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Chien HT, Roos P, Russel FGM, Theunissen PT, van Meer PJK. The use of weight-of-evidence approaches to characterize developmental toxicity risk for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in humans without in vivo studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 152:105682. [PMID: 39094967 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Regulatory guidance for global drug development relies on animal studies to evaluate safety risks for humans, including risk of reproductive toxicity. Weight-of-evidence approaches (WoE) are increasingly becoming acceptable to evaluate risk. A WoE for developmental risk of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was evaluated for its ability to retrospectively characterize risk and to determine the need for further in vivo testing based on the remaining uncertainty. Reproductive toxicity studies of 65 mAbs were reviewed and compared to the WoE. Developmental toxicities were absent in 52/65 (80%) mAbs. Lack of toxicity was correctly predicted in 29/52 (56%) cases. False positive and equivocal predictions were made in 9/52 (17%) and 14/52 (27%) cases. For 3/65 (5%) mAbs, the findings were equivocal. Of mAbs with developmental toxicity findings (10/65, 15%), the WoE correctly anticipated pharmacology based reproductive toxicity without any false negative predictions in 9/10 (90%) cases, and in the remaining case (1/10, 10%) an in vivo study was recommended due to equivocal WoE outcome. Therefore, this WoE approach could characterize presence and absence of developmental risk without animal studies. The current WoE could have reduced the need for developmental toxicity studies by 42% without loss of important patient information in the label.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Tzu Chien
- Medicines Evaluation Board, the Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Puck Roos
- Medicines Evaluation Board, the Netherlands
| | | | - Peter T Theunissen
- Medicines Evaluation Board, the Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J K van Meer
- Medicines Evaluation Board, the Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Lee D, Yoon S, Kim J, Mo JW, Jo Y, Kwon J, Lee SI, Kwon J, Park C. Application of ultrasonographic human estimated foetal weight formulas to cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) at 129-132 days of gestation: A comparative study of estimated and actual birthweight. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1521. [PMID: 38952271 PMCID: PMC11217594 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) are essential in biomedical research, including reproductive studies. However, the application of human estimated foetal weight (EFW) formulas using ultrasonography (USG) in these non-human primates is not well established. OBJECTIVES This study aims to evaluate the applicability of human EFW formulas for estimating foetal weight in cynomolgus monkeys at approximately 130 days of gestation. METHODS Our study involved nine pregnant cynomolgus monkeys. We measured foetal parameters, including biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference and femur length using USG. The EFW was calculated using 11 human EFW formulas. The actual birthweight (ABW) was recorded following Cesarean section, the day after the EFW calculation. For comparing EFW and ABW, we employed statistical methods such as mean absolute percentage error (APE) and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS The ABW ranged between 200.36 and 291.33 g. Among the 11 formulas, the Combs formula showed the lowest APE (4.3%) and highest correlation with ABW (p < 0.001). Notably, EFW and ABW differences for the Combs formula were ≤5% in 66.7% and ≤10% in 100% of cases. The Bland-Altman analysis supported these results, showing that all cases fell within the limits of agreement. CONCLUSIONS The Combs formula is applicable for estimating the weight of cynomolgus monkey fetuses with USG at approximately 130 days of gestation. Our observations suggest that the Combs formula can be applied in the prenatal care and biomedical research of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong‐Ho Lee
- Primate Resources CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)JeongeupRepublic of Korea
- Department of Laboratory Animal MedicineJeonbuk National University College of Veterinary MedicineIksanRepublic of Korea
| | - Seung‐Bin Yoon
- Primate Resources CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)JeongeupRepublic of Korea
| | - Ji‐Su Kim
- Primate Resources CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)JeongeupRepublic of Korea
| | - Jun Won Mo
- Primate Resources CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)JeongeupRepublic of Korea
| | - Yu‐Jin Jo
- Primate Resources CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)JeongeupRepublic of Korea
| | - Jeongwoo Kwon
- Primate Resources CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)JeongeupRepublic of Korea
| | - Sang Il Lee
- Primate Resources CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)JeongeupRepublic of Korea
| | - Jungkee Kwon
- Department of Laboratory Animal MedicineJeonbuk National University College of Veterinary MedicineIksanRepublic of Korea
| | - Chan‐Wook Park
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
- Seoul National University Medical Research CenterInstitute of Reproductive Medicine and PopulationSeoulRepublic of Korea
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3
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Tereshchenko Y, Esiyok N, Garea-Rodríguez E, Repetto D, Behr R, Rodríguez-Polo I. Transgene-Free Cynomolgus Monkey iPSCs Generated under Chemically Defined Conditions. Cells 2024; 13:558. [PMID: 38534402 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates (NHPs) are pivotal animal models for translating novel cell replacement therapies into clinical applications, including validating the safety and efficacy of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived products. Preclinical development and the testing of cell-based therapies ideally comprise xenogeneic (human stem cells into NHPs) and allogenic (NHP stem cells into NHPs) transplantation studies. For the allogeneic approach, it is necessary to generate NHP-iPSCs with generally equivalent quality to the human counterparts that will be used later on in patients. Here, we report the generation and characterization of transgene- and feeder-free cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) iPSCs (Cyno-iPSCs). These novel cell lines have been generated according to a previously developed protocol for the generation of rhesus macaque, baboon, and human iPSC lines. Beyond their generation, we demonstrate the potential of the novel Cyno-iPSCs to differentiate into two clinically relevant cell types, i.e., cardiomyocytes and neurons. Overall, we provide a resource of novel iPSCs from the most frequently used NHP species in the regulatory testing of biologics and classical pharmaceutics to expand our panel of iPSC lines from NHP species with high relevance in preclinical testing and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliia Tereshchenko
- Research Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nesil Esiyok
- Research Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Daniele Repetto
- Charles River Laboratories Germany GmbH, Hans-Adolf-Krebs-Weg 9, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- Research Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ignacio Rodríguez-Polo
- Research Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Developmental Biology, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Brown PC, Wange RL. Considerations regarding the use of nonhuman primates in assessing safety endpoints for pharmaceuticals. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 143:105449. [PMID: 37453554 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates (NHP) have become a commonly used nonrodent species for general toxicity testing for pharmaceuticals reviewed by CDER. Their increased use in pharmaceutical testing appears to have been driven by both increased use in small molecule drug development programs as well as a trend for biologics making up a greater percentage of pharmaceutical development programs. While always in limited supply, the COVID-19 pandemic acutely impaired the availability of NHPs for pharmaceutical testing due to disruptions in the supply and an increased demand to support COVID-19-directed research programs. Because this disruption in the NHP supply had the potential to significantly delay the development of new medications for the treatment of diseases currently without effective treatment options, FDA issued guidance in February of 2022, under its COVID-19 Public Health Emergency authority, that was intended to help mitigate the NHP supply issue by reducing the demand for NHPs. This guidance has been withdrawn with the expiration of the public health emergency. Here we discuss what impact we expect that the withdrawal of this guidance will have on efforts to minimize NHP use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Brown
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ronald L Wange
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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Liu X, Liu X, Wang X, Shang K, Li J, Lan Y, Wang J, Li J, Yue B, He M, Fan Z. Multi-omics analysis reveals changes in tryptophan and cholesterol metabolism before and after sexual maturation in captive macaques. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:308. [PMID: 37286946 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta, RMs) are widely used in sexual maturation studies due to their high genetic and physiological similarity to humans. However, judging sexual maturity in captive RMs based on blood physiological indicators, female menstruation, and male ejaculation behavior can be inaccurate. Here, we explored changes in RMs before and after sexual maturation based on multi-omics analysis and identified markers for determining sexual maturity. We found that differentially expressed microbiota, metabolites, and genes before and after sexual maturation showed many potential correlations. Specifically, genes involved in spermatogenesis (TSSK2, HSP90AA1, SOX5, SPAG16, and SPATC1) were up-regulated in male macaques, and significant changes in gene (CD36), metabolites (cholesterol, 7-ketolithocholic acid, and 12-ketolithocholic acid), and microbiota (Lactobacillus) related to cholesterol metabolism were also found, suggesting the sexually mature males have stronger sperm fertility and cholesterol metabolism compared to sexually immature males. In female macaques, most differences before and after sexual maturity were related to tryptophan metabolism, including changes in IDO1, IDO2, IFNGR2, IL1Β, IL10, L-tryptophan, kynurenic acid (KA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indoleacetaldehyde, and Bifidobacteria, indicating that sexually mature females exhibit stronger neuromodulation and intestinal immunity than sexually immature females. Cholesterol metabolism-related changes (CD36, 7-ketolithocholic acid, 12-ketolithocholic acid) were also observed in female and male macaques. Exploring differences before and after sexual maturation through multi-omics, we identified potential biomarkers of sexual maturity in RMs, including Lactobacillus (for males) and Bifidobacterium (for females) valuable for RM breeding and sexual maturation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xuyuan Liu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xinqi Wang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Ke Shang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yue Lan
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Bisong Yue
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Miao He
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zhenxin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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Yan L, Wang H, Duan W, Zhang T, Shi W, Geng B, Mao J, Xu H, Ren L, Zhang J, Tian Y, Gao F, Chen J, Shen H, Zhang X, Zhu J. The reproductive toxicity of yttrium nitrate in a two-generation study in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 76:127117. [PMID: 36512970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of yttrium nitrate on the development of the parent, offspring and third generation of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by using a two-generation reproductive toxicity test. METHODS The SD rats were randomly divided into 0 mg/kg group, 10.0 mg/kg group, 30.0 mg/kg group and 90.0 mg/kg group according to the different doses of yttrium nitrate administration. The reproductive toxicity of parent, offspring and third generation SD rats were compared. RESULTS The weight gains of F1a female rats and F2a female rats in the low-dose groups were significantly lower than those of the control groups (p < 0.05), the weight gains of F1a male rats in the medium-dose and high-dose groups were significantly lower than those of the control groups (p < 0.05), and the weight gains of F2a male rats in the low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose groups were significantly lower than those of the control groups (p < 0.05). In F0 male rats, the absolute weight and relative weight of the liver in the low-dose, middle-dose, and high-dose groups were significantly lower than those of the control group (p < 0.05). In F1b male rats, the absolute and relative weights of the liver in the medium-dose and high-dose groups were significantly lower than those of the control group (p < 0.05). In F2b male rats, the absolute and relative weights of the liver and spleen of the medium-dose and high-dose groups were significantly lower than those of the control group (p < 0.05). In F2a female rats, the absolute weight and relative weight of oviduct in the high-dose group were significantly lower than those in the control group (p < 0.05). The absolute and relative weights of lung, spleen, brain and uterus of F2b female rats in the high-dose group were higher than those of the control group (p < 0.05). But the pathological test results showed no hepatotoxicity. There was no statistically significant difference in sperm count and sperm motility between male rats in the yttrium nitrate administration groups and the control group (p > 0.05). There was no significant correlation between F0, F1a, F1b, F2a, F2b SD rats' reproductive organ lesions and the dose of yttrium nitrate. CONCLUSION Yttrium nitrate at a dose of 90 mg/kg has no reproductive toxicity to two generations of SD rats, but 30.0 mg/kg dose of yttrium nitrate is toxic to the liver weight of male two generations of SD rats, but no hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Yan
- Department of Health Toxicology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University of the People's Liberation Army, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Haoneng Wang
- Department of Marine Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University of the People's Liberation Army, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wanli Duan
- Department of Marine Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University of the People's Liberation Army, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Wenjing Shi
- Department of Health Toxicology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University of the People's Liberation Army, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bijiang Geng
- Department of Health Toxicology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University of the People's Liberation Army, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jingjing Mao
- Department of Health Toxicology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University of the People's Liberation Army, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Huan Xu
- Department of Health Toxicology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University of the People's Liberation Army, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lijun Ren
- Department of Health Toxicology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University of the People's Liberation Army, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiqianzhu Zhang
- Department of Health Toxicology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University of the People's Liberation Army, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yijun Tian
- Department of Health Toxicology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University of the People's Liberation Army, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fangyuan Gao
- Department of Health Toxicology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University of the People's Liberation Army, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jikuai Chen
- Department of Health Toxicology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University of the People's Liberation Army, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University of the People's Liberation Army, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- Department of Health Toxicology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University of the People's Liberation Army, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Jiangbo Zhu
- Department of Health Toxicology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University of the People's Liberation Army, Shanghai 200433, China.
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7
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Amato R, Gardin JF, Tooze JA, Cline JM. Organ Weights in Relation to Age and Sex in Cynomolgus Monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis). Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:574-590. [PMID: 35383510 DOI: 10.1177/01926233221088283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory animal research is an important contributor to both human and animal medicine. Currently, there is extensive use of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in pathology and toxicology research. The purpose of this study was to define reference values for absolute and percentage organ weights in M fascicularis of different ages and sex. Organ weights were obtained from necropsies of 1022 cynomolgus monkeys at the Wake Forest School of Medicine from 1997 to 2018. Distributions of absolute and percentage weights for each organ were described; sex and age groups were compared using analysis of variance. Age effects on percentage of body weights for each organ were analyzed within each sex. Diet effects were also analyzed. This evaluation showed that male body weights and absolute organ weights were greater for all age groups; however, female organ to body weight percentages were greater for most organs. Percentage of organ weight to body weight declined for the adrenals, brain, lung, thyroid and thymus during maturation, whereas percentage weight of pancreas, prostate, testes, and uterus increased. Animals consuming a high-fat, Western-type diet had a lower body weight than animals consuming a carbohydrate-rich chow diet. This information will be useful for further toxicology and pathology studies concerning cynomolgus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean F Gardin
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Janet A Tooze
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - J Mark Cline
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Merchant R, Galligan C, Munegowda MA, Pearce LB, Lloyd P, Smith P, Merchant F, To MD. Fine-tuned long-acting interleukin-2 superkine potentiates durable immune responses in mice and non-human primate. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-003155. [PMID: 35058325 PMCID: PMC8772458 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recombinant human interleukin-2 (rhIL-2, aldesleukin) is Food and Drug Administration approved for the treatment of metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma and has achieved durable response in a subset of patients. However, its utility as an immunotherapeutic drug is limited by undesirable activation of immune suppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) and a short half-life requiring frequent high dose administration, leading to unacceptable toxicities. We have engineered MDNA11, a long-acting IL-2 superkine, to overcome these limitations by (1) modifying receptor selectivity in favor of anti-cancer immune cells to increase therapeutic efficacy and (2) fusion to human albumin to extend the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile, circumventing the need for frequent dosing. Methods MDNA11 was evaluated using in vitro and in vivo studies including: binding analyses to measure receptor affinity, IL-2 pathway signaling, PK studies in mice, and efficacy studies in syngeneic tumor models as single agent and in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Finally, the safety and pharmacodynamic profile of MDNA11 was assessed in non-human primate (NHP). Results Binding studies with MDNA11 demonstrated increased affinity for IL-2Rβ (CD122) and no binding to IL-2Rα (CD25). As a result, MDNA11 exhibits reduced/limited Treg stimulation while triggering an enhanced activation of natural killer and naïve CD8 T cells compared with rhIL-2. When administered to animals with pre-established tumors, MDNA11 controlled tumor growth in a monotherapy setting and in combination with anti-PD1 or anti-CTLA4 to induce durable tumor clearance with a once weekly dosing regimen. In a NHP model, MDNA11 was well tolerated while triggering durable and potent immune responses including expansion of lymphocytes without significant effect on Tregs and eosinophils, the latter been linked to an increased risk of vascular leak syndrome. Conclusion MDNA11 is a next generation long-acting IL-2 immunotherapeutic with a highly favorable pharmacodynamic profile that translates to a strong therapeutic efficacy in preclinical tumor models and a strong and durable immune response in NHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemina Merchant
- Research and Development, Medicenna Therapeutics Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carole Galligan
- Research and Development, Medicenna Therapeutics Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - L Bruce Pearce
- Biologics Consulting Group Inc, Alexandria, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | - Fahar Merchant
- Research and Development, Medicenna Therapeutics Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Minh D To
- Research and Development, Medicenna Therapeutics Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Hardneck F, de Villiers C, Maree L. Effect of Copper Sulphate and Cadmium Chloride on Non-Human Primate Sperm Function In Vitro. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6200. [PMID: 34201151 PMCID: PMC8228149 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to address the large percentage of unexplained male infertility in humans, more detailed investigations using sperm functional tests are needed to identify possible causes for compromised fertility. Since many environmental and lifestyle factors might be contributing to infertility, future studies aiming to elucidate the effect of such factors on male fertility will need the use of appropriate research models. The current study aimed to assess the effects of two heavy metals, namely copper sulphate, and cadmium chloride, on non-human primate (NHP) sperm function in order to establish the possibility of using these primate species as models for reproductive studies. Our combined results indicated that the functionality of NHP spermatozoa is inhibited by the two heavy metals investigated. After in vitro exposure, detrimental effects, and significant lowered values (p < 0.05) were obtained for sperm motility, viability and vitality, acrosome intactness, and hyperactivation. These metals, at the tested higher concentrations, therefore, have the ability to impair sperm quality thereby affecting sperm fertilizing capability in both humans and NHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farren Hardneck
- Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa;
| | - Charon de Villiers
- PUDAC-Delft Animal Facility, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa;
| | - Liana Maree
- Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa;
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10
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Schmidt JK, Mean KD, Dusek BM, Hinkle HM, Puntney RC, Alexander ES, Malicki KB, Sneed EL, Moy AW, Golos TG. Comparative computer-assisted sperm analysis in non-human primates. J Med Primatol 2021; 50:108-119. [PMID: 33469948 PMCID: PMC7969417 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomedical research has recently focused on developing new models of human disease by implementing genome-editing strategies in non-human primates (NHPs) to introduce relevant gene mutations. There is a need to establish objective semen evaluation methods to select sires for in vitro fertilization to perform germline editing in embryos. METHODS Sperm motility kinematic parameters were evaluated using a computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) instrument for rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis), and common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). RESULTS Normative sperm kinematic parameters were established, revealing differences between marmosets and macaques. The impact of season on rhesus macaque sperm motility was modest, where changes in sperm motility related to season were dependent on the individual male. CONCLUSIONS These data provide a baseline of normative kinematic parameters for three captive NHP species, in which implementation of CASA may serve as a tool to evaluate NHP semen quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hayly M. Hinkle
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Emily L. Sneed
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amy W. Moy
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thaddeus G. Golos
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Vidal JD, Colman K, Bhaskaran M, de Rijk E, Fegley D, Halpern W, Jacob B, Kandori H, Manickam B, McKeag S, Parker GA, Regan KS, Sefing B, Thibodeau M, Vemireddi V, Werner J, Zalewska A. Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Best Practices: Documentation of Sexual Maturity by Microscopic Evaluation in Nonclinical Safety Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:977-989. [PMID: 33661059 DOI: 10.1177/0192623321990631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The sexual maturity status of animals in nonclinical safety studies can have a significant impact on the microscopic assessment of the reproductive system, the interpretation of potential test article-related findings, and ultimately the assessment of potential risk to humans. However, the assessment and documentation of sexual maturity for animals in nonclinical safety studies is not conducted in a consistent manner across the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. The Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology convened an international working group of pathologists and nonclinical safety scientists with expertise in the reproductive system, pathology nomenclature, and Standard for Exchange of Nonclinical Data requirements. This article describes the best practices for documentation of the light microscopic assessment of sexual maturity in males and females for both rodent and nonrodent nonclinical safety studies. In addition, a review of the microscopic features of the immature, peripubertal, and mature male and female reproductive system and general considerations for study types and reporting are provided to aid the study pathologist tasked with documentation of sexual maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karyn Colman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Eveline de Rijk
- 26135Charles River Laboratories, Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Binod Jacob
- 331129Merck & Co, Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Hitoshi Kandori
- 561471Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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12
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Non-Human Primate iPSC Generation, Cultivation, and Cardiac Differentiation under Chemically Defined Conditions. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061349. [PMID: 32485910 PMCID: PMC7349583 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates (NHP) are important surrogate models for late preclinical development of advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs), including induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based therapies, which are also under development for heart failure repair. For effective heart repair by remuscularization, large numbers of cardiomyocytes are required, which can be obtained by efficient differentiation of iPSCs. However, NHP-iPSC generation and long-term culture in an undifferentiated state under feeder cell-free conditions turned out to be problematic. Here we describe the reproducible development of rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) iPSC lines. Postnatal rhesus skin fibroblasts were reprogrammed under chemically defined conditions using non-integrating vectors. The robustness of the protocol was confirmed using another NHP species, the olive baboon (Papio anubis). Feeder-free maintenance of NHP-iPSCs was essentially dependent on concurrent Wnt-activation by GSK-inhibition (Gi) and Wnt-inhibition (Wi). Generated NHP-iPSCs were successfully differentiated into cardiomyocytes using a combined growth factor/GiWi protocol. The capacity of the iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes to self-organize into contractile engineered heart muscle (EHM) was demonstrated. Collectively, this study establishes a reproducible protocol for the robust generation and culture of NHP-iPSCs, which are useful for preclinical testing of strategies for cell replacement therapies in NHP.
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Grossmann H, Weinbauer GF, Baker A, Fuchs A, Luetjens CM. Enhanced normograms and pregnancy outcome analysis in nonhuman primate developmental toxicity studies. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 95:29-36. [PMID: 32413491 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of spontaneous pregnancy/infant losses is highly variable in long-tailed macaques (cynomolgus monkey), making it potentially difficult to ascertain test item-related effects in developmental toxicity studies. Therefore, pregnancy normograms had been developed by Jarvis et al. [1] to aid in the distinction of normal (e.g. test facility background) versus non-normal pregnancy outcomes. These normograms were mostly derived from embryo-fetal development studies and from PPND studies with a postnatal phase limited to seven days. However, the enhanced pre- and postnatal developmental (ePPND) study paradigm has essentially replaced these former study types. This work aims at providing enhanced normograms (e-normograms) in the context of regulatory ePPND studies. Survival functions for the prenatal phase (286 control pregnancies) and the postnatal phase (222 live infants) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier estimator. Normograms were generated from survival curves and pseudo-study simulations. Data were available from two test facilities with comparable EU-compliant animal husbandry. Pregnancy duration/outcome as well as survival functions did not differ significantly between test facilities indicating that this husbandry system yields comparable developmental observations across different test facilities, at least in this NHP species. These novel e-normograms were developed for pregnant long-tailed macaques and provide an extended postnatal period up to three months, a new concept of separate normograms for the prenatal and the postnatal period, specific information on the perinatal phase events, a prediction of expected number of live infants for group size management, and the option to evaluate effects on pregnancy duration through distinction of live births and infant losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Grossmann
- Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Institut für Mathematische Stochastik, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Ann Baker
- Covance Laboratories Inc., Madison, USA
| | - Antje Fuchs
- Covance Preclinical Services GmbH, Kesselfeld 29, 48163 Münster, Germany
| | - C Marc Luetjens
- Covance Preclinical Services GmbH, Kesselfeld 29, 48163 Münster, Germany.
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14
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Duma N, Lambertini M. It Is Time to Talk About Fertility and Immunotherapy. Oncologist 2020; 25:277-278. [PMID: 32091651 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2019-0837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Narjust Duma
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Palliative Care, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Matteo Lambertini
- Department of Medical Oncology, U.O.C. Clinica di Oncologia Medica, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DiMI), School of Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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15
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Twaddle NC, Beland FA, Doerge DR. Metabolism and disposition of arsenic species from controlled dosing with sodium arsenite in adult and neonatal rhesus monkeys. VI. Toxicokinetic studies following oral administration. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 133:110760. [PMID: 31421213 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is a common toxic contaminant in food and drinking water. Metabolic activation of arsenic species produces reactive trivalent intermediates that can disrupt cellular regulatory systems by covalent binding to thiol groups. Arsenic exposures have been associated with human diseases including cancer, diabetes, lung and cardiovascular disorders and there is accumulating evidence that early life exposures are important in the etiology. Previous toxicokinetic studies of arsenite ingestion in neonatal CD-1 mice showed consistent evidence for metabolic and physiologic immaturity that led to elevated internal exposures to trivalent arsenic species in the youngest mice, relative to adults. The current study in rhesus monkeys showed that metabolism and binding of trivalent intermediates after arsenite ingestion were similar between adult monkeys and CD-1 mice. Unlike neonatal mice, monkeys from the age of 5-70 days showed similar metabolism and binding profiles, which were also similar to those in adults. The absence of evidence for metabolic immaturity in monkeys suggests that toxicological effects observed in mice from early postnatal exposures to arsenic could over-predict those possible in primates, based on significantly higher internal exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Twaddle
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Frederick A Beland
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Daniel R Doerge
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
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Mecklenburg L, Luetjens CM, Weinbauer GF. Toxicologic Pathology Forum*: Opinion on Sexual Maturity and Fertility Assessment in Long-tailed Macaques ( Macaca fascicularis) in Nonclinical Safety Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 47:444-460. [PMID: 30898082 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319831009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
If nonhuman primates represent the only relevant species for nonclinical safety evaluation of biotechnology-derived products, male and female fertility effects can be assessed in repeat dose toxicity studies given that sexually mature monkeys are used. This opinion piece provides recommendations for determining sexual maturity and when/how fertility assessments should be conducted in the cynomolgus monkey. Male sexual maturity should be proven by presence of sperm in a semen sample, female sexual maturity by at least two consecutive menstrual bleedings. As per regulatory guidance, default parameters for an indirect assessment of fertility in both sexes are reproductive organ weight and histopathology. Beyond default parameters, daily vaginal swabs are recommended for females, and for males, it is recommended to include blood collections (for potential analysis of reproductive hormones), testis volume sonography, and collection of frozen testis samples at necropsy. Only if there is a cause for concern, blood collection for potential reproductive hormone analysis should be conducted in females and semen analysis in males. In principle, adverse reproductive effects can be detected within 4 weeks of test article administration, depending on study design and reproductive end point chosen. Therefore, there are options for addressing reproductive toxicity aspects with studies of less than 3 months dosing duration. *This is an opinion article submitted to the Toxicologic Pathology Forum. It represents the views of the authors. It does not constitute an official position of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology, British Society of Toxicological Pathology, or European Society of Toxicologic Pathology, and the views expressed might not reflect the best practices recommended by these Societies. This article should not be construed to represent the policies, positions, or opinions of their respective organizations, employers, or regulatory agencies.
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Ye L, Hu R, Liu L, Liu J, Liu J, Chen H, Hu Y, Liu Y, Liu X, Liu C, Tng DJH, Meng Y, Qu J, Swihart MT, Yong KT. Comparing Semiconductor Nanocrystal Toxicity in Pregnant Mice and Non-Human Primates. Nanotheranostics 2019; 3:54-65. [PMID: 30662823 PMCID: PMC6328306 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.27452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Despite growing use of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) in applications from electronics to medicine, the potential risk to human health remains a critical concern within clinical use. ENM exposure during pregnancy can potentially cause reproductive toxicity even at levels that produce no measurable harm to animals in normal conditions. Methods: Phospholipid micelle-encapsulated CdSe/CdS/ZnS semiconductor nanocrystals with an average hydrodynamic diameter of 60 nm were intravenously injected during pregnancy in both rodent and nonhuman primate animal models. Cadmium concentration levels and maternal haematological and biochemical markers were determined, along with histopathological examination of major organs. Results: Nanocrystals were found to have crossed the placenta from mother to fetus in both rodents and nonhuman primates. However, the animal models display different responses with respect to reproductive toxicity. In the rodent model, toxicity symptoms are absent in treated subjects, with no observed gestational or fetal abnormalities and complications. A significantly higher miscarriage rate of 60% is recorded for macaques after prenatal nanoparticle administration. There was a miscarriage rate of 15% in the general population despite only ~0.16% of the initial cadmium dose present in the fetus. Blood and biochemical markers of treated macaques indicate acute hepatocellular injury within a week after nanoparticle administration. Histology of major organs of the miscarried macaque fetuses show no abnormalities. Conclusion: The potential of nanomaterials to cross the placenta and impact fetal survival in primates suggest the necessity of precautionary measures to prevent gestational exposure of ENMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ye
- Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics and Beijing Key Lab of Aging and Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P. R. China
| | - Rui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Liwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Jianwei Liu
- Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics and Beijing Key Lab of Aging and Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P. R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics and Beijing Key Lab of Aging and Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics and Beijing Key Lab of Aging and Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P. R. China
| | - Yazhuo Hu
- Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics and Beijing Key Lab of Aging and Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P. R. China
| | - Yaqian Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P. R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Nan-Lou Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Cui Liu
- Department of Nan-Lou Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | | | - Yuanguang Meng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P. R. China
| | - Junle Qu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Mark T Swihart
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, USA
| | - Ken-Tye Yong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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18
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A safety study of newly generated anti-podoplanin-neutralizing antibody in cynomolgus monkey ( Macaca fascicularis). Oncotarget 2018; 9:33322-33336. [PMID: 30279963 PMCID: PMC6161800 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematogenous metastases are enhanced by platelet aggregation induced by tumor cell-platelet interaction. Podoplanin is a key molecule to enhance the platelet aggregation and interacts with C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2) on platelet via PLAG domains. Our previous reports have shown that blocking podoplanin binding to platelets by neutralizing antibody specific to PLAG4 domain strongly reduces hematogenous metastasis. However, podoplanin is expressed in a variety of normal tissues such as lymphatic vessels and the question remains whether treatment of tumors with anti-podoplanin neutralizing antibodies would be toxic. Monkeys are the most suitable species for that purpose. PLAG3 and PLAG4 domains had high homology among various monkey species and human. PLAG domain deleted mutants were indicated that monkey PLAG4 domain played a more crucial role in podoplanin-induced platelet aggregation than did the PLAG3 domain as in human. Moreover, newly established neutralizing antibodies (1F6, 2F7, and 3F4) targeting the monkey PLAG4 domain blocked interaction between monkey podoplanin and CLEC-2. Especially, the 2F7 neutralizing antibody strongly suppressed platelet aggregation and pulmonary metastasis. Furthermore, inhibiting podoplanin function with 2F7 neutralizing antibody exhibited no acute toxicity in cynomolgus monkeys. Our results suggested that targeting podoplanin with specific neutralizing antibodies may be an effective anticancer treatment.
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Pique C, Marsden E, Quesada P, Blondel A, Mikkelsen LF. A shortened study design for embryo-fetal development studies in the minipig. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 80:35-43. [PMID: 29940329 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The minipig is accepted from scientific and regulatory perspectives for the safety evaluation of drug candidates on embryo-fetal development. The relative size and the duration of gestation (112-115 days) in the minipig is, however, considered a drawback compared with routine smaller species. We evaluated if study duration and cost could be optimized without impacting scientific validity by performing all terminal procedures around mid-gestation (60 days). At this stage, minipig fetal size is not too dissimilar to full term rabbit and therefore better suited to fetal processing/examination compared with at the end of gestation. Despite encountering higher than anticipated embryo-fetal death, morphological defects clearly associated with a known teratogen, pyrimethamine, were detected. Although the gonads are poorly differentiated macroscopically at mid-term, a histological examination confirmed that external sexing of the fetuses was accurate. Double staining of the bone and cartilage of the mid-term fetal skeleton allowed a more refined examination.
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20
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Barrow P. Review of embryo-fetal developmental toxicity studies performed for pharmaceuticals approved by FDA in 2016 and 2017. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 80:117-125. [PMID: 29660390 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Details of embryo-fetal development (EFD) studies were compiled for all FDA drug approvals in 2016-17. Rats and rabbits were used for 63% of small molecule (SM) drugs. The cynomolgus monkey was used for 47% of biopharmaceuticals. Rodent studies using the clinical mAb or animal homologue replaced monkey studies under some circumstances. EFD studies were not required for anti-cancer drugs when the mode of action was associated with known developmental risk. One quarter of SM non-oncology drugs and all tested SM anti-cancer drugs were teratogenic in at least one species. The rat and rabbit were essentially equally sensitive to developmental toxicity. Eighty-nine percent of SM non-cancer drugs induced maternal or fetal toxicity in at least one species at below 25-times human exposure (proposed maximum exposure in the draft revised ICH S5(R3) guideline). The pregnancy and lactation labeling rule (PLLR) has brought consistency to the presentation of EFD data in drug labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Barrow
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
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21
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Laffan SB, Posobiec LM, Uhl JE, Vidal JD. Species Comparison of Postnatal Development of the Female Reproductive System. Birth Defects Res 2017; 110:163-189. [PMID: 29243395 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The postnatal development of the female reproductive system in laboratory animals and humans is reviewed. To enable a meaningful species comparison of the developing female reproductive system, common definitions of developmental processes were established with a focus made on aspects that are similar across species. A species comparison of the key endocrine, morphologic, and functional (onset of ovarian cycles and ability to reproduce) features of postnatal development of the female reproductive system is provided for human, nonhuman primate, dog, rat, and also mouse, minipig, and rabbit where possible. Species differences in the timing and control of female sexual maturation are highlighted. Additionally, a species comparison of the type and timing of female reproductive ovarian cycles was compiled. Human development provided the frame of reference, and then other common laboratory species were compared. The comparison has inherent challenges because the processes involved and sequence of events can differ greatly across species. Broad strokes were taken to assign a particular average age to an event and are to be used with caution. Methods of evaluation of postnatal female reproductive development in laboratory animals are discussed. Lastly, control rodent data from one of the author's laboratory on vaginal opening, first estrus, estrous cyclicity, and the histopathology involved with the developing female rat and mouse are presented. The information provided in this review is intended to be a resource for the design and interpretation of juvenile animal toxicity testing and ultimately, the relevance of the data to characterize potential risks for women and girls. Birth Defects Research 110:163-189, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan B Laffan
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jenny E Uhl
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
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22
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Beedie SL, Diamond AJ, Fraga LR, Figg WD, Vargesson N. Vertebrate embryos as tools for anti-angiogenic drug screening and function. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 70:49-59. [PMID: 27888069 PMCID: PMC6357960 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of new angiogenic inhibitors highlights a need for robust screening assays that adequately capture the complexity of vessel formation, and allow for the quantitative evaluation of the teratogenicity of new anti-angiogenic agents. This review discusses the use of screening assays in vertebrate embryos, specifically focusing upon chicken and zebrafish embryos, for the detection of anti-angiogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaunna L Beedie
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK; Molecular Pharmacology Section, Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Alexandra J Diamond
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Lucas Rosa Fraga
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - William D Figg
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Neil Vargesson
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK.
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Katagiri R, Ishihara-Hattori K, Frings W, Amano J, Fuchs A, Chiba S. Effects of SA237, a humanized anti-interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody, on pre- and postnatal development in cynomolgus monkey. Birth Defects Res 2017; 109:843-856. [DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Katagiri
- Research Division; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Shizuoka Japan
| | | | - Werner Frings
- Research Division; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Shizuoka Japan
| | - Jun Amano
- Research Division; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Shizuoka Japan
| | - Antje Fuchs
- Covance Preclinical Services GmbH; Muenster Germany
| | - Shuichi Chiba
- Research Division; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Shizuoka Japan
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24
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Prior H, Sewell F, Stewart J. Overview of 3Rs opportunities in drug discovery and development using non-human primates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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25
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Van Dam D, De Deyn PP. Non human primate models for Alzheimer’s disease-related research and drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 12:187-200. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1271320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debby Van Dam
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Paul De Deyn
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
- Biobank, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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26
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Walter JR, Xu S, Paller AS, Choi JN, Woodruff TK. Oncofertility considerations in adolescents and young adults given a diagnosis of melanoma: Fertility risk of Food and Drug Administration-approved systemic therapies. J Am Acad Dermatol 2016; 75:528-534. [PMID: 27543212 PMCID: PMC5142834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma is the most common cancer diagnosed for patients ages 25 to 29 years, the group with the highest birth rates in the United States. Oncofertility is a new field addressing the reproductive needs of patients with cancer facing fertility-threatening treatments. OBJECTIVE We sought to assess gender-specific fertility risk for Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved melanoma therapies with a new risk category system. METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of FDA, European Union, and Health Canada regulatory filings, along with previously published reports to grade fertility risk of systemic melanoma therapies. The proposed fertility risk category system is analogous to the FDA's A/B/C/D/X/N pregnancy-risk categories. RESULTS For female patients, 58% of treatments represent a fertility risk (Category C and D), 33% have unknown risk (Category N), and 1 therapy (vemurafenib) did not show animal ovarian toxicity (Category B). For male patients, 33% represented a fertility risk (Category C and D), 50% of treatments had unknown risk (Category N), and 17% did not show animal testicular toxicity (Category B). LIMITATIONS Data on fertility risk for melanoma therapies approved after 2009 are limited to preclinical animal studies. CONCLUSION Dermatologists have an opportunity to discuss fertility preservation, make appropriate referrals, and steward registries on reproductive outcomes for patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R. Walter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shuai Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Amy S. Paller
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jennifer N. Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Teresa K. Woodruff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Women’s Health Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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Henck JW, Elayan I, Vorhees C, Fisher JE, Morford LL. Current Topics in Postnatal Behavioral Testing. Int J Toxicol 2016; 35:499-520. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581816657082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The study of developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) continues to be an important component of safety evaluation of candidate therapeutic agents and of industrial and environmental chemicals. Developmental neurotoxicity is considered to be an adverse change in the central and/or peripheral nervous system during development of an organism and has been primarily evaluated by studying functional outcomes, such as changes in behavior, neuropathology, neurochemistry, and/or neurophysiology. Neurobehavioral evaluations are a component of a wide range of toxicology studies in laboratory animal models, whereas neurochemistry and neurophysiology are less commonly employed. Although the primary focus of this article is on neurobehavioral evaluation in pre- and postnatal development and juvenile toxicology studies used in pharmaceutical development, concepts may also apply to adult nonclinical safety studies and Environmental Protection Agency/chemical assessments. This article summarizes the proceedings of a symposium held during the 2015 American College of Toxicology annual meeting and includes a discussion of the current status of DNT testing as well as potential issues and recommendations. Topics include the regulatory context for DNT testing; study design and interpretation; behavioral test selection, including a comparison of core learning and memory systems; age of testing; repeated testing of the same animals; use of alternative animal models; impact of findings; and extrapolation of animal results to humans. Integration of the regulatory experience and scientific concepts presented during this symposium, as well as from subsequent discussion and input, provides a synopsis of the current state of DNT testing in safety assessment, as well as a potential roadmap for future advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ikram Elayan
- US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Charles Vorhees
- Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Ishihara-Hattori K, Barrow P. Review of embryo-fetal developmental toxicity studies performed for recent FDA-approved pharmaceuticals. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 64:98-104. [PMID: 27112525 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Details of embryo-fetal development (EFD) studies were compiled from published FDA approval documents for 43 small molecule drugs (2014-2015) and 37 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs, 2002-2015). Anti-cancer agents were analyzed separately. Rats and rabbits were the species used for EFD studies on 93% of small molecule drugs. Overall, the rat and rabbit were equally sensitive to maternal and fetal toxicity (including teratogenicity). Dosages equivalent to more than 50-times the human exposure (or 10-times for mAbs) were frequently used, but were unnecessary for 90% of drugs. EFD studies were not required for several recently approved mAbs owing to pre-existing scientific knowledge. The cynomolgus monkey was used for developmental toxicity testing of 75% of mAbs, frequently using an ePPND study design. Studies in pregnant rodents using homologous murine antibodies supplemented or replaced monkey studies under some circumstances. Most anti-cancer small molecules and mAbs were tested for developmental toxicity in at least one species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Ishihara-Hattori
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann La-Roche, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Barrow
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann La-Roche, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland.
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Pharmacokinetics of isoflavones from soy infant formula in neonatal and adult rhesus monkeys. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 92:165-76. [PMID: 27084109 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of soy infant formula represents a unique exposure scenario in which developing children ingest a mixture of endocrine-active isoflavones along with a substantial portion of daily nutrition. Genistein and daidzein were administered as glucoside conjugates to neonatal rhesus monkeys in a fortified commercial soy formula at 5, 35, and 70 days after birth. A single gavage dosing with 10 mg/kg bw genistein and 6 mg/kg bw daidzein was chosen to represent the upper range of typical daily consumption and to facilitate complete pharmacokinetic measurements for aglycone and total isoflavones and equol. Adult monkeys were also gavaged with the same formula solution at 2.8 and 1.6 mg/kg bw genistein and daidzein, respectively, and by IV injection with isoflavone aglycones (5.2 and 3.2 mg/kg bw, respectively) to determine absolute bioavailability. Significant differences in internal exposure were observed between neonatal and adult monkeys, with higher values for dose-adjusted AUC and Cmax of the active aglycone isoflavones in neonates. The magnitude and frequency of equol production by the gut microbiome were also significantly greater in adults. These findings are consistent with immaturity of metabolic and/or physiological systems in developing non-human primates that reduces total clearance of soy isoflavones from the body.
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Poulet FM, Wolf JJ, Herzyk DJ, DeGeorge JJ. An Evaluation of the Impact of PD-1 Pathway Blockade on Reproductive Safety of Therapeutic PD-1 Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 107:108-19. [PMID: 27062127 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This report discusses the principles of reproductive toxicity risk assessment for biopharmaceuticals blocking the PD-1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway, which have been developed for the treatment of patients with advanced malignancies. The PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is a T-cell co-inhibitory pathway that normally maintains immune tolerance to self. Its role in pregnancy is to maintain immune tolerance to the fetal allograft. In cancer patients, this signaling pathway is hijacked by some neoplasms to avoid immune destruction. PD-1/PD-L1-blocking agents enhance functional activity of the target lymphocytes to eventually cause immune rejection of the tumor. A therapeutic blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway that occurs at full target engagement provides a unique challenge to address the risk to pregnancy because disruption of the same pathway may also reduce or abrogate maternal immune tolerance to the fetal alloantigens inherited through the father. Typically, nonclinical reproductive and developmental toxicity (DART) studies in animals (rats and rabbits) with clinical drug candidates are conducted to identify potential risk in humans and to determine exposure margin for the effects on reproduction as part of the risk assessment. However, for biopharmaceuticals for which the desired mechanism of action cannot be separated from potential deleterious effects to the fetus and when the only relevant toxicology species is nonhuman primate (NHP), the risk to reproduction can be predicted by a mechanism-based assessment using data generated from murine surrogate models as supportive information without conducting DART in NHPs. Such an approach has been used in the evaluation of pregnancy risk of anti-PD-1 agent, pembrolizumab, and has been demonstrated as an important alternative to performing DART studies in NHPs.
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Prell RA, Halpern WG, Rao GK. Perspective on a Modified Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity Testing Strategy for Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Toxicol 2016; 35:263-73. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581815625596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The intent of cancer immunotherapy (CIT) is to generate and enhance T-cell responses against tumors. The tumor microenvironment establishes several inhibitory pathways that lead to suppression of the local immune response, which is permissive for tumor growth. The efficacy of different CITs, alone and in combination, stems from reinvigorating the tumor immune response via several mechanisms, including costimulatory agonists, checkpoint inhibitors, and vaccines. However, immune responses to other antigens (self and foreign) may also be enhanced, resulting in potentially undesired effects. In outbred mammalian pregnancies, the fetus expresses paternally derived alloantigens that are recognized as foreign by the maternal immune system. If unchecked or enhanced, maternal immunity to these alloantigens represents a developmental and reproductive risk and thus is a general liability for cancer immunotherapeutic molecules. We propose a tiered approach to confirm this mechanistic reproductive liability for CIT molecules. A rodent allopregnancy model is based on breeding 2 different strains of mice so that paternally derived alloantigens are expressed by the fetus. When tested with a cross-reactive biotherapeutic, small molecule drug, or surrogate molecule, this model should reveal on-target reproductive liabilities if the pathway is involved in maintaining pregnancy. Alternatively, allopregnancy models with genetically modified mice can be interrogated for exquisitely specific biotherapeutics with restricted species reactivity. The allopregnancy model represents a relatively straightforward approach to confirm an expected on-target reproductive risk for CIT molecules. For biotherapeutics, it could potentially replace more complex developmental and reproductive toxicity testing in nonhuman primates when a pregnancy hazard is confirmed or expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A. Prell
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wendy G. Halpern
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gautham K. Rao
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Remick AK, Catlin NR, Quist EM, Steinbach TJ, Dixon D. Juvenile Toxicology: Relevance and Challenges for Toxicologists and Pathologists. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 43:1166-71. [PMID: 26220944 PMCID: PMC4670269 DOI: 10.1177/0192623315595883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Society of Toxicologic Pathology (STP) Education Committee and the STP Reproductive Special Interest Group held a North Carolina regional meeting entitled, "Juvenile Toxicology: Relevance and Challenges for Toxicologists and Pathologists" on March 13, 2015, at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Toxicology Program in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. The purpose of this regional meeting was to familiarize attendees with the topic of juvenile toxicity testing and discuss its relevance to clinical pediatric medicine, regulatory perspectives, challenges of appropriate study design confronted by toxicologists, and challenges of histopathologic examination and interpretation of juvenile tissues faced by pathologists. The 1-day meeting was a success with over 60 attendees representing industry, government, research organizations, and academia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natasha R Catlin
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Group, Toxicology Branch, National Toxicology Program (NTP) Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erin M Quist
- Reproductive Endocrinology Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory (NTPL), and NTP Pathology Group, Cellular & Molecular Pathology Branch, NTP Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Darlene Dixon
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory (NTPL), Division of the NTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Clarke DO, Hilbish KG, Waters DG, Newcomb DL, Chellman GJ. Assessment of ixekizumab, an interleukin-17A monoclonal antibody, for potential effects on reproduction and development, including immune system function, in cynomolgus monkeys. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 58:160-73. [PMID: 26482726 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The reproductive and developmental toxicity of ixekizumab, a selective inhibitor of interleukin-17A (IL-17A), was assessed in the following studies in cynomolgus monkeys: fertility (3-month dosing), embryo-fetal development (EFD; dosing from gestation day (GD) 20 through 139), and pre-postnatal development (PPND; dosing from GD 20 through parturition). Because IL-17A has functional roles in innate and humoral immunity, immune system modulation was evaluated in the EFD and PPND studies; immunological evaluations in infants comprised peripheral blood immunophenotyping, Natural Killer cell cytolytic activity, and T-cell-dependent antibody (IgG and IgM) primary and secondary responses to antigen challenge. Ixekizumab exposure was sustained during the dosing periods in most adult monkeys. Fetal exposure at Cesarean section (GD 140-142; EFD study) was 18-25% of maternal exposure and ixekizumab was present in infants for up to 29 weeks postpartum. There were no adverse effects attributed to ixekizumab in any study. Importantly, immune system development and maturation were unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Clarke
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States.
| | - K G Hilbish
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States
| | - D G Waters
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States
| | - D L Newcomb
- Charles River Laboratories, 6995 Longley Lane, Reno, NV 89511, United States
| | - G J Chellman
- Charles River Laboratories, 6995 Longley Lane, Reno, NV 89511, United States
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Wu ML, Gong L, Qian C, Liang ZG, Zeng W. Characteristics of blood chemistry, hematology, and lymphocyte subsets in pregnant rhesus monkeys. Chin J Nat Med 2015; 13:409-14. [PMID: 26073336 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(15)30033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to characterize the blood chemistry, hematology, and lymphocyte subsets in pregnant rhesus monkeys and provide baseline parameters for future studies of reproductive and developmental toxicity and developmental immunotoxicity. Harem-mating was used in 96 female and 16 male rhesus monkeys. Pregnancy was confirmed on gestation day (GD)18 by ultrasound. The blood samples of rhesus monkeys were collected at various times (20 days before pregnancy and GD20, 100 and 150). The analyses of blood chemistry, hematology, and lymphocyte subsets were performed. Compared with 20 days before pregnancy, Significant decreases (P < 0.05) were observed in HCT and RBC on GD20, GD150 and in HGB on GD150, Significant increases in NEUT and decreases in LYMPH on GD20 were observed. Significant decreases in ALB from GD20 to GD150 were observed, significant decreases in TP was observed on GD100. Significant increases in mean GLU were observed on GD20 and GD150 during pregnancy. Significant decreases (P < 0.05) in CD20(+) subsets on GD100, GD150 and CD4(+)/CD8(+)ratio on GD150 were observed, The significant changes of MCV, MCHC, RDW-SD, MCV, MONO, ALT, AST, GLB, ALP, TBIL, DBIL, IBIL, GGT, CR-S, URIC, TC, TG and CK were observed during the pregnant period, but no biologic change were observed, There were no significant changes in MCH, RDW-CV, MPV, BUN, CD3(+), CD4(+) and CD8(+) during pregnancy. These data provide a database for preclinical study in rhesus monkeys. Physiological anemia, hyperglycemia, and immune suppression may occur in pregnant rhesus monkey which is similar to that found in human, and it is essential to distinguish the physiological changes from the pharmacological effects in reproductive and developmental toxicity and developmental immunotoxicity studies of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ling Wu
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Li Gong
- Sichuan Primed Bio-tech Group Co. Ltd., Chengdu 610017, China
| | - Can Qian
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Liang
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu 610052, China.
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Verdier JM, Acquatella I, Lautier C, Devau G, Trouche S, Lasbleiz C, Mestre-Francés N. Lessons from the analysis of nonhuman primates for understanding human aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:64. [PMID: 25788873 PMCID: PMC4349082 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models are necessary tools for solving the most serious challenges facing medical research. In aging and neurodegenerative disease studies, rodents occupy a place of choice. However, the most challenging questions about longevity, the complexity and functioning of brain networks or social intelligence can almost only be investigated in nonhuman primates. Beside the fact that their brain structure is much closer to that of humans, they develop highly complex cognitive strategies and they are visually-oriented like humans. For these reasons, they deserve consideration, although their management and care are more complicated and the related costs much higher. Despite these caveats, considerable scientific advances have been possible using nonhuman primates. This review concisely summarizes their role in the study of aging and of the mechanisms involved in neurodegenerative disorders associated mainly with cognitive dysfunctions (Alzheimer's and prion diseases) or motor deficits (Parkinson's and related diseases).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Verdier
- Université de Montpellier Montpellier, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1198 Montpellier, France ; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Acquatella
- Université de Montpellier Montpellier, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1198 Montpellier, France ; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes Paris, France
| | - Corinne Lautier
- Université de Montpellier Montpellier, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1198 Montpellier, France ; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes Paris, France
| | - Gina Devau
- Université de Montpellier Montpellier, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1198 Montpellier, France ; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Trouche
- Université de Montpellier Montpellier, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1198 Montpellier, France ; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes Paris, France
| | - Christelle Lasbleiz
- Université de Montpellier Montpellier, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1198 Montpellier, France ; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes Paris, France
| | - Nadine Mestre-Francés
- Université de Montpellier Montpellier, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1198 Montpellier, France ; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes Paris, France
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Cauvin AJ, Peters C, Brennan F. Advantages and Limitations of Commonly Used Nonhuman Primate Species in Research and Development of Biopharmaceuticals. THE NONHUMAN PRIMATE IN NONCLINICAL DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND SAFETY ASSESSMENT 2015. [PMCID: PMC7149394 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417144-2.00019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates (NHPs) have been used extensively during the past four decades for research and nonclinical development because they are close to humans in terms of genetics, anatomy, physiology, and immunology. They have been widely used in the development of infection models, leading to the generation of vaccines and drugs, as well as in the nonclinical pharmacologic and toxicologic assessment of biopharmaceuticals, especially in the fields of immunotherapy and oncology, despite the constant pressure to move to lower species. In many cases, NHPs are the only species that allows a correct risk assessment for humans. Nevertheless, limitations inherent to each species have to be considered before an investigation. This chapter shines some light on the respective interests and limitations of using cynomolgus monkeys, rhesus monkeys, and marmosets in medical research and nonclinical development, with a specific focus on reproduction and immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick J. Cauvin
- UCB Biopharma, New Medicine, Non-Clinical Development, Braine L’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Christopher Peters
- UCB Biopharma, New Medicine, Non-Clinical Development, Braine L’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Frank Brennan
- UCB Pharma, New Medicines, Non-Clinical Development, Slough, UK
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Cavagnaro J, Berman C, Kornbrust D, White T, Campion S, Henry S. Considerations for assessment of reproductive and developmental toxicity of oligonucleotide-based therapeutics. Nucleic Acid Ther 2014; 24:313-25. [PMID: 25137397 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2014.0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This white paper summarizes the current consensus of the Reproductive Subcommittee of the Oligonucleotide Safety Working Group on strategies to assess potential reproductive and/or developmental toxicities of therapeutic oligonucleotides (ONs). The unique product characteristics of ONs require considerations when planning developmental and reproductive toxicology studies, including (a) chemical characteristics, (b) assessment of intended and unintended mechanism of action, and (c) the optimal exposure, including dosing regimen. Because experience across the various classes of ONs as defined by their chemical backbone is relatively limited, best practices cannot be defined. Rather, points to consider are provided to help in the design of science-based reproductive safety evaluation programs based upon product attributes.
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Rachalski A, Authier S, Bassett L, Pouliot M, Tremblay G, Mongrain V. Sleep electroencephalographic characteristics of the Cynomolgus monkey measured by telemetry. J Sleep Res 2014; 23:619-627. [PMID: 25109588 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cynomolgus monkeys are widely used as models of diseases and in pre-clinical studies to assess the impact of new pharmacotherapies on brain function and behaviour. However, the time course of electroencephalographic delta activity during sleep, which represents the main marker of sleep intensity associated with recovery during sleep, has never been described in this non-human primate. In this study, telemetry implants were used to record one spontaneous 24-h sleep-wake cycle in four freely-moving Cynomolgus monkeys, and to quantify the time course of electroencephalographic activity during sleep using spectral analysis. Animals presented a diurnal activity pattern interrupted by short naps. During the dark period, most of the time was spent in sleep with non-rapid eye movement sleep/rapid eye movement sleep alternations and sleep consolidation profiles intermediate between rodents and humans. Deep non-rapid eye movement sleep showed a typical predominance at the beginning of the night with decreased propensity in the course of the night, which was accompanied by a progressive increase in rapid eye movement sleep duration. Spectral profiles showed characteristic changes between vigilance states as reported in other mammalian species. Importantly, delta activity also followed the expected time course of variation, showing a build-up with wakefulness duration and dissipation across the night. Thus, Cynomolgus monkeys present typical characteristics of sleep architecture and spectral structure as those observed in other mammalian species including humans, validating the use of telemetry in this non-human primate model for translational sleep studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Rachalski
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Authier
- CiToxLAB North America, 445 Armand Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Leanne Bassett
- CiToxLAB North America, 445 Armand Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Mylène Pouliot
- CiToxLAB North America, 445 Armand Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Gaétan Tremblay
- Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Valérie Mongrain
- Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Ramaswamy S, Weinbauer GF. Endocrine control of spermatogenesis: Role of FSH and LH/ testosterone. SPERMATOGENESIS 2014; 4:e996025. [PMID: 26413400 PMCID: PMC4581062 DOI: 10.1080/21565562.2014.996025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of testicular functions (production of sperm and androgens) is an important aspect of preclinical safety assessment and testicular toxicity is comparatively far more common than ovarian toxicity. This chapter focuses (1) on the histological sequelae of disturbed reproductive endocrinology in rat, dog and nonhuman primates and (2) provides a review of our current understanding of the roles of gonadotropins and androgens. The response of the rodent testis to endocrine disturbances is clearly different from that of dog and primates with different germ cell types and spermatogenic stages being affected initially and also that the end-stage spermatogenic involution is more pronounced in dog and primates compared to rodents. Luteinizing hormone (LH)/testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are the pivotal endocrine factors controlling testicular functions. The relative importance of either hormone is somewhat different between rodents and primates. Generally, however, both LH/testosterone and FSH are necessary for quantitatively normal spermatogenesis, at least in non-seasonal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Ramaswamy
- Center for Research in Reproductive Physiology (CRRP); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Magee-Womens Research Institute; Pittsburgh, PA USA
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40
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French JM. Imaging and morphology in reproductive toxicology - progress to date and future directions. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 48:37-40. [PMID: 24681297 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This review looks at the recent development and application of imaging techniques for the morphological examination of fetuses from preclinical regulatory reproductive toxicology studies. Full replacement of the examination methods currently used in routine studies (microdissection, Bouin's fluid fixation/sectioning and alizarin red S/alcian blue preparations) by imaging techniques has yet to be achieved. Progress, especially in the application of micro-CT for skeletal examination, has been made but challenges, particularly the financial investment required, remain. Despite this apparent lack of progress the application of imaging techniques to "non-routine" preclinical reproductive toxicology studies has been used to good effect. The ability to acquire multiple images over a time course i.e. longitudinally has enabled the fate, particularly of skeletal features, to be determined. The additional evidence gained from such studies can be used to better inform the prenatal developmental hazard assessment of test compounds.
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Sasaki T, Oga T, Nakagaki K, Sakai K, Sumida K, Hoshino K, Miyawaki I, Saito K, Suto F, Ichinohe N. Developmental expression profiles of axon guidance signaling and the immune system in the marmoset cortex: Potential molecular mechanisms of pruning of dendritic spines during primate synapse formation in late infancy and prepuberty (I). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 444:302-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bowman CJ, Breslin WJ, Connor AV, Martin PL, Moffat GJ, Sivaraman L, Tornesi MB, Chivers S. Placental Transfer of Fc-Containing Biopharmaceuticals across Species, an Industry Survey Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 98:459-85. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lakshmi Sivaraman
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Research and Development; New Brunswick New Jersey
| | | | - Simon Chivers
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research; Basel Switzerland
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Bussiere JL, Moffat G, Zhou L, Tarlo KS. Assessment of menstrual cycle length in cynomolgus monkeys as a female fertility endpoint of a biopharmaceutical in a 6month toxicity study. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 66:269-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Bussiere JL, Pyrah I, Boyce R, Branstetter D, Loomis M, Andrews-Cleavenger D, Farman C, Elliott G, Chellman G. Reproductive toxicity of denosumab in cynomolgus monkeys. Reprod Toxicol 2013; 42:27-40. [PMID: 23886817 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Denosumab is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits bone resorption by targeting RANKL, an essential mediator of osteoclast formation, function, and survival. Reproductive toxicity of denosumab was assessed in cynomolgus monkeys in an embryofetal development study (dosing GD20-50) and a pre-postnatal toxicity study (dosing GD20-parturition). In the embryofetal toxicity study, denosumab did not elicit maternal toxicity, fetal harm or teratogenicity. In the pre-postnatal toxicity study, there were increased stillbirths, and one maternal death due to dystocia. There was no effect on maternal mammary gland histomorphology, lactation, or fetal growth. In infants exposed in utero, there was increased postnatal mortality, decreased body weight gain, and decreased growth/development. Denosumab-related effects in infants were present in bones and lymph nodes. There was full recovery at 6 months of age from most bone-related changes observed earlier postpartum. The effects observed in mothers and infants were consistent with the pharmacological action of denosumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine L Bussiere
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States.
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Pharmaceutical toxicology: Designing studies to reduce animal use, while maximizing human translation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 66:88-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Monticello T, Bussiere J. Nonclinical Safety Evaluation of Drugs. Toxicol Pathol 2013. [DOI: 10.1201/b13783-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Makori N, Watson RE, Hogrefe CE, Lalayeva N, Oneda S. Object discrimination and reversal learning in infant and juvenile non-human primates in a non-clinical laboratory. J Med Primatol 2013; 42:147-57. [PMID: 23480632 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biopharmaceutical development necessitates use of non-human primates in toxicology, leading to adoption of non-traditional methods including cognitive function assessment. METHODS A two-object discrimination and reversal test in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) was performed using a Wisconsin General Testing Apparatus (WGTA). Non-clinical study design and regulatory considerations dictate that infants are raised by their biological mothers until weaning at 6 months. Thirty-four animals (6-21 months of age) were trained to discriminate between two randomly selected stimulus objects to retrieve a reward. Following training, days to first reversal after interchanging the reward were measured. RESULTS Both sexes acquired visual discrimination skills at similar rates. Trends in learning and reversals completed were uniform across age groups. Completing training early in some subjects had no impact on subsequent testing phases. CONCLUSIONS Weaned cynomolgus monkey infants can be successfully tested for cognitive abilities using the WGTA in a non-clinical laboratory setting.
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Elsworth JD, Jentsch JD, Vandevoort CA, Roth RH, Redmond DE, Leranth C. Prenatal exposure to bisphenol A impacts midbrain dopamine neurons and hippocampal spine synapses in non-human primates. Neurotoxicology 2013; 35:113-20. [PMID: 23337607 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prevalent use of bisphenol-A (BPA) in the manufacture of resins, plastics and paper products has led to frequent exposure of most people to this endocrine disruptor. Some rodent studies have suggested that BPA can exert detrimental effects on brain development. However as rodent models cannot be relied on to predict consequences of human exposure to BPA during development, it is important to investigate the effects of BPA on non-human primate brain development. Previous research suggests that BPA preferentially targets dopamine neurons in ventral mesencephalon and glutamatergic neurons in hippocampus, so the present work examined the susceptibility of these systems to low dose BPA exposure at the fetal and juvenile stages of development in non-human primates. Exposure of pregnant rhesus monkeys to relatively low levels of BPA during the final 2 months of gestation, induced abnormalities in fetal ventral mesencephalon and hippocampus. Specifically, light microscopy revealed a decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing (dopamine) neurons in the midbrain of BPA-exposed fetuses and electron microscopy identified a reduction in spine synapses in the CA1 region of hippocampus. In contrast, administration of BPA to juvenile vervet monkeys (14-18 months of age) was without effect on these indices, or on dopamine and serotonin concentrations in striatum and prefrontal cortex, or on performance of a cognitive task that tests working memory capacity. These data indicate that BPA exerts an age-dependent detrimental impact on primate brain development, at blood levels within the range measured in humans having only environmental contact with BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Elsworth
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Abstract
The study of nonhuman primates (NHP) is key to understanding human evolution, in addition to being an important model for biomedical research. NHPs are especially important for translational medicine. There are now exciting opportunities to greatly increase the utility of these models by incorporating Next Generation (NextGen) sequencing into study design. Unfortunately, the draft status of nonhuman genomes greatly constrains what can currently be accomplished with available technology. Although all genomes contain errors, draft assemblies and annotations contain so many mistakes that they make currently available nonhuman primate genomes misleading to investigators conducting evolutionary studies; and these genomes are of insufficient quality to serve as references for NextGen studies. Fortunately, NextGen sequencing can be used in the production of greatly improved genomes. Existing Sanger sequences can be supplemented with NextGen whole genome, and exomic genomic sequences to create new, more complete and correct assemblies. Additional physical mapping, and an incorporation of information about gene structure, can be used to improve assignment of scaffolds to chromosomes. In addition, mRNA-sequence data can be used to economically acquire transcriptome information, which can be used for annotation. Some highly polymorphic and complex regions, for example MHC class I and immunoglobulin loci, will require extra effort to properly assemble and annotate. However, for the vast majority of genes, a modest investment in money, and a somewhat greater investment in time, can greatly improve assemblies and annotations sufficient to produce true, reference grade nonhuman primate genomes. Such resources can reasonably be expected to transform nonhuman primate research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B. Norgren
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Robert B. Norgren, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 or email
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Micks E, Shekell T, Stanley J, Zelinski M, Martin L, Riefenberg S, Adevai T, Jensen J. Medical termination of pregnancy in cynomolgus macaques. J Med Primatol 2012; 41:394-402. [PMID: 23078537 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although pregnancy is expected during studies of novel contraceptives in non-human primates, gestation, delivery, and lactation remove females from groups for prolonged intervals. As the macaque cervix does not facilitate transcervical surgical termination of pregnancy, we sought to establish a medical termination protocol. METHODS A descriptive case series of outcomes of medical termination of pregnancy up to 32 days gestation in cynomolgus monkeys. Efficacy and time to uterine resolution were determined according to medication, dose, and route of administration. RESULTS Thirty-seven macaques underwent 65 medical terminations. Over 80% of animals terminated after initial treatment with mifepristone 20 mg intramuscularly (IM). Intrafetal methotrexate was effective for salvage treatment. Medical termination regimens were less effective for animals receiving investigational contraceptive agents. CONCLUSIONS Medical termination for macaques is safe and effective. We recommend a protocol with mifepristone 20 mg IM and misoprostol 200 µg buccally as initial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Micks
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6460, USA.
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