronary bypass operations from 30 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and from 30 age- and sex-matched nondiabetic individuals. Quantitative proteome analysis was performed by isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation-labeling and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectrometry analysis on individual arterial samples. The amounts of the basement membrane components, α1-type IV collagen and α2-type IV collagen, γ1-laminin and β2-laminin, were significantly increased in patients with diabetes mellitus. Moreover, the expressions of basement membrane components and other vascular proteins were significantly lower among metformin users when compared with nonusers. Patients treated with or without metformin had similar levels of hemoglobin A1c, cholesterol, and blood pressure. In addition, quantitative histomorphometry showed increased area fractions of collagen-stainable material in tunica intima and media among patients with diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSIONS The distinct accumulation of arterial basement membrane proteins in type 2 diabetes mellitus discloses a similarity between the diabetic macroangiopathy and microangiopathy and suggests a molecular explanation behind the alterations in vascular remodeling, biomechanical properties, and aneurysm formation described in diabetes mellitus. The lower amounts of basement membrane components in metformin-treated individuals are compatible with the hypothesis of direct beneficial drug effects on the matrix composition in the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone A R Preil
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.L.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Center for Clinical Proteomics (CCP), Odense Patient Explorative Network (OPEN) (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (M.L.H.), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; and Institute of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (P.S.N., T.S.)
| | - Lars P Kristensen
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.L.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Center for Clinical Proteomics (CCP), Odense Patient Explorative Network (OPEN) (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (M.L.H.), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; and Institute of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (P.S.N., T.S.)
| | - Hans C Beck
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.L.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Center for Clinical Proteomics (CCP), Odense Patient Explorative Network (OPEN) (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (M.L.H.), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; and Institute of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (P.S.N., T.S.)
| | - Pia S Jensen
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.L.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Center for Clinical Proteomics (CCP), Odense Patient Explorative Network (OPEN) (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (M.L.H.), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; and Institute of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (P.S.N., T.S.)
| | - Patricia S Nielsen
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.L.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Center for Clinical Proteomics (CCP), Odense Patient Explorative Network (OPEN) (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (M.L.H.), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; and Institute of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (P.S.N., T.S.)
| | - Torben Steiniche
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.L.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Center for Clinical Proteomics (CCP), Odense Patient Explorative Network (OPEN) (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (M.L.H.), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; and Institute of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (P.S.N., T.S.)
| | - Marina Bjørling-Poulsen
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.L.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Center for Clinical Proteomics (CCP), Odense Patient Explorative Network (OPEN) (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (M.L.H.), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; and Institute of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (P.S.N., T.S.)
| | - Martin R Larsen
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.L.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Center for Clinical Proteomics (CCP), Odense Patient Explorative Network (OPEN) (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (M.L.H.), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; and Institute of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (P.S.N., T.S.)
| | - Maria L Hansen
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.L.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Center for Clinical Proteomics (CCP), Odense Patient Explorative Network (OPEN) (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (M.L.H.), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; and Institute of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (P.S.N., T.S.)
| | - Lars M Rasmussen
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.L.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Center for Clinical Proteomics (CCP), Odense Patient Explorative Network (OPEN) (S.A.R.P., L.P.K., H.C.B., P.S.J., M.B.-P., M.L.H., L.M.R.) and Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (M.L.H.), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; and Institute of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (P.S.N., T.S.).
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18
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Han J, Yang N, Zhang F, Zhang C, Liang F, Xie W, Chen W. Rhizoma Anemarrhenae extract ameliorates hyperglycemia and insulin resistance via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in diabetic rodents. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 172:368-376. [PMID: 26162543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rhizoma Anemarrhenae has been used in Asian countries for thousands of years to treat diabetes. Insulin resistance (IR) is the primary cause responsible for type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to to assess the hypoglycemic and insulin sensitizing properties of Rhizoma Anemarrhenae extract (TFA) in animal models of insulin resistance and/or diabetes and to delineate modes of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS In-vivo studies were performed on STZ-induced diabetic mice and KK-Ay mice, the former of which were given the extract alone or in combination with insulin for 7 days, and the latter of which were given the extract for 8 consecutive weeks. Fasting blood glucose and serum insulin levels were measured. Pancreatic tissue sections were examined using transmission electron micrographs. Further, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamping study was conducted in BCG vaccine-induced insulin resistance rats, and glucose infusion rate was examined. Mechanisms of action were investigated in 3T3-L1 and Hela cells using Western blot analysis. RESULTS Our study showed that TFA enhanced the glucose-lowering effects of exogenous insulin administration in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Therapeutic administration of TFA significantly reduced fasting blood glucose, and serum insulin levels, and markedly increased the size and the number of insulin-producing beta cells in KK-Ay mice. Further, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamping study showed that glucose infusion rate was significantly improved in TFA-treated BCG vaccine-induced insulin resistance rats. Study of mechanism of action revealed that TFA increased phosphorylation of AMPK and its downstream target, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) in 3T3-L1 cells. It activates AMPK in a LKB1-independent manner, providing a unified explanation for the beneficial effects of TFA. CONCLUSIONS This study that TFA mediates activation of AMPK and improves overall glucose and lipid metabolism in diabetic rodents, highlights the potential utility of TFA for the management of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, PR China
| | - Na Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, PR China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, PR China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- New Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Fengying Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, PR China
| | - WeiFen Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, PR China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, PR China.
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Velic A, Laturnus D, Chhoun J, Zheng S, Epstein P, Carlson E. Diabetic basement membrane thickening does not occur in myocardial capillaries of transgenic mice when metallothionein is overexpressed in cardiac myocytes. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:480-7. [PMID: 23381845 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a clinically distinct disease characterized by impaired cardiac function as a result of reduced contractility and hypertension-induced athero- or arteriosclerosis. This may be due either to generalized vascular disease, tissue-based injury such as focal cardiomyocyte dysmorphia, or microvascular damage manifested by myocardial capillary basement membrane (CBM) thickening. Hyperglycemia-driven increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been proposed to contribute to such damage. To address this hypothesis, we utilized light (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to demonstrate cardiomyocyte morphology and myocardial CBM thickness in the left ventricles of four mouse genotypes: FVB (background Friend virus B controls), OVE (transgenic diabetics), Mt [transgenics with targeted overexpression of the antioxidant protein metallothionein (MT) in cardiomyocytes], and OVEMt (bi-transgenic cross of OVE and Mt) animals. Mice were prepared for morphometric analysis by vascular perfusion. Focal myocardial disorganization was identified in OVE mice but not in the remaining genotypes. Not unexpectedly, myocardial CBM thickness was increased significantly in OVE relative to FVB (P < 0.05) and Mt (P < 0.05) animals (+28% and +39.5%, respectively). Remarkably, however, OVEMt myocardial CBMs showed no increase in width; rather they were ~3% thinner than FVB controls. Although the molecular mechanisms regulating CBM width remain elusive, it seems possible that despite a significant hyperglycemic environment, MT antioxidant activity may mitigate local oxidative stress and reduce downstream excess microvascular extracellular matrix (ECM) formation. In addition, the reduction of intra- and perivascular ROS may protect against incipient endothelial damage and the CBM thickening that results from such injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Velic
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, USA
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20
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Carlson EC, Chhoun JM, Laturnus DI, Bikash KC, Berg B, Zheng S, Epstein PN. Podocyte-specific overexpression of metallothionein mitigates diabetic complications in the glomerular filtration barrier and glomerular histoarchitecture: a transmission electron microscopy stereometric analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2013; 29:113-24. [PMID: 22926941 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated that cellular and extracellular components of the blood-urine barrier in renal glomeruli are susceptible to damage in OVE transgenic mice, a valuable model of human diabetic nephropathy that expresses profound albuminuria. METHODS To test our hypothesis that glomerular filtration barrier damage in OVE mice may be the result of oxidative insult to podocytes, 150-day-old bi-transgenic OVENmt diabetic mice that overexpress the antioxidant metallothionein specifically in podocytes were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for albuminuria mitigation and by unbiased transmission electron microscopy (TEM) stereometry for protection from chronic structural diabetic complications. RESULTS Although blood glucose and HbA(1c) levels were indistinguishable in OVE and OVENmt animals, albuminuria was significantly reduced (average >7-fold) in OVENmt mice through 8 months of age. Interestingly, the Nmt transgene provided significant glomerular protection against diabetic nephropathic complications outside of the podocyte. Glomerular filtration barrier damage was reduced in OVENmt mice, including significantly increased area occupied by endothelial luminal fenestrations (~13%), significantly reduced glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickening (~17%) and significantly less podocyte effacement (~18%). In addition, OVENmt mice exhibited significantly reduced glomerular volume (~50%), fewer glomerular endothelial cells (~33%), fewer mesangial cells (~57%) and fewer total glomerular cells (~40%). CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence of oxidative damage to podocytes induces primary diabetic nephropathic features including severe and sustained albuminuria, specific glomerular filtration barrier damage and alterations in glomerular endothelial and mesangial cell number. Importantly, these diabetic complications are significantly mitigated by podocyte targeted metallothionein overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Carlson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA.
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21
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Teiken JM, Epstein PN, Carlson EC. TEM stereometric analyses of glomeruli in aging OVE26 transgenic diabetic mice. Am J Nephrol 2011; 33 Suppl 1:8-14. [PMID: 21659729 DOI: 10.1159/000327031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Glomerular lesions in diabetic nephropathy (DN) have been studied in numerous murine diabetic models, but the critical feature of aging is often absent. Since histopathology indicates that in mice, DN glomerular lesions may just begin to develop at about 5 months of age, we utilized the long-lived OVE26 transgenic diabetic model for stereometric analyses of DN glomerulopathic aging. METHODS Albuminuria was determined by ELISA, and transmission electron microscopy stereometry was utilized exclusively to demonstrate changes in glomerular cell density and number, and alterations in the glomerular filtration barrier in OVE26 mice at 60, 150, and 450 days of age. RESULTS Compared to age-matched controls, albuminuria in diabetic mice is significant at 60 days. At 150 days, glomerular volume and mesangial, endothelial and total cell numbers, and podocyte effacement are significantly increased, while podocyte, endothelial, and total cell density are significantly decreased. Endothelial fenestrations are decreased, and glomerular basement membrane thickness is increased. At 450 days, stereometric alterations are exacerbated. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that in OVE26 mice, albuminuria precedes morphological glomerular lesions and could be due to early-onset hyperglycemia. Moreover, in this model, most DN glomerulopathic lesions occur relatively late in life, and it is possible that they may result from prolonged hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Teiken
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, USA
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22
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Abstract
Diabetic complications affect many organs in diabetic patients. Emerging evidence indicates that diabetes can increase the risk of pulmonary dysfunction. Early epidemiological studies from different populations on whether diabetes was an independent risk for pulmonary dysfunction were inconclusive. Recent epidemiological studies and systematic reviews clearly indicate that diabetes is an independent risk factor for pulmonary dysfunction. Given that pulmonary fibrosis is an important predictor of mortality in people with this chronic disease, whether diabetes directly causes pulmonary fibrosis is an important unresolved clinical question. This review combines recent epidemiological data with findings from basic research to indicate that diabetes induces pulmonary fibrosis. We then discuss the possible underlying mechanisms for the histological and biochemical pathology. At the end of this review, we emphasize that diabetic pulmonary fibrosis as a potential diabetic complication warrants more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Yang
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, China.
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Greenwood MD, Ressler MJ, Audette JL, Laturnus DI, Chhoun R, Teiken JM, Carlson EC. Significant Retinal Capillary Basement Membrane Thickening in Hyperglycemic and Normoglycemic Diabetic-prone (DP) BB Wistar Rats. Ultrastruct Pathol 2011; 35:97-105. [DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2010.527037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Gasiorowski JZ, Liliensiek SJ, Russell P, Stephan DA, Nealey PF, Murphy CJ. Alterations in gene expression of human vascular endothelial cells associated with nanotopographic cues. Biomaterials 2010; 31:8882-8. [PMID: 20832112 PMCID: PMC3622050 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human cells in vivo are exposed to a topographically rich, 3-dimenisional environment which provides extracellular cues initiating a cascade of biochemical signals resulting in changes in cell behavior. One primary focus of our group is the development of biomimetic substrates with anisotropic nanoscale topography to elucidate the mechanisms by which physical surface cues are translated into biochemical signals. To investigate changes in gene expression as a result of nanotopographic cues, Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) were cultured on chemically identical flat and 400 nm pitch nanogrooved surfaces. After 12 h, RNA was harvested for an Affymetrix HG U133 Plus 2.0 gene array. Of over 47,000 possible gene probes, 3171 had at least a two-fold difference in expression between the control flat and 400 nm pitch. The gene ontology groups with the most significant increase in expression are involved in protein modification and maintenance, similar to cells upregulating chaperone and protein synthesis genes in response to physical stresses. The most significant decreases in expression were observed with cell cycle proteins, including cyclins and checkpoint proteins. Extracellular matrix proteins, including integrins, collagens, and laminins, are almost uniformly downregulated on the 400 nm pitch surfaces compared to control. The downregulation of one of these genes, integrin beta 1, was confirmed via quantitative PCR. Together, these gene array data, in addition to our studies of cell behavior on nanoscale surfaces, contribute to our understanding of the signaling pathways modulated by topographical surface cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Z. Gasiorowski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Wisconsin – Madison
| | - Sara J. Liliensiek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Wisconsin – Madison
| | - Paul Russell
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis
| | - Dietrich A. Stephan
- Neurogenomics Division-Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Paul F. Nealey
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Wisconsin – Madison
| | - Christopher J. Murphy
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis
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Roy S, Ha J, Trudeau K, Beglova E. Vascular basement membrane thickening in diabetic retinopathy. Curr Eye Res 2010; 35:1045-56. [PMID: 20929292 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2010.514659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Vascular basement membrane (BM) thickening is a fundamental structural alteration of small blood vessels in diabetes. Over two decades of research has established hyperglycemia as the primary causal factor mediating this alteration. Various high glucose-induced mechanisms have been investigated and excess synthesis of BM components has been identified as a major contributing factor to BM thickening. Although BM thickening has been long hailed as the histological hallmark of diabetic microangiopathy, the consequences of BM thickening on the functionality of target organs of diabetes remain elusive even today. This review presents an overview of our current understanding of the BM structure and function, and focuses on how capillary BM thickening develops, its effect on retinal vascular function, and potential strategies for preventing the development of BM thickening in diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayon Roy
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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26
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Sarin H. Physiologic upper limits of pore size of different blood capillary types and another perspective on the dual pore theory of microvascular permeability. JOURNAL OF ANGIOGENESIS RESEARCH 2010; 2:14. [PMID: 20701757 PMCID: PMC2928191 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2384-2-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Much of our current understanding of microvascular permeability is based on the findings of classic experimental studies of blood capillary permeability to various-sized lipid-insoluble endogenous and non-endogenous macromolecules. According to the classic small pore theory of microvascular permeability, which was formulated on the basis of the findings of studies on the transcapillary flow rates of various-sized systemically or regionally perfused endogenous macromolecules, transcapillary exchange across the capillary wall takes place through a single population of small pores that are approximately 6 nm in diameter; whereas, according to the dual pore theory of microvascular permeability, which was formulated on the basis of the findings of studies on the accumulation of various-sized systemically or regionally perfused non-endogenous macromolecules in the locoregional tissue lymphatic drainages, transcapillary exchange across the capillary wall also takes place through a separate population of large pores, or capillary leaks, that are between 24 and 60 nm in diameter. The classification of blood capillary types on the basis of differences in the physiologic upper limits of pore size to transvascular flow highlights the differences in the transcapillary exchange routes for the transvascular transport of endogenous and non-endogenous macromolecules across the capillary walls of different blood capillary types. METHODS The findings and published data of studies on capillary wall ultrastructure and capillary microvascular permeability to lipid-insoluble endogenous and non-endogenous molecules from the 1950s to date were reviewed. In this study, the blood capillary types in different tissues and organs were classified on the basis of the physiologic upper limits of pore size to the transvascular flow of lipid-insoluble molecules. Blood capillaries were classified as non-sinusoidal or sinusoidal on the basis of capillary wall basement membrane layer continuity or lack thereof. Non-sinusoidal blood capillaries were further sub-classified as non-fenestrated or fenestrated based on the absence or presence of endothelial cells with fenestrations. The sinusoidal blood capillaries of the liver, myeloid (red) bone marrow, and spleen were sub-classified as reticuloendothelial or non-reticuloendothelial based on the phago-endocytic capacity of the endothelial cells. RESULTS The physiologic upper limit of pore size for transvascular flow across capillary walls of non-sinusoidal non-fenestrated blood capillaries is less than 1 nm for those with interendothelial cell clefts lined with zona occludens junctions (i.e. brain and spinal cord), and approximately 5 nm for those with clefts lined with macula occludens junctions (i.e. skeletal muscle). The physiologic upper limit of pore size for transvascular flow across the capillary walls of non-sinusoidal fenestrated blood capillaries with diaphragmed fenestrae ranges between 6 and 12 nm (i.e. exocrine and endocrine glands); whereas, the physiologic upper limit of pore size for transvascular flow across the capillary walls of non-sinusoidal fenestrated capillaries with open 'non-diaphragmed' fenestrae is approximately 15 nm (kidney glomerulus). In the case of the sinusoidal reticuloendothelial blood capillaries of myeloid bone marrow, the transvascular transport of non-endogenous macromolecules larger than 5 nm into the bone marrow interstitial space takes place via reticuloendothelial cell-mediated phago-endocytosis and transvascular release, which is the case for systemic bone marrow imaging agents as large as 60 nm in diameter. CONCLUSIONS The physiologic upper limit of pore size in the capillary walls of most non-sinusoidal blood capillaries to the transcapillary passage of lipid-insoluble endogenous and non-endogenous macromolecules ranges between 5 and 12 nm. Therefore, macromolecules larger than the physiologic upper limits of pore size in the non-sinusoidal blood capillary types generally do not accumulate within the respective tissue interstitial spaces and their lymphatic drainages. In the case of reticuloendothelial sinusoidal blood capillaries of myeloid bone marrow, however, non-endogenous macromolecules as large as 60 nm in diameter can distribute into the bone marrow interstitial space via the phago-endocytic route, and then subsequently accumulate in the locoregional lymphatic drainages of tissues following absorption into the lymphatic drainage of periosteal fibrous tissues, which is the lymphatic drainage of myeloid bone marrow. When the ultrastructural basis for transcapillary exchange across the capillary walls of different capillary types is viewed in this light, it becomes evident that the physiologic evidence for the existence of aqueous large pores ranging between 24 and 60 nm in diameter in the capillary walls of blood capillaries, is circumstantial, at best.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Sarin
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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27
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Sarin H. Overcoming the challenges in the effective delivery of chemotherapies to CNS solid tumors. Ther Deliv 2010; 1:289-305. [PMID: 22163071 PMCID: PMC3234205 DOI: 10.4155/tde.10.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Locoregional therapies, such as surgery and intratumoral chemotherapy, do not effectively treat infiltrative primary CNS solid tumors and multifocal metastatic solid tumor disease of the CNS. It also remains a challenge to treat such CNS malignant solid tumor disease with systemic chemotherapies, although these lipid-soluble small-molecule drugs demonstrate potent cytotoxicity in vitro. Even in the setting of a 'normalized' tumor microenvironment, small-molecule drugs do not accumulate to effective concentrations in the vast majority of tumor cells, which is due to the fact that small-molecule drugs have short blood half-lives. It has been recently shown that drug-conjugated spherical lipid-insoluble nanoparticles within the 7-10 nm size range can deliver therapeutic concentrations of drug fraction directly into individual tumor cells following systemic administration, since these functionalized particles maintain peak blood concentrations for several hours and are smaller than the physiologic upper limit of pore size in the VEGF-derived blood capillaries of solid tumors, which is approximately 12 nm. In this article, the physiologic and ultrastructural basis of this novel translational approach for the treatment of CNS, as well as non-CNS, solid cancers is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Sarin
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Wu HS, Dikman S, Gil J. A semi-automatic algorithm for measurement of basement membrane thickness in kidneys in electron microscopy images. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2010; 97:223-231. [PMID: 19646774 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a semi-automatic algorithm for measurement of the glomerular basement membrane thickness in electron microscopy kidney images. A string of sparsely spaced points are manually inputted along the central line of the basement membrane (lamina densa) to be measured. The gaps between successive input points are lineally interpolated. A nonlinear mapping is applied to straighten the curved central line. Two distance functions of edges to the central line are constructed. The smooth envelope lines are obtained by repetitive applications of a linear low-pass filtering followed by a comparing and selecting process. The boundaries of the glomerular basement membrane are obtained from the inverse mapping of the envelope functions. The average basement membrane thickness is estimated as the ratio of the basement membrane area to the length of the central line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Shan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Box 1194, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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30
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Fogelgren B, Yang S, Sharp IC, Huckstep OJ, Ma W, Somponpun SJ, Carlson EC, Uyehara CFT, Lozanoff S. Deficiency in Six2 during prenatal development is associated with reduced nephron number, chronic renal failure, and hypertension in Br/+ adult mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 296:F1166-78. [PMID: 19193724 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.90550.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Br/+ mutant mouse displays decreased embryological expression of the homeobox transcription factor Six2, resulting in hertitable renal hypoplasia. The purpose of this study was to characterize the renal physiological consequences of embryonic haploinsuffiency of Six2 by analyzing renal morphology and function in the adult Br heterozygous mutant. Adult Br/+ kidneys weighed 50% less than those from wild-type mice and displayed glomerulopathy. Stereological analysis of renal glomeruli showed that Br/+ kidneys had an average of 88% fewer glomeruli than +/+ kidneys, whereas individual glomeruli in Br/+ mice maintained an average volume increase of 180% compared with normal nephrons. Immunostaining revealed increased levels of endothelin-1 (ET-1), endothelin receptors A (ET(A)) and B (ET(B)), and Na-K-ATPase were present in the dilated renal tubules of mutant mice. Physiological features of chronic renal failure (CRF) including elevated mean arterial pressure, increased plasma creatinine, and dilute urine excretion were measured in Br/+ mutant mice. Electron microscopy of the Br/+ glomeruli revealed pathological alterations such as hypercellularity, extracellular matrix accumulation, and a thick irregular glomerular basement membrane. These results indicate that adult Br/+ mice suffer from CRF associated with reduced nephron number and renal hypoplasia, as well as glomerulopathy. Defects are associated with embryological deficiencies of Six2, suggesting that proper levels of this protein during nephrogenesis are critical for normal glomerular development and adult renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Fogelgren
- Deptartment of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Abstract
Physical therapists commonly treat people with diabetes for a wide variety of diabetes-associated impairments, including those from diabetes-related vascular disease. Diabetes is associated with both microvascular and macrovascular diseases affecting several organs, including muscle, skin, heart, brain, and kidneys. A common etiology links the different types of diabetes-associated vascular disease. Common risk factors for vascular disease in people with diabetes, specifically type 2 diabetes, include hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, tobacco use, and obesity. Mechanisms for vascular disease in diabetes include the pathologic effects of advanced glycation end product accumulation, impaired vasodilatory response attributable to nitric oxide inhibition, smooth muscle cell dysfunction, overproduction of endothelial growth factors, chronic inflammation, hemodynamic dysregulation, impaired fibrinolytic ability, and enhanced platelet aggregation. It is becoming increasingly important for physical therapists to be aware of diabetes-related vascular complications as more patients present with insulin resistance and diabetes. The opportunities for effective physical therapy interventions (such as exercise) are significant.
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Oztay F, Kandil A, Gurel E, Ustunova S, Kapucu A, Balci H, Akgun-Dar K, Demirci C. The relationship between nitric oxide and leptin in the lung of rat with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Cell Biochem Funct 2008; 26:162-71. [PMID: 17542037 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Lung structural changes and immunoreactivity of endothelial (eNOS)- and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were investigated by light microscopy in lungs of treated and untreated diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 65 mg kg(-1) streptozotocin (STZ) in Wistar albino male rats. Diabetic rats received daily i.p. doses of dexamethasone (2 mg kg(-1)), leptin (0.5 microg kg(-1)) and intramuscular insulin (20 U kg(-1)) or a combination of these drugs for 1 week starting 4 weeks after the STZ injections. After treatment, the blood levels of glucose, leptin, insulin and nitrate/nitrite (NO(3) (-)/NO(2) (-)) were measured. Dilatation of alveoli and alveolar ducts, partial alveolar wall thickening and increased eNOS- and iNOS characterized the diabetic rat lungs. High blood glucose and nitrate/nitrite levels as well as low insulin and leptin levels were also present. Treatment with insulin, dexamethasone and a combination of these drugs resulted in improvement of the structural and immunohistochemical abnormalities. The most effective treatment was insulin therapy. Leptin administration resulted in increased relative amounts of extracellular material, which led to noticeable respiratory efficiency in the diabetic rat lungs. All treatments except leptin lowered blood glucose levels. The combination of insulin and dexamethasone increased blood leptin and insulin, while the remaining diabetic rats had blood with low leptin and insulin concentrations. These results suggest that therapy with insulin plus dexamethasone but not therapy with leptin is beneficial for diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusun Oztay
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Teiken JM, Audettey JL, Laturnus DI, Zheng S, Epstein PN, Carlson EC. Podocyte loss in aging OVE26 diabetic mice. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2008; 291:114-21. [PMID: 18085629 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies show that podocyte nuclear density (N(V)) and numbers of renal podocytes per glomerulus (N) are altered in experimental and spontaneous diabetes mellitus. N(V) and N are generally reduced, and it has been hypothesized that these morphological changes may relate to the loss of glomerular permselectivity in diabetic nephropathy (DN). In the current study, OVE26 transgenic diabetic mice and age-matched (FVB) controls (60, 150, or 450 days) were fixed by vascular perfusion and renal cortical tissues were prepared for morphometric analyses. ImageJ software and point counting analyses were carried out on light and transmission electron micrographs to determine glomerular volume (V(G)), N(V), and N. As expected, mean V(G) in OVE26 mice increased substantially ( approximately 134%) over the course of the study and was significantly increased over FVB mice at all ages. At 60 days, N(V) and N were not statistically distinguishable in OVE26 and control mice, while at 150 days, N(V) was significantly reduced in diabetics but not N. In 450-day-old OVE26 animals, however, N(V) and N were both significantly decreased ( approximately 231% and approximately 99%, respectively) relative to age-matched FVB mice. These data suggest that in the OVE26 model of diabetes, significant podocyte loss occurs relatively late in the course of the disease. Moreover, it seems possible that these podocytic changes could play a role in sustaining the increased permeability of the blood-urine barrier in the later stages of diabetic renal decompensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Teiken
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
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Estrella JS, Nelson RN, Sturges BK, Vernau KM, Williams DC, LeCouteur RA, Shelton GD, Mizisin AP. Endoneurial microvascular pathology in feline diabetic neuropathy. Microvasc Res 2007; 75:403-10. [PMID: 18207200 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Revised: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Endoneurial capillaries in nerve biopsies from 12 adult diabetic cats with varying degrees of neurological dysfunction were examined for evidence of microvascular pathology and compared to nerves obtained at necropsy from 7 adult non-diabetic cats without clinical evidence of neurological dysfunction. As reported previously [Mizisin, A.P., Nelson, R.W., Sturges, B.K., Vernau, K.M., LeCouteur, R.A., Williams, D.C., Burgers, M.L., Shelton, G.D., 2007. Comparable myelinated nerve pathology in feline and human diabetes mellitus. Acta Neuropathol. 113, 431-442.], the diabetic cats had elevated glycosylated hemoglobin and serum fructosamine levels, decreased motor nerve conduction velocity and compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude, and markedly decreased myelinated nerve fiber densities. Compared to non-diabetic cats, there was a non-significant 26% increase in capillary density and a significant (P<0.009) 45% increase in capillary size in diabetic cats. Capillary luminal size was also significantly (P<0.001) increased, while an index of vasoconstriction was significantly decreased (P<0.001) in diabetic cats compared to non-diabetic controls. No differences in endothelial cell size, endothelial cell number or pericyte size were detected between non-diabetic and diabetic cats. In diabetic cats, basement membrane thickening, seen as a reduplication of the basal lamina, was significantly (P<0.0002) increased by 73% compared to non-diabetic controls. Regression analysis of either myelinated nerve fiber density or CMAP amplitude against basement membrane size demonstrated a negative correlation with significant slopes (P<0.03 and P<0.04, respectively). These data demonstrate that myelinated nerve fiber injury in feline diabetic neuropathy is associated with microvascular pathology and that some of these changes parallel those documented in experimental rodent and human diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannelyn S Estrella
- Department of Pathology 0612, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0612, USA
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Tchekneva EE, Rinchik EM, Polosukhina D, Davis LS, Kadkina V, Mohamed Y, Dunn SR, Sharma K, Qi Z, Fogo AB, Breyer MD. A Sensitized Screen of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea–Mutagenized Mice Identifies Dominant Mutants Predisposed to Diabetic Nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 18:103-12. [PMID: 17151334 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2006020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a late diabetic complication that comprises progressively increasing albuminuria, declining GFR, and increased cardiovascular risk. Only a minority of patients with diabetes (25 to 40%) develop nephropathy, and there is evidence that heritable genetic factors predispose these "at-risk" individuals to DN. Comparing variability among inbred mouse strains with respect to a specific phenotype can model interhuman variability, and each strain represents a genetically homogeneous system with a defined risk for nephropathy. C57BL/6 mice, which are relatively resistant to DN, were mutagenized using N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea and screened for mutants that developed excess albuminuria on a sensitizing type 1 diabetic background contributed by the dominant Akita mutation in insulin-2 gene (Ins2(Akita)). Two of 375 diabetic G1 founders were found to exhibit albumin excretion rates persistently 10-fold greater than albumin excretion rates in nonmutagenized Ins2(Akita) controls. This albuminuria trait was heritable and transmitted to approximately 50% of Ins2(Akita) G2 and G3 progeny, consistent with a simple, dominantly inherited trait, but was never observed in nondiabetic offspring. During the course of 1 yr, albuminuric Ins2(Akita) G2 and G3 progeny developed reduced inulin clearance with elevated blood urea nitrogen and plasma creatinine. Glomerular histology revealed mesangial expansion, and glomerular basement membrane thickening as determined by electron microscopy was enhanced in diabetic mutant kidneys. Hereditary albuminuric N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mutants were redesignated as Nphrp1 (nephropathy1) and Nphrp2 (nephropathy2) mice for two generated lines. These novel mutants provide new, robust mouse models of DN and should help to elucidate the underlying genetic basis of predisposition to DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena E Tchekneva
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 21st Avenue S. at Garland, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Magro CM, Waldman WJ, Knight DA, Allen JN, Nadasdy T, Frambach GE, Ross P, Marsh CB. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Related to Endothelial Injury and Antiendothelial Cell Antibodies. Hum Immunol 2006; 67:284-97. [PMID: 16720208 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2006.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis are not well understood. This paper presents data supporting the hypothesis that microvascular endothelial cell injury and antiendothelial cell antibodies play roles in human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Serologic and pathologic features of 40 patients diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis were evaluated. All patients had open lung biopsies indicating either usual or nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis. All biopsies had morphologic evidence of microvascular injury to the endothelium, and direct immunofluorescence testing revealed variable deposition of IgG, IgM, or IgA within septal microvasculature suggestive of humorally mediated microvascular injury. Ultrastructural studies revealed changes of endothelial cell injury and necrosis and evidence of repetitive episodes of microvascular injury characterized by basement membrane zone collagen deposition and lamellation. Serum samples demonstrated reactivity to multiple endothelial cell antigenic epitopes, and indirect immunofluorescent testing demonstrated a prominent pattern of fluorescence in pulmonary endothelial cell preparations. Serum samples were positive in 37/40 patients for antiphospholipid antibodies with one fourth having positive lupus anticoagulant tests accompanied by thrombotic episodes. In patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Factor VIII levels and C-reactive protein levels were also elevated, supporting the presence of endothelial cell injury and inflammation. These data underscore a potential role for immune-based microvascular injury in the evolution of usual or nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis and indicate that those patients have evidence of microvascular injury and endothelial cell necrosis. The high prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies in these patients may lead to an inherent thrombophilic tendency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Magro
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Mexas AM, Hess RS, Hawkins EC, Martin LD. Pulmonary Lesions in Cats with Diabetes Mellitus. J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02822.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Zheng S, Noonan WT, Metreveli NS, Coventry S, Kralik PM, Carlson EC, Epstein PN. Development of late-stage diabetic nephropathy in OVE26 diabetic mice. Diabetes 2004; 53:3248-57. [PMID: 15561957 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.53.12.3248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OVE26 mice are a transgenic model of severe early-onset type 1 diabetes. These mice develop diabetes within the first weeks of life and can survive well over a year with no insulin treatment, and they maintain near normal body weight. To determine whether OVE26 mice provide a valuable model of chronic diabetic nephropathy (DN), OVE26 diabetic mice were compared with their nondiabetic littermates for functional and structural characteristics of DN. OVE26 mice exhibited pronounced polyuria and significant albuminuria by 2 months of age (305 microg/24 h in OVE26 vs. 20 microg/24 h in controls). Albumin excretion rate increased progressively with age and exceeded 15,000 microg/24 h at 9 months of age. The profound loss of albumin led to hypoalbuminemia in some diabetic animals. Albuminuria coincided with an elevation in blood pressure as measured by tail cuff. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in OVE26 mice measured using fluorescein isothiocynate inulin clearance demonstrated that GFR increased significantly from 2 to 3 months of age and then decreased significantly from 5 to 9 months. GFR in 9-month-old diabetic mice was significantly lower than that of 9-month-old control mice. The decline in GFR coincided with a significant increase in renal vascular resistance. Structural studies showed an almost twofold increase in kidney weight between 2 and 5 months. Diabetic mice also showed progressively enlarged glomeruli and expanded mesangium with diffuse and nodular expansion of mesangial matrix. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis was also observed in these mice. Glomerular basement membrane was thickened in OVE26 mice. In summary, OVE26 mice demonstrate that most of the characteristics of human DN can be produced by chronic hyperglycemia in a murine model. This model will be useful for improved understanding and treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirong Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Breyer MD, Böttinger E, Brosius FC, Coffman TM, Harris RC, Heilig CW, Sharma K. Mouse models of diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 16:27-45. [PMID: 15563560 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2004080648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice provide an experimental model of unparalleled flexibility for studying mammalian diseases. Inbred strains of mice exhibit substantial differences in their susceptibility to the renal complications of diabetes. Much remains to be established regarding the course of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in mice as well as defining those strains and/or mutants that are most susceptible to renal injury from diabetes. Through the use of the unique genetic reagents available in mice (including knockouts and transgenics), the validation of a mouse model reproducing human DN should significantly facilitate the understanding of the underlying genetic mechanisms that contribute to the development of DN. Establishment of an authentic mouse model of DN will undoubtedly facilitate testing of translational diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in mice before testing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Breyer
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical School, S3223 MCN, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Zhu X, Herzenberg AM, Eskandarian M, Maguire GF, Scholey JW, Connelly PW, Ng DS. A novel in vivo lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)-deficient mouse expressing predominantly LpX is associated with spontaneous glomerulopathy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 165:1269-78. [PMID: 15466392 PMCID: PMC3118835 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63386-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Complete lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency is a rare genetic cause of extreme reduction in high density lipoproteins and there is a high prevalence of chronic renal dysfunction that may progress to renal failure. Previous in vitro studies suggest the vesicular lipoprotein X (LpX) particles commonly seen in LCAT-deficient plasmas may be causative. To test this hypothesis, we have generated a novel murine model that selectively accumulate LpX in the circulation by cross breeding the sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) 1a transgenic mice (S+) with the LCAT knockout (lcat-/-) mice. Fast protein liquid chromatography fractionation of pooled plasma lipids revealed that virtually all cholesterol is concentrated in the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-sized fractions. These fractions are enriched in free cholesterol and phospholipid but extremely poor in triglyceride. Electron microscopy of the d <1.063 g/ml fraction of the S+lcat-/- mice revealed abnormal large vesicular particles, suggestive of LpX. The S+lcat-/- mice developed glomerular lesions spontaneously evident at 6 months with glomerular and tubulointerstitial lipid-deposits. Immunohistochemical staining with RhoA showed marked positive focal staining in glomeruli in the S+lcat-/- mice and undetectable in the S+/lcat+/+ control. By 10 months of age, the kidneys showed progressive glomerular injury including segmental foam cell infiltrates, mesangial expansion, and hyalinosis. Renal abnormalities are very similar to those seen in human LCAT deficiency. We conclude that the selective high-level accumulation of plasma LpX in the S+lcat-/- mice is strongly associated with a spontaneous glomerulopathy, providing in vivo evidence that LpX contributes to the LCAT deficiency-related nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghong Zhu
- Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital West Annex 2-015, 38 Shuter Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1A6 Canada
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Shen X, Zheng S, Thongboonkerd V, Xu M, Pierce WM, Klein JB, Epstein PN. Cardiac mitochondrial damage and biogenesis in a chronic model of type 1 diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 287:E896-905. [PMID: 15280150 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00047.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a common complication leading to heightened risk of heart failure and death. In the present report, we performed proteomic analysis on total cardiac proteins from the OVE26 mouse model of type 1 diabetes to identify protein changes that may contribute to diabetic cardiomyopathy. This analysis revealed that a surprising high proportion (12 of 20) of the altered proteins that could be identified by mass spectrometry were of mitochondrial origin. All but one of these proteins were upregulated by diabetes. Quantitative RT-PCR, performed for two of these proteins, indicated that part of the upregulation was attributed to increased messenger RNA levels. Morphological study of diabetic hearts showed significantly increased mitochondrial area and number as well as focal regions with severe damage to mitochondria. Diabetic mitochondria also showed reduced respiratory control ratio (9.63 +/- 0.20 vs. 6.13 +/- 0.41, P < 0.0001), apparently due to reduced state 3 rate, and diminished GSH level (5.5 +/- 0.9 vs. 8.2 +/- 2.5 micromol/mg protein, P < 0.05), indicating impaired mitochondrial function and increased oxidative stress. Further examination revealed increased mitochondrial DNA (1.03 +/- 0.18 vs. 0.69 +/- 0.13 relative copy number, P < 0.001) and a tendency to higher protein yield in OVE26 cardiac mitochondria, as well as increased mRNA level for mitochondrial transcription factor A and two mitochondrial encoded proteins. Taken together, these results show that mitochondria are a primary target in the diabetic heart, probably due to oxidative stress, and that this damage coincides with and may stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Shen
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, 570 S. Preston St., Suite 304, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Budak Y, Demirci H, Akdogan M, Yavuz D. Erytrocyte membrane anionic charge in type 2 diabetic patients with retinopathy. BMC Ophthalmol 2004; 4:14. [PMID: 15473902 PMCID: PMC526283 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2415-4-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2004] [Accepted: 10/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Steno hypothesis states that changes in basement membrane anionic charge leads to diabetic microvascular complications. In diabetic nephropathy, loss of basement membrane glycosaminoglycans and the association between glomerular basement membrane heparan sulphate and proteinuria has been documented. A correlation between erythrocyte surface and the glomerular capillary wall charges has also been observed. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between retinopathy and erythrocyte anionic charge and urinary glycosaminoglycan excretion in type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS 49 subjects (58 +/- 7 yrs, M/F 27/22) with type 2 diabetes with proliferative retinopathy (n = 13), nonproliferative retinopathy (n = 13) and without retinopathy (n = 23) were included in the study. 38 healthy subjects were selected as control group (57 +/- 5 yrs, M/F 19/19). Erythrocyte anionic charge (EAC) was determined by the binding of the cationic dye, alcian blue. Urinary glycosaminoglycan and microalbumin excretion were measured. RESULTS EAC was significantly decreased in diabetic patients with retinopathy (255 +/- 30 ng alcian blue/10(6) RBC, 312 +/- 30 ng alcian blue/10(6) RBC for diabetic and control groups respectively, p < 0.001). We did not observe an association between urinary GAG and microalbumin excretion and diabetic retinopathy. EAC is found to be negatively correlated with microalbuminuria in all groups. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that type 2 diabetic patients with low erythrocyte anionic charge are associated with diabetic retinopathy. Reduction of negative charge of basement membranes may indicate general changes in microvasculature rather than retinopathy. More prospective and large studies needs to clarify the role of glycosaminoglycans on progression of retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Budak
- SSK Sevket Yilmaz Hospital, Section of Clinical Chemistry, Turkey
| | - Hakan Demirci
- SSK Sevket Yilmaz Hospital, Section of Family Medicine, Turkey
| | - Muberra Akdogan
- SSK Sevket Yilmaz Hospital, Section of Ophthalmology, Turkey
| | - Dilek Yavuz
- Marmara University Medical School, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Turkey
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Carlson EC, Vari RC, Audette JL, Finke MA, Ressler MJ. Significant glomerular basement membrane thickening in hyperglycemic and normoglycemic diabetic-prone BB Wistar rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 281:1308-18. [PMID: 15532046 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.20136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The diabetic-prone BioBreeding Wistar rat (BB/DP) is an autoimmune model of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Approximately 80-90% of the animals are hyperglycemic (BB/DP(h)) by 90-120 days of age while those that do not become diabetic in adolescence (BB/DP(n)) remain normoglycemic for life. Likewise, rats in the diabetes-resistant (BB/DR) strain are normoglycemic. Although renal morphological studies have been carried out in this model, ultrastructural observations of age- and diabetes-related extracellular matrix (ECM) changes, including glomerular basement membrane (GBM) morphometry, are not available. Moreover, possible renal changes in the relatively uncommon BB/DP(n) control animals have not been reported. The current electron microscopic study was carried out to investigate temporal changes in detergent-treated acellular ECM in BB/DP(h) rats at 2 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year postonset of moderate hyperglycemia. Age-matched BB/DR and BB/DP(n) control animals were also examined. Our data demonstrate age- and diabetes-related alterations in mesangial matrix distributions and GBM widths and show for the first time significant increases in GBM thickening in both hyperglycemic (BB/DP(h)) and normoglycemic (BB/DP(n)) rats when compared to age-matched BB/DR controls. Surprisingly, the rate of increase is greatest in BB/DP(n) animals. Although the pathogenesis of diabetic basement membrane disease is not completely understood, GBM thickening is widely regarded as a morphological consequence of hyperglycemia. However, data in the current investigation show that ECM alterations, including significantly increased GBM thickness, may occur in genetically diabetic animals in the absence of hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Carlson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA.
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