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Hedenstedt A, Reid S, Sayadi A, Eloranta ML, Skoglund E, Bolin K, Frodlund M, Lerang K, Jönsen A, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S, Bengtsson AA, Rudin A, Molberg Ø, Sjöwall C, Sandling JK, Leonard D. B cell polygenic risk scores associate with anti-dsDNA antibodies and nephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus Sci Med 2023; 10:e000926. [PMID: 37844960 PMCID: PMC10582984 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2023-000926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE B cell function and autoantibodies are important in SLE pathogenesis. In this work, we aimed to investigate the impact of cumulative SLE B cell genetics on SLE subphenotype and autoantibody profile. METHODS Female patients with SLE (n=1248) and healthy controls (n=400) were genotyped using Illumina's Global Screening Array. Two polygenic risk scores (PRSs), one representing B cell genes and the other B cell activation genes, were calculated for each individual using risk loci for SLE in genes assigned to B cell-related pathways according to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, Gene Ontology and Reactome Databases. RESULTS Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibodies were more prevalent among patients with a high compared with a low SLE B cell PRS (OR 1.47 (1.07 to 2.01), p=0.018), and effect sizes were augmented in patients with human leucocyte antigen (HLA) risk haplotypes HLA-DRB1*03:01 and HLA-DRB1*15:01 (DRB1*03/15 -/- (OR 0.99 (0.56 to 1.77), p=0.98; DRB1*03/15 +/- or -/+ (OR 1.64 (1.06 to 2.54), p=0.028; and DRB1*03/15 +/+ (OR 4.47 (1.21 to 16.47), p=0.024). Further, a high compared with a low B cell PRS was associated with low complement levels in DRB1*03/15 +/+ patients (OR 3.92 (1.22 to 12.64), p=0.022). The prevalence of lupus nephritis (LN) was higher in patients with a B cell activation PRS above the third quartile compared with patients below (OR 1.32 (1.00 to 1.74), p=0.048). CONCLUSIONS High genetic burden related to B cell function is associated with dsDNA antibody development and LN. Assessing B cell PRSs may be important in order to determine immunological pathways influencing SLE and to predict clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hedenstedt
- Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sarah Reid
- Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ahmed Sayadi
- Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maija-Leena Eloranta
- Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Skoglund
- Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Bolin
- Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martina Frodlund
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection/Rheumatology, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Karoline Lerang
- Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Jönsen
- Rheumatology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Anders A Bengtsson
- Rheumatology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Rudin
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Øyvind Molberg
- Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christopher Sjöwall
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection/Rheumatology, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Johanna K Sandling
- Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dag Leonard
- Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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2
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Tangye SG, Pathmanandavel K, Ma CS. Cytokine-mediated STAT-dependent pathways underpinning human B-cell differentiation and function. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 81:102286. [PMID: 36764056 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
B cells are fundamental to host defence against infectious diseases; indeed, the ability of humans to elicit robust antibody responses following exposure to foreign antigens underpins long-lived humoral immunity and serological memory, as well as the success of most currently administered vaccines. However, B cells also have a dark side - they can cause myriad diseases, including autoimmunity, atopy, allergy and malignancy. Thus, it is critical to understand the molecular requirements for generating effective, high-affinity, specific immune responses following natural infection or vaccination, as well as for constraining B-cell function to mitigate B-cell-mediated immune dyscrasias. In this review, we discuss recent developments that have been derived from the identification and detailed analysis of individuals with inborn errors of immunity that disrupt cytokine signalling, resulting in immune dysregulatory conditions. These studies have defined fundamental cytokine/cytokine receptor/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signalling pathways that are critical for the generation and maintenance of human memory B-cell and plasma cell subsets during host defence, as well as revealed mechanisms of disease pathogenesis causing immune deficiency, autoimmunity and atopy. More importantly, these studies have identified molecules that could be targeted to either enhance humoral immunity in the settings of infection or vaccination, or attenuate humoral immunity that contributes to antibody-mediated autoimmunity or allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; CIRCA (Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia), Australia.
| | - Karrnan Pathmanandavel
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; CIRCA (Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia), Australia
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; CIRCA (Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia), Australia
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3
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Hao H, Nakayamada S, Ohkubo N, Yamagata K, Zhang M, Shan Y, Iwata S, Zhang T, Tanaka Y. Involvement of lncRNA IL21-AS1 in interleukin-2 and T follicular regulatory cell activation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:302. [PMID: 34895341 PMCID: PMC8665514 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02682-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs62324212, located in IL21 antisense RNA 1 (IL21-AS1), has been identified as a genetic risk variant associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We aimed to probe the characteristics of IL21-AS1 and explore its clinical relevance focusing on T helper subsets and disease activity in patients with SLE. METHODS rs62324212 genotyping was determined using allelic discrimination by quantitative PCR. Gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cell surface markers in CD4+ T cells were analyzed using PCR and flow cytometry. The association among IL21-AS1, CD4+ T cell subsets, and SLE disease activity was accessed. RESULTS Ensembl Genome Browser analysis revealed that rs62324212 (C>A) was located in the predicting enhancer region of IL21-AS1. IL21-AS1 was expressed in the nucleus of CD4+ T and B cells, but its expression was decreased in patients with SLE. IL21-AS1 expression was positively correlated with mRNA levels of IL-2 but not IL-21, and it was associated with the proportion of activated T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells. Furthermore, we observed a significant negative correlation between IL21-AS1 expression and disease activity in patients with SLE (n = 53, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION IL21-AS1 has an effect on disease activity through an involvement of IL-2-mediated activation of Tfr cells in SLE. Thus, targeting the IL21-AS1 may provide therapeutic approaches for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Hao
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shingo Nakayamada
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Naoaki Ohkubo
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yamagata
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Mingzeng Zhang
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.,Department of Hematology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yu Shan
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Shigeru Iwata
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Tong Zhang
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Tanaka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
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4
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King HW, Wells KL, Shipony Z, Kathiria AS, Wagar LE, Lareau C, Orban N, Capasso R, Davis MM, Steinmetz LM, James LK, Greenleaf WJ. Integrated single-cell transcriptomics and epigenomics reveals strong germinal center-associated etiology of autoimmune risk loci. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabh3768. [PMID: 34623901 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abh3768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish W King
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Kristen L Wells
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes and RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zohar Shipony
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Arwa S Kathiria
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lisa E Wagar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Caleb Lareau
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Nara Orban
- Barts Health Ear, Nose and Throat Service, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Robson Capasso
- Division of Sleep Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lars M Steinmetz
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Louisa K James
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - William J Greenleaf
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
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5
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Jiang SH, Stanley M, Vinuesa CG. Rare genetic variants in systemic autoimmunity. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:490-499. [PMID: 32315078 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune disease is a substantial cause of morbidity and is strongly influenced by genetic risk. Extensive efforts have characterized the overall genetic basis of many autoimmune diseases, typically by investigation of common variants. While these common variants have modest effects and may cumulatively predispose to disease, it is also increasingly apparent that rare variants have significantly greater effect on phenotype and are likely to contribute to autoimmune disease. Recent advances have illustrated the next fundamental step in elucidating the genetic basis of autoimmunity, moving beyond association to demonstrate the functional consequences of these variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon H Jiang
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.,Department of Renal Medicine, The Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Maurice Stanley
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Carola G Vinuesa
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.,China Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Jiao Tong University Shanghai, Huangpu Qu, 200333, China
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6
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Bystrom J, Clanchy FIL, Taher TE, Al-Bogami M, Ong VH, Abraham DJ, Williams RO, Mageed RA. Functional and phenotypic heterogeneity of Th17 cells in health and disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2019; 49:e13032. [PMID: 30289986 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Th17 cells have nonredundant roles in maintaining immunity, particularly at mucosal surfaces. These roles are achieved principally through the production of cytokines and the recruitment of other immune cells to maintain the integrity of mucosal barriers and prevent the dissemination of microorganisms. Th17 cells are heterogeneous and exhibit a considerable degree of plasticity. This allows these cells to respond to changing environmental challenges. However, Th17 cells also play pro-inflammatory roles in chronic autoimmune diseases. The trigger(s) that initiate these Th17 responses in chronic autoimmune diseases remain unclear. DESIGN In this report, we provide an overview of studies involving animal models, patient data, genome wide association studies and clinical trials targeting IL-17 for treatment of patients to gain a better understanding of the pathogenic roles of Th17 cells play in a range of autoimmune diseases. RESULTS The report sheds light on likely triggers that initiate or perpetuate Th17 responses that promote chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. The divergent effects of tumour necrosis factor alpha blockade on Th17 cells in patients, is explored. Furthermore, we highlight the role of Th17 cells in inducing autoreactive B cells, leading to autoantibody production. Pathogenic bacterial species can change Th17 cell phenotype and responses. These findings provide insights into how Th17 cells could be induced to promoting autoimmune disease pathogenesis. CONCLUSION This article provides an overview of the distinct roles Th17 cells play in maintaining immunity at mucosal surfaces and in skin mucosa and how their functional flexibility could be linked with chronic inflammation in autoimmune rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bystrom
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Taher E Taher
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mohammed Al-Bogami
- Radiology Department, Alnakheel Medical Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Voon H Ong
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - David J Abraham
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Rizgar A Mageed
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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7
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Hong CC, Sucheston-Campbell LE, Liu S, Hu Q, Yao S, Lunetta KL, Haddad SA, Ruiz-Narváez EA, Bensen JT, Cheng TYD, Bandera EV, Rosenberg LA, Haiman CA, Lee K, Evans SS, Abrams SI, Repasky EA, Olshan AF, Palmer JR, Ambrosone CB. Genetic Variants in Immune-Related Pathways and Breast Cancer Risk in African American Women in the AMBER Consortium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018; 27:321-330. [PMID: 29339359 PMCID: PMC5835191 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-17-0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Constitutional immunity shaped by exposure to endemic infectious diseases and parasitic worms in Sub-Saharan Africa may play a role in the etiology of breast cancer among African American (AA) women.Methods: A total of 149,514 gene variants in 433 genes across 45 immune pathways were analyzed in the AMBER consortium among 3,663 breast cancer cases and 4,687 controls. Gene-based pathway analyses were conducted using the adaptive rank truncated product statistic for overall breast cancer risk, and risk by estrogen receptor (ER) status. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to estimate ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for single variants.Results: The top pathways were Interleukin binding (P = 0.01), Biocarta TNFR2 (P = 0.005), and positive regulation of cytokine production (P = 0.024) for overall, ER+, and ER- cancers, respectively. The most significant gene was IL2RB (P = 0.001) for overall cancer, with rs228952 being the top variant identified (OR = 0.85; 95% CI, 0.79-0.92). Only BCL3 contained a significant variant for ER+ breast cancer. Variants in IL2RB, TLR6, IL8, PRKDC, and MAP3K1 were associated with ER- disease. The only genes showing heterogeneity between ER- and ER+ cancers were TRAF1, MAP3K1, and MAPK3 (P ≤ 0.02). We also noted genes associated with autoimmune and atopic disorders.Conclusions: Findings from this study suggest that genetic variants in immune pathways are relevant to breast cancer susceptibility among AA women, both for ER+ and ER- breast cancers.Impact: Results from this study extend our understanding of how inherited genetic variation in immune pathways is relevant to breast cancer susceptibility. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 27(3); 321-30. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chen Hong
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York.
| | | | - Song Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Qiang Hu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Song Yao
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Kathryn L Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen A Haddad
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Jeannette T Bensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ting-Yuan David Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions & College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida
| | - Elisa V Bandera
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Lynn A Rosenberg
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kelvin Lee
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Sharon S Evans
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Scott I Abrams
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | | | - Andrew F Olshan
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Julie R Palmer
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christine B Ambrosone
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
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8
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Jain S, Ward JM, Shin DM, Wang H, Naghashfar Z, Kovalchuk AL, Morse HC. Associations of Autoimmunity, Immunodeficiency, Lymphomagenesis, and Gut Microbiota in Mice with Knockins for a Pathogenic Autoantibody. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:2020-2033. [PMID: 28727987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A number of mouse strains transgenic for B-cell receptors specific for nucleic acids or other autoantigens have been generated to understand how autoreactive B cells are regulated in normal and autoimmune mice. Previous studies of nonautoimmune C57BL/6 mice heterozygous for both the IgH and IgL knockins of the polyreactive autoantibody, 564, produced high levels of autoantibodies in a largely Toll-like receptor 7-dependent manner. Herein, we describe studies of mice homozygous for the knockins that also expressed high levels of autoantibodies but, unlike the heterozygotes, exhibited a high incidence of mature B-cell lymphomas and enhanced susceptibility to bacterial infections. Microarray analyses and serological studies suggested that lymphomagenesis might be related to chronic B-cell activation promoted by IL-21. Strikingly, mice treated continuously with antibiotic-supplemented water did not develop lymphomas or abscesses and exhibited less autoimmunity. This mouse model may help us understand the reasons for enhanced susceptibility to lymphoma development exhibited by humans with a variety of autoimmune diseases, such as Sjögren syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and highly active rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Jain
- Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Jerrold M Ward
- Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Dong-Mi Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Zohreh Naghashfar
- Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Alexander L Kovalchuk
- Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Herbert C Morse
- Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland.
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9
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Gensous N, Schmitt N, Richez C, Ueno H, Blanco P. T follicular helper cells, interleukin-21 and systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 56:516-523. [PMID: 27498357 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SLE is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease characterized by a breakdown of tolerance to nuclear antigens and generation of high-affinity pathogenic autoantibodies. These autoantibodies form, with autoantigens, immune complexes that are involved in organ and tissue damages. Understanding how the production of these pathogenic autoantibodies arises is of prime importance. T follicular helper cells (Tfh) and IL-21 have emerged as central players in this process. This article reviews the pathogenic role of Tfh cells and IL-21 in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hideki Ueno
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
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10
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Lewis MJ, Jawad AS. The effect of ethnicity and genetic ancestry on the epidemiology, clinical features and outcome of systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 56:i67-i77. [PMID: 27940583 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this in-depth review, we examine the worldwide epidemiology of SLE and summarize current knowledge on the influence of race/ethnicity on clinical manifestations, disease activity, damage accumulation and outcome in SLE. Susceptibility to SLE has a strong genetic component, and trans-ancestral genetic studies have revealed a substantial commonality of shared genetic risk variants across different genetic ancestries that predispose to the development of SLE. The highest increased risk of developing SLE is observed in black individuals (incidence 5- to 9-fold increased, prevalence 2- to 3-fold increased), with an increased risk also observed in South Asians, East Asians and other non-white groups, compared with white individuals. Black, East Asian, South Asian and Hispanic individuals with SLE tend to develop more severe disease with a greater number of manifestations and accumulate damage from lupus more rapidly. Increased genetic risk burden in these populations, associated with increased autoantibody reactivity in non-white individuals with SLE, may explain the more severe lupus phenotype. Even after taking into account socio-economic factors, race/ethnicity remains a key determinant of poor outcome, such as end-stage renal failure and mortality, in SLE. Community measures to expedite diagnosis through increased awareness in at-risk racial/ethnic populations and ethnically personalized treatment algorithms may help in future to improve long-term outcomes in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles J Lewis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ali S Jawad
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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11
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Ahmed YM, Erfan DM, Hafez SF, Shehata IH, Morshedy NA. The association of single nucleotide polymorphism of interleukin-21 gene and serum interleukin-21 levels with systemic lupus erythematosus. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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12
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Stemmler S, Hoffjan S. Trying to understand the genetics of atopic dermatitis. Mol Cell Probes 2016; 30:374-385. [PMID: 27725295 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common and complex skin disease associated with both genetic and environmental factors. Loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin gene, encoding a structural protein with an important role in epidermal barrier function, constitutes a well recognised susceptibility locus for AD. Further, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), including large meta-analyses, have discovered 38 additional susceptibility loci with genome-wide significance. However, the reported variations only explain a fraction of the overall heritability of AD. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the role of filaggrin and the epidermal differentiation complex as well as the results of GWAS, with an emphasis on novel findings and observations made in the past two years. Additionally, we present first results of exome sequencing for AD and discuss novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabine Hoffjan
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
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13
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Yang DJ, Han B. [Roles of interleukin-21 and its receptor in autoimmune diseases]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2016; 18:466-471. [PMID: 27165599 PMCID: PMC7390374 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a new member of the interleukin-2 family. It is mainly synthesized and secreted by the activated of CD4(+) T cells and natural killer T cells. IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) is mainly expressed in T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. After binding to its receptor, IL-21 can regulate the activation and proliferation of T cells, B cells, and NK cells through activating JAKs-STATs signaling pathways. As a new immunoregulatory factor, IL-21 and its receptor play important roles in the development and progression of various autoimmune diseases. Regulation of the expression levels of IL-21 and IL-21R and blocking of their signal transduction pathways with blockers may be new treatment options for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Juan Yang
- Department of pediatric Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China.
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Yang DJ, Han B. [Roles of interleukin-21 and its receptor in autoimmune diseases]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2016; 18:466-71. [PMID: 27165599 PMCID: PMC7390374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a new member of the interleukin-2 family. It is mainly synthesized and secreted by the activated of CD4(+) T cells and natural killer T cells. IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) is mainly expressed in T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. After binding to its receptor, IL-21 can regulate the activation and proliferation of T cells, B cells, and NK cells through activating JAKs-STATs signaling pathways. As a new immunoregulatory factor, IL-21 and its receptor play important roles in the development and progression of various autoimmune diseases. Regulation of the expression levels of IL-21 and IL-21R and blocking of their signal transduction pathways with blockers may be new treatment options for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Juan Yang
- Department of pediatric Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China.
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15
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Jandl C, King C. Cytokines in the Germinal Center Niche. Antibodies (Basel) 2016; 5:antib5010005. [PMID: 31557986 PMCID: PMC6698856 DOI: 10.3390/antib5010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are small, secreted, glycoproteins that specifically affect the interactions and communications between cells. Cytokines are produced transiently and locally, acting in a paracrine or autocrine manner, and they are extremely potent, ligating high affinity cell surface receptors to elicit changes in gene expression and protein synthesis in the responding cell. Cytokines produced during the differentiation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and B cells within the germinal center (GC) niche play an important role in ensuring that the humoral immune response is robust, whilst retaining flexibility, during the generation of affinity matured antibodies. Cytokines produced by B cells, antigen presenting cells and stromal cells are important for the differentiation of Tfh cells and Tfh cell produced cytokines act both in an autocrine fashion to firm Tfh cell differentiation and in a paracrine fashion to support the differentiation of memory B cells and plasma cells. In this review, we discuss the role of cytokines during the GC reaction with a particular focus on the influence of cytokines on Tfh cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Jandl
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
- St Vincents Medical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Cecile King
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
- St Vincents Medical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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Dieli-Crimi R, Cénit MC, Núñez C. The genetics of celiac disease: A comprehensive review of clinical implications. J Autoimmun 2015; 64:26-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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17
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Solving the genetic puzzle of systemic lupus erythematosus. Pediatr Nephrol 2015; 30:1735-48. [PMID: 25239301 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-014-2947-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, genome-wide association studies on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have significantly improved our understanding of the genetic architecture of this prototypic autoimmune disease. However, there is still a long way to go before we can fully understand the genetic factors for this very heterogeneous disease and the interplays between environmental factors and genetic predisposition that lead to the pathogenesis of SLE. Here we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the genetics of SLE and discuss the future directions towards fully elucidating the mechanisms of this disease.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Genome-wide association studies have identified more than 50 robust loci associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) susceptibility, and follow-up studies help reveal candidate causative genetic variants and their biological relevance contributing to the development of SLE. Epigenetic modulation is emerging as an important mechanism for understanding how the implicated genes interact with environmental factors. We review recent progress toward identifying causative variants of SLE-associated loci and epigenetic impact on lupus, especially genetic-epigenetic interactions that modulate expression levels of SLE susceptibility genes. RECENT FINDINGS A few SLE-risk loci have been refined to localize likely causative variants responsible for the observed genome-wide association study signals. Few of such variants disrupt coding sequences resulting in gain or loss of function for the encoded protein, whereas most fall in noncoding regions with potential to regulate gene expression through alterations in transcriptional activity, splicing, mRNA stability and epigenetic modifications. Multiple key pathways related to the SLE pathogenesis have been indicated by the identified genetic risk factors, including type I interferon signaling pathway that can also be regulated by epigenetic changes occurred in SLE. SUMMARY These findings provide novel insights into the disease pathogenesis and promise better diagnostic accuracy and new therapeutic targets for patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Deng
- Division of Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Kirino Y, Remmers EF. Genetic architectures of seropositive and seronegative rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2015; 11:401-14. [PMID: 25907699 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2015.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis and some other rheumatic diseases are genetically complex, with evidence of familial clustering, but not of Mendelian inheritance. These diseases are thought to result from contributions and interactions of multiple genetic and nongenetic risk factors, which have small effects individually. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of large collections of data from cases and controls have revealed many genetic factors that contribute to non-Mendelian rheumatic diseases, thus providing insights into associated molecular mechanisms. This Review summarizes methods for the identification of gene variants that influence genetically complex diseases and focuses on what we have learned about the rheumatic diseases for which GWAS have been reported. Our review of the disease-associated loci identified to date reveals greater sharing of risk loci among the groups of seropositive (diseases in which specific autoantibodies are often present) or seronegative diseases than between these two groups. The nature of the shared and discordant loci suggests important similarities and differences among these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Kirino
- Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Elaine F Remmers
- National Institutes of Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Inflammatory Disease Section, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1849, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Yao JY, Chao K, Li MR, Wu YQ, Zhong BH. Interleukin-21 gene polymorphisms and chronic hepatitis B infection in a Chinese population. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:4232-4239. [PMID: 25892873 PMCID: PMC4394084 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i14.4232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the relationship between interleukin-21 (IL21) gene polymorphisms and chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in a Chinese population.
METHODS: In this case-control study, 366 Chinese HBV-infected patients were recruited and divided into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC; n = 94) and non-HCC (n = 272) groups at The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, from April 2009 to December 2012. In the non-HCC group, the patients were classified into three clinical subsets, 76 patients had chronic hepatitis B, 101 were HBV carriers and 95 patients had HBV-related cirrhosis. Two hundred eight unrelated healthy controls were also included. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs13143866, rs2221903, and rs907715 were subsequently genotyped using the SNaPshot SNP technique.
RESULTS: There were no significant differences in allele and genotype frequencies of SNPs rs13143866, rs2221903, and rs907715 between chronic HBV-infected patients and control subjects. Furthermore, no significant differences were found in the frequencies of all alleles and genotypes between the HCC group and the non-HCC group. However, in the subgroup analysis, IL21 rs13143866 genotype AA frequency in the HBV carrier group was higher than in controls (OR = 6.280, 95%CI: 1.238-31.854; P = 0.019), and the effect of the recessive model (AA vs GG + GA, OR = 6.505, 95%CI: 1.289-32.828) was observed in the HBV carrier group. IL21 rs2221903 genotype TC frequency in the HBV carrier group was higher than in controls (OR = 1.809, 95%CI: 1.043-3.139; P = 0.035). In the haplotype analysis, the ATA haplotype (rs13143866, rs2221903, and rs907715) of IL21 was more frequent in the HCC group than in the non-HCC group (0.165 vs 0.104, P = 0.044; OR = 1.700, 95%CI: 1.010-2.863).
CONCLUSION: Genotypes rs13143866 AA and rs2221903 TC are risk factors for carrying HBV; ATA haplotype increases the risk of HBV-related HCC onset in a Chinese population.
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21
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Wang S, Wiley GB, Kelly JA, Gaffney PM. Disease mechanisms in rheumatology--tools and pathways: defining functional genetic variants in autoimmune diseases. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:1-10. [PMID: 25132667 PMCID: PMC4298761 DOI: 10.1002/art.38800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Chance, genetics, and the heterogeneity of disease and pathogenesis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:495-517. [PMID: 25102991 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0440-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a remarkably complex and heterogeneous systemic autoimmune disease. Disease complexity within individuals and heterogeneity among individuals, even genetically identical individuals, is driven by stochastic execution of a complex inherited program. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have progressively improved understanding of which genes are most critical to the potential for SLE and provided illuminating insight about the immune mechanisms that are engaged in SLE. What initiates expression of the genetic program to cause SLE within an individual and how that program is initiated remains poorly understood. If we extrapolate from all of the different experimental mouse models for SLE, we can begin to appreciate why SLE is so heterogeneous and consequently why prediction of disease outcome is so difficult. In this review, we critically evaluate extrinsic versus intrinsic cellular functions in the clearance and elimination of cellular debris and how dysfunction in that system may promote autoimmunity to nuclear antigens. We also examine several mouse models genetically prone to SLE either because of natural inheritance or inheritance of induced mutations to illustrate how different immune mechanisms may initiate autoimmunity and affect disease pathogenesis. Finally, we describe the heterogeneity of disease manifestations in SLE and discuss the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis with emphasis on glomerulonephritis. Particular attention is given to discussion of how anti-DNA autoantibody initiates experimental lupus nephritis (LN) in mice.
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23
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Bouzid D, Fourati H, Amouri A, Marques I, Abida O, Tahri N, Penha-Gonçalves C, Masmoudi H. Autoimmune diseases association study with the KIAA1109-IL2-IL21 region in a Tunisian population. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:7133-9. [PMID: 25037274 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3596-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (ADs) share several genetic factors resulting in similarity of disease mechanisms. For instance polymorphisms from the KIAA1109-interleukin 2 (IL2)-IL21 block in the 4q27 chromosome, has been associated with a number of autoimmune phenotypes. Here we performed a haplotype-based analysis of this AD related region in Tunisian patients. Ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs6534347, rs11575812, rs2069778, rs2069763, rs2069762, rs6852535, rs12642902, rs6822844, rs2221903, rs17005931) of the block were investigated in a cohort of 93 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 68 ulcerative colitis (UC), 39 Crohn's disease (CD) patients and 162 healthy control subjects of Tunisian origin. In SLE population, haplotypes AGCAGGGTC, AGAAGAGTC, AGAAGGGTC and AGCCGAGTC provided significant evidence of association with SLE risk (p = 0.013, 0.028, 0.018 and 0.048, respectively). In the UC population, haplotype AGCCGGGTC provided a susceptibility effect for UC (p = 0.025). In the CD population, haplotype CAGGCC showed a protective effect against the development of CD (p = 0.038). Haplotype AAGGTT provided significant evidence to be associated with CD risk (p = 0.007). Our results support the existence of the associations found in the KIAA1109/IL2/IL21 gene region with ADs, thus confirms that the 4q27 locus may contribute to the genetic susceptibility of ADs in the Tunisian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorra Bouzid
- Immunology Department, Medicine School and Habib Bourguiba Hospital, Université de Sfax, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia,
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24
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James JA. Clinical perspectives on lupus genetics: advances and opportunities. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2014; 40:413-32, vii. [PMID: 25034154 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, genome-wide association studies have led to an expansion in the identification of regions containing confirmed genetic risk variants within complex human diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Many of the strongest SLE genetic associations can be divided into groups based on their potential roles in different processes implicated in lupus pathogenesis, including ubiquitination, DNA degradation, innate immunity, cellular immunity, lymphocyte development, and antigen presentation. Recent advances have also shown several genetic associations with SLE subphenotypes and subcriteria. Many areas for further exploration remain to move lupus genetic studies toward clinically informative end points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A James
- Oklahoma Clinical & Translational Science Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 920 Stanton L Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 920 Stanton L Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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25
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Li G, Xu R, Cao Y, Xie X, Zheng Z. Interleukin-21 Polymorphism Affects Gene Expression and is Associated with Risk of Ischemic Stroke. Inflammation 2014; 37:2030-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9935-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Spolski R, Leonard WJ. Interleukin-21: a double-edged sword with therapeutic potential. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014; 13:379-95. [PMID: 24751819 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-21 is a cytokine with broad pleiotropic actions that affect the differentiation and function of lymphoid and myeloid cells. Since its discovery in 2000, a tremendous amount has been learned about its biological actions and the molecular mechanisms controlling IL-21-mediated cellular responses. IL-21 regulates both innate and adaptive immune responses, and it not only has key roles in antitumour and antiviral responses but also exerts major effects on inflammatory responses that promote the development of autoimmune diseases and inflammatory disorders. Numerous studies have shown that enhancing or inhibiting the action of IL-21 has therapeutic effects in animal models of a wide range of diseases, and various clinical trials are underway. The current challenge is to understand how to specifically modulate the actions of IL-21 in the context of each specific immune response or pathological situation. In this Review, we provide an overview of the basic biology of IL-21 and discuss how this information has been - and can be - exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanne Spolski
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Ramos PS, Shaftman SR, Ward RC, Langefeld CD. Genes associated with SLE are targets of recent positive selection. Autoimmune Dis 2014; 2014:203435. [PMID: 24587899 PMCID: PMC3920976 DOI: 10.1155/2014/203435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The reasons for the ethnic disparities in the prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and the relative high frequency of SLE risk alleles in the population are not fully understood. Population genetic factors such as natural selection alter allele frequencies over generations and may help explain the persistence of such common risk variants in the population and the differential risk of SLE. In order to better understand the genetic basis of SLE that might be due to natural selection, a total of 74 genomic regions with compelling evidence for association with SLE were tested for evidence of recent positive selection in the HapMap and HGDP populations, using population differentiation, allele frequency, and haplotype-based tests. Consistent signs of positive selection across different studies and statistical methods were observed at several SLE-associated loci, including PTPN22, TNFSF4, TET3-DGUOK, TNIP1, UHRF1BP1, BLK, and ITGAM genes. This study is the first to evaluate and report that several SLE-associated regions show signs of positive natural selection. These results provide corroborating evidence in support of recent positive selection as one mechanism underlying the elevated population frequency of SLE risk loci and supports future research that integrates signals of natural selection to help identify functional SLE risk alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula S. Ramos
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Stephanie R. Shaftman
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Ralph C. Ward
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Carl D. Langefeld
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine and Center for Public Health Genomics, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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28
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Ding L, Wang S, Chen GM, Leng RX, Pan HF, Ye DQ. A single nucleotide polymorphism of IL-21 gene is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in a Chinese population. Inflammation 2013. [PMID: 22752563 DOI: 10.1002/art.3032010.1007/s10753-012-9497-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL-21 gene with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a Chinese population. A total of 605 independent SLE patients and 666 unrelated healthy controls were recruited for the case-control association study. Two SNPs (rs2221903 and rs907715) within the IL-21 gene intronic region were genotyped by TaqMan SNP allelic discrimination methods. The allele T frequency of SNP rs2221903 in patients and healthy controls was 89.4 % and 86.8 %, respectively [T versus C, odds ratio (OR) = 1.287, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.010-1.640]. No significant differences in genotype frequencies were shown between SLE patients and healthy controls (P value = 0.705, 0.406, respectively). However, the effect of recessive model (TT versus CC + CT, OR = 1.368, 95 % CI = 1.050-1.781) was observed. Distributions of allele and genotype frequencies of the SNP rs907715 showed no significant differences between SLE patients and controls. Analysis of the haplotypes revealed that CC haplotype was significantly associated with SLE (OR = 0.734, 95 % CI = 0.573-0.941). In conclusion, our findings suggest that a SNP (rs2221903) and CC haplotype (rs2221903 and rs907715) of the IL-21 gene is associated with SLE in the Chinese population. However, further studies are needed to determine the functional consequences of this polymorphism with SLE susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ding
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, People's Republic of China
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29
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Ding L, Wang S, Chen GM, Leng RX, Pan HF, Ye DQ. A single nucleotide polymorphism of IL-21 gene is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in a Chinese population. Inflammation 2013; 35:1781-5. [PMID: 22752563 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9497-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL-21 gene with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a Chinese population. A total of 605 independent SLE patients and 666 unrelated healthy controls were recruited for the case-control association study. Two SNPs (rs2221903 and rs907715) within the IL-21 gene intronic region were genotyped by TaqMan SNP allelic discrimination methods. The allele T frequency of SNP rs2221903 in patients and healthy controls was 89.4 % and 86.8 %, respectively [T versus C, odds ratio (OR) = 1.287, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.010-1.640]. No significant differences in genotype frequencies were shown between SLE patients and healthy controls (P value = 0.705, 0.406, respectively). However, the effect of recessive model (TT versus CC + CT, OR = 1.368, 95 % CI = 1.050-1.781) was observed. Distributions of allele and genotype frequencies of the SNP rs907715 showed no significant differences between SLE patients and controls. Analysis of the haplotypes revealed that CC haplotype was significantly associated with SLE (OR = 0.734, 95 % CI = 0.573-0.941). In conclusion, our findings suggest that a SNP (rs2221903) and CC haplotype (rs2221903 and rs907715) of the IL-21 gene is associated with SLE in the Chinese population. However, further studies are needed to determine the functional consequences of this polymorphism with SLE susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ding
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, People's Republic of China
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30
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Rubicz R, Yolken R, Drigalenko E, Carless MA, Dyer TD, Bauman L, Melton PE, Kent JW, Harley JB, Curran JE, Johnson MP, Cole SA, Almasy L, Moses EK, Dhurandhar NV, Kraig E, Blangero J, Leach CT, Göring HHH. A genome-wide integrative genomic study localizes genetic factors influencing antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1). PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003147. [PMID: 23326239 PMCID: PMC3542101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is highly prevalent worldwide, and it has been associated with infectious mononucleosis and severe diseases including Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, nasopharyngeal lymphoma, and lymphoproliferative disorders. Although EBV has been the focus of extensive research, much still remains unknown concerning what makes some individuals more sensitive to infection and to adverse outcomes as a result of infection. Here we use an integrative genomics approach in order to localize genetic factors influencing levels of Epstein Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1) IgG antibodies, as a measure of history of infection with this pathogen, in large Mexican American families. Genome-wide evidence of both significant linkage and association was obtained on chromosome 6 in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region and replicated in an independent Mexican American sample of large families (minimum p-value in combined analysis of both datasets is 1.4×10(-15) for SNPs rs477515 and rs2516049). Conditional association analyses indicate the presence of at least two separate loci within MHC class II, and along with lymphocyte expression data suggest genes HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 as the best candidates. The association signals are specific to EBV and are not found with IgG antibodies to 12 other pathogens examined, and therefore do not simply reveal a general HLA effect. We investigated whether SNPs significantly associated with diseases in which EBV is known or suspected to play a role (namely nasopharyngeal lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis) also show evidence of associated with EBNA-1 antibody levels, finding an overlap only for the HLA locus, but none elsewhere in the genome. The significance of this work is that a major locus related to EBV infection has been identified, which may ultimately reveal the underlying mechanisms by which the immune system regulates infection with this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohina Rubicz
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America.
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Abstract
A large antibody repertoire is generated in developing B cells in the bone marrow. Before these B cells achieve immunocompetence, those expressing autospecificities must be purged. To that end, B cells within the bone marrow and just following egress from the bone marrow are subject to tolerance induction. Once B cells achieve immunocompetence, the antibody repertoire can be further diversified by somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes in B cells that have been activated by antigen and cognate T cell help and have undergone a germinal center (GC) response. This process also leads to the generation of autoreactive B cells which must be again purged to protect the host. Thus, B cells within the GC and just following egress from the GC are also subject to tolerance induction. Available data suggest that B cell intrinsic processes triggered by signaling through the B cell receptor activate tolerance mechanisms at both time points. Recent data suggest that GC and post-GC B cells are also subject to B cell extrinsic tolerance mechanisms mediated through soluble and membrane-bound factors derived from various T cell subsets.
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Jiang L, Willner D, Danoy P, Xu H, Brown MA. Comparison of the performance of two commercial genome-wide association study genotyping platforms in Han Chinese samples. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2013; 3:23-9. [PMID: 23316436 PMCID: PMC3538340 DOI: 10.1534/g3.112.004069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Most genome-wide association studies to date have been performed in populations of European descent, but there is increasing interest in expanding these studies to other populations. The performance of genotyping chips in Asian populations is not well established. Therefore, we sought to test the performance of widely used fixed-marker, genome-wide association studies chips in the Han Chinese population. Non-HapMap Chinese samples (n = 396) were genotyped using the Illumina OmniExpress and Affymetrix 6.0 platforms, whereas a subset also were genotyped using the Immunochip. Genotyped markers from the Affymetrix 6.0 and Illumina OmniExpress were used for full genome imputation based on the HapMap 2 JPT+CHB (Japanese from Tokyo, Japan and Chinese from Beijing, China) reference panel. The concordance between markers genotypes for the three platforms was very high whether directly genotyped or genotyped and imputed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; >99.8% for directly genotyped and >99.5% for genotyped and imputed SNPs, respectively) were compared. The OmniExpress chip data enabled more SNPs to be imputed, particularly SNPs with minor allele frequency >5%. The OmniExpress chip achieved better coverage of HapMap SNPs than the Affymetrix 6.0 chip (73.6% vs. 65.9%, respectively, for minor allele frequency >5%). The Affymetrix 6.0 and Illumina OmniExpress chip have similar genotyping accuracy and provide similar accuracy of imputed SNPs. The OmniExpress chip however provides better coverage of Asian HapMap SNPs, although its coverage of HapMap SNPs is moderate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 200003 Shanghai, China
| | - Dana Willner
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia 4102, and
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia 4072
| | - Patrick Danoy
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia 4102, and
| | - Huji Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 200003 Shanghai, China
| | - Matthew A. Brown
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia 4102, and
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Gene-gene and gene-sex epistatic interactions of MiR146a, IRF5, IKZF1, ETS1 and IL21 in systemic lupus erythematosus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51090. [PMID: 23236436 PMCID: PMC3517573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several confirmed genetic susceptibility loci involved in the interferon signaling and Th17/B cell response for SLE in Chinese Han populations have been described. Available data also indicate that sex-specific genetic differences contribute to SLE susceptibility. The aim of this study was to test for gene–gene/gene-sex epistasis (interactions) in these known lupus susceptibility loci. Six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in MiR146a, IRF5, IKZF1, ETS1 and IL21 were genotyped by Sequenom MassArray system. A total of 1,825 subjects (858 SLE patients and 967 controls) were included in the final analysis. Epistasis was tested by additive model, multiplicative model and multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) method. Additive interaction analysis revealed interactions between IRF5 and IKZF1 (OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.48–3.44 [P = 1.21×104]). A similar tendency was also observed between IL21 and ETS1 by parametric methods. In addition, multiple high dimensional gene-gene or gene-sex interactions (three-and four-way) were identified by MDR analysis. Our study identified novel gene–gene/gene-sex interactions in lupus. Furthermore, these findings highlight sex, interferon pathway, and Th17/B cells as important contributors to the pathogenesis of SLE.
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Diaz-Gallo LM, Simeon CP, Broen JC, Ortego-Centeno N, Beretta L, Vonk MC, Carreira PE, Vargas S, Román-Ivorra JA, González-Gay MA, Tolosa C, López-Longo FJ, Espinosa G, Vicente EF, Hesselstrand R, Riemekasten G, Witte T, Distler JHW, Voskuyl AE, Schuerwegh AJ, Shiels PG, Nordin A, Padyukov L, Hoffmann-Vold AM, Scorza R, Lunardi C, Airo P, van Laar JM, Hunzelmann N, Gathof BS, Kreuter A, Herrick A, Worthington J, Denton CP, Zhou X, Arnett FC, Fonseca C, Koeleman BPC, Assasi S, Radstake TRDJ, Mayes MD, Martín J. Implication of IL-2/IL-21 region in systemic sclerosis genetic susceptibility. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 72:1233-8. [PMID: 23172754 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The interleukin 2 (IL-2) and interleukin 21 (IL-21) locus at chromosome 4q27 has been associated with several autoimmune diseases, and both genes are related to immune system functions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of the IL-2/IL-21 locus in systemic sclerosis (SSc). PATIENTS AND METHODS The case control study included 4493 SSc Caucasian patients and 5856 healthy controls from eight Caucasian populations (Spain, Germany, The Netherlands, USA, Italy, Sweden, UK and Norway). Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs2069762, rs6822844, rs6835457 and rs907715) were genotyped using TaqMan allelic discrimination assays. RESULTS We observed evidence of association of the rs6822844 and rs907715 variants with global SSc (pc=6.6E-4 and pc=7.2E-3, respectively). Similar statistically significant associations were observed for the limited cutaneous form of the disease. The conditional regression analysis suggested that the most likely genetic variation responsible for the association was the rs6822844 polymorphism. Consistently, the rs2069762A-rs6822844T-rs6835457G-rs907715T allelic combination showed evidence of association with SSc and limited cutaneous SSc subtype (pc=1.7E-03 and pc=8E-4, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that the IL-2/IL-21 locus influences the genetic susceptibility to SSc. Moreover, this study provided further support for the IL-2/IL-21 locus as a common genetic factor in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina-Marcela Diaz-Gallo
- Cellular Biology and Immunology Department, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, Granada, Spain.
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Sweet RA, Lee SK, Vinuesa CG. Developing connections amongst key cytokines and dysregulated germinal centers in autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 24:658-64. [PMID: 23123277 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Systemic autoimmunity owing to overactivity of Tfh and dysregulated germinal centers has been described in mice and humans. Cytokines such as IL-21, IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-17 are elevated in the plasma of mouse models of lupus, arthritis, and multiple sclerosis, and in subsets of patients with autoimmune disease. Monoclonal antibodies targeting these cytokines are entering clinical trials. While these cytokines exert pleiotropic effects on immune cells and organs, it is becoming clear that each and all of them can profoundly regulate Tfh numbers and/or function and induce or maintain the aberrant germinal center reactions that lead to pathogenic autoantibody formation. Here we review recent discoveries into the roles of IL-21, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-17 in germinal center responses and antibody-driven autoimmunity. These new insights used in conjunction with biomarkers of an overactive Tfh pathway may help stratify patients to rationalize the use of emerging monoclonal anti-cytokine antibody therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Sweet
- Department of Pathogens and Immunity, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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36
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Gene-gene interactions in IL23/Th17 pathway contribute to psoriasis susceptibility in Chinese Han population. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012; 27:1156-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2012.04683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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37
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Vaughn SE, Kottyan LC, Munroe ME, Harley JB. Genetic susceptibility to lupus: the biological basis of genetic risk found in B cell signaling pathways. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:577-91. [PMID: 22753952 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0212095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 50 genetic variants have been statistically associated with the development of SLE (or lupus). Each genetic association is a key component of a pathway to lupus pathogenesis, the majority of which requires further mechanistic studies to understand the functional changes to cellular physiology. Whereas their use in clinical practice has yet to be established, these genes guide efforts to develop more specific therapeutic approaches. The BCR signaling pathways are rich in lupus susceptibility genes and may well provide novel opportunities for the understanding and clinical treatment of this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Vaughn
- Cincinnati Children’s Hosptial Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
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38
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Hughes T, Adler A, Merrill JT, Kelly JA, Kaufman KM, Williams A, Langefeld CD, Gilkeson GS, Sanchez E, Martin J, Boackle SA, Stevens AM, Alarcón GS, Niewold TB, Brown EE, Kimberly RP, Edberg JC, Ramsey-Goldman R, Petri M, Reveille JD, Criswell LA, Vilá LM, Jacob CO, Gaffney PM, Moser KL, Vyse TJ, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, James JA, Tsao BP, Scofield RH, Harley JB, Richardson BC, Sawalha AH. Analysis of autosomal genes reveals gene-sex interactions and higher total genetic risk in men with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 71:694-9. [PMID: 22110124 PMCID: PMC3324666 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a sexually dimorphic autoimmune disease which is more common in women, but affected men often experience a more severe disease. The genetic basis of sexual dimorphism in SLE is not clearly defined. A study was undertaken to examine sex-specific genetic effects among SLE susceptibility loci. METHODS A total of 18 autosomal genetic susceptibility loci for SLE were genotyped in a large set of patients with SLE and controls of European descent, consisting of 5932 female and 1495 male samples. Sex-specific genetic association analyses were performed. The sex-gene interaction was further validated using parametric and non-parametric methods. Aggregate differences in sex-specific genetic risk were examined by calculating a cumulative genetic risk score for SLE in each individual and comparing the average genetic risk between male and female patients. RESULTS A significantly higher cumulative genetic risk for SLE was observed in men than in women. (P=4.52x10-8) A significant sex-gene interaction was seen primarily in the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) region but also in IRF5, whereby men with SLE possess a significantly higher frequency of risk alleles than women. The genetic effect observed in KIAA1542 is specific to women with SLE and does not seem to have a role in men. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that men require a higher cumulative genetic load than women to develop SLE. These observations suggest that sex bias in autoimmunity could be influenced by autosomal genetic susceptibility loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Hughes
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Adam Adler
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Joan T Merrill
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jennifer A Kelly
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Kenneth M Kaufman
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Adrienne Williams
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carl D Langefeld
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gary S Gilkeson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Elena Sanchez
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Javier Martin
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Susan A Boackle
- Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Anne M Stevens
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Timothy B Niewold
- Section of Rheumatology and Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Brown
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Robert P Kimberly
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Edberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Michelle Petri
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John D Reveille
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lindsey A Criswell
- Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Luis M Vilá
- Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Chaim O Jacob
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Patrick M Gaffney
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Kathy L Moser
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Timothy J Vyse
- Divisions of Genetics and Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Disease, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Marta E Alarcón-Riquelme
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Center for Genomics and Oncological Research Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucia, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Judith A James
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Betty P Tsao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - R Hal Scofield
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - John B Harley
- Rheumatology Division and Autoimmune Genomics Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Bruce C Richardson
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Amr H Sawalha
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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Rankin AL, Guay H, Herber D, Bertino SA, Duzanski TA, Carrier Y, Keegan S, Senices M, Stedman N, Ryan M, Bloom L, Medley Q, Collins M, Nickerson-Nutter C, Craft J, Young D, Dunussi-Joannopoulos K. IL-21 receptor is required for the systemic accumulation of activated B and T lymphocytes in MRL/MpJ-Fas(lpr/lpr)/J mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:1656-67. [PMID: 22231702 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
MRL/MpJ-Fas(lpr/lpr)/J (MRL(lpr)) mice develop lupus-like disease manifestations in an IL-21-dependent manner. IL-21 is a pleiotropic cytokine that can influence the activation, differentiation, and expansion of B and T cell effector subsets. Notably, autoreactive CD4(+) T and B cells spontaneously accumulate in MRL(lpr) mice and mediate disease pathogenesis. We sought to identify the particular lymphocyte effector subsets regulated by IL-21 in the context of systemic autoimmunity and, thus, generated MRL(lpr) mice deficient in IL-21R (MRL(lpr).IL-21R(-/-)). Lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly, which are characteristic traits of the MRL(lpr) model were significantly reduced in the absence of IL-21R, suggesting that immune activation was likewise decreased. Indeed, spontaneous germinal center formation and plasma cell accumulation were absent in IL-21R-deficient MRL(lpr) mice. Correspondingly, we observed a significant reduction in autoantibody titers. Activated CD4(+) CD44(+) CD62L(lo) T cells also failed to accumulate, and CD4(+) Th cell differentiation was impaired, as evidenced by a significant reduction in CD4(+) T cells that produced the pronephritogenic cytokine IFN-γ. T extrafollicular helper cells are a recently described subset of activated CD4(+) T cells that function as the primary inducers of autoantibody production in MRL(lpr) mice. Importantly, we demonstrated that T extrafollicular helper cells are dependent on IL-21R for their generation. Together, our data highlighted the novel observation that IL-21 is a critical regulator of multiple pathogenic B and T cell effector subsets in MRL(lpr) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Rankin
- Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Research, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
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40
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Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified many dozen genetic intervals that harbor single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) showing statistical association with systemic lupus erythematosus. Despite the wealth of data produced, there are limitations of these studies. The causal alleles at a given locus are not identified; only SNP is strong linkage disequilibrium with the putative causative alleles. In order to address identification of the causative SNPs for lupus susceptibility genes, we have initiated a candidate gene study for which more than 40 investigators have contributed patient and control samples. In addition, these investigators have designated SNPs to be placed on a custom array. In this way fine mapping of genetic association findings can occur in order to identify causal alleles. These efforts have thus far benefitted greatly from comparisons of different ethnicities. Work on about ten previously identified associations has been published using this resource. Genome-wide association studies cannot identify rare SNPs or mutations, which may impart greater relative risks than common variants. Much of the genetics of lupus may be from rare variants or mutations. In order to approach this aspect of lupus genetics, next-generation sequencing has begun in which all exons will be sequenced in controls and patients. This effort can also be used to identify causal alleles from association intervals not yet otherwise identified.
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Ramos PS, Criswell LA, Moser KL, Comeau ME, Williams AH, Pajewski NM, Chung SA, Graham RR, Zidovetzki R, Kelly JA, Kaufman KM, Jacob CO, Vyse TJ, Tsao BP, Kimberly RP, Gaffney PM, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Harley JB, Langefeld CD. A comprehensive analysis of shared loci between systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and sixteen autoimmune diseases reveals limited genetic overlap. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002406. [PMID: 22174698 PMCID: PMC3234215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the well-known clustering of multiple autoimmune disorders in families, analyses of specific shared genes and polymorphisms between systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune diseases (ADs) have been limited. Therefore, we comprehensively tested autoimmune variants for association with SLE, aiming to identify pleiotropic genetic associations between these diseases. We compiled a list of 446 non–Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) variants identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of populations of European ancestry across 17 ADs. We then tested these variants in our combined Caucasian SLE cohorts of 1,500 cases and 5,706 controls. We tested a subset of these polymorphisms in an independent Caucasian replication cohort of 2,085 SLE cases and 2,854 controls, allowing the computation of a meta-analysis between all cohorts. We have uncovered novel shared SLE loci that passed multiple comparisons adjustment, including the VTCN1 (rs12046117, P = 2.02×10−06) region. We observed that the loci shared among the most ADs include IL23R, OLIG3/TNFAIP3, and IL2RA. Given the lack of a universal autoimmune risk locus outside of the MHC and variable specificities for different diseases, our data suggests partial pleiotropy among ADs. Hierarchical clustering of ADs suggested that the most genetically related ADs appear to be type 1 diabetes with rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease with ulcerative colitis. These findings support a relatively distinct genetic susceptibility for SLE. For many of the shared GWAS autoimmune loci, we found no evidence for association with SLE, including IL23R. Also, several established SLE loci are apparently not associated with other ADs, including the ITGAM-ITGAX and TNFSF4 regions. This study represents the most comprehensive evaluation of shared autoimmune loci to date, supports a relatively distinct non–MHC genetic susceptibility for SLE, provides further evidence for previously and newly identified shared genes in SLE, and highlights the value of studies of potentially pleiotropic genes in autoimmune diseases. It is well known that multiple autoimmune disorders cluster in families. However, all of the genetic variants that explain this clustering have not been discovered, and the specific genetic variants shared between systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune diseases (ADs) are not known. In order to better understand the genetic factors that explain this predisposition to autoimmunity, we performed a comprehensive evaluation of shared autoimmune genetic variants. First we considered results from 17 ADs and compiled a list with 446 significant genetic variants from these studies. We identified some genetic variants extensively shared between ADs, as well as the ADs that share the most variants. The genetic overlap between SLE and other ADs was modest. Next we tested how important all the 446 genetic variants were in our collection with a minimum of 1,500 SLE patients. Among the most significant variants in SLE, the majority had already been identified in previous studies, but we also discovered variants in two important immune genes. In summary, our data identified diseases with common genetic risk factors and novel SLE effects, and this supports a relatively distinct genetic susceptibility for SLE. This study helps delineate the genetic architecture of ADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula S Ramos
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America.
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Sanchez E, Comeau ME, Freedman BI, Kelly JA, Kaufman KM, Langefeld CD, Brown EE, Alarcón GS, Kimberly RP, Edberg JC, Ramsey-Goldman R, Petri M, Reveille JD, Vilá LM, Merrill JT, Tsao BP, Kamen DL, Gilkeson GS, James JA, Vyse TJ, Gaffney PM, Jacob CO, Niewold TB, Richardson BC, Harley JB, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Sawalha AH. Identification of novel genetic susceptibility loci in African American lupus patients in a candidate gene association study. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2011; 63:3493-501. [PMID: 21792837 PMCID: PMC3205224 DOI: 10.1002/art.30563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Candidate gene and genome-wide association studies have identified several disease susceptibility loci in lupus patients. These studies have largely been performed in lupus patients who are Asian or of European ancestry. This study was undertaken to examine whether some of these same susceptibility loci increase lupus risk in African American individuals. METHODS Single-nucleotide polymorphisms tagging 15 independent lupus susceptibility loci were genotyped in a set of 1,724 lupus patients and 2,024 healthy controls of African American descent. The loci examined included PTPN22, FCGR2A, TNFSF4, STAT4, CTLA4, PDCD1, PXK, BANK1, MSH5 (HLA region), CFB (HLA region), C8orf13-BLK region, MBL2, KIAA1542, ITGAM, and MECP2/IRAK1. RESULTS We found the first evidence of genetic association between lupus in African American patients and 5 susceptibility loci (C8orf13-BLK, BANK1, TNFSF4, KIAA1542, and CTLA4; P = 8.0 × 10⁻⁶, P = 1.9 × 10⁻⁵, P = 5.7 × 10⁻⁵, P = 0.00099, and P = 0.0045, respectively). Further, we confirmed the genetic association between lupus and 5 additional lupus susceptibility loci (ITGAM, MSH5, CFB, STAT4, and FCGR2A; P = 7.5 × 10⁻¹¹, P = 5.2 × 10⁻⁸, P = 8.7 × 10⁻⁷ , P = 0.0058, and P = 0.0070, respectively), and provided evidence, for the first time, of genome-wide significance for the association between lupus in African American patients and ITGAM and MSH5 (HLA region). CONCLUSION These findings provide evidence of novel genetic susceptibility loci for lupus in African Americans and demonstrate that the majority of lupus susceptibility loci examined confer lupus risk across multiple ethnicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sanchez
- Arthritis and Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Mary E. Comeau
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Barry I. Freedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Kelly
- Arthritis and Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Kenneth M. Kaufman
- Arthritis and Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Carl D. Langefeld
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth E. Brown
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Graciela S. Alarcón
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert P. Kimberly
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Edberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rosalind Ramsey-Goldman
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michelle Petri
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John D. Reveille
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luis M. Vilá
- Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Joan T. Merrill
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Betty P. Tsao
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Diane L Kamen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Gary S. Gilkeson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Judith A. James
- Arthritis and Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Timothy J. Vyse
- Divisions of Genetics and Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Disease, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Patrick M. Gaffney
- Arthritis and Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Chaim O. Jacob
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Timothy B. Niewold
- Section of Rheumatology and Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Bruce C. Richardson
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan; and US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - John B. Harley
- Rheumatology Division and Autoimmune Genomics Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; and US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Marta E. Alarcón-Riquelme
- Arthritis and Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Center for Genomics and Oncological Research Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucia, Granada, Spain
| | - Amr H. Sawalha
- Arthritis and Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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