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Fiske BE, Wemlinger SM, Crute BW, Getahun A. The Src-family kinase Lyn plays a critical role in establishing and maintaining B cell anergy by suppressing PI3K-dependent signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.21.595208. [PMID: 38826354 PMCID: PMC11142063 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.21.595208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Although the Src family kinase (SFK) Lyn is known to be involved in induction and maintenance of peripheral B cell tolerance, the molecular basis of its action in this context remains unclear. This question has been approached using conventional as well as B cell-targeted knockouts of Lyn, with varied conclusions likely confused by collateral loss of Lyn functions in B cell and myeloid cell development and activation. Here we utilized a system in which Lyn gene deletion is tamoxifen inducible and B cell restricted. This system allows acute elimination of Lyn in B cells without off-target effects. This genetic tool was employed in conjunction with immunoglobulin transgenic mice in which peripheral B cells are autoreactive. DNA reactive Ars/A1 B cells require continuous inhibitory signaling, mediated by the inositol phosphatase SHIP-1 and the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1, to maintain an unresponsive (anergic) state. Here we show that Ars/A1 B cells require Lyn to establish and maintain B cell unresponsiveness. Lyn primarily functions by restricting PI3K-dependent signaling pathways. This Lyn-dependent mechanism complements the impact of reduced mIgM BCR expression to restrict BCR signaling in Ars/A1 B cells. Our findings suggest that a subset of autoreactive B cells requires Lyn to become anergic and that the autoimmunity associated with dysregulated Lyn function may, in part, be due to an inability of these autoreactive B cells to become tolerized.
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Fiske BE, Getahun A. Failed Downregulation of PI3K Signaling Makes Autoreactive B Cells Receptive to Bystander T Cell Help. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1150-1160. [PMID: 38353615 PMCID: PMC10948302 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The role of T cell help in autoantibody responses is not well understood. Because tolerance mechanisms govern both T and B cell responses, one might predict that both T cell tolerance and B cell tolerance must be defeated in autoantibody responses requiring T cell help. To define whether autoreactive B cells depend on T cells to generate autoantibody responses, we studied the role of T cells in murine autoantibody responses resulting from acute B cell-specific deletion of regulatory phosphatases. Ars/A1 B cells are DNA reactive and require continuous inhibitory signaling by the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 and the inositol phosphatases SHIP-1 and PTEN to maintain unresponsiveness. Acute B cell-restricted deletion of any of these phosphatases results in an autoantibody response. In this study, we show that CD40-CD40L interactions are required to support autoantibody responses of B cells whose anergy has been compromised. If the B cell-intrinsic driver of loss of tolerance is failed negative regulation of PI3K signaling, bystander T cells provide sufficient CD40-mediated signal 2 to support an autoantibody response. However, although autoantibody responses driven by acute B cell-targeted deletion of SHP-1 also require T cells, bystander T cell help does not suffice. These results demonstrate that upregulation of PI3K signaling in autoreactive B cells, recapitulating the effect of multiple autoimmunity risk alleles, promotes autoantibody responses both by increasing B cells' cooperation with noncognate T cell help and by altering BCR signaling. Receptiveness to bystander T cell help enables autoreactive B cells to circumvent the fail-safe of T cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigita E. Fiske
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado SOM, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado SOM, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
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Boni A, Nicolai R, Caiello I, Marinaro F, Farina L, Pires Marafon D, Carsetti R, De Benedetti F, Bracaglia C, Marasco E. Hyperactivation and altered selection of B cells in patients with paediatric Sjogren's syndrome. RMD Open 2024; 10:e003800. [PMID: 38453214 PMCID: PMC10921545 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Paediatric Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a rare chronic autoimmune disorder, characterised by inflammation of exocrine glands. B cell hyperactivation plays a central role in adult-onset Sjogren. This study was designed to analyse B cell and T cell phenotype, levels of BAFF, and selection of autoreactive B cells in patients with pSS. METHODS A total of 17 patients diagnosed with pSS and 13 healthy donors (controls) comparable for age were enrolled in the study. B cell and T cell subsets and frequency of autoreactive B cells in peripheral blood were analysed by flow cytometry. Levels of BAFF were analysed by ELISA. RESULTS The relative frequency of total B cells, transitional, naïve and switched memory B cells was similar between pSS patients and controls. In patients with pSS, we observed a reduction in the frequency of unswitched memory B cells, an increased frequency of atypical memory B cells and an expansion of PD1hi CXCR5- T peripheral helper cells. Levels of BAFF were higher in patients with pSS compared with controls and correlated with serum levels of total IgG and titres of anti-Ro antibodies. The frequency of autoreactive B cells in the transitional, unswitched memory and plasmablast compartment was significantly higher in pSS patients than in controls. CONCLUSIONS Our results point to a hyperactivation of B cells in pSS. Current therapies do not seem to affect B cell abnormalities, suggesting that novel therapies targeting specifically B cell hyperactivation need to be implemented for paediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Boni
- Division of Rheumatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rebecca Nicolai
- Division of Rheumatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivan Caiello
- Laboratory of Immuno-Rheumatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesca Marinaro
- Laboratory of Immuno-Rheumatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Luciapia Farina
- Laboratory of Immuno-Rheumatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Rita Carsetti
- B cell unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Bracaglia
- Division of Rheumatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Emiliano Marasco
- Division of Rheumatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Kasahara TDM, Gupta S. IgD +IgM - B Cells in Common Variable Immunodeficiency. Pathogens 2024; 13:136. [PMID: 38392874 PMCID: PMC10891963 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most frequent form of primary hypogammaglobulinemia in adults. In addition to recurrent infections and respiratory manifestations, CVID patients may present several non-infection complications such as autoimmune diseases. The mechanisms that lead to immune dysregulation in CVID are not completely understood. Given the role of IgD on naïve B cells in the maintenance of tolerance and secreted IgD in the respiratory mucosa, we evaluated the frequency of IgD+ naïve and IgD+ memory B cells in CVID patients. Here, no differences were observed in the percentages and proliferative responses of anergic IgD+IgM-CD27- B cells between CVID patients, with or without autoimmune disease, and the control group. Interestingly, in the compartment of memory B cells, the percentage of IgD+IgM- cells was higher only in CVID patients with allergic rhinitis/allergic asthma. Our results may indicate that anergic IgD+IgM-CD27- B cells may not be compromised in our CVID cohort. However, IgD+IgM- memory B cells may play a role in the immunopathogenesis of allergic rhinitis/allergic asthma in CVID patients. Further studies are needed to better understand the participation of IgD+IgM- memory B cells in the immunopathogenesis of allergic rhinitis/allergic asthma in CVID patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taissa de M. Kasahara
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-853, Brazil;
| | - Sudhir Gupta
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Vojdani A, Koksoy S, Vojdani E, Engelman M, Benzvi C, Lerner A. Natural Killer Cells and Cytotoxic T Cells: Complementary Partners against Microorganisms and Cancer. Microorganisms 2024; 12:230. [PMID: 38276215 PMCID: PMC10818828 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T (CD8+) cells are two of the most important types of immune cells in our body, protecting it from deadly invaders. While the NK cell is part of the innate immune system, the CD8+ cell is one of the major components of adaptive immunity. Still, these two very different types of cells share the most important function of destroying pathogen-infected and tumorous cells by releasing cytotoxic granules that promote proteolytic cleavage of harmful cells, leading to apoptosis. In this review, we look not only at NK and CD8+ T cells but also pay particular attention to their different subpopulations, the immune defenders that include the CD56+CD16dim, CD56dimCD16+, CD57+, and CD57+CD16+ NK cells, the NKT, CD57+CD8+, and KIR+CD8+ T cells, and ILCs. We examine all these cells in relation to their role in the protection of the body against different microorganisms and cancer, with an emphasis on their mechanisms and their clinical importance. Overall, close collaboration between NK cells and CD8+ T cells may play an important role in immune function and disease pathogenesis. The knowledge of how these immune cells interact in defending the body against pathogens and cancers may help us find ways to optimize their defensive and healing capabilities with methods that can be clinically applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristo Vojdani
- Immunosciences Laboratory, Inc., Los Angeles, CA 90035, USA
| | - Sadi Koksoy
- Cyrex Laboratories, LLC, Phoenix, AZ 85034, USA; (S.K.); (M.E.)
| | | | - Mark Engelman
- Cyrex Laboratories, LLC, Phoenix, AZ 85034, USA; (S.K.); (M.E.)
| | - Carina Benzvi
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, The Zabludowicz Research Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel; (C.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Aaron Lerner
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, The Zabludowicz Research Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel; (C.B.); (A.L.)
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Ray ME, Rothstein TL. Human VH4-34 antibodies derived from B1 cells are more frequently autoreactive than VH4-34 antibodies derived from memory cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1259827. [PMID: 38162664 PMCID: PMC10754998 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1259827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Human B1 cells produce natural antibodies characterized by overutilization of heavy chain variable region VH4-34 in comparison to other B cell populations. VH4-34-containing antibodies have been reported to be autoreactive and to be associated with lupus and other autoimmune dyscrasias. However, it has been unclear to what extent VH4-34 antibodies manifest autoreactivity in B1 cells or other B cell populations-in other words, are VH4-34 containing antibodies autoreactive wherever found, or mainly within the B1 cell population? To address this issue we sort purified single human B1 and memory B cells and then amplified, sequenced, cloned and expressed VH4-34-containing antibodies from 76 individual B cells. Each of these antibodies was tested for autoreactivity by HEp-2 IFA and autoantigen ELISA. Antibodies were scored as autoreactive if positive by either assay. We found VH4-34 antibodies rescued from B1 cells were much more frequently autoreactive (14/48) than VH4-34 antibodies rescued from memory B cells (2/28). Among B1 cell antibodies, 4 were HEp-2+, 6 were dsDNA+ and 4 were positive for both. Considering only HEp-2+ antibodies, again these were found more frequently among B1 cell VH4-34 antibodies (8/48) than memory B cell VH4-34 antibodies (1/28). We found autoreactivity was associated with greater CDR3 length, as expected; however, we found no association between autoreactivity and a previously described FR1 "hydrophobic patch". Our results indicate that autoreactive VH4-34-containing antibodies tend to reside within the human B1 cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas L. Rothstein
- Center for Immunobiology and Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
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Liu Y, Zhang Z, Kang Z, Zhou XJ, Liu S, Guo S, Jin Q, Li T, Zhou L, Wu X, Wang YN, Lu L, He Y, Li F, Zhang H, Liu Y, Xu H. Interleukin 4-driven reversal of self-reactive B cell anergy contributes to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2023; 82:1444-1454. [PMID: 37567607 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2023-224453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reactivation of anergic autoreactive B cells (BND cells) is a key aetiological process in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), yet the underlying mechanism remains largely elusive. This study aimed to investigate how BND cells participate in the pathogenesis of SLE and the underlying mechanism. METHODS A combination of phenotypical, large-scale transcriptome and B cell receptor (BCR) repertoire profiling were employed at molecular and single cell level on samples from healthy donors and patients with SLE. Isolated naïve B cells from human periphery blood were treated with anti-CD79b mAb in vitro to induce anergy. IgM internalisation was tracked by confocal microscopy and was qualified by flow cytometer. RESULTS We characterised the decrease and disruption of BND cells in SLE patients and demonstrated IL-4 as an important cytokine to drive such pathological changes. We then elucidated that IL-4 reversed B cell anergy by promoting BCR recycling to the cell surface via STAT6 signalling. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the significance of IL-4 in reversing B cell anergy and established the scientific rationale to treat SLE via blocking IL-4 signalling, also providing diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers to identify patients who are most likely going to benefit from such treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyang Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zijian Kang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-Jie Zhou
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital; Peking University Institute of Nephrology; Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China; Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University) Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Shujun Liu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shicheng Guo
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Computation and Informatics in Biology and Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Qianmei Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Na Wang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital; Peking University Institute of Nephrology; Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China; Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University) Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Liangjing Lu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanran He
- Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fubin Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital; Peking University Institute of Nephrology; Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China; Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University) Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yuncai Liu
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Huji Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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8
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Atisha-Fregoso Y, Diamond B. Decoding B cell receptors in autoimmune diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 2023; 82:1369-1370. [PMID: 37591659 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2023-224779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yemil Atisha-Fregoso
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Betty Diamond
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
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Lane LC, Cheetham TD, Razvi S, Allinson K, Pearce SHS. Expansion of the immature B lymphocyte compartment in Graves' disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2023; 189:208-216. [PMID: 37536284 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvad107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The specific mechanisms driving autoimmunity in Graves' disease (GD) remain largely unknown. Kappa-deleting recombination excision circles (KRECs) are circular DNA molecules generated during B cell maturation in the bone marrow which provide a measure of B cell production and proliferation. We aimed to investigate the association between KRECs and B cell subpopulations, with thyroid status and clinical outcome in GD patients. METHODS Kappa-deleting recombination excision circles were measured by quantitative real-time PCR using a triple-insert plasmid control in 132 GD patients and 140 healthy controls. In addition, KRECs in GD patients on withdrawal of antithyroid drug (ATD) and 6-10 weeks later were analysed according to a clinical outcome at 1 year. Flow cytometry was performed on isolated CD19+ B cells to quantitate 7 B lymphocyte subpopulations in 65 GD patients. RESULTS Circulating KRECs were higher in GD vs. controls (P = 1.5 × 10-9) and demonstrated a positive correlation to thyroid hormones and autoantibodies (free thyroxine: P = 2.14 × 10-5, rho = .30; free triiodothyronine: P = 1.99 × 10-7, rho = .37; thyroid stimulating hormone receptor autoantibodies: P = 1.36 × 10-5, rho = .23). Higher KRECs in GD patients 6-10 weeks after ATD withdrawal were associated with relapse of hyperthyroidism at 1 year (P = .04). The KRECs were positively correlated to the total CD19+ B cell count (P = 3.2 × 10-7). CONCLUSIONS This study reports a robust association between KRECs and GD, highlighting the importance of B cells in the pathogenesis of GD and the influence of thyroid status on B cell activity. The findings indicate a potential role for KRECs as a marker of disease activity and outcome in GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Claire Lane
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
- Endocrine Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 4LP, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, The Great North Children's Hospital, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 4LP, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy David Cheetham
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, The Great North Children's Hospital, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 4LP, United Kingdom
| | - Salman Razvi
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Endocrinology, Gateshead Health NHS Foundation Trust, Gateshead, United Kingdom
| | - Kathleen Allinson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Henry Schofield Pearce
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
- Endocrine Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 4LP, United Kingdom
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10
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Steinmetz TD, Verstappen GM, Suurmond J, Kroese FGM. Targeting plasma cells in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases - Promises and pitfalls. Immunol Lett 2023; 260:44-57. [PMID: 37315847 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plasma cells are the antibody secretors of the immune system. Continuous antibody secretion over years can provide long-term immune protection but could also be held responsible for long-lasting autoimmunity in case of self-reactive plasma cells. Systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARD) affect multiple organ systems and are associated with a plethora of different autoantibodies. Two prototypic systemic ARDs are systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjögren's disease (SjD). Both diseases are characterized by B-cell hyperactivity and the production of autoantibodies against nuclear antigens. Analogues to other immune cells, different subsets of plasma cells have been described. Plasma cell subsets are often defined dependent on their current state of maturation, that also depend on the precursor B-cell subset from which they derived. But, a universal definition of plasma cell subsets is not available so far. Furthermore, the ability for long-term survival and effector functions may differ, potentially in a disease-specific manner. Characterization of plasma cell subsets and their specificity in individual patients can help to choose a suitable targeting approach for either a broad or more selective plasma cell depletion. Targeting plasma cells in systemic ARDs is currently challenging because of side effects or varying depletion efficacies in the tissue. Recent developments, however, like antigen-specific targeting and CAR-T-cell therapy might open up major benefits for patients beyond current treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobit D Steinmetz
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Gwenny M Verstappen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jolien Suurmond
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frans G M Kroese
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Moneta GM, Bracaglia C, Caiello I, Farroni C, Pires Marafon D, Carlomagno R, Hiraki L, Vivarelli M, Gianviti A, Carbogno S, Ferlin W, de Min C, Silverman E, Carsetti R, De Benedetti F, Marasco E. Persistently active interferon-γ pathway and expansion of T-bet + B cells in a subset of patients with childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250319. [PMID: 37204055 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease causing significant morbidity and mortality, despite important improvements in its management in the last decades. The objective of this work is to investigate the role of IFN-γ in the pathogenesis of childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE), evaluating the crosstalk between IFN-α and IFN-γ and the expression of T-bet, a transcription factor induced by IFN-γ, in B cells of patients with cSLE. Expression levels of both IFN-α and IFN-γ-induced genes were upregulated in patients with cSLE. We found increased serum levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10 in patients with cSLE. Type I IFN score decreased with initiation of immunosuppressive treatment; conversely, type II IFN score and levels of CXCL9 were not significantly affected by immunosuppressive treatment. Type II IFN score and CXCL9 were significantly higher in patients with lupus nephritis. We observed the expansion of a population of naïve B cells expressing T-bet in a cluster of patients with cSLE. IFN-γ, but not IFN-α, induced the expression of T-bet in B cells. Our data suggest that IFN-γ is hyperactive in cSLE, especially in patients with lupus nephritis, and it is not modulated by therapy. Our data reinforce the potential of IFN-γ as a therapeutic target in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Marco Moneta
- Division of Rheumatology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Bracaglia
- Division of Rheumatology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivan Caiello
- Division of Rheumatology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Farroni
- B Cell Physiopathology Unit, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Linda Hiraki
- Division of Rheumatology, SickKids Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marina Vivarelli
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gianviti
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Carbogno
- Division of Rheumatology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Ferlin
- Light Chain Bioscience - Novimmune SA, Plan-Les-Ouates Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Earl Silverman
- Division of Rheumatology, SickKids Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rita Carsetti
- B Cell Physiopathology Unit, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Emiliano Marasco
- Division of Rheumatology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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12
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Berti A, Hillion S, Konig MF, Moura MC, Hummel AM, Carmona E, Peikert T, Fervenza FC, Kallenberg CGM, Langford CA, Merkel PA, Monach PA, Seo P, Spiera RF, Brunetta P, Clair EW, Harris KM, Stone JH, Grandi G, Pers JO, Specks U, Cornec D. Autoreactive Plasmablasts After B Cell Depletion With Rituximab and Relapses in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023; 75:736-747. [PMID: 36281741 PMCID: PMC10280646 DOI: 10.1002/art.42388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autoreactive B cells are responsible for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) production in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV). Rituximab (RTX) depletes circulating B cells, including autoreactive B cells. We aimed to evaluate changes and associations with relapse of the circulating autoreactive B cell pool following therapeutic B cell depletion in AAV. METHODS Sequential flow cytometry was performed on 148 samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 23 patients with proteinase 3 (PR3)-ANCA-positive AAV who were treated with RTX for remission induction and monitored after stopping therapy during long-term follow-up in a prospective clinical trial. PR3 was used as a ligand to target autoreactive PR3-specific (PR3+) B cells. B cell recurrence was considered as the first blood sample with ≥10 B cells/μl after RTX treatment. RESULTS At B cell recurrence, PR3+ B cell frequency among B cells was higher than baseline (P < 0.01). Within both PR3+ and total B cells, frequencies of transitional and naive subsets were higher at B cell recurrence than at baseline, while memory subsets were lower (P < 0.001 for all comparisons). At B cell recurrence, frequencies of B cells and subsets did not differ between patients who experienced relapse and patients who remained in remission. In contrast, the plasmablast frequency within the PR3+ B cell pool was higher in patients who experienced relapse and associated with a shorter time to relapse. Frequencies of PR3+ plasmablasts higher than baseline were more likely to be found in patients who experienced relapse within the following 12 months compared to those in sustained remission (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The composition of the autoreactive B cell pool varies significantly following RTX treatment in AAV, and early plasmablast enrichment within the autoreactive pool is associated with future relapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvise Berti
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, and Center for Medical Sciences (CISMed), Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Italy, and Rheumatology Unit, Santa Chiara Hospital, APSS Trento, Italy
| | - Sophie Hillion
- Jacques-Olivier Pers, DDS, PhD, Divi Cornec, MD, PhD: Université de Bretagne Occidendale, Brest, Bretagne, France
| | - Maximilian F. Konig
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marta Casal Moura
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Amber M. Hummel
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Eva Carmona
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Tobias Peikert
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Cees G. M. Kallenberg
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter A. Merkel
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | | | - Philip Seo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert F. Spiera
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York
| | | | | | | | - John H. Stone
- Massachusetts General Hospital Rheumatology Unit, Boston
| | - Guido Grandi
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Italy
| | - Jacques-Olivier Pers
- Jacques-Olivier Pers, DDS, PhD, Divi Cornec, MD, PhD: Université de Bretagne Occidendale, Brest, Bretagne, France
| | - Ulrich Specks
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Divi Cornec
- Jacques-Olivier Pers, DDS, PhD, Divi Cornec, MD, PhD: Université de Bretagne Occidendale, Brest, Bretagne, France
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13
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Fiske BE, Getahun A. Failed down-regulation of PI3K signaling makes autoreactive B cells receptive to bystander T cell help. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.23.525206. [PMID: 36747655 PMCID: PMC9900797 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.23.525206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The role of T cell help in autoantibody responses is not well understood. Since tolerance mechanisms govern both T and B cell responses, one might predict that both T cell tolerance and B cell tolerance must be defeated in autoantibody responses requiring T cell help. To define whether autoreactive B cells depend on T cells to generate autoantibody responses, we studied the role of T cells in autoantibody responses resulting from acute cell-specific deletion of regulatory phosphatases. Ars/A1 B cells are DNA-reactive and require continuous inhibitory signaling by the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 and the inositol phosphatases SHIP-1 and PTEN to maintain unresponsiveness. Acute B cell-restricted deletion of any of these phosphatases results in an autoantibody response. Here we show that CD40-CD40L interactions are required to support autoantibody responses of B cells whose anergy has been compromised. If the B cell-intrinsic driver of loss of tolerance is failed negative regulation of PI3K signaling, bystander T cells provide sufficient CD40-mediated signal 2 to support an autoantibody response. However, while autoantibody responses driven by acute B cell-targeted deletion of SHP-1 also require T cells, bystander T cell help does not suffice. These results demonstrate that upregulation of PI3K signaling in autoreactive B cells, recapitulating the effect of multiple autoimmunity risk alleles, promotes autoantibody responses both by increasing B cells’ cooperation with non-cognate T cell help, as well as by altering BCR signaling. Receptiveness to bystander T cell help enables autoreactive B cells to circumvent the fail-safe of T cell tolerance. Significance Phosphatase suppression of PI3K signaling is an important mechanism by which peripheral autoreactive B cells are kept in an unresponsive/anergic state. Loss of this suppression, due to genetic alleles that confer risk of autoimmunity, often occurs in autoreactive B cells of individuals who develop autoimmune disease. Here we demonstrate that de-repression of PI3K signaling promotes autoantibody responses of a DNA-reactive B cell clone by relaxing dependence of autoantibody responses on T cell-derived helper signals. These results suggest that impaired regulation of PI3K signaling can promote autoantibody responses in two ways: by restoring antigen receptor signaling and by enabling autoreactive B cells to circumvent restrictions imposed by T cell tolerance mechanisms.
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14
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Harsini S, Rezaei N. Autoimmune diseases. Clin Immunol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818006-8.00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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15
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Wang J, Ju B, Zhu L, Li H, Luo J, Zhang J, Hu N, Mo L, Wang Y, Pan Y, Huang J, Lv X, Pu D, Hao Z, He L, Li Y. The rapid inhibition of B-cell activation markers by belimumab was associated with disease control in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1080730. [PMID: 36873989 PMCID: PMC9978353 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1080730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To examine the kinetics of B cell subsets and activation markers in the early stage of belimumab treatment and their correction with treatment response. Methods: We enrolled 27 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients receiving 6 months belimumab treatment. Flow cytometry was used to test their B cell subsets and activation markers (including CD40, CD80, CD95, CD21low, CD22, p-SYK and p-AKT). Results: During belimumab treatment, SLEDAI-2K declined, the proportions of CD19+ B cells and naïve B cells decreased, whereas the switched memory B cells and non-switched B cells increased. The larger variations of the B cell subsets and the activation markers were in the first 1 month than the other later time frames. The ratio of p-SYK/p-AKT on non-switched B cell at 1 month was associated with the SLEDAI-2K decline rate in the 6 months of belimumab treatment. Conclusion: B cell hyperactivity was rapidly inhibited in the early stage of belimumab treatment, and the ratio of p-SYK/p-AKT may predict SLEDAI-2K decline. Clinical Trial Registration: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04893161?term=NCT04893161&draw=2&rank=1; identifier: NCT04893161.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bomiao Ju
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hanchao Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lingfei Mo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Pan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaohong Lv
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dan Pu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiming Hao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lan He
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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16
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Corneth OBJ, Neys SFH, Hendriks RW. Aberrant B Cell Signaling in Autoimmune Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213391. [PMID: 36359789 PMCID: PMC9654300 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant B cell signaling plays a critical in role in various systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases. This is supported by genetic evidence by many functional studies in B cells from patients or specific animal models and by the observed efficacy of small-molecule inhibitors. In this review, we first discuss key signal transduction pathways downstream of the B cell receptor (BCR) that ensure that autoreactive B cells are removed from the repertoire or functionally silenced. We provide an overview of aberrant BCR signaling that is associated with inappropriate B cell repertoire selection and activation or survival of peripheral B cell populations and plasma cells, finally leading to autoantibody formation. Next to BCR signaling, abnormalities in other signal transduction pathways have been implicated in autoimmune disease. These include reduced activity of several phosphates that are downstream of co-inhibitory receptors on B cells and increased levels of BAFF and APRIL, which support survival of B cells and plasma cells. Importantly, pathogenic synergy of the BCR and Toll-like receptors (TLR), which can be activated by endogenous ligands, such as self-nucleic acids, has been shown to enhance autoimmunity. Finally, we will briefly discuss therapeutic strategies for autoimmune disease based on interfering with signal transduction in B cells.
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17
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Harley ITW, Allison K, Scofield RH. Polygenic autoimmune disease risk alleles impacting B cell tolerance act in concert across shared molecular networks in mouse and in humans. Front Immunol 2022; 13:953439. [PMID: 36090990 PMCID: PMC9450536 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.953439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Most B cells produced in the bone marrow have some level of autoreactivity. Despite efforts of central tolerance to eliminate these cells, many escape to periphery, where in healthy individuals, they are rendered functionally non-responsive to restimulation through their antigen receptor via a process termed anergy. Broad repertoire autoreactivity may reflect the chances of generating autoreactivity by stochastic use of germline immunoglobulin gene segments or active mechanisms may select autoreactive cells during egress to the naïve peripheral B cell pool. Likewise, it is unclear why in some individuals autoreactive B cell clones become activated and drive pathophysiologic changes in autoimmune diseases. Both of these remain central questions in the study of the immune system(s). In most individuals, autoimmune diseases arise from complex interplay of genetic risk factors and environmental influences. Advances in genome sequencing and increased statistical power from large autoimmune disease cohorts has led to identification of more than 200 autoimmune disease risk loci. It has been observed that autoantibodies are detectable in the serum years to decades prior to the diagnosis of autoimmune disease. Thus, current models hold that genetic defects in the pathways that control autoreactive B cell tolerance set genetic liability thresholds across multiple autoimmune diseases. Despite the fact these seminal concepts were developed in animal (especially murine) models of autoimmune disease, some perceive a disconnect between human risk alleles and those identified in murine models of autoimmune disease. Here, we synthesize the current state of the art in our understanding of human risk alleles in two prototypical autoimmune diseases - systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) along with spontaneous murine disease models. We compare these risk networks to those reported in murine models of these diseases, focusing on pathways relevant to anergy and central tolerance. We highlight some differences between murine and human environmental and genetic factors that may impact autoimmune disease development and expression and may, in turn, explain some of this discrepancy. Finally, we show that there is substantial overlap between the molecular networks that define these disease states across species. Our synthesis and analysis of the current state of the field are consistent with the idea that the same molecular networks are perturbed in murine and human autoimmune disease. Based on these analyses, we anticipate that murine autoimmune disease models will continue to yield novel insights into how best to diagnose, prognose, prevent and treat human autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac T. W. Harley
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative (HI3), Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Rheumatology Section, Medicine Service, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kristen Allison
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative (HI3), Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - R. Hal Scofield
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Medical/Research Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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18
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Burton H, McLaughlin L, Shiu KY, Shaw O, Mamode N, Spencer J, Dorling A. The phenotype of HLA-binding B cells from sensitized kidney transplant recipients correlates with clinically prognostic patterns of interferon-γ production against purified HLA proteins. Kidney Int 2022; 102:355-369. [PMID: 35483526 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
B cells play crucial roles in cell-mediated alloimmune responses. In vitro, B cells can support or regulate indirect T-cell alloreactivity in response to donor antigens on ELISpot and these patterns associate with clinical outcome. Previous reports of associations between B-cell phenotype and function have examined global phenotypes and responses to polyclonal stimuli. We hypothesized that studying antigen-specific B cells, using samples from sensitized patients, would inform further study to identify novel targets for intervention. Using biotinylated HLA proteins, which bind HLA-specific B cells via the B-cell receptor in a dose-dependent fashion, we report the specific phenotype of HLA-binding B cells and define how they associated with patterns of anti-HLA response in interferon-γ ELISpot. HLA-binding class-switched and IgM+CD27+ memory cells associated strongly with B-dependent interferon-γ production and appeared not suppressible by endogenous Tregs. When the predominant HLA-binding phenotype was naïve B cells, the associated functional ELISpot phenotype was determined by other cells present. High numbers of non-HLA-binding transitional cells associated with B-suppressed interferon-γ production, especially if Tregs were present. However, high frequencies of HLA-binding marginal-zone precursors associated with B-dependent interferon-γ production that appeared suppressible by Tregs. Finally, non-HLA-binding marginal zone precursors may also suppress interferon-γ production, though this association only emerged when Tregs were absent from the ELISpot. Thus, our novel data provide a foundation on which to further define the complexities of interactions between HLA-specific T and B cells and identify new targets for intervention in new therapies for chronic rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Burton
- Department of Inflammation Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Laura McLaughlin
- Department of Inflammation Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kin Yee Shiu
- Department of Inflammation Biology, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Renal Medicine (UCL), Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Olivia Shaw
- Clinical Transplantation Laboratory, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Nizam Mamode
- Department of Inflammation Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jo Spencer
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony Dorling
- Department of Inflammation Biology, King's College London, London, UK.
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19
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Hui CW, Wu WC, Leung SO. Interleukins 4 and 21 Protect Anti-IgM Induced Cell Death in Ramos B Cells: Implication for Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:919854. [PMID: 35911775 PMCID: PMC9326153 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.919854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukins 4 (IL-4) and 21 (IL-21) belong to the common gamma chain cytokine family which are highly involved in the progression of autoimmune diseases. While IL-4 is well known to be involved in the suppression of apoptosis of autoreactive B cells, the role played by IL-21 remains unclear. In the current study, we activated the human Burkitt’s lymphoma Ramos B cells with anti-IgM to mimic B cell hyperactivation observed in patients of autoimmune diseases. Consistent with other reported findings, anti-IgM led to the downregulation of proteins involved in B cell survival and proliferation, as well as the activation of caspase 3 activity and DNA damage, resulting in apoptotic cell death after 48-hour treatment. Although both IL-4 and IL-21 reversed anti-IgM-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, they did so via different mechanisms: while IL-4 could directly suppress anti-IgM-induced caspase 3 activation and marker indicative of DNA damage, IL-21 could induce B cell proliferation in the presence of anti-IgM. Importantly, IL-21 also suppressed activation induced cell death in human primary B cells. Pre-treatment with clinically validated JAK inhibitors completely reversed the effects of IL-4 and IL-21 to rescue anti-IgM induced cell death and DNA damage. The results indicate the underlying mechanisms of how IL-4 and IL-21 differentially promote survival of hyperactivated B cells and provide hints to treat autoimmune diseases.
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20
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Zheng Z, Chang L, Li J, Wu Y, Chen G, Zou L. Insights Gained and Future Outlook From scRNAseq Studies in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:849050. [PMID: 35251048 PMCID: PMC8891165 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.849050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune rheumatic diseases have a major impact on public health as one of the most common morbidities, and many of these disorders involve both local and systemic manifestations with severe consequences for patient health and quality of life. However, treatment options for many of these diseases remain inadequate for a substantial portion of patients, and progress in developing novel therapeutics has been slow. This lack of progress can be largely attributed to an insufficient understanding of the complex mechanisms driving pathogenesis. Recently, the emergence of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) has offered a powerful new tool for interrogating rheumatic diseases, with the potential to assess biological heterogeneity and individual cell function in rheumatic diseases. In this review, we discuss the major insights gained from current scRNAseq interrogations of human rheumatic diseases. We highlight novel cell populations and key molecular signatures uncovered, and also raise a number of hypotheses for follow-up study that may be of interest to the field. We also provide an outlook into two emerging single-cell technologies (repertoire sequencing and spatial transcriptomics) that have yet to be utilized in the field of rheumatic diseases, but which offer immense potential in expanding our understanding of immune and stromal cell behavior. We hope that scRNAseq may serve as a wellspring for the generation and interrogation of novel hypotheses regarding autoreactive lymphocytes and tissue infiltration patterns, and help uncover novel avenues for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Zheng
- Institute of Immunology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Chongqing International Institute for Immunology, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Chang
- Institute of Immunology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangxing Chen
- Center for Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liyun Zou
- Institute of Immunology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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21
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Getahun A. Role of inhibitory signaling in peripheral B cell tolerance*. Immunol Rev 2022; 307:27-42. [PMID: 35128676 PMCID: PMC8986582 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
At least 20% of B cells in the periphery expresses an antigen receptor with a degree of self-reactivity. If activated, these autoreactive B cells pose a risk as they can contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases. To prevent their activation, both B cell-intrinsic and extrinsic tolerance mechanisms are in place in healthy individuals. In this review article, I will focus on B cell-intrinsic mechanisms that prevent the activation of autoreactive B cells in the periphery. I will discuss how inhibitory signaling circuits are established in autoreactive B cells, focusing on the Lyn-SHIP-1-SHP-1 axis, how they contribute to peripheral immune tolerance, and how disruptions of these circuits can contribute to the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology University of Colorado SOM Aurora Colorado USA
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine National Jewish Health Denver Colorado USA
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22
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Stensland ZC, Coleman BM, Rihanek M, Baxter RM, Gottlieb PA, Hsieh EW, Sarapura VD, Simmons KM, Cambier JC, Smith MJ. Peripheral immunophenotyping of AITD subjects reveals alterations in immune cells in pediatric vs adult-onset AITD. iScience 2022; 25:103626. [PMID: 35005561 PMCID: PMC8718984 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is caused by aberrant activation of the immune system allowing autoreactive B and T cells to target the thyroid gland leading to disease. Although AITD is more frequently diagnosed in adults, children are also affected but rarely studied. Here, we performed phenotypic and functional characterization of peripheral blood immune cells from pediatric and adult-onset AITD patients and age-matched controls using mass cytometry. Major findings indicate that unlike adult-onset AITD patients, pediatric AITD patients exhibit a decrease in anergic B cells (BND) and DN2 B cells and an increase in immature B cells compared to age-matched controls. These results indicate alterations in peripheral blood immune cells seen in pediatric-onset AITD could lead to rapid progression of disease. Hence, this study demonstrates diversity of AITD by showing differences in immune cell phenotypes and function based on age of onset, and may inform future therapies. Penetrance of high-risk HLA-DR3 haplotype is higher in pediatric AITD patients Pediatric AITD patients display altered frequency of autoreactive B cell subsets Immune cell subset frequency and function is similar in adult AITD and controls
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C. Stensland
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Brianne M. Coleman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Marynette Rihanek
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ryan M. Baxter
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Peter A. Gottlieb
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Elena W.Y. Hsieh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Virginia D. Sarapura
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kimber M. Simmons
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - John C. Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Mia J. Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Corresponding author
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23
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Atisha-Fregoso Y, Toz B, Diamond B. Meant to B: B cells as a therapeutic target in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:149095. [PMID: 34128474 PMCID: PMC8203443 DOI: 10.1172/jci149095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells have a prominent role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). They are mediators of inflammation through the production of pathogenic antibodies that augment inflammation and cause direct tissue and cell damage. Multiple therapeutic agents targeting B cells have been successfully used in mouse models of SLE; however, these preclinical studies have led to approval of only one new agent to treat patients with SLE: belimumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting B cell-activating factor (BAFF). Integrating the experience acquired from previous clinical trials with the knowledge generated by new studies about mechanisms of B cell contributions to SLE in specific groups of patients is critical to the development of new treatment strategies that will help to improve outcomes in patients with SLE. In particular, a sharper focus on B cell differentiation to plasma cells is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yemil Atisha-Fregoso
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine at Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Bahtiyar Toz
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Queens Hospital Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Betty Diamond
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
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Abstract
B cells are central to the pathogenesis of multiple autoimmune diseases, through antigen presentation, cytokine secretion, and the production of autoantibodies. During development and differentiation, B cells undergo drastic changes in their physiology. It is emerging that these are accompanied by equally significant shifts in metabolic phenotype, which may themselves also drive and enforce the functional properties of the cell. The dysfunction of B cells during autoimmunity is characterised by the breaching of tolerogenic checkpoints, and there is developing evidence that the metabolic state of B cells may contribute to this. Determining the metabolic phenotype of B cells in autoimmunity is an area of active study, and is important because intervention by metabolism-altering therapeutic approaches may represent an attractive treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwan G. A. Raza
- Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. Clarke
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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25
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Bonasia CG, Abdulahad WH, Rutgers A, Heeringa P, Bos NA. B Cell Activation and Escape of Tolerance Checkpoints: Recent Insights from Studying Autoreactive B Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051190. [PMID: 34068035 PMCID: PMC8152463 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive B cells are key drivers of pathogenic processes in autoimmune diseases by the production of autoantibodies, secretion of cytokines, and presentation of autoantigens to T cells. However, the mechanisms that underlie the development of autoreactive B cells are not well understood. Here, we review recent studies leveraging novel techniques to identify and characterize (auto)antigen-specific B cells. The insights gained from such studies pertaining to the mechanisms involved in the escape of tolerance checkpoints and the activation of autoreactive B cells are discussed. In addition, we briefly highlight potential therapeutic strategies to target and eliminate autoreactive B cells in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo G. Bonasia
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands; (C.G.B.); (W.H.A.); (A.R.)
| | - Wayel H. Abdulahad
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands; (C.G.B.); (W.H.A.); (A.R.)
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands;
| | - Abraham Rutgers
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands; (C.G.B.); (W.H.A.); (A.R.)
| | - Peter Heeringa
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands;
| | - Nicolaas A. Bos
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands; (C.G.B.); (W.H.A.); (A.R.)
- Correspondence:
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26
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Valldorf B, Hinz SC, Russo G, Pekar L, Mohr L, Klemm J, Doerner A, Krah S, Hust M, Zielonka S. Antibody display technologies: selecting the cream of the crop. Biol Chem 2021; 403:455-477. [PMID: 33759431 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibody display technologies enable the successful isolation of antigen-specific antibodies with therapeutic potential. The key feature that facilitates the selection of an antibody with prescribed properties is the coupling of the protein variant to its genetic information and is referred to as genotype phenotype coupling. There are several different platform technologies based on prokaryotic organisms as well as strategies employing higher eukaryotes. Among those, phage display is the most established system with more than a dozen of therapeutic antibodies approved for therapy that have been discovered or engineered using this approach. In recent years several other technologies gained a certain level of maturity, most strikingly mammalian display. In this review, we delineate the most important selection systems with respect to antibody generation with an emphasis on recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Valldorf
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Steffen C Hinz
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Giulio Russo
- Abcalis GmbH, Inhoffenstrasse 7, D-38124Braunschweig, Germany.,Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, D-38106Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lukas Pekar
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Laura Mohr
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, D-60438Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Janina Klemm
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Achim Doerner
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simon Krah
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, D-38106Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Zielonka
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293Darmstadt, Germany
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Anaparti V, Smolik I, Meng X, O'Neil L, Jantz MA, Fritzler MJ, El-Gabalawy H. Expansion of Alternative Autoantibodies Does Not Follow the Evolution of Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies in Preclinical Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Analysis in At-Risk First Degree Relatives. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021; 73:740-749. [PMID: 33538122 DOI: 10.1002/art.41675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Co-occurrence of autoantibodies specific for ≥1 autoimmune disease is widely prevalent in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. To understand the prevalence of polyautoimmunity in preclinical RA, we performed a comprehensive autoantibody assessment in a First Nations cohort of at-risk first-degree relatives (FDR) of RA patients, a subset of whom subsequently developed RA (progressors). METHODS Venous blood was collected from all study participants (n = 50 RA patients and 64 FDR) at scheduled visits, and serum was stored at -20°C. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein level, anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) status, and autoantibody status were determined using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Rheumatoid factor (RF) was detected by nephelometry. Antinuclear autoantibodies (ANA) were identified using Hep-2 indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and classified according to international consensus nomenclature as various anti-cell (AC) patterns. RESULTS Of our study cohort, 78.9% had positive ANA reactivity (≥1:80), which was either a homogenous, fine-speckled (AC-1 and AC-4) or mixed IFA pattern. Importantly, the AC-4 and mixed ANA patterns were also observed in progressors at the time of disease onset. While all of the RA patients showed a high prevalence of arthritis-associated autoantibodies, they also had a high prevalence of extractable nuclear antigen-positive autoantibodies to other autoantigens. In FDR, we did not observe any increase in serum autoreactivity to nonarthritis autoantigens, either cross-sectionally or in samples collected longitudinally from progressors prior to RA onset. CONCLUSION While alternative autoimmunity and ANA positivity are widely prevalent in First Nations populations, including asymptomatic, seronegative FDR, expansion of alternative autoimmunity does not occur in parallel with ACPA expansion in FDR and is restricted to patients with established RA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene Smolik
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Xiaobo Meng
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Liam O'Neil
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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28
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Atisha-Fregoso Y, Malkiel S, Harris KM, Byron M, Ding L, Kanaparthi S, Barry WT, Gao W, Ryker K, Tosta P, Askanase AD, Boackle SA, Chatham WW, Kamen DL, Karp DR, Kirou KA, Sam Lim S, Marder B, McMahon M, Parikh SV, Pendergraft WF, Podoll AS, Saxena A, Wofsy D, Diamond B, Smilek DE, Aranow C, Dall'Era M. Phase II Randomized Trial of Rituximab Plus Cyclophosphamide Followed by Belimumab for the Treatment of Lupus Nephritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 73:121-131. [PMID: 32755035 PMCID: PMC7839443 DOI: 10.1002/art.41466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective To assess the safety, mechanism of action, and preliminary efficacy of rituximab followed by belimumab in the treatment of refractory lupus nephritis (LN). Methods In a multicenter, randomized, open‐label clinical trial, 43 patients with recurrent or refractory LN were treated with rituximab, cyclophosphamide (CYC), and glucocorticoids followed by weekly belimumab infusions until week 48 (RCB group), or treated with rituximab and CYC but no belimumab infusions (RC group). Patients were followed up until week 96. Percentages of total and autoreactive B cell subsets in the patients’ peripheral blood were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results Treatment with belimumab did not increase the incidence of adverse events in patients with refractory LN. At week 48, a complete or partial renal response occurred in 11 (52%) of 21 patients receiving belimumab, compared to 9 (41%) of 22 patients in the RC group who did not receive belimumab (P = 0.452). Lack of improvement in or worsening of LN was the major reason for treatment failure. B cell depletion occurred in both groups, but the percentage of B cells remained lower in those receiving belimumab (geometric mean number of B cells at week 60, 53 cells/μl in the RCB group versus 11 cells/μl in the RC group; P = 0.0012). Percentages of total and autoreactive transitional B cells increased from baseline to week 48 in both groups. However, percentages of total and autoreactive naive B cells decreased from baseline to week 48 in the belimumab group compared to the no belimumab RC group (P = 0.0349), a finding that is consistent with the observed impaired maturation of naive B cells and enhanced censoring of autoreactive B cells. Conclusion The addition of belimumab to a treatment regimen with rituximab and CYC was safe in patients with refractory LN. This regimen diminished maturation of transitional to naive B cells during B cell reconstitution, and enhanced the negative selection of autoreactive B cells. Clinical efficacy was not improved with rituximab and CYC in combination with belimumab when compared to a therapeutic strategy of B cell depletion alone in patients with LN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan Malkiel
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | | | | | - Linna Ding
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Wendy Gao
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Patti Tosta
- Immune Tolerance Network, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Samir V Parikh
- Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | | | | | | | - Betty Diamond
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | | | - Cynthia Aranow
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
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29
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Peripheral B Cell Subsets in Autoimmune Diseases: Clinical Implications and Effects of B Cell-Targeted Therapies. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:9518137. [PMID: 32280720 PMCID: PMC7125470 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9518137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) play a fundamental role in humoral immunity. The aberrant function of ASCs is related to a number of disease states, including autoimmune diseases and cancer. Recent insights into activated B cell subsets, including naïve B cell to ASC stages and their resultant cellular disturbances, suggest that aberrant ASC differentiation occurs during autoimmune diseases and is closely related to disease severity. However, the mechanisms underlying highly active ASC differentiation and the B cell subsets in autoimmune patients remain undefined. Here, we first review the processes of ASC generation. From the perspective of novel therapeutic target discovery, prediction of disease progression, and current clinical challenges, we further summarize the aberrant activity of B cell subsets including specialized memory CD11chiT-bet+ B cells that participate in the maintenance of autoreactive ASC populations. An improved understanding of subgroups may also enhance the knowledge of antigen-specific B cell differentiation. We further discuss the influence of current B cell therapies on B cell subsets, specifically focusing on systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and myasthenia gravis.
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30
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Cashman KS, Jenks SA, Woodruff MC, Tomar D, Tipton CM, Scharer CD, Lee EH, Boss JM, Sanz I. Understanding and measuring human B-cell tolerance and its breakdown in autoimmune disease. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:76-89. [PMID: 31755562 PMCID: PMC6935423 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of immunological tolerance of B lymphocytes is a complex and critical process that must be implemented as to avoid the detrimental development of autoreactivity and possible autoimmunity. Murine models have been invaluable to elucidate many of the key components in B-cell tolerance; however, translation to human homeostatic and pathogenic immune states can be difficult to assess. Functional autoreactive, flow cytometric, and single-cell cloning assays have proven to be critical in deciphering breaks in B-cell tolerance within autoimmunity; however, newer approaches to assess human B-cell tolerance may prove to be vital in the further exploration of underlying tolerance defects. In this review, we supply a comprehensive overview of human immune tolerance checkpoints with associated mechanisms of enforcement, and highlight current and future methodologies which are likely to benefit future studies into the mechanisms that become defective in human autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S. Cashman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Scott A. Jenks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew C. Woodruff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Deepak Tomar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher M. Tipton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher D. Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eun-Hyung Lee
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jeremy M. Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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31
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Jackson SW, Davidson A. BAFF inhibition in SLE-Is tolerance restored? Immunol Rev 2019; 292:102-119. [PMID: 31562657 PMCID: PMC6935406 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The B cell activating factor (BAFF) inhibitor, belimumab, is the first biologic drug approved for the treatment of SLE, and exhibits modest, but durable, efficacy in decreasing disease flares and organ damage. BAFF and its homolog APRIL are TNF-like cytokines that support the survival and differentiation of B cells at distinct developmental stages. BAFF is a crucial survival factor for transitional and mature B cells that acts as rheostat for the maturation of low-affinity autoreactive cells. In addition, BAFF augments innate B cell responses via complex interactions with the B cell receptor (BCR) and Toll like receptor (TLR) pathways. In this manner, BAFF impacts autoreactive B cell activation via extrafollicular pathways and fine tunes affinity selection within germinal centers (GC). Finally, BAFF and APRIL support plasma cell survival, with differential impacts on IgM- and IgG-producing populations. Therapeutically, BAFF and combined BAFF/APRIL inhibition delays disease onset in diverse murine lupus strains, although responsiveness to BAFF inhibition is model dependent, in keeping with heterogeneity in clinical responses to belimumab treatment in humans. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms whereby BAFF/APRIL signals promote autoreactive B cell activation, discuss whether altered selection accounts for therapeutic benefits of BAFF inhibition, and address whether new insights into BAFF/APRIL family complexity can be exploited to improve human lupus treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun W Jackson
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anne Davidson
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
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32
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Boonyaratanakornkit J, Taylor JJ. Techniques to Study Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1694. [PMID: 31396218 PMCID: PMC6667631 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. Since the experimental delineation of a distinct B cell lineage in 1965, various methods have been developed to understand antigen-specific B cell responses in the context of autoimmune diseases, primary immunodeficiencies, infection, and vaccination. In this review, we summarize the established techniques and discuss new and emerging technologies for probing the B cell response in vitro and in vivo by taking advantage of the specificity of B cell receptor (BCR)-associated and secreted antibodies. These include ELISPOT, flow cytometry, mass cytometry, and fluorescence microscopy to identify and/or isolate primary antigen-specific B cells. We also present our approach to identify rare antigen-specific B cells using magnetic enrichment followed by flow cytometry. Once these cells are isolated, in vitro proliferation assays and adoptive transfer experiments in mice can be used to further characterize antigen-specific B cell activation, function, and fate. Transgenic mouse models of B cells targeting model antigens and of B cell signaling have also significantly advanced our understanding of antigen-specific B cell responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Boonyaratanakornkit
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
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33
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Cavazzana I, Kumar R, Pozzari C, Ottaviani R, Fredi M, Piantoni S, Andreoli L, Tincani A, Franceschini F. Autoantibodies' titre modulation by anti-BlyS treatment in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2019; 28:1074-1081. [PMID: 31296140 DOI: 10.1177/0961203319860191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to analyse autoantibodies' titres modulation during belimumab treatment in 50 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Sera were collected at belimumab start (T0) and every six months until the 24th month. Disease activity index (SLEDAI-2K) was analysed at every timepoint. High avidity anti-dsDNA was detected by radioimmunological method, anti-ENA, anti-cardiolipin antibodies (aCL), anti-β2 glycoprotein I (anti-β2GPI) were analysed by ELISA. RESULTS Fifty patients with SLE (mean SLEDAI-2K: 7.18 ± :3), mean age of 39 ± 11 years and mean follow-up of 13 ± 7.8 years were enrolled. A significant decrease of anti-dsDNA and anti-β2GPI IgM titres was observed at all timepoints. IgG aCL titre showed significant decrease only at T18. Anti-dsDNA negativization was detected in 21%, anti-β2GPI IgG in 33% and aCL IgG in 30% of sera, mostly at T6. Anti-ribosomal showed a significant titre decrease at T6 and T12, with negative seroconversion at T18. Anti-Sm titre significantly dropped down at T6, then remained stable during the time. Significant correlations were found between anti-dsDNA and anti-ribosomal titre and between SLEDAI ratio (SLEDAI value/SLEDAI T0) and anti-ribosomal titre ratio (value/value T0). CONCLUSIONS Belimumab treatment induced a significant reduction of SLE-specific autoantibodies titre and IgM anti-β2GPI. Anti-ribosomal titre decrease correlates with anti-dsDNA titre and disease activity improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Cavazzana
- 1 Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - R Kumar
- 2 Rheumatology Chair, Clinical and Experimental Science Department, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - C Pozzari
- 1 Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - R Ottaviani
- 2 Rheumatology Chair, Clinical and Experimental Science Department, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - M Fredi
- 1 Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy.,2 Rheumatology Chair, Clinical and Experimental Science Department, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - S Piantoni
- 1 Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy.,2 Rheumatology Chair, Clinical and Experimental Science Department, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - L Andreoli
- 1 Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy.,2 Rheumatology Chair, Clinical and Experimental Science Department, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - A Tincani
- 1 Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy.,2 Rheumatology Chair, Clinical and Experimental Science Department, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - F Franceschini
- 1 Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy.,2 Rheumatology Chair, Clinical and Experimental Science Department, University of Brescia, Italy
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Watanabe A, Su KY, Kuraoka M, Yang G, Reynolds AE, Schmidt AG, Harrison SC, Haynes BF, St Clair EW, Kelsoe G. Self-tolerance curtails the B cell repertoire to microbial epitopes. JCI Insight 2019; 4:122551. [PMID: 31092727 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological tolerance removes or inactivates self-reactive B cells, including those that also recognize cross-reactive foreign antigens. Whereas a few microbial pathogens exploit these "holes" in the B cell repertoire by mimicking host antigens to evade immune surveillance, the extent to which tolerance reduces the B cell repertoire to foreign antigens is unknown. Here, we use single-cell cultures to determine the repertoires of human B cell antigen receptors (BCRs) before (transitional B cells) and after (mature B cells) the second B cell tolerance checkpoint in both healthy donors and in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) . In healthy donors, the majority (~70%) of transitional B cells that recognize foreign antigens also bind human self-antigens (foreign+self), and peripheral tolerance halves the frequency of foreign+self-reactive mature B cells. In contrast, in SLE patients who are defective in the second tolerance checkpoint, frequencies of foreign+self-reactive B cells remain unchanged during maturation of transitional to mature B cells. Patterns of foreign+self-reactivity among mature B cells from healthy donors differ from those of SLE patients. We propose that immune tolerance significantly reduces the scope of the BCR repertoire to microbial pathogens and that cross-reactivity between foreign and self epitopes may be more common than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Watanabe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kuei-Ying Su
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Tzu Chi Medical Center, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Masayuki Kuraoka
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexander E Reynolds
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Deparment of Microbiology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute and.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - E William St Clair
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute and
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35
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Suurmond J, Atisha-Fregoso Y, Barlev AN, Calderon SA, Mackay MC, Aranow C, Diamond B. Patterns of ANA+ B cells for SLE patient stratification. JCI Insight 2019; 4:127885. [PMID: 31045579 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.127885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
IgG antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) are a dominant feature of several autoimmune diseases. We previously showed that systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by increased ANA+ IgG plasmablasts/plasma cells (PCs) through aberrant IgG PC differentiation rather than an antigen-specific tolerance defect. Here, we aimed to understand the differentiation pathways resulting in ANA+ IgG PCs in SLE patients. We demonstrate distinct profiles of ANA+ antigen-experienced B cells in SLE patients, characterized by either a high frequency of PCs or a high frequency of IgG+ memory B cells. This classification of SLE patients was unrelated to disease activity and remained stable over time in almost all patients, suggesting minimal influence of disease activity. A similar classification applies to antigen-specific B cell subsets in mice following primary immunization with T-independent and T-dependent antigens as well as in lupus-prone mouse models (MRL/lpr and NZB/W). We further show that, in both lupus-prone mice and SLE patients, the classification correlates with the serum autoantibody profile. In this study, we identified B cell phenotypes that we propose reflect an extrafollicular pathway for PC differentiation or a germinal center pathway, respectively. The classification we propose can be used to stratify patients for longitudinal studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Suurmond
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Yemil Atisha-Fregoso
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Ashley N Barlev
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Silvia A Calderon
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Meggan C Mackay
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Cynthia Aranow
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
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36
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de la Varga-Martínez R, Rodríguez-Bayona B, Campos-Caro A, Añez GA, Medina-Varo F, Rodríguez C. Autoreactive B-lymphocytes in SLE and RA patients: Isolation and characterisation using extractable nuclear and citrullinated antigens bound to immunobeads. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:1107-1116. [PMID: 30893475 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201848065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis are autoimmune diseases characterised by B-cell hyperactivation and production of autoantibodies (AutoAbs) against various self-antigens, including extractable nuclear antigens and citrullinated peptides. Therefore, B lymphocytes and antibody-secreting cells are considered relevant targets for therapies. However, isolation and characterisation of auto-reactive specific B lymphocytes are limited, primarily due to technical issues. In this work, we purified extractable nuclear antigen-specific and citrullinated peptide-specific auto-reactive B lymphocytes by magnetic selection with ENA- and citrullinated peptide-bound immunobeads. We obtained blood auto-reactive B lymphocytes from most patients. Their nature was primarily naïve B cells, some of them in an active status, with low levels of somatic hypermutations in the immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable regions. Their presence correlated with serum levels of autoAb. Auto-reactive B lymphocytes were able to differentiate into auto-reactive antibody-secreting cells under conditions of stimulation. In addition, based on the presence of circulating auto-reactive B cells and/or antibody-secreting cells, four different profiles were described in lupus patients. Thus, tracking auto-reactive B cells and/or antibody-secreting cells in patient blood could represent a biomarker for deciding whether to use therapies blocking either B cells, plasma cells or both, as well as a new tool for monitoring minimal residual autoimmune disease in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel de la Varga-Martínez
- Servicio de Inmunología, UGC de Hematología, Inmunología y Genética, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar (HUPM), Cádiz, Spain.,Unidad de Investigación, HUPM, Cádiz, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Campos-Caro
- Unidad de Investigación, HUPM, Cádiz, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA)
| | - Gustavo A Añez
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fermín Medina-Varo
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA).,Sección de Reumatología, UGC de Cirugía Ortopédica, Traumatología y Reumatología, HUPM, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Carmen Rodríguez
- Servicio de Inmunología, UGC de Hematología, Inmunología y Genética, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar (HUPM), Cádiz, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA)
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37
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Tipton CM, Hom JR, Fucile CF, Rosenberg AF, Sanz I. Understanding B-cell activation and autoantibody repertoire selection in systemic lupus erythematosus: A B-cell immunomics approach. Immunol Rev 2019; 284:120-131. [PMID: 29944759 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding antibody repertoires and in particular, the properties and fates of B cells expressing potentially pathogenic antibodies is critical to define the mechanisms underlying multiple immunological diseases including autoimmune and allergic conditions as well as transplant rejection. Moreover, an integrated knowledge of the antibody repertoires expressed by B cells and plasma cells (PC) of different functional properties and longevity is essential to develop new therapeutic strategies, better biomarkers for disease segmentation, and new assays to measure restoration of B-cell tolerance or, at least, of normal B-cell homeostasis. Reaching these goals, however, will require a more precise phenotypic, functional and molecular definition of B-cell and PC populations, and a comprehensive analysis of the antigenic reactivity of the antibodies they express. While traditionally hampered by technical and ethical limitations in human experimentation, new technological advances currently enable investigators to address these questions in a comprehensive fashion. In this review, we shall discuss these concepts as they apply to the study of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Tipton
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jennifer R Hom
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Alexander F Rosenberg
- Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL
| | - Inaki Sanz
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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Immune Profiling and Precision Medicine in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020140. [PMID: 30744169 PMCID: PMC6406577 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder with a wide range of clinical symptoms. Enormous progress has been made in the immunological and genetic understanding of SLE. However, the biology of disease heterogeneity in SLE has remained largely unexplored. Human immune profiling studies, helped by recent technological advances especially in single-cell and “omics” analyses, are now shedding light on the cellular and molecular basis of clinical symptoms and disease flares in individual patients. Peripheral blood immunophenotyping analysis with flow cytometry or mass cytometry are identifying responsible cell subsets and markers characteristic of disease heterogeneity. Transcriptome analysis is discovering molecular networks responsible for disease activity, disease subtype and future relapse. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the immune profiling analysis of SLE patients and discuss how they will be used for future precision medicine.
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Smith MJ, Ford BR, Rihanek M, Coleman BM, Getahun A, Sarapura VD, Gottlieb PA, Cambier JC. Elevated PTEN expression maintains anergy in human B cells and reveals unexpectedly high repertoire autoreactivity. JCI Insight 2019; 4:e123384. [PMID: 30728334 PMCID: PMC6413793 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.123384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that 2.5%-30% of human peripheral CD27- B cells are autoreactive and anergic based on unresponsiveness to antigen receptor (BCR) stimulation and autoreactivity of cloned and expressed BCR. The molecular mechanisms that maintain this unresponsiveness are unknown. Here, we showed that in humans anergy is maintained by elevated expression of PTEN, a phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5P-3-phosphatase. Upregulation of PTEN was associated with reduced expression of microRNAs that control its expression. Pharmacologic inhibition of PTEN lead to significant restoration of responsiveness. Consistent with a role in conferring risk of autoimmunity, B cells from type 1 diabetics and autoimmune thyroid disease patients expressed reduced PTEN. Unexpectedly, in healthy individuals PTEN expression was elevated in on average 40% of CD27- B cells, with levels gradually decreasing as IgM levels increase. Our findings suggest that a much higher proportion of the peripheral repertoire is autoreactive than previously thought and that B cells upregulate PTEN in a manner that is proportional to the recognition of autoantigens of increasing avidity, thus tuning BCR signaling to prevent development of autoimmunity while providing a reservoir of cells that can be readily activated to respond when needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia J. Smith
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - B. Rhodes Ford
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Marynette Rihanek
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Brianne M. Coleman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Virginia D. Sarapura
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Peter A. Gottlieb
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - John C. Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Smith MJ, Hinman RM, Getahun A, Kim S, Packard TA, Cambier JC. Silencing of high-affinity insulin-reactive B lymphocytes by anergy and impact of the NOD genetic background in mice. Diabetologia 2018; 61:2621-2632. [PMID: 30255377 PMCID: PMC6219930 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4730-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Previous studies have demonstrated that high-affinity insulin-binding B cells (IBCs) silenced by anergy in healthy humans lose their anergy in islet autoantibody-positive individuals with recent-onset type 1 diabetes, and in autoantibody-negative first-degree relatives carrying certain risk alleles. Here we explore the hypothesis that IBCs are found in the immune periphery of disease-resistant C57BL/6-H2g7 mice, where, as in healthy humans, they are anergic, but that in disease-prone genetic backgrounds (NOD) they become activated and migrate to the pancreas and pancreatic lymph nodes, where they participate in the development of type 1 diabetes. METHODS We compared the status of high-affinity IBCs in disease-resistant VH125.C57BL/6-H2g7 and disease-prone VH125.NOD mice. RESULTS Consistent with findings in healthy humans, high-affinity IBCs reach the periphery in disease-resistant mice and are anergic, as indicated by a reduced expression of membrane IgM, unresponsiveness to antigen and failure to become activated or accumulate in the pancreatic lymph nodes or pancreas. In NOD mice, high-affinity IBCs reach the periphery early in life and increase in number prior to the onset of hyperglycaemia. These cells are not anergic; they become activated, produce autoantibodies and accumulate in the pancreas and pancreatic lymph nodes prior to disease development. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These findings are consistent with genetic determination of the escape of high-affinity IBCs from anergy and their early contribution to the development of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia J Smith
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, P18-8100, RC1 North, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045-2537, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Rochelle M Hinman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, P18-8100, RC1 North, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045-2537, USA
| | - Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, P18-8100, RC1 North, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045-2537, USA
| | - Soojin Kim
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, P18-8100, RC1 North, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045-2537, USA
| | - Thomas A Packard
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, P18-8100, RC1 North, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045-2537, USA
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, P18-8100, RC1 North, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045-2537, USA.
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41
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Suurmond J, Atisha-Fregoso Y, Marasco E, Barlev AN, Ahmed N, Calderon SA, Wong MY, Mackay MC, Aranow C, Diamond B. Loss of an IgG plasma cell checkpoint in patients with lupus. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:1586-1597. [PMID: 30439406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgG antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) are a feature of several autoimmune diseases. These antibodies arise through defects in central or peripheral tolerance checkpoints. The specific checkpoints breached in patients with autoimmune disease are not fully understood. OBJECTIVES We sought to study whether autoreactive plasma cells in lupus models and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) arise as a consequence of defective antigen-specific selection or a global enhancement of IgG plasma cell differentiation. METHODS We optimized and validated a novel technique to detect naturally occurring ANA+ B cells and plasma cells. RESULTS We observed a major checkpoint for generation of ANA+ IgG+ plasma cells in both nonautoimmune mice and healthy human subjects. Interestingly, we observed increased numbers of ANA+ IgG+ plasma cells despite normal tolerance checkpoints in immature and naive B cells of lupus-prone MRL/lpr and NZB/W mice, as well as patients with SLE. This increase was due to increased numbers of total IgG+ plasma cells rather than lack of selection against ANA+ plasma cells. CONCLUSION Using a method that permits quick and accurate quantification of autoreactive B cells and plasma cells in vivo within a native B-cell repertoire in mice and human subjects, we demonstrate the importance of a checkpoint that restricts the generation of IgG plasma cells and protects against IgG ANAs. Our observations suggest a fundamentally revised understanding of SLE: that it is a disease of aberrant B-cell differentiation rather than a defect in antigen-specific B-cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Suurmond
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
| | - Yemil Atisha-Fregoso
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Emiliano Marasco
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY; Division of Rheumatology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ashley N Barlev
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY
| | - Naveed Ahmed
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY; College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY
| | - Silvia A Calderon
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
| | - Mei Yin Wong
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY; School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Meggan C Mackay
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
| | - Cynthia Aranow
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY.
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Huang W, Quach TD, Dascalu C, Liu Z, Leung T, Byrne-Steele M, Pan W, Yang Q, Han J, Lesser M, Rothstein TL, Furie R, Mackay M, Aranow C, Davidson A. Belimumab promotes negative selection of activated autoreactive B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. JCI Insight 2018; 3:122525. [PMID: 30185675 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Belimumab has therapeutic benefit in active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), especially in patients with high-titer anti-dsDNA antibodies. We asked whether the profound B cell loss in belimumab-treated SLE patients is accompanied by shifts in the immunoglobulin repertoire. We enrolled 15 patients who had been continuously treated with belimumab for more than 7 years, 17 matched controls, and 5 patients who were studied before and after drug initiation. VH genes of sort-purified mature B cells and plasmablasts were subjected to next-generation sequencing. We found that B cell-activating factor (BAFF) regulates the transitional B cell checkpoint, with conservation of transitional 1 (T1) cells and approximately 90% loss of T3 and naive B cells after chronic belimumab treatment. Class-switched memory B cells, B1 B cells, and plasmablasts were also substantially depleted. Next-generation sequencing revealed no redistribution of VH, DH, or JH family usage and no effect of belimumab on representation of the autoreactive VH4-34 gene or CDR3 composition in unmutated IgM sequences, suggesting a minimal effect on selection of the naive B cell repertoire. Interestingly, a significantly greater loss of VH4-34 was observed among mutated IgM and plasmablast sequences in chronic belimumab-treated subjects than in controls, suggesting that belimumab promotes negative selection of activated autoreactive B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Huang
- Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal and Hematologic Diseases, and
| | - Tam D Quach
- Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal and Hematologic Diseases, and
| | - Cosmin Dascalu
- Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal and Hematologic Diseases, and
| | - Zheng Liu
- Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal and Hematologic Diseases, and
| | - Tungming Leung
- Biostatistics Unit, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Wenjing Pan
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Qunying Yang
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Jian Han
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Martin Lesser
- Biostatistics Unit, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas L Rothstein
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Richard Furie
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Great Neck, New York, USA
| | - Meggan Mackay
- Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal and Hematologic Diseases, and.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Great Neck, New York, USA
| | - Cynthia Aranow
- Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal and Hematologic Diseases, and.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Great Neck, New York, USA
| | - Anne Davidson
- Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal and Hematologic Diseases, and.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Great Neck, New York, USA
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Carvajal Alegria G, Gazeau P, Hillion S, Daïen CI, Cornec DYK. Could Lymphocyte Profiling be Useful to Diagnose Systemic Autoimmune Diseases? Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2018; 53:219-236. [PMID: 28474288 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-017-8608-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Considering the implications of B, T, and natural killer (NK) cells in the pathophysiology of systemic autoimmune diseases, the assessment of their distribution in the blood could be helpful for physicians in the complex process of determining a precise diagnosis. In primary Sjögren's syndrome, transitional and active naive B cells are increased and memory B cells are decreased compared to healthy controls and other systemic diseases. However, their utility to improve the accuracy of classification criteria has not been proven. In early untreated rheumatoid arthritis, proportions of regulatory T cells are constantly reduced, but other patterns are difficult to determine given the heterogeneity of published studies. In systemic lupus erythematosus, the lack of studies using large cohorts of patients and the diversity of the possible pathological mechanisms involved are also important impediments. Nevertheless, transitional B cell and plasma cell proportions are increased in most of the studies, the CD4/CD8 ratio is decreased, and the number of NK cells is reduced. Despite the low number of studies, anomalies of lymphocyte subset distribution was also described in ANCA-associated vasculitis, systemic scleroderma, and myositis. For now, flow cytometric analysis of lymphocyte subsets has focused mainly on specific subpopulations and is more useful for basic and translational research than for diagnostics in clinical practice. However, new modern methods such as mass cytometry and bioinformatics analyses may offer the possibility to simultaneously account for the relative proportions of multiple lymphocyte subsets and define a global profile in homogeneous groups of patients. The years to come will certainly incorporate such global lymphocyte profiling in reclassification of systemic autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Carvajal Alegria
- Service de Rhumatologie, Hôpital de la Cavale Blanche, CHRU Brest, BP 824, 29609, Brest cedex, France.,INSERM U1227, European University of Brest, Brest, France
| | - Pierre Gazeau
- Service de Rhumatologie, Hôpital de la Cavale Blanche, CHRU Brest, BP 824, 29609, Brest cedex, France
| | - Sophie Hillion
- INSERM U1227, European University of Brest, Brest, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie, CHRU Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Claire I Daïen
- Rheumatology Department, Lapeyronie Hospital and Montpellier I University, Montpellier, France.,UMR5535, CNRS, Institute of molecular genetic, Montpellier, France
| | - Divi Y K Cornec
- Service de Rhumatologie, Hôpital de la Cavale Blanche, CHRU Brest, BP 824, 29609, Brest cedex, France. .,INSERM U1227, European University of Brest, Brest, France.
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44
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Malkiel S, Barlev AN, Atisha-Fregoso Y, Suurmond J, Diamond B. Plasma Cell Differentiation Pathways in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:427. [PMID: 29556239 PMCID: PMC5845388 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma cells (PCs) are responsible for the production of protective antibodies against infectious agents but they also produce pathogenic antibodies in autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Traditionally, high affinity IgG autoantibodies are thought to arise through germinal center (GC) responses. However, class switching and somatic hypermutation can occur in extrafollicular (EF) locations, and this pathway has also been implicated in SLE. The pathway from which PCs originate may determine several characteristics, such as PC lifespan and sensitivity to therapeutics. Although both GC and EF responses have been implicated in SLE, we hypothesize that one of these pathways dominates in each individual patient and genetic risk factors may drive this predominance. While it will be important to distinguish polymorphisms that contribute to a GC-driven or EF B cell response to develop targeted treatments, the challenge will be not only to identify the differentiation pathway but the molecular mechanisms involved. In B cells, this task is complicated by the cross-talk between the B cell receptor, toll-like receptors (TLR), and cytokine signaling molecules, which contribute to both GC and EF responses. While risk variants that affect the function of dendritic cells and T follicular helper cells are likely to primarily influence GC responses, it will be important to discover whether some risk variants in the interferon and TLR pathways preferentially influence EF responses. Identifying the pathways of autoreactive PC differentiation in SLE may help us to understand patient heterogeneity and thereby guide precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Malkiel
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Ashley N Barlev
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Yemil Atisha-Fregoso
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Jolien Suurmond
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
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45
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Smith MJ, Rihanek M, Coleman BM, Gottlieb PA, Sarapura VD, Cambier JC. Activation of thyroid antigen-reactive B cells in recent onset autoimmune thyroid disease patients. J Autoimmun 2017; 89:82-89. [PMID: 29233566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), including Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD), is the most common autoimmune disorder in the United States, affecting over 20 million people. At the time of diagnosis, both HD and GD are characterized by the accumulation of B and T lymphocytes in the thyroid gland and production of autoantibodies targeting the thyroid, indicating that a breach in tolerance of autoreactive lymphocytes has occurred. However, few studies have sought to understand the underlying pathogenesis of AITD that ultimately leads to production of autoantibodies and loss of thyroid function. In this study, we analyzed the phenotype of thyroid antigen-reactive B cells in the peripheral blood of recent onset and long standing AITD patients. We found that in recent onset patients thyroid antigen-reactive B cells in blood no longer appear anergic, rather they express CD86, a marker of activation. This likely reflects activation of these cells leading to their production of autoantibodies. Hence, this study reports the early loss of anergy in thyroid antigen-reactive B cells, an event that contributes to development of AITD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia J Smith
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Marynette Rihanek
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brianne M Coleman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Peter A Gottlieb
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Virginia D Sarapura
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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46
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Identification and phenotyping of circulating autoreactive proteinase 3-specific B cells in patients with PR3-ANCA associated vasculitis and healthy controls. J Autoimmun 2017; 84:122-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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47
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Bai Y, Tong Y, Liu Y, Hu H. Self-dsDNA in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 191:1-10. [PMID: 28836661 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic and poly-aetiological autoimmune disease characterized by the production of antibodies to autologous double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) which serve as diagnostic and prognostic markers. The defective clearance of apoptotic material, together with neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), provides abundant chromatin or self-dsDNA to trigger the production of anti-dsDNA antibodies, although the mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In SLE patients, the immune complex (IC) of dsDNA and its autoantibodies trigger the robust type I interferon (IFN-I) production through intracellular DNA sensors, which drives the adaptive immune system to break down self-tolerance. In this review, we will discuss the potential resources of self-dsDNA, the mechanisms of self-dsDNA-mediated inflammation through various DNA sensors and its functions in SLE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Tong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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48
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Immunological tolerance as a barrier to protective HIV humoral immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 47:26-34. [PMID: 28728075 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection typically eludes antibody control by our immune system and is not yet prevented by a vaccine. While many viral features contribute to this immune evasion, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against HIV-1 are often autoreactive and it has been suggested that immunological tolerance may restrict a neutralizing antibody response. Indeed, recent Ig knockin mouse studies have shown that bnAb-expressing B cells are largely censored by central tolerance in the bone marrow. However, the contribution of peripheral tolerance in limiting the HIV antibody response by anergic and potentially protective B cells is poorly understood. Studies using mouse models to elucidate how anergic B cells are regulated and can be recruited into HIV-specific neutralizing antibody responses may provide insight into the development of a protective HIV-1 vaccine.
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49
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Zharkova O, Celhar T, Cravens PD, Satterthwaite AB, Fairhurst AM, Davis LS. Pathways leading to an immunological disease: systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 56:i55-i66. [PMID: 28375453 PMCID: PMC5410978 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SLE is a chronic autoimmune disease caused by perturbations of the immune system. The clinical presentation is heterogeneous, largely because of the multiple genetic and environmental factors that contribute to disease initiation and progression. Over the last 60 years, there have been a number of significant leaps in our understanding of the immunological mechanisms driving disease processes. We now know that multiple leucocyte subsets, together with inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and regulatory mediators that are normally involved in host protection from invading pathogens, contribute to the inflammatory events leading to tissue destruction and organ failure. In this broad overview, we discuss the main pathways involved in SLE and highlight new findings. We describe the immunological changes that characterize this form of autoimmunity. The major leucocytes that are essential for disease progression are discussed, together with key mediators that propagate the immune response and drive the inflammatory response in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Zharkova
- Singapore Immunology Network, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Teja Celhar
- Singapore Immunology Network, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos
| | | | - Anne B Satterthwaite
- Department of Immunology.,The Rheumatic Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Anna-Marie Fairhurst
- Singapore Immunology Network, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Department of Immunology
| | - Laurie S Davis
- The Rheumatic Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX, USA
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50
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Furer V, Zisman D, Pokroy-Shapira E, Molad Y, Elkayam O, Paran D. Authors’ reply. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 2017; 46:251-252. [DOI: 10.1080/03009742.2016.1264628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V Furer
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - D Zisman
- Rheumatology Unit Carmel Medical Center, Rappoport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - E Pokroy-Shapira
- Rheumatology Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Y Molad
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Rheumatology Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - O Elkayam
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - D Paran
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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