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Wang L, Han K, Huang Q, Hu W, Mo J, Wang J, Deng K, Zhang R, Tan X. Systemic lupus erythematosus-related brain abnormalities in the default mode network and the limbic system: A resting-state fMRI meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2024; 355:190-199. [PMID: 38548195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an immune-mediated and multi-systemic disease which may affect the nervous system, causing neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE). Recent neuroimaging studies have examined brain functional alterations in SLE. However, discrepant findings were reported. This meta-analysis aims to identify consistent resting-state functional abnormalities in SLE. METHODS PubMed and Web of Science were searched to identify candidate resting-state functional MRI studies assessing SLE. A voxel-based meta-analysis was performed using the anisotropic effect-size version of the seed-based d mapping (AES-SDM). The abnormal intrinsic functional patterns extracted from SDM were mapped onto the brain functional network atlas to determine brain abnormalities at a network level. RESULTS Twelve studies evaluating fifteen datasets were included in this meta-analysis, comprising 572 SLE patients and 436 healthy controls (HCs). Compared with HCs, SLE patients showed increased brain activity in the bilateral hippocampus and right superior temporal gyrus, and decreased brain activity in the left superior frontal gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus, bilateral thalamus, left inferior frontal gyrus and right cerebellum. Mapping the abnormal patterns to the network atlas revealed the default mode network and the limbic system as core neural systems commonly affected in SLE. LIMITATIONS The number of included studies is relatively small, with heterogeneous analytic methods and a risk of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS Brain functional alterations in SLE are predominantly found in the default mode network and the limbic system. These findings uncovered a consistent pattern of resting-state functional network abnormalities in SLE which may serve as a potential objective neuroimaging biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhui Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Han
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Huang
- Department of Rheumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Hu
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaying Mo
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kan Deng
- Philips Healthcare, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruibin Zhang
- Cognitive control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Psychiatry, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiangliang Tan
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Sloan M, Wincup C, Harwood R, Pollak TA, Massou E, Bosley M, Pitkanen M, Zandi MS, Leschziner G, Barrere C, Ubhi M, Andreoli L, Brimicombe J, Diment W, Jayne D, Gordon C, Naughton F, D’Cruz D. Prevalence and identification of neuropsychiatric symptoms in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases: an international mixed methods study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2024; 63:1259-1272. [PMID: 37491699 PMCID: PMC11065444 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A limited range of neuropsychiatric symptoms have been reported in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARDs), with varied symptom prevalence. This study aimed to investigate a wider range of potential symptoms than previous studies, compare patient self-reports with clinician estimates, and explore barriers to symptom identification. METHODS Mixed methods were used. Data from SARDs patients (n = 1853) were compared with controls (n = 463) and clinicians (n = 289). In-depth interviews (n = 113) were analysed thematically. Statistical tests compared means of survey items between patients and controls, 8 different SARD groups, and clinician specialities. RESULTS Self-reported lifetime prevalences of all 30 neuropsychiatric symptoms investigated (including cognitive, sensorimotor and psychiatric) were significantly higher in SARDs than controls. Validated instruments assessed 55% of SARDs patients as currently having depression and 57% anxiety. Barriers to identifying neuropsychiatric symptoms included: (i) limits to knowledge, guidelines, objective tests and inter-speciality cooperation; (ii) subjectivity, invisibility and believability of symptoms; and (iii) under-eliciting, under-reporting and under-documenting. A lower proportion of clinicians (4%) reported never/rarely asking patients about mental health symptoms than the 74% of patients who reported never/rarely being asked in clinic (P < 0.001). Over 50% of SARDs patients had never/rarely reported their mental health symptoms to clinicians, a proportion underestimated at <10% by clinicians (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Neuropsychiatric symptom self-reported prevalences are significantly higher in SARDs than controls, and are greatly underestimated by most clinicians. Research relying on medical records and current guidelines is unlikely to accurately reflect patients' experiences of neuropsychiatric symptoms. Improved inter-speciality communication and greater patient involvement is needed in SARD care and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Sloan
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chris Wincup
- Department of Rheumatology, King’s College Hospital London, London, UK
| | - Rupert Harwood
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Thomas A Pollak
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, and SLAM NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Efhalia Massou
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Mervi Pitkanen
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, and SLAM NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael S Zandi
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Guy Leschziner
- Department of Neurology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Mandeep Ubhi
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Laura Andreoli
- Unit of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - James Brimicombe
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - David Jayne
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Caroline Gordon
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Felix Naughton
- Behavioural and Implementation Science Group, School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - David D’Cruz
- The Louise Coote Lupus Unit, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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3
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Reynolds J, Huang M, Li Y, Meineck M, Moeckel T, Weinmann-Menke J, Mohan C, Schwarting A, Putterman C. Constitutive knockout of interleukin-6 ameliorates memory deficits and entorhinal astrocytosis in the MRL/lpr mouse model of neuropsychiatric lupus. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:89. [PMID: 38600510 PMCID: PMC11007930 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE) describes the cognitive, memory, and affective emotional burdens faced by many lupus patients. While NPSLE's pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated, clinical imaging studies and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings, namely elevated interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, point to ongoing neuroinflammation in affected patients. Not only linked to systemic autoimmunity, IL-6 can also activate neurotoxic glial cells the brain. A prior pre-clinical study demonstrated that IL-6 can acutely induce a loss of sucrose preference; the present study sought to assess the necessity of chronic IL-6 exposure in the NPSLE-like disease of MRL/lpr lupus mice. METHODS We quantified 1308 proteins in individual serum or pooled CSF samples from MRL/lpr and control MRL/mpj mice using protein microarrays. Serum IL-6 levels were plotted against characteristic NPSLE neurobehavioral deficits. Next, IL-6 knockout MRL/lpr (IL-6 KO; n = 15) and IL-6 wildtype MRL/lpr mice (IL-6 WT; n = 15) underwent behavioral testing, focusing on murine correlates of learning and memory deficits, depression, and anxiety. Using qPCR, we quantified the expression of inflammatory genes in the cortex and hippocampus of MRL/lpr IL-6 KO and WT mice. Immunofluorescent staining was performed to quantify numbers of microglia (Iba1 +) and astrocytes (GFAP +) in multiple cortical regions, the hippocampus, and the amygdala. RESULTS MRL/lpr CSF analyses revealed increases in IL-17, MCP-1, TNF-α, and IL-6 (a priori p-value < 0.1). Serum levels of IL-6 correlated with learning and memory performance (R2 = 0.58; p = 0.03), but not motivated behavior, in MRL/lpr mice. Compared to MRL/lpr IL-6 WT, IL-6 KO mice exhibited improved novelty preference on object placement (45.4% vs 60.2%, p < 0.0001) and object recognition (48.9% vs 67.9%, p = 0.002) but equivalent performance in tests for anxiety-like disease and depression-like behavior. IL-6 KO mice displayed decreased cortical expression of aif1 (microglia; p = 0.049) and gfap (astrocytes; p = 0.044). Correspondingly, IL-6 KO mice exhibited decreased density of GFAP + cells compared to IL-6 WT in the entorhinal cortex (89 vs 148 cells/mm2, p = 0.037), an area vital to memory. CONCLUSIONS The inflammatory composition of MRL/lpr CSF resembles that of human NPSLE patients. Increased in the CNS, IL-6 is necessary to the development of learning and memory deficits in the MRL/lpr model of NPSLE. Furthermore, the stimulation of entorhinal astrocytosis appears to be a key mechanism by which IL-6 promotes these behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Reynolds
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Huang
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yaxi Li
- University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Myriam Meineck
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tamara Moeckel
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia Weinmann-Menke
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Schwarting
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Chaim Putterman
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York, NY, USA.
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Zefat, Israel.
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Krustev E, Hanly JG, Chin R, Buhler KA, Urowitz MB, Gordon C, Bae SC, Romero-Diaz J, Sánchez-Guerrero J, Bernatsky S, Wallace DJ, Isenberg D, Rahman A, Merrill JT, Fortin PR, Gladman DD, Bruce IN, Petri MA, Ginzler EM, Dooley MA, Ramsey-Goldman R, Manzi S, Jönsen A, Alarcón GS, van Vollenhoven RF, Aranow C, Mackay M, Ruiz-Irastorza G, Lim S, Inanc M, Kalunian KC, Jacobsen S, Peschken CA, Kamen DL, Askenase A, Buyon J, Fritzler MJ, Clarke AE, Choi MY. Anti-KIF20B autoantibodies are associated with cranial neuropathy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus Sci Med 2024; 11:e001139. [PMID: 38599670 PMCID: PMC11015279 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2023-001139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cranial neuropathies (CN) are a rare neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE) manifestation. Previous studies reported that antibodies to the kinesin family member 20B (KIF20B) (anti-KIF20B) protein were associated with idiopathic ataxia and CN. We assessed anti-KIF20B as a potential biomarker for NPSLE in an international SLE inception cohort. METHODS Individuals fulfilling the revised 1997 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) SLE classification criteria were enrolled from 31 centres from 1999 to 2011 and followed annually in the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus International Collaborating Clinics inception cohort. Anti-KIF20B testing was performed on baseline (within 15 months of diagnosis or first annual visit) samples using an addressable laser bead immunoassay. Logistic regression (penalised maximum likelihood and adjusting for confounding variables) examined the association between anti-KIF20B and NPSLE manifestations (1999 ACR case definitions), including CN, occurring over the first 5 years of follow-up. RESULTS Of the 1827 enrolled cohort members, baseline serum and 5 years of follow-up data were available on 795 patients who were included in this study: 29.8% were anti-KIF20B-positive, 88.7% female, and 52.1% White. The frequency of anti-KIF20B positivity differed only for those with CN (n=10) versus without CN (n=785) (70.0% vs 29.3%; OR 5.2, 95% CI 1.4, 18.5). Compared with patients without CN, patients with CN were more likely to fulfil the ACR haematological (90.0% vs 66.1%; difference 23.9%, 95% CI 5.0%, 42.8%) and ANA (100% vs 95.7%; difference 4.3%, 95% CI 2.9%, 5.8%) criteria. In the multivariate analysis adjusting for age at baseline, female, White race and ethnicity, and ACR haematological and ANA criteria, anti-KIF20B positivity remained associated with CN (OR 5.2, 95% CI 1.4, 19.1). CONCLUSION Anti-KIF20B is a potential biomarker for SLE-related CN. Further studies are needed to examine how autoantibodies against KIF20B, which is variably expressed in a variety of neurological cells, contribute to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Krustev
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - John G Hanly
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine and Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ricky Chin
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Katherine A Buhler
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Murray B Urowitz
- Lupus Program, Centre for Prognosis Studies in The Rheumatic Disease and Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caroline Gordon
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sang-Cheol Bae
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology and Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Juanita Romero-Diaz
- Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - Sasha Bernatsky
- Divisions of Rheumatology and Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel J Wallace
- Rheumatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David Isenberg
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anisur Rahman
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joan T Merrill
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Paul R Fortin
- Division of Rheumatology, CHU de Québec, Universite Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dafna D Gladman
- Lupus Program, Centre for Prognosis Studies in The Rheumatic Disease and Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian N Bruce
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and The Kellgren Centre for Rheumatology, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Michelle A Petri
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ellen M Ginzler
- Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Mary Anne Dooley
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Susan Manzi
- Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andreas Jönsen
- Department of Rheumatology, Lund University Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - Graciela S Alarcón
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ronald F van Vollenhoven
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Cynthia Aranow
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Disease, Northwell Health Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Meggan Mackay
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Disease, Northwell Health Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Guillermo Ruiz-Irastorza
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, University of the Basque Country, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Sam Lim
- Division of Rheumatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Murat Inanc
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Fatih, Turkey
| | - Kenneth C Kalunian
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Søren Jacobsen
- Department of Rheumatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Diane L Kamen
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Anca Askenase
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Jill Buyon
- Rheumatology, NYU Langone Health, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Marvin J Fritzler
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ann E Clarke
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - May Y Choi
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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5
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Silverman GJ, Azzouz DF, Gisch N, Amarnani A. The gut microbiome in systemic lupus erythematosus: lessons from rheumatic fever. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2024; 20:143-157. [PMID: 38321297 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-023-01071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
For more than a century, certain bacterial infections that can breach the skin and mucosal barriers have been implicated as common triggers of autoimmune syndromes, especially post-infection autoimmune diseases that include rheumatic fever and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. However, only in the past few years has the importance of imbalances within our own commensal microbiota communities, and within the gut, in the absence of infection, in promoting autoimmune pathogenesis become fully appreciated. A diversity of species and mechanisms have been implicated, including disruption of the gut barrier. Emerging data suggest that expansions (or blooms) of pathobiont species are involved in autoimmune pathogenesis and stimulate clonal expansion of T cells and B cells that recognize microbial antigens. This Review discusses the relationship between the gut microbiome and the immune system, and the potential consequence of disrupting the community balance in terms of autoimmune development, focusing on systemic lupus erythematosus. Notably, inter-relationships between expansions of certain members within gut microbiota communities and concurrent autoimmune responses bear features reminiscent of classical post-infection autoimmune disease. From such insights, new therapeutic opportunities are being considered to restore the balance within microbiota communities or re-establishing the gut-barrier integrity to reinforce immune homeostasis in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg J Silverman
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Doua F Azzouz
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicolas Gisch
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Abhimanyu Amarnani
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Palazzo L, Lindblom J, Cetrez N, Ala H, Parodis I. Determinants of neuropsychiatric flares in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: results from five phase III trials of belimumab. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2024; 63:798-808. [PMID: 37228034 PMCID: PMC10907808 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify determinants of neuropsychiatric (NP) flares in patients with SLE treated for active SLE yet no ongoing severe NPSLE with non-biologic standard therapy plus belimumab or placebo. METHODS We analysed data from five phase III trials (BLISS-52, BLISS-76, BLISS-NEA, BLISS-SC, EMBRACE; n = 3638) after exclusion of patients with baseline NP BILAG A. Factors associated with NPSLE flare, defined as a new NP BILAG A or B, were investigated using Cox regression. In a subgroup analysis, we studied patients with baseline NP BILAG E for determinants of de novo NPSLE flare. Organ damage was assessed using the SLICC/ACR Damage Index (SDI). RESULTS We documented 105 (2.9%) NPSLE flares. In multivariable analysis, male sex (HR = 2.37; 95% CI: 1.31, 4.28; P = 0.004), baseline NP BILAG B-D (HR = 5.91; 95% CI: 3.86, 9.06; P < 0.001), and increasing SDI scores (HR = 1.35; 95% CI: 1.21, 1.50; P < 0.001) were strongly associated with NPSLE flare. Belimumab use yielded no association at any dose or administration form. In analysis of SDI domains, NP damage was the strongest determinant of NPSLE flare (HR = 3.25; 95% CI: 2.72, 3.88; P < 0.001), holding true for cognitive impairment (HR = 14.29; 95% CI: 9.22, 22.14; P < 0.001), transverse myelitis (HR = 21.89; 95% CI: 5.40, 88.72; P < 0.001), and neuropathy (HR = 8.87; 95% CI: 5.59, 14.09; P < 0.001). Male sex was the strongest determinant of de novo NPSLE flare (HR = 3.26; 95% CI: 1.51, 7.04; P = 0.003). CONCLUSION Male sex, NPSLE history, and NP damage were strong determinants of impending NPSLE flare. No clear protection or predisposition was conferred from add-on belimumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Palazzo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julius Lindblom
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dermatology and Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nursen Cetrez
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dermatology and Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henri Ala
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ioannis Parodis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dermatology and Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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7
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Li N, Liu X, Wu P, Liu J, Chen P, Zeng J. Three cases of systemic lupus erythematosus presenting with ischemic stroke as the initial symptom: Case reports and literature review. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1183. [PMID: 38332684 PMCID: PMC10853674 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke constitutes a grave complication within the context of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), typically manifesting several years postdiagnosis of SLE. Incidents where ischemic stroke precedes and acts as an initial symptom of SLE are comparatively rare in its early stages, and such presentations are frequently misdiagnosed as ischemic cerebrovascular diseases, posing significant diagnostic challenges. CASE REPORTS This article presents three cases of young females in whom ischemic stroke emerged as the initial manifestation of SLE. It incorporates a review of 17 case reports published over the past two decades, focusing on patients with SLE where ischemic stroke was a primary symptom. This discussion encompasses the clinical presentation, outcomes, and therapeutic approaches for these patients. CONCLUSION In young patients, particularly females presenting with ischemic stroke and especially in cases accompanied by hematologic or multisystemic involvement, there should be heightened vigilance for SLE-induced ischemic stroke. Early diagnosis and treatment significantly enhance patients' quality of life and survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Pengjia Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Pengyu Chen
- Radiology DepartmentThe Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Jiashun Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
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8
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de Sousa DC, Sobreira EST, Feitosa WLQ, Aires TMPM, Araújo LPP, Silva ALC, Joventino CB, Silveira NMT, Chaves-Filho AJM, Macêdo DS, Braga-Neto P. Cognitive dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus is associated with disease activity and oxidative stress: a comparative study with rheumatoid arthritis for identifying biomarkers. BMC Neurosci 2023; 24:66. [PMID: 38093175 PMCID: PMC10717202 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-023-00839-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence and pathophysiological mechanisms of cognitive deficits (CD) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are very heterogeneous and poorly understood. We characterized CD in patients with SLE compared with RA patients and healthy controls. We compared the neuropsychological profile of SLE and RA with patients' oxidative/inflammatory biomarkers for CD. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study, including 50 SLE patients, 29 RA patients, and 32 healthy controls. SLEDAI and DAS28 assessed disease activity. SF-36 questionnaire and a battery of cognitive tests were applied to all participants. Blood samples were collected to determine IL-6, S100ß, myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione (GSH) alterations. RESULTS In the SLE group, higher GSH was associated with the absence of CD (With CD = 69 ± 49, Without CD = 112 ± 81, p = 0.030), while higher IL-6 was associated with the presence of CD in the RA group (With CD = 603 ± 173, Without CD = 431 ± 162, p = 0.032). Regarding specific cognitive domains, in SLE higher MPO was associated with poor performance in reasoning and abstraction (p = 0.039), higher IL-6 was associated with poor performance in inhibitory control and attention (p = 0.031), and higher GSH was associated with better performance in memory(p = 0.021). Higher SLEDAI was associated with poor performance in semantic fluency(p = 0.031), inhibitory control, and attention in the SLE group(p = 0.037). In the RA group, higher DAS-28 was associated with poor performance in executive functions(p = 0.016) and phonemic fluency (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION SLE patients' disease activity, inflammatory state, and oxidative stress were associated with CD. In RA patients, CD was associated with disease activity and inflammatory state. These results encourage further studies with larger samples aiming to confirm oxidative stress parameters as biomarkers of CD in SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuelle Silva Tavares Sobreira
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Unichristus University Center, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Caroline Brandão Joventino
- Medical School Graduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Adriano José Maia Chaves-Filho
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Danielle Silveira Macêdo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Pedro Braga-Neto
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
- Center of Health Sciences, State University of Ceará (UECE), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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9
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You H, Zhao J, Zhang M, Jin Z, Feng X, Tan W, Wu L, Duan X, Luo H, Zhao C, Zhan F, Wu Z, Li H, Yang M, Xu J, Wei W, Wang Y, Shi J, Qu J, Wang Q, Leng X, Tian X, Zhao Y, Li M, Zeng X. Development and external validation of a prediction model for venous thromboembolism in systemic lupus erythematosus. RMD Open 2023; 9:e003568. [PMID: 37996129 PMCID: PMC10668231 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). We conducted this study to develop a risk score algorithm for VTE in patients with SLE that provides individualised risk estimates. METHODS We developed a clinical prediction model of VTE in 4502 patients with SLE based on the Chinese SLE Treatment and Research group cohort (CSTAR) from January 2009 to January 2020 and externally validated in 3780 patients with SLE in CSTAR from January 2020 to January 2022. Baseline data were obtained and VTE events were recorded during the follow-up. The prediction model was developed to predict VTE risk within 6 months in patients with SLE, using multivariate logistic regression and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator. SLE-VTE score and nomogram were established according to the model. RESULTS A total of 4502 patients included in the development cohort, 135 had VTE events. The final prediction model (SLE-VTE score) included 11 variables: gender, age, body mass index, hyperlipidaemia, hypoalbuminaemia, C reactive protein, anti-β2GPI antibodies, lupus anticoagulant, renal involvement, nervous system involvement and hydroxychloroquine, with area under the curve of 0.947 and 0.808 in the development (n=4502) and external validation cohort (n=3780), respectively. According to the net benefit and predicted probability thresholds, we recommend annual screening of VTE in high risk (≥1.03%) patients with SLE. CONCLUSION Various factors are related to the occurrence of VTE in patients with SLE. The proposed SLE-VTE risk score can accurately predict the risk of VTE and help identify patients with SLE with a high risk of VTE who may benefit from thromboprophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiao You
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiuliang Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Miaojia Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziyi Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuebing Feng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenfeng Tan
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lijun Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, People Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
| | - Xinwang Duan
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hui Luo
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Feng Zhan
- Department of Rheumatology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Zhenbiao Wu
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Xijing Hospital Affiliated to the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hongbin Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical College, Hohhot, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Rheumatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Bio-statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, China Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Juhong Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingge Qu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomei Leng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xinping Tian
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Mengtao Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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10
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Muñoz-Grajales C, Yilmaz EB, Svenungsson E, Touma Z. Systemic lupus erythematosus and damage: What has changed over the past 20 years? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2023:101893. [PMID: 37993371 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2023.101893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The young age of onset and chronic/relapsing nature of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) make SLE patients prone to develop and accrue organ damage as a result of long-standing disease activity and side effects of treatment. There is a growing interest in objectifying damage and identifying its risk factors. Still, the lack of therapeutic alternatives has led to difficulties in avoiding immunosuppressives particularly corticosteroids, which have been implicated in a large spectrum of organ damage in SLE patients. Moreover, it continues to be very challenging to determine what actually causes damage in different organ-systems. Cardiovascular disease continues to be one of the leading types of damage in patients with SLE, reported as early as 1976. Since then, many researchers have focused on identifying SLE or treatment-related and traditional risk factors. The same considerations are valid for other conditions, such as the occurrence of metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, avascular necrosis, susceptibility to infections, etc. On the other hand, diverse risk factors contribute to the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in SLE. Most evidence suggests that high initial levels of serum creatinine, hypocomplementemia, nephrotic range proteinuria, concomitant uncontrolled hypertension, Black and Hispanic ancestry, non-adherence to treatment, and biopsy findings such as diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis (LN), a high chronicity index, tubular atrophy, and tubulointerstitial inflammation are risk factors for progression to end stage renal disease (ESRD) in LN. While cardiovascular disease, CKD and infections are leading causes of mortality in patients with SLE, hospitalizations are caused mostly by SLE disease flares and infections. Cognitive impairment and mood disorders are common in SLE but continue to impose a challenge on how to measure, manage and decipher the underlying pathogenesis. Nevertheless, they have a great impact on SLE patients' health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and social functioning. Also, skin manifestations, such as alopecia and scaring, cataracts, and sicca symptoms result in a significant decrease in HRQoL. In light of recent developments in SLE treatment, we can expect to enter a period of new-age targeted therapies that will enable us to reduce disease activity and glucocorticoid usage further and positively alter the trajectory of damage development and accrual in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Muñoz-Grajales
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Division of Rheumatology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; University of Toronto Lupus Clinic, Centre for Prognosis Studies in Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital Lupus Clinic, Toronto, Canada
| | - Esin Beste Yilmaz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Svenungsson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zahi Touma
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Division of Rheumatology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; University of Toronto Lupus Clinic, Centre for Prognosis Studies in Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital Lupus Clinic, Toronto, Canada.
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11
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Zouari R, Saeid MZ, Marzouk M, Rachdi A, Ben Sassi S. Diffuse cerebral edema with leukoencephalopathy revealing systemic lupus erythematosus: A case report and review of literature. Lupus 2023; 32:1561-1571. [PMID: 37887528 DOI: 10.1177/09612033231207723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a common autoimmune disease with various symptoms involving multiple organs. Neuropsychological manifestations are various and generally serious. Leukoencephalopathy is particularly rare but life-threatening in patients with SLE. Results: Here, we describe the case of a young woman who developed a subacute onset intracranial hypertension, papillar edema on fundus examination, diffuse cerebral edema on brain CT scan, and diffuse leukoencephalopathy on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The immunological workup was positive for antinuclear antibodies, anti-DNA and anti-extractable nuclear antigens (ENA) antibodies. She was ultimately diagnosed with SLE and experienced significant improvement after treatment with high dose of corticosteroids, acetazolamide, and immunosuppressant. We additionally review the previously reported cases of SLE with diffuse cerebral edema and leukoencephalopathy with a focus on the possible pathophysiological mechanisms of such association. Conclusions: We highlight, through this case report and the literature review, the importance of considering SLE in patients with cerebral edema and diffuse leukoencephalopathy and treating it aggressively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Zouari
- Department of neurology, Mongi Ben Hmida National Institute of Neurology of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Zakaria Saeid
- Department of neurology, Mongi Ben Hmida National Institute of Neurology of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mahmoud Marzouk
- Department of anesthesiology and reanimation, Mongi Ben Hmida National Institute of Neurology in Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amine Rachdi
- Department of neurology, Mongi Ben Hmida National Institute of Neurology of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Samia Ben Sassi
- Department of neurology, Mongi Ben Hmida National Institute of Neurology of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
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12
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Nagata W, Gotoh M, Koizumi A, Fukasawa K, Nakagawa K, Satoh Y, Ishizuka T. Two-carba cyclic phosphatidic acid treatment promotes phenotypic switch from M1 to M2 microglia and prevents behavioral abnormalities in a mouse model of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Hum Cell 2023; 36:2006-2015. [PMID: 37540445 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-00964-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease associated with the production of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibodies and other antibodies that predominantly affects women with a wide range of lesions. Although neuropsychiatric lupus erythematosus (NPSLE), characterized by neuropsychiatric symptoms related to cerebrovascular diseases or depression, ranks high in severity, no specific treatment has been defined. Two-carba cyclic phosphatidic acid (2ccPA), a derivative of cyclic phosphatidic acid, was isolated from the true slime mold Physarum polycephalum in 1992. 2ccPA treatment suppresses neuroinflammation and promotes tissue repair in mouse multiple sclerosis and traumatic brain injury models. In this study, we performed behavioral tests on MRL/lpr mice as an NPSLE model. MRL/lpr mice showed increased depression-like behaviors compared with control mice, which were significantly suppressed by 2ccPA treatment. The expression of CD68, an M1 phenotypic marker of microglia, was significantly elevated in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of MRL/lpr mice, which was significantly suppressed by 2ccPA treatment. In contrast, the expression of Arginase1, an M2 phenotypic marker of microglia, was significantly increased by 2ccPA treatment. Compared to control mice, MRL/lpr mice showed higher plasma levels of anti-dsDNA antibodies, which are mainly involved in SLE pathogenesis. 2ccPA treatment decreased these levels in the MRL/lpr mice. These results suggest that 2ccPA treatment suppresses behavioral abnormalities by promoting a microglial phenotypic switch from M1 to M2 in MRL/lpr mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Nagata
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-0042, Japan
| | - Mari Gotoh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for Human Life Science, Ochanomizu University, Ohtsuka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiho Koizumi
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-0042, Japan
| | - Keiko Fukasawa
- Ochadai Academic Production, Ochanomizu University, Ohtsuka, Tokyo, Japan
- Juntendo Advanced Research Institute for Health Science, Juntendo University, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Nakagawa
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-0042, Japan
| | - Yasushi Satoh
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ishizuka
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-0042, Japan.
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13
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Fujita Y, Iwata S, Hidese S, Ishiwata S, Ide S, Tanaka H, Sonomoto K, Miyazaki Y, Nakayamada S, Ikenouchi A, Hattori K, Kunugi H, Yoshimura R, Tanaka Y. Reduced homovanillic acid, SDF-1α and SCGF-β levels in cerebrospinal fluid are related to depressive states in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2023; 62:3490-3500. [PMID: 36852847 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to seek a new method of evaluation and surrogate markers for diffuse neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE). METHODS We enrolled 44 patients with SLE between 2017 and 2020 who fulfilled at least one of three specific inclusion criteria: high disease activity, abnormal findings (cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] examination, brain MRI, or electroencephalography), or history of neuropsychiatric illness. Psychiatric symptom rating scales (PSYRATS) were evaluated retrospectively. The primary end point was the PSYRATS positivity rate in SLE patients who had not been diagnosed with diffuse NPSLE. RESULTS Based on the 1999 ACR classifications, 7 out of the 44 patients evaluated using PSYRATS had been diagnosed with diffuse NPSLE. PSYRATS positivity was seen in 13 out of 37 SLE patients (35.1%) who had not been diagnosed with diffuse NPSLE, and all these patients were positive for Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), an indicator of depression state in PSYRATS. Additionally, in the 20 SLE patients exhibiting depression symptoms who were MADRS-positive, CSF concentrations of the neuroinflammatory markers homovanillic acid (HVA; P = 0.0400), stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α; P = 0.0431) and stem cell growth factor-β (SCGF-1β; P = 0.0061) were significantly reduced compared with the 24 MADRS-negative SLE patients, and the levels of HVA, SDF-1α and SCGF-1β correlated with one another (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Many patients with active SLE have subclinical depression, and MADRS evaluation of neuropsychiatric symptoms is useful for detecting them. Additionally, the decrease in CSF levels of HVA, SDF-1 α and SCGF-1β reflects the same pathology, and these may serve as surrogate markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Fujita
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Shigeru Iwata
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Hidese
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayuri Ishiwata
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Ide
- Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Koshiro Sonomoto
- Department of Clinical Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Miyazaki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakayamada
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Atsuko Ikenouchi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
- Medical Center for Dementia, Hospital of the University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kotaro Hattori
- Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Bioresources, Medical Genome Center, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunugi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiji Yoshimura
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Tanaka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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14
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Kısaarslan AP, Çiçek SÖ, Batu ED, Şahin S, Gürgöze MK, Çetinkaya SB, Ekinci MK, Atmış B, Barut K, Adrovic A, Ağar BE, Şahin N, Demir F, Bağlan E, Kara MA, Selçuk ŞZ, Özdel S, Çomak E, Akkoyunlu B, Yener GO, Yıldırım DG, Öztürk K, Yıldız M, Haşlak F, Şener S, Kısaoğlu H, Baba Ö, Kızıldağ Z, İşgüder R, Çağlayan Ş, Bilgin RBG, Aytaç G, Yücel BB, Tanatar A, Sönmez HE, Çakan M, Kara A, Elmas AT, Kılıç BD, Ayaz NA, Kasap B, Acar BÇ, Ozkaya O, Yüksel S, Bakkaloğlu S, Aydoğ Ö, Aksu G, Akman S, Dönmez O, Bülbül M, Büyükçelik M, Tabel Y, Sözeri B, Kalyoncu M, Bilginer Y, Poyrazoğlu MH, Ünsal E, Kasapçopur Ö, Özen S, Düşünsel R. Neuropsychiatric involvement in juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: A multicenter study. Joint Bone Spine 2023; 90:105559. [PMID: 36858168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2023.105559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuropsychiatric (NP) involvement is a restricted area in juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (jSLE). AIM To investigate the prevalence, demographic and clinical features, and outcomes of the neurological involvement in the Turkish jSLE population. METHODS This study was based upon 24 referral centers' SLE cohorts, multicenter and multidisciplinary network in Turkey. Patient data were collected by a case report form which was standardized for NP definitions according to American Collage of Rheumatology (ACR). Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index (SDI) neuropsychiatric part was used to determine NP damage. Variables were evaluated Ward's hierarchical clustering analyses, univariate, and multivariate logistic regression analyses. RESULTS A hundred forty-nine of 1107 jSLE patients had NP involvement (13.5%). The most common NPSLE findings were headache (50.3%), seizure (38.3%), and acute confusional state (33.6%). Five clusters were identified with all clinical and laboratory findings. The first two clusters involved neuropathies, demyelinating diseases, aseptic meningitis, and movement disorder. Cluster 3 involved headache, activity markers and other SLE involvements. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, cognitive dysfunction, psychiatric disorders and SLE antibodies were in the fourth, and acute confusional state was in the fifth cluster. In multivariate analysis, APA positivity; OR: 2.820, (%95CI: 1.002-7.939), P: 0,050, plasmapheresis; OR: 13.804 (%95CI: 2.785-68.432), P: 0,001, SLEDAI scores; OR: 1.115 (%95CI: (1.049-1.186), P: 0,001 were associated with increased risk for neurologic sequelae. CONCLUSION We detected the prevalence of juvenile NPSLE manifestations in Turkey. We have identified five clusters that may shed light pathogenesis, treatment and prognosis of NP involvements. We also determined risk factors of neurological sequelae. Our study showed that new definitions NP involvements and sequelae for childhood period are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ezgi D Batu
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Şahin
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Metin K Gürgöze
- Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Fırat University, Elazıg, Turkey
| | | | | | - Bahriye Atmış
- Pediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Kenan Barut
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Amra Adrovic
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Buket Esen Ağar
- Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Fırat University, Elazıg, Turkey
| | - Nihal Şahin
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Derince Educational and Research Hospital, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ferhat Demir
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Acıbadem Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Bağlan
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Doctor Sami-Ulus Maternity and Child Health and Diseases Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehtap Akbalık Kara
- Pediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Şenay Zırhlı Selçuk
- Pediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Semanur Özdel
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Doctor Sami-Ulus Maternity and Child Health and Diseases Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elif Çomak
- Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Betül Akkoyunlu
- Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Gülçin Otar Yener
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Şanlıurfa Research and Training Hospital, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | | | - Kübra Öztürk
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Göztepe Professor Doctor Süleyman-Yalçın City Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yıldız
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Haşlak
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seher Şener
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hakan Kısaoğlu
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Özge Baba
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Zehra Kızıldağ
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Rana İşgüder
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Şengül Çağlayan
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Ümraniye Research and Training Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Gülçin Aytaç
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Burcu Bozkaya Yücel
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Tanatar
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Hafize E Sönmez
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Çakan
- Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Health Sciences, Zeynep Kamil Women and Children's Diseases Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Aslıhan Kara
- Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Fırat University, Elazıg, Turkey
| | - Ahmet T Elmas
- Pediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | | | - Nuray Aktay Ayaz
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Belde Kasap
- Pediatric Nephrology, Katip-Çelebi University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Banu Çelikel Acar
- Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozan Ozkaya
- Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, İstinye University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Selçuk Yüksel
- Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Sevcan Bakkaloğlu
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özlem Aydoğ
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Güzide Aksu
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Sema Akman
- Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Osman Dönmez
- Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bülbül
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Doctor Sami-Ulus Maternity and Child Health and Diseases Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mithat Büyükçelik
- Pediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Yılmaz Tabel
- Pediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Betül Sözeri
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Ümraniye Research and Training Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mukaddes Kalyoncu
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Yelda Bilginer
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muammer H Poyrazoğlu
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Erbil Ünsal
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Özgür Kasapçopur
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seza Özen
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ruhan Düşünsel
- Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
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15
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Mueller C, Szaflarski JP. White matter microstructure and serum biomarkers of inflammation in psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 39:103462. [PMID: 37413772 PMCID: PMC10509528 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation may contribute to the pathophysiology of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES). However, it is unclear whether and to what degree comorbid psychiatric symptoms explain this association. In this study, we investigated the neuroinflammatory signature of PNES and how it compares to that of people with psychiatric conditions (PwPCs). METHODS We prospectively assessed differences in neurite density (NDI), orientation dispersion (ODI), and isotropic diffusion (F-ISO) in 23 participants with PNES and 27 PwPCs, and their relationships to serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, TNF receptor 1 (TNF-R1), TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), interleukin (IL)-6, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 using voxelwise multiple linear regressions. Pearson correlations between serum biomarkers and clinical symptoms were also obtained. RESULTS There were no white matter (WM) microstructural differences between groups. In PNES, TNF-R1 was negatively associated with NDI in the right uncinate fasciculus (UF) and positively associated with F-ISO in the left UF. IL-6 was positively associated with NDI and negatively with F-ISO in the left UF. ICAM-1 was positively associated with ODI in the left UF. TNF-α was negatively associated with ODI in the left cingulum bundle. The opposite relationships were observed in PwPCs. Higher TNF-R1 was associated with higher depression, anxiety, lower emotional quality of life, and higher levels of disability in PNES. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we report relationships between peripheral inflammatory biomarkers and WM integrity in PNES, including abnormalities in the UF and cingulum bundle. Our results suggest that serum biomarkers of inflammation may, with additional studies, become a useful aid to PNES diagnosis, especially in settings where video-EEG is not available. The lack of group differences in WM microstructure suggests that previously identified WM abnormalities in PNES versus healthy controls may be related to psychological comorbidities of PNES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Mueller
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Jerzy P Szaflarski
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA; Departments of Neurobiology and Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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16
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Nagata W, Koizumi A, Nakagawa K, Takahashi S, Gotoh M, Satoh Y, Ishizuka T. Treatment with lysophosphatidic acid prevents microglial activation and depression-like behaviours in a murine model of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 212:81-92. [PMID: 36718978 PMCID: PMC10128163 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) is an incurable disease characterised by neuropsychiatric symptoms, particularly depression. Novel therapeutic options for NPSLE are urgently needed. Several previous reports have suggested that both microglial activation and impaired neurogenesis may be involved in the progression of depression. In contrast, the administration of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) ameliorates depression and anxiety. Therefore, in the present study, we determined whether treatment with LPA affects microglial activation, impaired neurogenesis, and abnormal behaviour in MRL/lpr mice. In both tail suspension test and forced swim test, the MRL/lpr mice exhibited a significant increase in total immobility time compared with MRL/+ mice. Treatment with LPA significantly suppressed the prolonged immobility time in MRL/lpr mice. In contrast, pretreatment with ki16425 (a specific antagonist of LPA receptor 1 and 3) significantly reversed the effects of LPA. Furthermore, MRL/lpr mice exhibited impairments in spatial working memory and visual cognitive memory, which were suppressed by LPA treatment. The expression levels of TMEM119, CD68, GFAP, and caspase-3 in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of MRL/lpr mice were significantly higher than those in MRL/+ mice. Treatment with LPA inhibited these increases in MRL/lpr mice. Pretreatment with ki16425 reversed LPA-mediated inhibition of microglial activation. The quantity of sodium fluorescein that leaked into the brain tissues in MRL/lpr mice were significantly higher than that in MRL/+ mice. Treatment with LPA tended to decrease the sodium fluorescein leakage. These findings suggest that treatment with LPA may regulate microglial activation, which is important in the pathogenesis of NPSLE, as well as blood-brain-barrier weakening and abnormal behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Nagata
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akiho Koizumi
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keiichi Nakagawa
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Sayaka Takahashi
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mari Gotoh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for Human Life Science, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Satoh
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ishizuka
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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17
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Zhang L, Shi Y, Zhang J, Wu J, Jiang W. Cyclophosphamide-induced seizures in a patient with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE): A case report. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1122629. [PMID: 36999036 PMCID: PMC10049787 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1122629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Seizures are life-threatening complications of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) and are often associated with poor outcomes. Cyclophosphamide immunotherapy is the mainstay of NPSLE treatment. We report the unique case of a patient with NPSLE who developed seizures soon after her first and second doses of low-dose cyclophosphamide. The exact pathophysiological mechanism underlying cyclophosphamide-induced seizures is not well understood. However, this unusual drug-associated side effect of cyclophosphamide is thought to be due to the drug’s unique pharmacology. Clinicians should be aware of this complication to make a correct diagnosis and adjust the immunosuppressive regimens very carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingshu Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Ninth People’s Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingyao Zhang
- Core Facilities of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Internal Medicine Department, Xihua University Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Ninth People’s Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Jiang,
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18
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Karino K, Kono M, Takeyama S, Kudo Y, Kanda M, Abe N, Aso K, Fujieda Y, Kato M, Oku K, Amengual O, Atsumi T. Inhibitor of NF-κB Kinase Subunit ε Contributes to Neuropsychiatric Manifestations in Lupus-Prone Mice Through Microglial Activation. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023; 75:411-423. [PMID: 36098515 DOI: 10.1002/art.42352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by multiorgan dysfunction. Neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE) occurs in 30-40% of lupus patients and is the most severe presentation of SLE, frequently resulting in limitation of daily life. Recent studies have shown that microglia, tissue-resident macrophages in the central nervous system, are involved in the pathogenesis of NPSLE. This study was undertaken to explore new therapeutic targets for NPSLE focusing on microglia. METHODS RNA sequencing of microglia in MRL/lpr, lupus-prone mice, as well as that of microglia cultured in vitro with cytokines were performed. A candidate gene, which could be a therapeutic target for NPSLE, was identified, and its role in microglial activation and phagocytosis was investigated using specific inhibitors and small interfering RNA. The effect of intracerebroventricular administration of the inhibitor on the behavioral abnormalities of MRL/lpr was also evaluated. RESULTS Transcriptome analysis revealed the up-regulation of Ikbke, which encodes the inhibitor of NF-κB kinase subunit ɛ (IKBKε) in both microglia from MRL/lpr mice and cytokine-stimulated microglia in vitro. Intracerebroventricular administration of an IKBKε inhibitor ameliorated cognitive function and suppressed microglial activation in MRL/lpr mice. Mechanistically, IKBKε inhibition reduced glycolysis, which dampened microglial activation and phagocytosis. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that IKBKε plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of NPSLE via microglial activation, and it could serve as a therapeutic target for NPSLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Karino
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Michihito Kono
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shuhei Takeyama
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kudo
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kanda
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nobuya Abe
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Aso
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Fujieda
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaru Kato
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenji Oku
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, and Department of Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Olga Amengual
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Atsumi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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19
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Tayer-Shifman OE, Yuen K, Green R, Kakvan M, Katz P, Bingham KS, Diaz-Martinez JP, Ruttan L, Wither JE, Tartaglia MC, Su J, Bonilla D, Choi MY, Appenzeller S, Barraclough M, Beaton DE, Touma Z. Assessing the Utility of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in Screening for Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2023; 75:569-577. [PMID: 35724303 DOI: 10.1002/acr.24971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Screening for cognitive impairment (CI) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) relies on the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) neuropsychological battery (NB). By studying the concurrent criterion validity, our goal was to assess the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) as a screening tool for CI compared to the ACR-NB and to evaluate the added value of the MoCA to the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM). METHODS A total of 285 adult SLE patients were administered the ACR-NB, MoCA, and ANAM. For the ACR-NB, patients were classified as having CI if there was a Z score of ≤-1.5 in ≥2 domains. The area under the curve (AUC) and sensitivities/specificities were determined. A discriminant function analysis was applied to assess the ability of the MoCA to differentiate between CI, undetermined CI, and non-CI patients. RESULTS CI was not accurately identified by the MoCA compared to the ACR-NB (AUC of 0.66). Sensitivity and specificity were poor at 50% and 69%, respectively, for the cutoff of 26, and 80% and 45%, respectively, for the cutoff of 28. The MoCA had a low ability to identify CI status. The addition of the MoCA to the ANAM led to improvement on the AUC by only 2.5%. CONCLUSION The MoCA does not have adequate concurrent criterion validity to accurately identify CI in patients with SLE. The low specificity of the MoCA may lead to overdiagnosis and concern among patients. Adding the MoCA to the ANAM does not substantially improve the accuracy of the ANAM. These results do not support using the MoCA as a screening tool for CI in patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshrat E Tayer-Shifman
- Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Kimberley Yuen
- Toronto Western Hospital and University Health Network, Toronto, and Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robin Green
- University Health Network-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mahta Kakvan
- Toronto Western Hospital and Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Kathleen S Bingham
- University Health Network Centre for Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Juan Pablo Diaz-Martinez
- Toronto Western Hospital and Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lesley Ruttan
- University Health Network-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joan E Wither
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jiandong Su
- Toronto Western Hospital and Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dennisse Bonilla
- Toronto Western Hospital and Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - May Y Choi
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Michelle Barraclough
- Toronto Western Hospital and Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Zahi Touma
- Toronto Western Hospital, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Medeiros T, Vilas-Boas A, Carvalho V, Santos T, Pinho A. Chorea as a Manifestation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Cureus 2023; 15:e35884. [PMID: 37033559 PMCID: PMC10080368 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with multisystemic manifestations, including central nervous system involvement. Chorea is a hyperkinetic movement disorder, characterized by involuntary, dance-like and poorly coordinated movements. Acute-onset chorea is a rare neuropsychiatric inaugural manifestation of SLE. This presentation is frequently associated with positive antiphospholipid antibodies, and it usually improves with immunosuppressive treatment. We report the case of a 20-year-old female, who presented with acute onset left hemichorea and fever. Analysis showed active urine sediment. A detailed anamnesis and evaluation revealed several clinical manifestations suggestive of SLE with multiorgan involvement: neurological, renal, cardiac, hematological, joint and mucocutaneous. This case emphasizes the importance of keeping a high clinical awareness for rarer presentations of common autoimmune disorders, such as SLE, which can be severe and should be promptly treated. Furthermore, the relevance of SLE in the differential diagnosis of acute-onset movement disorders in young patients is highlighted in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ana Pinho
- Internal Medicine, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos, PRT
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21
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Monahan RC, Beaart-van de Voorde LJJ, Fronczek R, de Bresser J, Eikenboom J, Kloppenburg M, Middelkoop HAM, Terwindt GM, van der Wee NJA, Huizinga TWJ, Steup-Beekman GM. Clinical outcome in patients with suspected inflammatory neuropsychiatric lupus treated with immunosuppression: an observational cohort study. Lupus Sci Med 2023; 10:10/1/e000850. [PMID: 36737098 PMCID: PMC9900068 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2022-000850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The short-term and long-term outcome of inflammatory neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE) with immunosuppressive treatment is largely unknown. We used clinical data from our tertiary referral centre for NPSLE to investigate the type of inflammatory NPSLE manifestations, type of immunosuppressive treatment prescribed for these manifestations and clinical outcomes. METHODS All patients with SLE visiting the Leiden University Medical Centre NPSLE clinic between 2007 and 2021 receiving immunosuppressive therapy for neuropsychiatric symptoms were included. Clinical, immunological and radiological information was collected in as standardised way during a 1-day multidisciplinary assessment. In a multidisciplinary consensus meeting, the presence of NPSLE and the type of NPSLE manifestations and treatment were determined. For this study, short-term (0-6 months) and long-term outcomes (7-24 months) of the NP symptoms were assessed by two independent readers and scored on a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from death to resolved. RESULTS In total, 95 out of 398 (24%) patients visiting the NPSLE clinic between 2007 and 2021 received any form of immunosuppressive treatment for 101 separate NPSLE events. The most common NP manifestation was cognitive dysfunction (50%) as identified by formal cognitive assessment, often present in combination with other NPSLE manifestations. Treatment modalities were induction (24%), induction and maintenance (73%) and other therapy (3%). The treatments mostly consisted of (combinations of) prednisone (97%), methylprednisolone (53%), azathioprine (generally 2 mg/kg daily) (49%) and cyclophosphamide (generally induction 750 mg/m2 every 4 weeks for 24 weeks or 500mg biweekly for 12 weeks) (42%). Short-term outcome showed improvement on the Likert scale in 73% (improved: 22%, much improved: 29%, resolved: 22%), no change in 21% and worsening in 6% of patients. Long-term outcome was available for 78 out of 101 events and showed improvement in 70% (improved: 14%, much improved: 28%, resolved: 28%), no change in 17%, worsening in 10% and death in 3% of patients (none directly NPSLE-related). CONCLUSION The outcome of inflammatory NPSLE after immunosuppressive treatment is generally good, with improvement of neuropsychiatric symptoms occuring in approximately 70% of events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory C Monahan
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rolf Fronczek
- Department of Neurology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands,SEIN, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen Eikenboom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet Kloppenburg
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Huub A M Middelkoop
- Department of Neurology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands,Institute of Psychology, Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nic J A van der Wee
- Department of Psychiatry, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands,Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom W J Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerda M Steup-Beekman
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands,Department of Rheumatology, Haaglanden Medical Centre, the Hague, The Netherlands
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22
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Hanly JG, Robertson JW, Legge A, Kamintsky L, Aristi G, Friedman A, Beyea SD, Fisk JD, Omisade A, Calkin C, Bardouille T, Bowen C, Matheson K, Hashmi JA. Resting state functional connectivity in SLE patients and association with cognitive impairment and blood-brain barrier permeability. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2023; 62:685-695. [PMID: 35699463 PMCID: PMC9891437 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extensive blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage has been linked to cognitive impairment in SLE. This study aimed to examine the associations of brain functional connectivity (FC) with cognitive impairment and BBB dysfunction among patients with SLE. METHODS Cognitive function was assessed by neuropsychological testing (n = 77). Resting-state FC (rsFC) between brain regions, measured by functional MRI (n = 78), assessed coordinated neural activation in 131 regions across five canonical brain networks. BBB permeability was measured by dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (n = 61). Differences in rsFC were compared between SLE patients with cognitive impairment (SLE-CI) and those with normal cognition (SLE-NC), between SLE patients with and without extensive BBB leakage, and with healthy controls. RESULTS A whole-brain rsFC comparison found significant differences in intra-network and inter-network FC in SLE-CI vs SLE-NC patients. The affected connections showed a reduced negative rsFC in SLE-CI compared with SLE-NC and healthy controls. Similarly, a reduced number of brain-wide connections was found in SLE-CI patients compared with SLE-NC (P = 0.030) and healthy controls (P = 0.006). Specific brain regions had a lower total number of brain-wide connections in association with extensive BBB leakage (P = 0.011). Causal mediation analysis revealed that 64% of the association between BBB leakage and cognitive impairment in SLE patients was mediated by alterations in FC. CONCLUSION SLE patients with cognitive impairment had abnormalities in brain rsFC which accounted for most of the association between extensive BBB leakage and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Hanly
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine and Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Center and Dalhousie University
| | - Jason W Robertson
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority
| | - Alexandra Legge
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Center and Dalhousie University
| | - Lyna Kamintsky
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Guillermo Aristi
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority
| | - Alon Friedman
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Departments of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Physiology and Cell Biology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Steven D Beyea
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), QEII Health Sciences Centre, and Department of Diagnostic Radiology
| | - John D Fisk
- Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Canada and the Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience and Medicine, Dalhousie University
| | - Antonina Omisade
- Acquired Brain Injury (Epilepsy Program), Nova Scotia Health Authority
| | - Cynthia Calkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Medical Neuroscience
| | | | - Chris Bowen
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), QEII Health Sciences Centre, and Department of Diagnostic Radiology
| | - Kara Matheson
- Research Methods Unit, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Javeria A Hashmi
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority
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23
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Tract-based white matter hyperintensity patterns in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus using an unsupervised machine learning approach. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21376. [PMID: 36494508 PMCID: PMC9734118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25990-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, little is known about the spatial distribution of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) in the brain of patients with Systemic Lupus erythematosus (SLE). Previous lesion markers, such as number and volume, ignore the strategic location of WMH. The goal of this work was to develop a fully-automated method to identify predominant patterns of WMH across WM tracts based on cluster analysis. A total of 221 SLE patients with and without neuropsychiatric symptoms from two different sites were included in this study. WMH segmentations and lesion locations were acquired automatically. Cluster analysis was performed on the WMH distribution in 20 WM tracts. Our pipeline identified five distinct clusters with predominant involvement of the forceps major, forceps minor, as well as right and left anterior thalamic radiations and the right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus. The patterns of the affected WM tracts were consistent over the SLE subtypes and sites. Our approach revealed distinct and robust tract-based WMH patterns within SLE patients. This method could provide a basis, to link the location of WMH with clinical symptoms. Furthermore, it could be used for other diseases characterized by presence of WMH to investigate both the clinical relevance of WMH and underlying pathomechanism in the brain.
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24
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Wang Y, Ren Y, Hong T, Lu D, Zhang F, Cao Y, Wang X. Lipidomics Changes in a Murine Model of Neuropsychiatric Lupus. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:6569-6580. [PMID: 36506783 PMCID: PMC9733566 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s391595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE) is one of the important manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Previous studies mainly focused on the disruption of the blood-brain barrier and the production of brain-reactive autoantibodies, However, there is no comprehensive lipidomic analysis in NPSLE. Therefore, this research evaluated the lipidomic analysis in the hippocampus and liver of NPSLE mice with mood disorders, to explore the influence of the liver-brain axis on this disease. Methods MRL/lpr mice and MRL/mpj mice were respectively used as NPSLE and control groups. Behavioral tests and systemic disease characteristics of mice were assessed at the age of 18 weeks. Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used for lipid metabolite determination. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to identify lipid metabolites that were differentially expressed in two groups. Results Our results showed that 355 and 405 lipid metabolites were differentially expressed between the NPSLE and control groups in the hippocampus and liver. According to the pathway enrichment analysis, several pathways were affected, and the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway was most relevant to the mouse's depressive behavior. Conclusion Based on UPLC-MS/MS, the results provide evidence for how the liver-brain axis affects NPSLE and improve the understanding of NPSLE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Wang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yating Ren
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Hong
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dingqi Lu
- First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Cao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinchang Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Xinchang Wang, Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 0571-85288249, Email
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25
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Exploratory Analysis of Outpatient Visits for US Adults Diagnosed with Lupus Erythematosus: Findings from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey 2006–2016. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10091664. [PMID: 36141276 PMCID: PMC9498556 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10091664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aims to assess office-based visit trends for lupus patients and evaluate their medication burden, chronic conditions, and comorbidities. This cross-sectional study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS), a survey sample weighted to represent national estimates of outpatient visits. Adult patients diagnosed with lupus were included. Medications and comorbidities that were frequently recorded were identified and categorized. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses were used to characterize visits by sex, age, race/ethnicity, insurance type, region, and reason for visit. Comorbidities were identified using diagnosis codes documented at each encounter. There were 27,029,228 visits for lupus patients from 2006 to 2016, and 87% them were on or were prescribed medications. Most visits were for female (88%), white (79%), non-Hispanic (88%) patients with private insurance (53%). The majority of patients were seen for a chronic routine problem (75%), and 29% had lupus as the primary diagnosis. Frequent medications prescribed were hydroxychloroquine (30%), prednisone (23%), multivitamins (14%), and furosemide (9%). Common comorbidities observed included arthritis (88%), hypertension (25%), and depression (13%). Prescription patterns are reflective of comorbidities associated with lupus. By assessing medications most frequently prescribed and comorbid conditions among lupus patients, we showcase the complexity of disease management and the need for strategies to improve care.
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26
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Jianing W, Jingyi X, Pingting Y. Neuropsychiatric lupus erythematosus: Focusing on autoantibodies. J Autoimmun 2022; 132:102892. [PMID: 36030137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) frequently suffer from nervous system complications, termed neuropsychiatric lupus erythematosus (NPLE). NPLE accounts for the poor prognosis of SLE. Correct attribution of NP events to SLE is the primary principle in managing NPLE. The vascular injuries and neuroinflammation are the fundamental neuropathologic changes in NPLE. Specific autoantibody-mediated central nerve system (CNS) damages distinguish NPLE from other CNS disorders. Though the central antibodies in NPLE are generally thought to be raised from the periphery immune system, they may be produced in the meninges and choroid plexus. On this basis, abnormal activation of microglia and disease-associated microglia (DAM) should be the common mechanisms of NPLE and other CNS disturbances. Improved understanding of both characteristic and sharing features of NPLE might yield further options for managing this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Jianing
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Jingyi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Pingting
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Wang M, Wang Z, Zhang S, Wu Y, Zhang L, Zhao J, Wang Q, Tian X, Li M, Zeng X. Progress in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11174955. [PMID: 36078885 PMCID: PMC9456588 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11174955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) has a broad spectrum of subtypes with diverse severities and prognoses. Ischemic and inflammatory mechanisms, including autoantibodies and cytokine-mediated pathological processes, are key components of the pathogenesis of NPSLE. Additional brain-intrinsic elements (such as the brain barrier and resident microglia) are also important facilitators of NPSLE. An improving understanding of NPSLE may provide further options for managing this disease. The attenuation of neuropsychiatric disease in mouse models demonstrates the potential for novel targeted therapies. Conventional therapeutic algorithms include symptomatic, anti-thrombotic, and immunosuppressive agents that are only supported by observational cohort studies, therefore performing controlled clinical trials to guide further management is essential and urgent. In this review, we aimed to present the latest pathogenetic mechanisms of NPSLE and discuss the progress in its management.
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28
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Sim TM, Mak A, Tay SH. Insights into the role of neutrophils in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: Current understanding and future directions. Front Immunol 2022; 13:957303. [PMID: 36016935 PMCID: PMC9396336 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.957303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) involvement of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), termed neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE), is a major and debilitating manifestation of the disease. While patients with SLE mostly complain of common neuropsychological symptoms such headache and mild mood disorders that may not even be technically attributed to SLE, many SLE patients present with life-threatening NPSLE syndromes such as cerebrovascular disease, seizures and psychosis that are equally challenging in terms of early diagnosis and therapy. While we are just beginning to unravel some mysteries behind the immunologic basis of NPSLE, advancements in the mechanistic understanding of the complex pathogenic processes of NPSLE have been emerging through recent murine and human studies. The pathogenic pathways implicated in NPSLE are multifarious and various immune effectors such as cell-mediated inflammation, autoantibodies and cytokines including type I interferons have been found to act in concert with the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and other neurovascular interfaces. Beyond antimicrobial functions, neutrophils are emerging as decision-shapers during innate and adaptive immune responses. Activated neutrophils have been recognized to be involved in ischemic and infective processes in the CNS by releasing neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), matrix metalloproteinase-9 and proinflammatory cytokines. In the context of NPSLE, these mechanisms contribute to BBB disruption, neuroinflammation and externalization of modified proteins on NETs that serve as autoantigens. Neutrophils that sediment within the peripheral blood mononuclear cell fraction after density centrifugation of blood are generally defined as low-density neutrophils (LDNs) or low-density granulocytes. LDNs are a proinflammatory subset of neutrophils that are increased with SLE disease activity and are primed to undergo NETosis and release cytokines such as interferon-α and tumor necrosis factor. This review discusses the immunopathogenesis of NPSLE with a focus on neutrophils as a core mediator of the disease and potential target for translational research in NPSLE.
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29
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Zervides KA, Jern A, Nystedt J, Gullstrand B, Nilsson PC, Sundgren PC, Bengtsson AA, Jönsen A. Serum S100A8/A9 concentrations are associated with neuropsychiatric involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: a cross-sectional study. BMC Rheumatol 2022; 6:38. [PMID: 35804434 PMCID: PMC9270742 DOI: 10.1186/s41927-022-00268-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropsychiatric (NP) involvement and fatigue are major problems in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). S100A8/A9 is a marker of inflammation and responds to therapy in SLE patients. S100A8/A9 has an immunopathogenic role in various neurological diseases. We investigated S100A8/A9 in relation to NP-involvement and fatigue in SLE. METHODS 72 consecutive SLE outpatients at a tertiary centre and 26 healthy controls were included in this cross-sectional study. NPSLE was determined by specialists in rheumatology and neurology and defined according to three attribution models: "ACR", "SLICC A" and "SLICC B". Cerebral MRI was assessed by a neuroradiologist and neurocognitive testing by a neuropsychologist. The individuals were assessed by scores of pain (VAS), fatigue (VAS and FSS), and depression (MADRS-S). Concentrations of S100A8/A9 in serum and cerebrospinal fluid were measured with ELISA. Statistical calculations were performed using non-parametric methods. RESULTS Serum concentrations of S100A8/A9 were higher in SLE patients compared with controls (medians 1230 ng/ml; 790 ng/ml, p = 0.023). The concentrations were higher in NPSLE patients compared with non-NPSLE patients when applying the SLICC A and ACR models, but not significant when applying the SLICC B model (medians 1400 ng/ml; 920 ng/ml, p = 0.011; 1560 ng/ml; 1090 ng/ml, p = 0.050; 1460 ng/ml; 1090 ng/ml, p = 0.083, respectively). No differences of CSF S100A8/A9 concentrations were observed between NPSLE and non-NPSLE patients. SLE patients with depression or cognitive dysfunction as an ACR NPSLE manifestation had higher serum S100A8/A9 concentrations than non-NPSLE patients (median 1460 ng/ml, p = 0.007 and 1380 ng/ml, p = 0.013, respectively). Higher serum S100A8/A9 correlated with higher VAS fatigue (r = 0.31; p = 0.008) and VAS pain (r = 0.27, p = 0.021) in SLE patients. Serum S100A8/A9 was not independently associated with NPSLE when adjusting for scores of fatigue (FSS) and pain (VAS) (OR 1.86, 95% CI 0.93-3.73, p = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS Serum S100A8/A9 concentrations may be associated with NPSLE and fatigue. S100A8/A9 may be of interest in evaluating NPSLE, although further investigations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer A Zervides
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Rheumatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Andreas Jern
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Rheumatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jessika Nystedt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Gullstrand
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Rheumatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Petra C Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pia C Sundgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diagnostic Radiology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Lund University BioImaging Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders A Bengtsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Rheumatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Jönsen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Rheumatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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30
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Hanly JG, Legge A, Kamintsky L, Friedman A, Hashmi JA, Beyea SD, Fisk J, Omisade A, Calkin C, Bardouille T, Bowen C, Matheson K, Fritzler MJ. Role of autoantibodies and blood-brain barrier leakage in cognitive impairment in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus Sci Med 2022; 9:9/1/e000668. [PMID: 35705307 PMCID: PMC9204449 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2022-000668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objective Cognitive impairment is common in patients with SLE but the cause is unknown. The current cross-sectional study examined the association between select SLE-related autoantibodies, other serological biomarkers and extensive blood–brain barrier (BBB) leakage in patients with SLE with and without cognitive impairment. In addition, we determined whether the relationship between SLE autoantibodies, other biomarkers and cognitive impairment differed depending on the presence or absence of concurrent extensive BBB leakage. Methods Consecutive patients with SLE, recruited from a single academic medical centre, underwent formal neuropsychological testing for assessment of cognitive function. On the same day, BBB permeability was determined using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI scanning. SLE autoantibodies and other serological biomarkers were measured. Regression modelling was used to determine the association between cognitive impairment, extensive BBB leakage and autoantibodies/biomarkers. Results There were 102 patients with SLE; 90% were female and 88% were Caucasian, with a mean±SD age of 48.9±13.8 years. The mean±SD SLE disease duration was 14.8±11.0 years. Impairment in one or more cognitive tests was present in 47 of 101 (47%) patients and included deficits in information processing speed (9%), attention span (21%), new learning (8%), delayed recall (15%) and executive abilities (21%). Extensive BBB leakage was present in 20 of 79 (25%) patients and was associated with cognitive impairment (15 of 20 (75%) vs 24 of 59 (41%); p=0.01) and shorter disease duration (median (IQR): 7 (8–24 years) vs 15 (2–16 years); p=0.02). No serological parameters were associated with extensive BBB leakage and there was no statistically significant association between cognitive impairment and circulating autoantibodies even after adjusting for BBB leakage. Conclusions Extensive BBB leakage alone was associated with cognitive impairment. These findings suggest that BBB leakage is an important contributor to cognitive impairment, regardless of circulating SLE-related autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Hanly
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada .,Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Alexandra Legge
- Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Lyna Kamintsky
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Alon Friedman
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Departments of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Physiology and Cell Biology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Javeria A Hashmi
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Steven D Beyea
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - John Fisk
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience and Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Antonina Omisade
- Acquired Brain Injury (Epilepsy Program), Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Cynthia Calkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Tim Bardouille
- Department of Physics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Chris Bowen
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Kara Matheson
- Research Methods Unit, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Marvin J Fritzler
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Lauvsnes MB, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Kvaløy JT, Tjensvoll AB, Maroni S, Beyer MK, Greve OJ, Kvivik I, Alves G, Gøransson LG, Harboe E, Hirohata S, Omdal R. Neurofilament light in plasma is a potential biomarker of central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Neurol 2022; 269:3064-3074. [PMID: 34800169 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10893-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropsychiatric manifestations (NP) are common in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the pathophysiological mechanisms are not completely understood. Neurofilament light protein (NfL) is part of the neuronal cytoskeleton. Increased NfL concentrations, reflecting neurodegeneration, is observed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in several neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory conditions. We aimed to explore if plasma NfL could serve as a biomarker for central nervous system (CNS) involvement in SLE. METHODS Sixty-seven patients with SLE underwent neurological examination; 52 underwent lumbar puncture, while 62 underwent cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We measured selected auto-antibodies and other laboratory variables postulated to have roles in NP pathophysiology in the blood and/or CSF. We used SPM12 software for MRI voxel-based morphometry. RESULTS Age-adjusted linear regression analyses revealed increased plasma NfL concentrations with increasing creatinine (β = 0.01, p < 0.001) and Q-albumin (β = 0.07, p = 0.008). We observed higher plasma NfL concentrations in patients with a history of seizures (β = 0.57, p = 0.014), impaired motor function (β = 0.36, p = 0.008), increasing disease activity (β = 0.04, p = 0.008), and organ damage (β = 0.10, p = 0.002). Voxel-based morphometry suggested an association between increasing plasma NfL concentrations and the loss of cerebral white matter in the corpus callosum and hippocampal gray matter. CONCLUSION Increased plasma NfL concentrations were associated with some abnormal neurological, cognitive, and neuroimaging findings. However, plasma NfL was also influenced by other factors, such as damage accrual, creatinine, and Q-albumin, thereby obscuring the interpretation of how plasma NfL reflects CNS involvement. Taken together, NfL in CSF seems a better marker of neuronal injury than plasma NfL in patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Boge Lauvsnes
- Department of Rheumatology, Stavanger University Hospital, Pb. 8100 Forus, 4068, Stavanger, Norway.
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jan Terje Kvaløy
- Research Department, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | | | - Stian Maroni
- Clinical Neuropsychology Unit, Division of Psychiatry, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Mona K Beyer
- Instiute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Jacob Greve
- Department of Radiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ingeborg Kvivik
- Research Department, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Guido Alves
- Department of Neurology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Lasse Gunnar Gøransson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erna Harboe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Shunsei Hirohata
- Department of Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Roald Omdal
- Department of Rheumatology, Stavanger University Hospital, Pb. 8100 Forus, 4068, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Yuan Y, Quan T, Song Y, Guan J, Zhou T, Wu R. Noise-immune Extreme Ensemble Learning for Early Diagnosis of Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2022; 26:3495-3506. [PMID: 35380977 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2022.3164937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnosis is currently the most effective way of saving the life of patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE). However, it is rather difficult to detect this terrible disease at the early stage, due to the subtle and elusive symptomatic signals. Recent studies show that the 1H-MRS (proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy) imaging technique can capture more information reflecting the early appearance of this disease than conventional magnetic resonance imaging techniques. 1H-MRS data, however, also presents more noises that can bring serious diagnosis bias. We hence proposed a noise-immune extreme ensemble learning technique for effectively leveraging 1H-MRS data for advancing the early diagnosis of NPSLE. Our main results are that 1) by developing generalized maximum correntropy criterion in the kernel extreme learning setting, many types of non-Gaussian noises can be distinguished, and 2) weighted recursive feature elimination, using maximal information coefficient to weight feature's importance, helps to further alleviate the bad impact of noises on the diagnosis performance. The proposed method is assessed on a publicly available dataset with 97.5% accuracy, 95.8% sensitivity, and 99.9% specificity, which well demonstrates its efficacy.
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Shaaban A, Tayel M, Hassan E, Salah M, Ibrahim M, Said W. Evaluation of depression and general health assessment among systemic lupus erythematosus patients in relation to disease activity and damage. EGYPTIAN RHEUMATOLOGY AND REHABILITATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43166-022-00113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune illness defined by involvement of several systems and a variety of clinical symptoms among them the neuropsychiatric manifestations. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the presence of depression and to assess overall health in individuals with SLE, as well as their relation to SLE disease activity and damage. Sixty adult SLE patients were enrolled, along with sixty age and sex-matched controls. For the presence of major depression, all patients were examined using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) for mental distress. Antinuclear antibody, anti-ds DNA, complements 3 and 4, and anti-ribosomal P antibody were performed for SLE patients. The SLEDAI-2 K and SLEDDI were assessed.
Results
The 60 patients were 52 (86.7%) females and 8 (13.3%) men, with a mean age of 32.5 ± 11.5 years and disease duration of 3.57 ± 3.55 years. Patients with depression accounted for 43 (71.6%) of the total, whereas controls accounted for just 14 (23.3%). Patients with substantial depression had significantly higher SLEDAI-2 K, SLEDDI, and illness duration than those without major depression (p = 0.047, p = 0.043, and p = 0.033, respectively). The patients’ mean GHQ-12 score was 17 ± 5.96, whereas the control group's was 10.0 ± 67.30, with a p value of 0.002. SLEDAI-2 K, SLEDDI, and depression score had a substantial positive association (p = 0.001, p = 0.042), while BDI-II and GHQ-12 had a significant positive correlation (p 0.001).
Conclusions
Depression and psychological distress were both common in SLE patients. Depression severity was linked to illness duration, activity, and damage.
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Inglese F, Kim M, Steup-Beekman GM, Huizinga TWJ, van Buchem MA, de Bresser J, Kim DS, Ronen I. MRI-Based Classification of Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients With Self-Supervised Contrastive Learning. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:695888. [PMID: 35250439 PMCID: PMC8889016 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.695888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction/PurposeSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic auto-immune disease with a broad spectrum of clinical presentations, including heterogeneous neuropsychiatric (NP) syndromes. Structural brain abnormalities are commonly found in SLE and NPSLE, but their role in diagnosis is limited, and their usefulness in distinguishing between NPSLE patients and patients in which the NP symptoms are not primarily attributed to SLE (non-NPSLE) is non-existent. Self-supervised contrastive learning algorithms proved to be useful in classification tasks in rare diseases with limited number of datasets. Our aim was to apply self-supervised contrastive learning on T1-weighted images acquired from a well-defined cohort of SLE patients, aiming to distinguish between NPSLE and non-NPSLE patients.Subjects and MethodsWe used 3T MRI T1-weighted images of 163 patients. The training set comprised 68 non-NPSLE and 34 NPSLE patients. We applied random geometric transformations between iterations to augment our data sets. The ML pipeline consisted of convolutional base encoder and linear projector. To test the classification task, the projector was removed and one linear layer was measured. Validation of the method consisted of 6 repeated random sub-samplings, each using a random selection of a small group of patients of both subtypes.ResultsIn the 6 trials, between 79% and 83% of the patients were correctly classified as NPSLE or non-NPSLE. For a qualitative evaluation of spatial distribution of the common features found in both groups, Gradient-weighted Class Activation Maps (Grad-CAM) were examined. Thresholded Grad-CAM maps show areas of common features identified for the NPSLE cohort, while no such communality was found for the non-NPSLE group.Discussion/ConclusionThe self-supervised contrastive learning model was effective in capturing common brain MRI features from a limited but well-defined cohort of SLE patients with NP symptoms. The interpretation of the Grad-CAM results is not straightforward, but indicates involvement of the lateral and third ventricles, periventricular white matter and basal cisterns. We believe that the common features found in the NPSLE population in this study indicate a combination of tissue loss, local atrophy and to some extent that of periventricular white matter lesions, which are commonly found in NPSLE patients and appear hypointense on T1-weighted images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Inglese
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Minseon Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | | | - Tom W. J. Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mark A. van Buchem
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen de Bresser
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Dae-Shik Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Itamar Ronen
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Itamar Ronen,
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Vanarsa K, Sasidharan P, Duran V, Gokaraju S, Nidhi M, Louis Sam Titus ASC, Soomro S, Stock AD, Der E, Putterman C, Greenberg B, Mok CC, Hanly JG, Mohan C. Aptamer-based screen of Neuropsychiatric Lupus cerebrospinal fluid reveals potential biomarkers that overlap with the choroid plexus transcriptome. Arthritis Rheumatol 2022; 74:1223-1234. [PMID: 35099126 DOI: 10.1002/art.42080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As no gold-standard diagnostic test exists for neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE), we executed a broad screen of NPSLE cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using an aptamer-based platform. METHODS CSF were obtained from NPSLE patients and subjected to proteomic assay using the aptamer-based screen. Potential biomarkers were identified and validated in independent NPSLE cohorts in comparison with other neurological diseases. RESULTS 40 proteins out of 1129 screened were elevated in NPSLE CSF. By ELISA validation, CSF Angiostatin, α2-Macroglobulin, DAN, Fibronectin, HCC-1, IgM, Lipocalin 2, M-CSF and SERPING1 were significantly elevated in a predominantly Caucasian NPSLE cohort (n=24), compared to patients with other neurological diseases (n=54), with CSF IgM (AUC=0.95) and M-CSF (AUC=0.91) being the most discriminatory. In a second, Hong Kong NPSLE cohort, CSF IgM (AUC=0.78) and Lipocalin-2 (AUC=0.85) were the most discriminatory. Several CSF proteins exhibited high diagnostic specificity for NPSLE in both cohorts. Elevated CSF C3 was associated with acute confusional state. Eleven molecules elevated in NPSLE CSF exhibited concordant elevation in the choroid plexus, suggesting shared origins. CONCLUSIONS CSF Lipocalin-2, M-CSF, IgM and complement C3 emerge as promising CSF biomarkers of NPSLE with diagnostic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamala Vanarsa
- Department Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | | | - Valeria Duran
- Department Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Sirisha Gokaraju
- Department Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Malavika Nidhi
- Department Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | | | - Sanam Soomro
- Department Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | | | - Evan Der
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | | | | | | | - John G Hanly
- Division of Rheumatology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Center and Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Chandra Mohan
- Department Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX
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Ota Y, Srinivasan A, Capizzano AA, Bapuraj JR, Kim J, Kurokawa R, Baba A, Moritani T. Central Nervous System Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Pathophysiologic, Clinical, and Imaging Features. Radiographics 2022; 42:212-232. [PMID: 34990324 DOI: 10.1148/rg.210045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by multiple immunologic abnormalities and has the potential to involve the central nervous system (CNS). The prevalence of SLE seems to be growing, possibly because of earlier diagnosis and improved survival; however, the associated mortality is still high. The mortality is associated with disease-related risk factors such as lupus disease activity, young age, and organ damage or with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE), which is caused by SLE-related CNS involvement, comprises a broad range of neurologic and psychiatric manifestations with varying severity, which can make this disease indistinguishable from other conditions that are unrelated to SLE. No unifying pathophysiology has been found in the etiology of NPSLE, suggesting that this condition has multiple contributors such as various immune effectors and the brain-intrinsic neuroimmune interfaces that are breached by the immune effectors. The postulated neuroimmune interfaces include the blood-brain barrier, blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, meningeal barrier, and glymphatic system. On the basis of the immunologic, pathologic, and imaging features of NPSLE, the underlying pathophysiology can be classified as vasculitis and vasculopathy, APS, demyelinating syndrome, or autoimmune antibody-mediated encephalitis. Each pathophysiology has different imaging characteristics, although the imaging and pathophysiologic features may overlap. Moreover, there are complications due to the immunocompromised status caused by SLE per se or by SLE treatment. Radiologists and clinicians should become familiar with the underlying mechanisms, radiologic findings, and complications of NPSLE, as this information may aid in the diagnosis and treatment of NPSLE. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Ota
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, UH B2, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ashok Srinivasan
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, UH B2, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Aristides A Capizzano
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, UH B2, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jayapalli R Bapuraj
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, UH B2, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - John Kim
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, UH B2, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ryo Kurokawa
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, UH B2, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Akira Baba
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, UH B2, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Toshio Moritani
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, UH B2, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Li S, Bai R, Yang Y, Zhao R, Upreti B, Wang X, Liu S, Cheng Y, Xu J. Abnormal cortical thickness and structural covariance networks in systemic lupus erythematosus patients without major neuropsychiatric manifestations. Arthritis Res Ther 2022; 24:259. [PMID: 36443835 PMCID: PMC9703716 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-022-02954-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (non-NPSLE) has been confirmed to have subtle changes in brain structure before the appearance of obvious neuropsychiatric symptoms. Previous literature mainly focuses on brain structure loss in non-NPSLE; however, the results are heterogeneous, and the impact of structural changes on the topological structure of patients' brain networks remains to be determined. In this study, we combined neuroimaging and network analysis methods to evaluate the changes in cortical thickness and its structural covariance networks (SCNs) in patients with non-NPSLE. METHODS We compare the cortical thickness of non-NPSLE patients (N=108) and healthy controls (HCs, N=88) using both surface-based morphometry (SBM) and regions of interest (ROI) methods, respectively. After that, we analyzed the correlation between the abnormal cortical thickness results found in the ROI method and a series of clinical features. Finally, we constructed the SCNs of two groups using the regional cortical thickness and analyzed the abnormal SCNs of non-NPSLE. RESULTS By SBM method, we found that cortical thickness of 34 clusters in the non-NPSLE group was thinner than that in the HC group. ROI method based on Destrieux atlas showed that cortical thickness of 57 regions in the non-NPSLE group was thinner than that in the HC group and related to the course of disease, autoantibodies, the cumulative amount of immunosuppressive agents, and cognitive psychological scale. In the SCN analysis, the cortical thickness SCNs of the non-NPSLE group did not follow the small-world attribute at a few densities, and the global clustering coefficient appeared to increase. The area under the curve analysis showed that there were significant differences between the two groups in clustering coefficient, degree, betweenness, and local efficiency. There are a total of seven hubs for non-NPSLE, and five hubs in HCs, the two groups do not share a common hub distribution. CONCLUSION Extensive and obvious reduction in cortical thickness and abnormal topological organization of SCNs are observed in non-NPSLE patients. The observed abnormalities may not only be the realization of brain damage caused by the disease, but also the contribution of the compensatory changes within the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ru Bai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yifan Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ruotong Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Bibhuti Upreti
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuqi Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
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Johnson MC, Sathappan A, Hanly JG, Ross GS, Hauptman AJ, Stone WS, Simon KM. From the Blood-Brain Barrier to Childhood Development: A Case of Acute-Onset Psychosis and Cognitive Impairment Attributed to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in an Adolescent Female. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2022; 30:71-82. [PMID: 34995037 DOI: 10.1097/hrp.0000000000000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
LEARNING OBJECTIVES After participating in this CME activity, the clinician will be better able to:• Interpret classifications of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE).• Identify determining factors of neuropsychiatric events.• Analyze current evidence regarding disease pathways for NPSLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Johnson
- From Harvard Medical School (Drs. Johnson, Sathappan, Hauptman, Stone, and Simon); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (Drs. Johnson, Sathappan, and Stone); Dalhousie University (Dr. Hanly); Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Center, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Weill Cornell Medical College (Dr. Ross); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (Dr. Hauptman); Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (Dr. Simon)
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Yuen K, Beaton D, Bingham K, Katz P, Su J, Diaz Martinez JP, Tartaglia MC, Ruttan L, Wither JE, Kakvan M, Anderson N, Bonilla D, Choi MY, Fritzler MJ, Green R, Touma Z. Validation of the automated neuropsychological assessment metrics for assessing cognitive impairment in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2022; 31:45-54. [PMID: 34957878 PMCID: PMC8793300 DOI: 10.1177/09612033211062530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously demonstrated the utility of the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM) for screening cognitive impairment (CI) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and developed composite indices for interpreting ANAM results. Our objectives here were to provide further support for the ANAM's concurrent criterion validity against the American College of Rheumatology neuropsychological battery (ACR-NB), identify the most discriminatory subtests and scores of the ANAM for predicting CI, and provide a new approach to interpret ANAM results using Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis. METHODS 300 adult SLE patients completed an adapted ACR-NB and ANAM on the same day. As per objectives, six models were built using combinations of ANAM subtests and scores and submitted to CART analysis. Area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to evaluate the ANAM's criterion validity compared to the adapted ACR-NB; the most discriminatory ANAM subtests and scores in each model were selected, and performance of models with the highest AUCs were compared to our previous composite indices; decision trees were generated for models with the highest AUCs. RESULTS Two models had excellent AUCs of 86 and 89%. Eight most discriminatory ANAM subtests and scores were identified. Both models demonstrated higher AUCs against our previous composite indices. An adapted decision tree was created to simplify the interpretation of ANAM results. CONCLUSION We provide further validity evidence for the ANAM as a valid CI screening tool in SLE. The decision tree improves interpretation of ANAM results, enhancing clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley Yuen
- Centre for Prognosis Studies in the Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital Lupus Clinic, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Kathleen Bingham
- Toronto General Hospital, Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia Katz
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jiandong Su
- Centre for Prognosis Studies in Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto Lupus Clinic, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Juan Pablo Diaz Martinez
- Centre for Prognosis Studies in Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto Lupus Clinic, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Lesley Ruttan
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joan E. Wither
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mahta Kakvan
- Toronto Western Hospital/Rheumatology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole Anderson
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Dennisse Bonilla
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - May Y. Choi
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Robin Green
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zahi Touma
- Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Cerebral Microstructure Analysis by Diffusion-Based MRI in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Lessons Learned and Research Directions. Brain Sci 2021; 12:brainsci12010070. [PMID: 35053811 PMCID: PMC8773633 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusion-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies, namely diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI), have been performed in the context of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), either with or without neuropsychiatric (NP) involvement, to deepen cerebral microstructure alterations. These techniques permit the measurement of the variations in random movement of water molecules in tissues, enabling their microarchitecture analysis. While DWI is recommended as part of the initial MRI assessment of SLE patients suspected for NP involvement, DTI is not routinely part of the instrumental evaluation for clinical purposes, and it has been mainly used for research. DWI and DTI studies revealed less restricted movement of water molecules inside cerebral white matter (WM), expression of a global loss of WM density, occurring in the context of SLE, prevalently, but not exclusively, in case of NP involvement. More advanced studies have combined DTI with other quantitative MRI techniques, to further characterize disease pathogenesis, while brain connectomes analysis revealed structural WM network disruption. In this narrative review, the authors provide a summary of the evidence regarding cerebral microstructure analysis by DWI and DTI studies in SLE, focusing on lessons learned and future research perspectives.
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Tayer-Shifman OE, Bingham KS, Touma Z. Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Older Adults: Diagnosis and Management. Drugs Aging 2021; 39:129-142. [PMID: 34913146 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-021-00911-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem chronic autoimmune disease with variable clinical manifestations. Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) includes the neurologic syndromes of the central, peripheral and autonomic nervous system and the psychiatric syndromes observed in patients with SLE. Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus events may present as an initial manifestation of SLE or may be diagnosed later in the course of the disease. Older adults with NPLSE include those who are ageing with known SLE and those with late-onset SLE. The diagnosis of NPSLE across the lifespan continues to be hampered by the lack of sensitive and specific laboratory and imaging biomarkers. In this review, we discuss the particular complexity of NPSLE diagnosis and management in older adults. We first discuss the epidemiology of late-onset NPSLE, then review principles of diagnosis of NPSLE, highlighting issues that are pertinent to older adults and that make diagnosis and attribution more challenging, such as atypical disease presentation, higher medical comorbidity, and differences in neuroimaging and autoantibody investigations. We also discuss clinical issues that are of particular relevance to older adults that have a high degree of overlap with SLE, including drug-induced lupus, cerebrovascular disease and neurocognitive disorders. Finally, we review the management of NPSLE, mainly moderate to high- dose glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants, again highlighting considerations for older adults, such as increased medication (especially glucocorticoids) adverse effects, ageing-related pharmacokinetic changes that can affect SLE medication management, medication dosing and attention to medical comorbidities affecting brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshrat E Tayer-Shifman
- Rheumatology Unit, Meir Medical Center affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Kathleen S Bingham
- University Health Network Centre for Mental Health, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zahi Touma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Centre for Prognosis Studies in Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital-Lupus Clinic, University of Toronto, EW, 1-412, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada.
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Barraclough M, McKie S, Parker B, Elliott R, Bruce IN. The effects of disease activity, inflammation, depression and cognitive fatigue on resting state fMRI in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 61:SI39-SI47. [PMID: 34747435 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cognitive dysfunction (CD) and depression are interlinked comorbidities of SLE. They may be the result of altered brain mechanisms. This study aimed to examine SLE effects on functional connectivity (FC) within the default mode network (DMN) using resting state fMRI-and how depression may impact this. METHODS Demographic, clinical and psychiatric data were collected from 19 SLE-active, 23 SLE-stable and 30 healthy controls (HC) participants. A T2*-weighted rsfMR scan was acquired and analysed using independent component analysis (ICA). Group z-scores for nodes associated with the DMN were tested. Significant nodes were entered into a factor analysis. The combined factor was used in correlations with factors of interest. Significant variables were used in a mediation analysis. RESULTS 14 DMN nodes were defined using ICA. In five nodes, the SLE groups had significantly reduced FC compared with the HC group (p < 0.01). Factor analysis generated one factor that only depression score correlated with for both the HC group (rs=-0.510) and SLE groups combined (rs=-0.390). Mediation analysis revealed depression score accounted for 22% of the altered FC in the DMN. Disease state accounted for the remaining 78%. CONCLUSIONS Altered FC was evident in DMN nodes for SLE groups irrespective of disease activity. Depression accounts for some of this effect but SLE directly accounted for more. Further studies are needed to assess if these changes may be a precursor to CD in SLE. If so, rs-fMRI could be an early marker for CD in SLE and help in future CD in SLE treatment trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Barraclough
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Shane McKie
- FBMH Platform Sciences, Enabling Technologies & Infrastructure, FBMH Research & Innovation, The University of Manchester & Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Ben Parker
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Rebecca Elliott
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ian N Bruce
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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Inglese F, Jaarsma-Coes MG, Steup-Beekman GM, Monahan R, Huizinga T, van Buchem MA, Ronen I, de Bresser J. Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus is associated with a distinct type and shape of cerebral white matter hyperintensities. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 61:2663-2671. [PMID: 34730801 PMCID: PMC9157072 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Advanced white matter hyperintensity (WMH) markers on brain MRI may help reveal underlying mechanisms and aid in the diagnosis of different phenotypes of SLE patients experiencing neuropsychiatric (NP) manifestations. Methods In this prospective cohort study, we included a clinically well-defined cohort of 155 patients consisting of 38 patients with NPSLE (26 inflammatory and 12 ischaemic phenotype) and 117 non-NPSLE patients. Differences in 3 T MRI WMH markers (volume, type and shape) were compared between patients with NPSLE and non-NPSLE and between patients with inflammatory and ischaemic NPSLE by linear and logistic regression analyses corrected for age, sex and intracranial volume. Results Compared with non-NPSLE [92% female; mean age 42 (13) years], patients with NPSLE [87% female; mean age 40 (14) years] showed a higher total WMH volume [B (95%-CI)]: 0.46 (0.0 7 ↔ 0.86); P = 0.021], a higher periventricular/confluent WMH volume [0.46 (0.0 6 ↔ 0.86); P = 0.024], a higher occurrence of periventricular with deep WMH type [0.32 (0.1 3 ↔ 0.77); P = 0.011], a higher number of deep WMH lesions [3.06 (1.2 1 ↔ 4.90); P = 0.001] and a more complex WMH shape [convexity: ‒0.07 (‒0.12 ↔ ‒0.02); P = 0.011, concavity index: 0.05 (0.0 1 ↔ 0.08); P = 0.007]. WMH shape was more complex in inflammatory NPSLE patients [89% female; mean age 39 (15) years] compared with patients with the ischaemic phenotype [83% female; mean age 41 (11) years] [concavity index: 0.08 (0.0 1 ↔ 0.15); P = 0.034]. Conclusion We demonstrated that patients with NPSLE showed a higher periventricular/confluent WMH volume and more complex shape of WMH compared with non-NPSLE patients. This finding was particularly significant in inflammatory NPLSE patients, suggesting different or more severe underlying pathophysiological abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Inglese
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Gerda M Steup-Beekman
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Rory Monahan
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tom Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mark A van Buchem
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Itamar Ronen
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen de Bresser
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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44
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Fujita Y, Iwata S, Nakano K, Adachi H, Tanaka Y. Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus detected using extravascular spillage signal on dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (Ktrans). Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 61:SI102-SI104. [PMID: 34626104 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Fujita
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Shigeru Iwata
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nakano
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Adachi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Tanaka
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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45
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Galetta K, Bhattacharyya S. Acute Neurologic Manifestations of Systemic Immune-Mediated Diseases. Semin Neurol 2021; 41:541-553. [PMID: 34619780 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1733790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Systemic autoimmune diseases can affect the peripheral and central nervous system. In this review, we outline the common inpatient consultations for patients with neurological symptoms from rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, immunoglobulin G4-related disease, Behçet's disease, giant cell arteritis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, microscopic polyangiitis, eosinophilic granulomatosis, polyarteritis nodosa, and ankylosing spondylitis. We discuss the symptoms, diagnostic strategies, and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Galetta
- Division of Hospital Neurology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shamik Bhattacharyya
- Division of Hospital Neurology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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46
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Serum BDNF and cognitive dysfunction in SLE: findings from a cohort of 111 patients. Clin Rheumatol 2021; 41:421-428. [PMID: 34537904 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-021-05915-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association between brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) is controversial in the literature. Cognitive dysfunction (CD) is a common, underdiagnosed NPSLE manifestation, but its pathophysiology is unknown. Thus, we investigate serum BDNF as a potential biomarker of CD in a cohort of SLE patients. METHODS We included 63 SLE patients, 48 NPSLE, and 57 age- and gender-matched controls (CON). All participants underwent neuropsychological assessment. Data on cardiovascular comorbidities, SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI), and Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics damage index (SLICC-DI) were compiled. Multiple regression analyses evaluated predictors of serum BDNF levels. RESULTS Serum BDNF levels were lower in SLE and NPSLE patients than in CON (SLE 800.4 ± 502.7 vs. NPSLE 779.7 ± 426.3 vs. CON 1,345.5 ng/mL ± 438.4; p < 0.001). In addition, hypertension (B: - 192.5, SE: 84.3, 95% CI: - 359.7 to - 25.3, p = 0.024) and SLICC-DI score (B: - 75.9, SE: 27.2, 95% CI: - 129.8 to - 22, p = 0.006) were predictors of serum BDNF levels in SLE. There was no relation between BDNF levels and CD. CONCLUSION BDNF levels are lower in SLE patients than CON and inversely associated with hypertension and SLICC-DI scores. No association between BDNF levels and CD or NPSLE was observed in this cohort. These findings indicate that BDNF may be associated with overall burden in SLE rather than specific manifestations such as cognition impairment. Key Points • BDNF is associated with an overall burden in SLE rather than specific manifestations such as cognition dysfunction. • BDNF levels are reduced in patients with SLE, and higher SLICC-DI scores and hypertension are independent predictors of lower serum BDNF levels. • The cognitive dysfunction rate is elevated (46%) among Brazilian SLE patients.
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47
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Shadmani G, Simkins TJ, Assadsangabi R, Apperson M, Hacein-Bey L, Raslan O, Ivanovic V. Autoimmune diseases of the brain, imaging and clinical review. Neuroradiol J 2021; 35:152-169. [PMID: 34490814 DOI: 10.1177/19714009211042879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an extensive spectrum of autoimmune entities that can involve the central nervous system, which has expanded with the emergence of new imaging modalities and several clinicopathologic entities. Clinical presentation is usually non-specific, and imaging has a critical role in the workup of these diseases. Immune-mediated diseases of the brain are not common in daily practice for radiologists and, except for a few of them such as multiple sclerosis, there is a vague understanding about differentiating them from each other based on the radiological findings. In this review, we aim to provide a practical diagnostic approach based on the unique radiological findings for each disease. We hope our diagnostic approach will help radiologists expand their basic understanding of the discussed disease entities and narrow the differential diagnosis in specific clinical scenarios. An understanding of unique imaging features of these disorders, along with laboratory evaluation, may enable clinicians to decrease the need for tissue biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Shadmani
- Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, University of California Davis Medical Center, USA
| | - Tyrell J Simkins
- Department of Neurology (Neuroimmunulogy), University of California Davis Medical center, USA
| | - Reza Assadsangabi
- Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, University of California Davis Medical Center, USA
| | - Michelle Apperson
- Department of Neurology (Neuroimmunulogy), University of California Davis Medical center, USA
| | - Lotfi Hacein-Bey
- Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, University of California Davis Medical Center, USA
| | - Osama Raslan
- Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, University of California Davis Medical Center, USA
| | - Vladimir Ivanovic
- Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, University of California Davis Medical Center, USA
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48
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Wollmuth LP, Chan K, Groc L. The diverse and complex modes of action of anti-NMDA receptor autoantibodies. Neuropharmacology 2021; 194:108624. [PMID: 34081993 PMCID: PMC8693782 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NMDA receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that are found throughout the brain and are required for both brain development and many higher order functions. A variety of human patients with diverse clinical phenotypes have been identified that carry autoantibodies directed against NMDA receptor subunits. Here we focus on two general classes of autoantibodies, anti-GluN1 antibodies associated with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis and anti-GluN2 antibodies associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). These two general classes of anti-NMDA receptor autoantibodies display a wide range of pathophysiological mechanisms from altering synaptic composition to gating of NMDARs. While we have made progress in understanding how these autoantibodies work at the molecular and cellular level, many unanswered questions remain including their long-term actions on brain function, the significance of clonal variations, and their effects on different NMDA receptor-expressing cell types in local circuits. This information will be needed to define fully the transition from anti-NMDA receptor autoantibodies to a clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonnie P Wollmuth
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, USA; Center for Nervous System Disorders. Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA.
| | - Kelvin Chan
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), USA; Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, USA
| | - Laurent Groc
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, F-33000, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, IINS UMR, 5297, Bordeaux, France
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49
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Nakano M, Ayano M, Kushimoto K, Kawano S, Higashioka K, Inokuchi S, Mitoma H, Kimoto Y, Akahoshi M, Ono N, Arinobu Y, Akashi K, Horiuchi T, Niiro H. Association of elevated serum soluble CD226 levels with the disease activity and flares of systemic lupus erythematosus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16162. [PMID: 34373559 PMCID: PMC8352936 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95711-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
CD226 is an activating receptor expressed on the cell surface of natural killer cells and T cells. Although CD226 polymorphism is known to be involved in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the involvement of soluble CD226 (sCD226) in SLE is still unknown. In the present study, we measured serum sCD226 levels using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 58 SLE patients and 33 healthy controls (HCs) and evaluated their associations with SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K), clinical manifestations, laboratory data, and the cumulative probability of flare. Serum sCD226 levels showed no significant differences between SLE patients and HCs. However, sCD226 levels were significantly elevated in active SLE patients with a SLEDAI-2K score of ≥ 20 compared with HCs. In SLE patients, sCD226 levels were significantly correlated with SLEDAI-2K scores and anti-dsDNA antibody titers. Moreover, the cumulative probability of flare was markedly higher in patients with high sCD226 than in those with low sCD226. In patients with neuropsychiatric involvement, sCD226 levels were elevated and reflected neuropsychiatric disease activity. These findings indicate that serum sCD226 levels are associated with disease activity and flares of SLE. Thus, it may be a useful biomarker for SLE, and its monitoring allows for more precise SLE management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Nakano
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ayano
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan. .,Department of Cancer Stem Cell Research, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Kushimoto
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shotaro Kawano
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Higashioka
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Inokuchi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mitoma
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kimoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, 4546 Tsurumibaru, Tsurumi, Beppu, 874-0838, Japan
| | - Mitsuteru Akahoshi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Ono
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yojiro Arinobu
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Koichi Akashi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takahiko Horiuchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, 4546 Tsurumibaru, Tsurumi, Beppu, 874-0838, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Niiro
- Department of Medical Education, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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TWEAKing the Hippocampus: The Effects of TWEAK on the Genomic Fabric of the Hippocampus in a Neuropsychiatric Lupus Mouse Model. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081172. [PMID: 34440346 PMCID: PMC8392718 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), specifically cognitive dysfunction and mood disorders, are widely prevalent in SLE patients, and yet poorly understood. TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) has previously been implicated in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE), and we have recently shown its effects on the transcriptome of the cortex of the lupus-prone mice model MRL/lpr. As the hippocampus is thought to be an important focus of NPSLE processes, we explored the TWEAK-induced transcriptional changes that occur in the hippocampus, and isolated several genes (Dnajc28, Syne2, transthyretin) and pathways (PI3K-AKT, as well as chemokine-signaling and neurotransmission pathways) that are most differentially affected by TWEAK activation. While the functional roles of these genes and pathways within NPSLE need to be further investigated, an interesting link between neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration appears to emerge, which may prove to be a promising novel direction in NPSLE research.
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