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Sharafat RH, Saeed A. Ectonucleotidase inhibitors: targeting signaling pathways for therapeutic advancement-an in-depth review. Purinergic Signal 2024:10.1007/s11302-024-10031-0. [PMID: 38958821 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-024-10031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Ectonucleotidase inhibitors are a family of pharmacological drugs that, by selectively targeting ectonucleotidases, are essential in altering purinergic signaling pathways. The hydrolysis of extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides is carried out by these enzymes, which include ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) and ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73). Ectonucleotidase inhibitors can prevent the conversion of ATP and ADP into adenosine by blocking these enzymes and reduce extracellular adenosine. These molecules are essential for purinergic signaling, which is associated with a variability of physiological and pathological processes. By modifying extracellular nucleotide metabolism and improving purinergic signaling regulation, ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP) inhibitors have the potential to improve cancer treatment, inflammatory management, and immune response modulation. Purinergic signaling is affected by CD73 inhibitors because they prevent AMP from being converted to adenosine. These inhibitors are useful in cancer therapy and immunotherapy because they may improve chemotherapy effectiveness and alter immune responses. Purinergic signaling is controlled by NTPDase inhibitors, which specifically target enzymes involved in extracellular nucleotide breakdown. These inhibitors show promise in reducing immunological responses, thrombosis, and inflammation, perhaps assisting in the treatment of cardiovascular and autoimmune illnesses. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) inhibitors alter the function of enzymes involved in dephosphorylation reactions, which has an impact on a variety of biological processes. By altering the body's phosphate levels, these inhibitors may be used to treat diseases including hyperphosphatemia and certain bone problems. This article provides a guide for researchers and clinicians looking to leverage the remedial capability of ectonucleotidase inhibitors in a variety of illness scenarios by illuminating their processes, advantages, and difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Huzaifa Sharafat
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45321, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45321, Pakistan.
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2
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Shukla S, Dalai P, Agrawal-Rajput R. Metabolic crosstalk: Extracellular ATP and the tumor microenvironment in cancer progression and therapy. Cell Signal 2024; 121:111281. [PMID: 38945420 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) is a vital element in energy information. It plays a critical role in transmitting signals inside the body, which is necessary for controlling the life activities of all cells, including tumor cells [1]. Its significance extends from intracellular signaling pathways to tumor regression. Purinergic signaling, a form of extracellular paracrine signaling, relies on purine nucleotides. Extracellular ectonucleotidases convert these purine nucleotides to their respective di and mono-phosphate nucleoside forms, contributing significantly to immune biology, cancer biology, and inflammation studies. ATP functions as a mighty damage-linked molecular pattern when released outside the cell, accumulating in inflammatory areas. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), purinergic receptors such as ATP-gated ion channels P2X1-5 and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) (P2Y) interact with ATP and other nucleotides, influencing diverse immune cell activities. CD39 and CD73-mediated extracellular ATP degradation contributes to immunosuppression by diminishing ATP-dependent activation and generating adenosine (ADO), potentially hindering antitumor immunity and promoting tumor development. Unraveling the complexities of extracellular ATP (e-ATP) and ADO effects on the TME poses challenges in identifying optimal treatment targets, yet ongoing investigations aim to devise strategies combating e-ATP/ADO-induced immunosuppression, ultimately enhancing anti-tumor immunity. This review explores e-ATP metabolism, its purinergic signaling, and therapeutic strategies targeting associated receptors and enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Shukla
- Immunology Lab, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar 382426, Gujarat, India
| | - Parameswar Dalai
- Immunology Lab, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar 382426, Gujarat, India
| | - Reena Agrawal-Rajput
- Immunology Lab, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar 382426, Gujarat, India.
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3
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Kraus A, Skoczynski K, Brötsch M, Burzlaff N, Leipziger J, Schiffer M, Büttner-Herold M, Buchholz B. P2Y2R and Cyst Growth in Polycystic Kidney Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024:00001751-990000000-00348. [PMID: 38848134 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is characterized by continuous cyst growth, which results in a decline in kidney function.Deletion of P2Y2R and pharmacological antagonism of purinergic signaling significantly reduced cyst growth in an orthologous PKD mouse model.P2Y2R was expressed in cysts of human PKD nephrectomies, which makes P2Y2R a reasonable target for treatment of PKD.
Background
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by multiple bilateral kidney cysts that gradually enlarge, resulting in a decline in kidney function. Cyst growth is significantly driven by ATP-dependent chloride secretion mediated by the ion channel TMEM16A. This pathway is further augmented in advanced stages of the disease by hypoxia and activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α. The mechanisms by which ATP leads to activation of TMEM16A and how HIF-1α contributes to cyst growth in vivo have remained elusive.
Methods
Mice with an inducible tubule-specific deletion of Pkd1 were compared with mice with an additional codeletion of the purinergic receptor P2y2r. Furthermore, animals were challenged by pharmacological activation of HIF-1α and Pkd1-deficient mice were treated with suramin, an antagonist of purinergic signaling. In addition, expression of P2Y2R, TMEM16A, and HIF-1α was analyzed in nephrectomy samples from 27 patients with ADPKD.
Results
Genetic deletion of P2y2r significantly inhibited cyst growth in vivo. In addition, aggravation of the polycystic phenotype mediated by pharmacological activation of HIF-1α was reduced by deletion of P2y2r. Application of suramin to pharmacologically inhibit purinergic signaling also suppressed cyst enlargement in vivo. Analysis of kidney samples from 27 patients with ADPKD revealed significant expression of P2Y2R at the luminal site of the cyst-lining epithelium.
Conclusions
P2Y2R was significantly expressed in human and mouse polycystic kidneys. Deletion and antagonism of P2Y2R reduced cyst enlargement in an ADPKD mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Kraus
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Skoczynski
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Brötsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicolai Burzlaff
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jens Leipziger
- Department of Biomedicine, Physiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mario Schiffer
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maike Büttner-Herold
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bjoern Buchholz
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
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Carbajal-García A, Reyes-García J, Díaz-Hernández V, Casas-Hernández MF, Flores-Murrieta FJ, Montaño LM. Testosterone Enhances K V Currents and Airway Smooth Muscle Relaxation Induced by ATP and UTP through P2Y 4 Receptors and Adenylyl Cyclase Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4652. [PMID: 38731872 PMCID: PMC11083821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies suggest the involvement of adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) and similar nucleotides in the pathophysiology of asthma. Androgens, such as testosterone (TES), are proposed to alleviate asthma symptoms in young men. ATP and uridine-5'-triphosphate (UTP) relax the airway smooth muscle (ASM) via purinergic P2Y2 and P2Y4 receptors and K+ channel opening. We previously demonstrated that TES increased the expression of voltage-dependent K+ (KV) channels in ASM. This study investigates how TES may potentiate ASM relaxation induced by ATP and UTP. Tracheal tissues treated with or without TES (control group) from young male guinea pigs were used. In organ baths, tracheas exposed to TES (40 nM for 48 h) showed enhanced ATP- and UTP-evoked relaxation. Tetraethylammonium, a K+ channel blocker, annulled this effect. Patch-clamp experiments in tracheal myocytes showed that TES also increased ATP- and UTP-induced K+ currents, and this effect was abolished with flutamide (an androgen receptor antagonist). KV channels were involved in this phenomenon, which was demonstrated by inhibition with 4-aminopyridine. RB2 (an antagonist of almost all P2Y receptors except for P2Y2), as well as N-ethylmaleimide and SQ 22,536 (inhibitors of G proteins and adenylyl cyclase, respectively), attenuated the enhancement of the K+ currents induced by TES. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry studies revealed that TES did not modify the expression of P2Y4 receptors or COX-1 and COX-2, while we have demonstrated that this androgen augmented the expression of KV1.2 and KV1.5 channels in ASM. Thus, TES leads to the upregulation of P2Y4 signaling and KV channels in guinea pig ASM, enhancing ATP and UTP relaxation responses, which likely limits the severity of bronchospasm in young males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abril Carbajal-García
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.C.-G.); (J.R.-G.); (M.F.C.-H.)
| | - Jorge Reyes-García
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.C.-G.); (J.R.-G.); (M.F.C.-H.)
| | - Verónica Díaz-Hernández
- Departamento de Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - María F. Casas-Hernández
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.C.-G.); (J.R.-G.); (M.F.C.-H.)
| | - Francisco Javier Flores-Murrieta
- Unidad de Investigación en Farmacología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Luis M. Montaño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.C.-G.); (J.R.-G.); (M.F.C.-H.)
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Povo-Retana A, Sánchez-García S, Alvarez-Lucena C, Landauro-Vera R, Prieto P, Delgado C, Martín-Sanz P, Boscá L. Crosstalk between P2Y receptors and cyclooxygenase activity in inflammation and tissue repair. Purinergic Signal 2024; 20:145-155. [PMID: 37052777 PMCID: PMC10997571 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-023-09938-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of extracellular nucleotides as modulators of inflammation and cell stress is well established. One of the main actions of these molecules is mediated by the activation of purinergic receptors (P2) of the plasma membrane. P2 receptors can be classified according to two different structural families: P2X ionotropic ion channel receptors, and P2Y metabotropic G protein-coupled receptors. During inflammation, damaged cells release nucleotides and purinergic signaling occurs along the temporal pattern of the synthesis of pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving mediators by myeloid and lymphoid cells. In macrophages under pro-inflammatory conditions, the expression and activity of cyclooxygenase 2 significantly increases and enhances the circulating levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which exerts its effects both through specific plasma membrane receptors (EP1-EP4) and by activation of intracellular targets. Here we review the mechanisms involved in the crosstalk between PGE2 and P2Y receptors on macrophages, which is dependent on several isoforms of protein kinase C and protein kinase D1. Due to this crosstalk, a P2Y-dependent increase in calcium is blunted by PGE2 whereas, under these conditions, macrophages exhibit reduced migratory capacity along with enhanced phagocytosis, which contributes to the modulation of the inflammatory response and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Povo-Retana
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sergio Sánchez-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlota Alvarez-Lucena
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Landauro-Vera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Prieto
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica. Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Delgado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Melchor Fernández Almagro 6, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Martín-Sanz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Melchor Fernández Almagro 6, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Melchor Fernández Almagro 6, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Pereira ADS, Bottari NB, Nauderer JN, Assmann CE, Copetti PM, Reichert KP, Mostardeiro VB, da Silveira MV, Morsch VMM, Schetinger MRC. Purinergic signaling influences the neuroinflammatory outcomes of a testosterone-derived synthetic in female rats: Resistance training protective effects on brain health. Steroids 2024; 203:109352. [PMID: 38128896 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise is recognized as a non-pharmacological approach to treat and protect against several neuroinflammatory conditions and thus to prevent brain disorders. However, the interest in ergogenic resources by athletes and bodybuilding practitioners is widespread and on the rise. These substances shorten the process of performance gain and improve aesthetics, having led to the prominent use and abuse of hormones in the past years. Recent evidence has shown that the purinergic system, composed of adenine nucleotides, nucleosides, enzymes, and receptors, participates in a wide range of processes within the brain, such as neuroinflammation, neuromodulation, and cellular communication. Here, we investigated the effects of the anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) testosterone (TES) at a dose of 70 mg/kg/week in female rats and the neuroprotective effect of resistance exercise related to the purinergic system and oxidative stress parameters. Our findings showed a decrease in ATP and ADO hydrolysis in treated and trained animals. Furthermore, there was an increase in the density of purinoceptors (P2X7 and A2A) and inflammatory markers (IBA-1, NRLP3, CASP-1, IL-1β, and IL-6) in the cerebral cortex of animals that received AAS. On the other hand, exercise reversed neuroinflammatory parameters such as IBA-1, NLRP3, CASP-1, and IL-1β and improved antioxidant response and anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokine levels. Overall, this study shows that the use of TES without indication or prescription disrupts brain homeostasis, as demonstrated by the increase in neuroinflammation, and that the practice of exercise can protect brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline da Silva Pereira
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Nathieli Bianchin Bottari
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jelson Norberto Nauderer
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Charles Elias Assmann
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Priscila Marquezan Copetti
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Karine Paula Reichert
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vitor Bastianello Mostardeiro
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcylene Vieira da Silveira
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vera Maria Melchiors Morsch
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Babou Kammoe RB, Sévigny J. Extracellular nucleotides in smooth muscle contraction. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 220:116005. [PMID: 38142836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.116005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides are crucial signalling molecules, eliciting diverse biological responses in almost all organs and tissues. These molecules exert their effects by activating specific nucleotide receptors, which are finely regulated by ectonucleotidases that break down their ligands. In this comprehensive review, we aim to elucidate the relevance of extracellular nucleotides as signalling molecules in the context of smooth muscle contraction, considering the modulatory influence of ectonucleotidases on this intricate process. Specifically, we provide a detailed examination of the involvement of extracellular nucleotides in the contraction of non-vascular smooth muscles, including those found in the urinary bladder, the airways, the reproductive system, and the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, we present a broader overview of the role of extracellular nucleotides in vascular smooth muscle contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romuald Brice Babou Kammoe
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Yin Y, Wei L, Caseley EA, Lopez‐Charcas O, Wei Y, Li D, Muench SP, Roger S, Wang L, Jiang L. Leveraging the ATP-P2X7 receptor signalling axis to alleviate traumatic CNS damage and related complications. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:1346-1373. [PMID: 36924449 PMCID: PMC10947395 DOI: 10.1002/med.21952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is an exceptional member of the P2X purinergic receptor family, with its activation requiring high concentrations of extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) that are often associated with tissue damage and inflammation. In the central nervous system (CNS), it is highly expressed in glial cells, particularly in microglia. In this review, we discuss the role and mechanisms of the P2X7 receptor in mediating neuroinflammation and other pathogenic events in a variety of traumatic CNS damage conditions, which lead to loss of neurological and cognitive functions. We raise the perspective on the steady progress in developing CNS-penetrant P2X7 receptor-specific antagonists that leverage the ATP-P2X7 receptor signaling axis as a potential therapeutic strategy to alleviate traumatic CNS damage and related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Yin
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Linyu Wei
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Emily A. Caseley
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Osbaldo Lopez‐Charcas
- EA4245, Transplantation, Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ToursToursFrance
| | - Yingjuan Wei
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Dongliang Li
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Steve P. Muench
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Sebastian Roger
- EA4245, Transplantation, Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ToursToursFrance
| | - Lu Wang
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Lin‐Hua Jiang
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
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9
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Illes P, Ulrich H, Chen JF, Tang Y. Purinergic receptors in cognitive disturbances. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 185:106229. [PMID: 37453562 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purinergic receptors (Rs) of the ATP/ADP, UTP/UDP (P2X, P2Y) and adenosine (A1, A2A)-sensitive classes broadly interfere with cognitive processes both under quasi normal and disease conditions. During neurodegenerative illnesses, high concentrations of ATP are released from the damaged neuronal and non-neuronal cells of the brain; then, this ATP is enzymatically degraded to adenosine. Thus, the primary injury in neurodegenerative diseases appears to be caused by various protein aggregates on which a superimposed damage mediated by especially P2X7 and A2AR activation develops; this can be efficiently prevented by small molecular antagonists in animal models of the above diseases, or are mitigated in the respective knockout mice. Dementia is a leading symptom in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and accompanies Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD), especially in the advanced states of these illnesses. Animal experimentation suggests that P2X7 and A2ARs are also involved in a number of psychiatric diseases, such as major depressive disorder (MDD), obsessive compulsive behavior, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In conclusion, small molecular antagonists of purinergic receptors are expected to supply us in the future with pharmaceuticals which are able to combat in a range of neurological/psychiatric diseases the accompanying cognitive deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Illes
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditonal Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; International Joint Research Center for Purinergic Signaling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China.
| | - Henning Ulrich
- International Joint Research Center for Purinergic Signaling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chemistry Institute, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jiang-Fan Chen
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Whenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yong Tang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditonal Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; International Joint Research Center for Purinergic Signaling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China.
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10
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Sluyter R, Sophocleous RA, Stokes L. P2X receptors: Insights from the study of the domestic dog. Neuropharmacology 2023; 224:109358. [PMID: 36464207 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Fifty years ago, the late Geoffrey Burnstock described the concept of purinergic nerves and transmission bringing into existence the broader concepts of purinergic signaling including P2X receptors. These receptors are trimeric ligand-gated cation channels activated by extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). P2X receptors have important roles in health and disease and continue to gain interest as potential therapeutic targets in inflammatory, neurological, cardiovascular and many other disorders including cancer. Current understanding of P2X receptors has largely arisen from the study of these receptors in humans and rodents, but additional insights have been obtained from the study of P2X receptors in the domestic dog, Canis familiaris. This review article will briefly introduce purinergic signaling and P2X receptors, before detailing the pharmacological profiles of the two recombinant canine P2X receptors studied to date, P2X7 and P2X4. The article will then describe the current state of knowledge concerning the distribution and function of the P2X receptor family in dogs. The article will also discuss the characterization of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the canine P2RX7 gene, and contrast this variation to the canine P2RX4 gene, which is largely conserved between dogs. Finally, this article will outline published examples of the use of dogs to study the pharmacokinetics of P2X7 and P2X3 antagonists, and how they have contributed to the preclinical testing of antagonists to human P2X7, CE-224,535, and human P2X3, Gefapixant (AF-219, MK-7264) and Eliapixant (BAY, 1817080), with Gefapixant gaining recent approval for use in the treatment of refractory chronic cough in humans. This article is part of the Special Issue on 'Purinergic Signaling: 50 years'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Sluyter
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
| | - Reece A Sophocleous
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Leanne Stokes
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
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11
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Sikka P, Behl T, Chandel P, Sehgal A, Singh S, Makeen HA, Albratty M, Alhazmi HA, Meraya AM. Scrutinizing the Therapeutic Promise of Purinergic Receptors Targeting Depression. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1570-1585. [PMID: 35930172 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00550-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antidepressant use has resulted in a variety of negative consequences, including permanent brain damage and erectile dysfunction. So, the purpose lies in developing something more productive with minimal side effects and consequently improved efficacy. A growing body of evidences indicated a remarkable purinergic signalling system, which helped in dealing with this complication. This has been found to be a powerful formula in dealing with psychiatric disorders. P1 (adenosine), P2X, and P2Y (ATP) are the receptors, involved in the pathology as well as exhibiting the therapeutic action by triggering the purinergic pathway. It was found that A2A and P2X7 receptors specifically were involved and recognized as possible targets for treating depression. Further, the development of biomarkers for the diagnosis of depression has also been attributed to accelerate the process. One such biomarker includes serum uric acid. Many clinical studies reveal the importance of antagonizing P2X7 and A2A receptors, for promising research in understanding the molecular premises of depression. However, further investigations are still needed to be done to open several unfolded mysteries for a better and safe upshot. The selective antagonists for A2A and P2X7 receptors may have antidepressant effects showing positive results, in agreement with non-clinical testing. In this review, efforts are being devoted to the targeted receptors in bringing out antidepressant effects with a possible link involving depression and defined purinergic signalling. Additionally, the overview of various receptors, including their functions and distribution, is being explored in a representative way along with the biomarkers involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanshi Sikka
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Parteek Chandel
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Hafiz A Makeen
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Alhazmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.,Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkarim M Meraya
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Prendecki M, McAdoo SP, Turner‐Stokes T, Garcia‐Diaz A, Orriss I, Woollard KJ, Behmoaras J, Cook HT, Unwin R, Pusey CD, Aitman TJ, Tam FWK. Glomerulonephritis and autoimmune vasculitis are independent of P2RX7 but may depend on alternative inflammasome pathways. J Pathol 2022; 257:300-313. [PMID: 35239186 PMCID: PMC9322550 DOI: 10.1002/path.5890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
P2RX7, an ionotropic receptor for extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is expressed on immune cells, including macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells and is upregulated on nonimmune cells following injury. P2RX7 plays a role in many biological processes, including production of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β via the canonical inflammasome pathway. P2RX7 has been shown to be important in inflammation and fibrosis and may also play a role in autoimmunity. We have developed and phenotyped a novel P2RX7 knockout (KO) inbred rat strain and, taking advantage of the human-resembling unique histopathological features of rat models of glomerulonephritis, we induced three models of disease: nephrotoxic nephritis, experimental autoimmune glomerulonephritis, and experimental autoimmune vasculitis. We found that deletion of P2RX7 does not protect rats from models of experimental glomerulonephritis or the development of autoimmunity. Notably, treatment with A-438079, a P2RX7 antagonist, was equally protective in WKY WT and P2RX7 KO rats, revealing its 'off-target' properties. We identified a novel ATP/P2RX7/K+ efflux-independent and caspase-1/8-dependent pathway for the production of IL-1β in rat dendritic cells, which was absent in macrophages. Taken together, these results comprehensively establish that inflammation and autoimmunity in glomerulonephritis is independent of P2RX7 and reveals the off-target properties of drugs previously known as selective P2RX7 antagonists. Rat mononuclear phagocytes may be able to utilise an 'alternative inflammasome' pathway to produce IL-1β independently of P2RX7, which may account for the susceptibility of P2RX7 KO rats to inflammation and autoimmunity in glomerulonephritis. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Prendecki
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and InflammationImperial College London, Hammersmith CampusLondonUK
| | - Stephen P McAdoo
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and InflammationImperial College London, Hammersmith CampusLondonUK
| | - Tabitha Turner‐Stokes
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and InflammationImperial College London, Hammersmith CampusLondonUK
| | - Ana Garcia‐Diaz
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and InflammationImperial College London, Hammersmith CampusLondonUK
| | - Isabel Orriss
- Department of Comparative Biomedical SciencesRoyal Veterinary CollegeLondonUK
| | - Kevin J Woollard
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and InflammationImperial College London, Hammersmith CampusLondonUK,Present address:
Bioscience Renal, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaCambridgeUK
| | - Jacques Behmoaras
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and InflammationImperial College London, Hammersmith CampusLondonUK,Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders and Centre for Computational Biology, Duke‐NUS Medical School SingaporeSingapore
| | - H Terence Cook
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and InflammationImperial College London, Hammersmith CampusLondonUK
| | - Robert Unwin
- Department of Renal Medicine, Division of MedicineUniversity College LondonLondonUK,Present address:
Early Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaCambridgeUK
| | - Charles D Pusey
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and InflammationImperial College London, Hammersmith CampusLondonUK
| | - Timothy J Aitman
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental MedicineInstitute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Frederick WK Tam
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and InflammationImperial College London, Hammersmith CampusLondonUK
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13
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Maynard JP, Sfanos KS. P2 purinergic receptor dysregulation in urologic disease. Purinergic Signal 2022; 18:267-287. [PMID: 35687210 PMCID: PMC9184359 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09875-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
P2 purinergic receptors are involved in the normal function of the kidney, bladder, and prostate via signaling that occurs in response to extracellular nucleotides. Dysregulation of these receptors is common in pathological states and often associated with disease initiation, progression, or aggressiveness. Indeed, P2 purinergic receptor expression is altered across multiple urologic disorders including chronic kidney disease, polycystic kidney disease, interstitial cystitis, urinary incontinence, overactive bladder syndrome, prostatitis, and benign prostatic hyperplasia. P2 purinergic receptors are likewise indirectly associated with these disorders via receptor-mediated inflammation and pain, a common characteristic across most urologic disorders. Furthermore, select P2 purinergic receptors are overexpressed in urologic cancer including renal cell carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, and prostate adenocarcinoma, and pre-clinical studies depict P2 purinergic receptors as potential therapeutic targets. Herein, we highlight the compelling evidence for the exploration of P2 purinergic receptors as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in urologic cancers and other urologic disease. Likewise, there is currently optimism for P2 purinergic receptor-targeted therapeutics for the treatment of inflammation and pain associated with urologic diseases. Further exploration of the common pathways linking P2 purinergic receptor dysregulation to urologic disease might ultimately help in gaining new mechanistic insight into disease processes and therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janielle P Maynard
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
| | - Karen S Sfanos
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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14
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Manzoor S, Khalid M, Idrees M. P2X4 receptors mediate induction of antioxidants, fibrogenic cytokines and ECM transcripts; in presence of replicating HCV in in vitro setting: An insight into role of P2X4 in fibrosis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0259727. [PMID: 35594248 PMCID: PMC9122194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & aims
Major HCV infections lead to chronic hepatitis, which results in progressive liver disease including fibrosis, cirrhosis and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). P2X4 and P2X7 are most widely distributed receptors on hepatocytes.
Methods
Full length P2X4 (1.7kb) (Rattus norvegicus) was sub cloned in mammalian expression vector pcDNA3.1+. Two stable cell lines 293T/P2X4 (experimental) and 293T/ NV or null vector (control) were established. Both cell lines were inoculated with high viral titers human HCV sera and control human sera. Successfully infected cells harvested on day 5 and day 9 of post infection were used for further studies.
Results
The results revealed a significant increase in gene expression of P2X4 on day 5 and day 9 Post -infection in cells infected with HCV sera compared with cells inoculated with control sera. Quantitative real time PCR analysis revealed that HO-1 was significantly upregulated in presence of P2X4 in HCV infected cells (P2X4/HCV) when compared with control NV/HCV cells. A significant decrease was observed in expression of Cu/ZnSOD in presence of P2X4 in HCV infected cells compared to control NV/HCV cells. However, expression of both antioxidants was observed unaltered in cells harvested on day 9 post infection. Gene expression of angiotensin II significantly increased in HCV infected cells in presence of P2X4 on day 5 and day 9 of post infection when compared with control NV/HCV cells. A significant increase in gene expression of TNF-α and TGF-β was observed in HCV infected cells in presence of P2X4 on day 9 post infection in comparison with control (NV/HCV cells). However, gene expression of adipokine leptin was not affected in both experimental (P2X4/HCV) and control (NV/HCV) groups on day 5 and day 9 of post infection. Extracellular matrix proteins, laminin and elastin genes expression also significantly increased in presence of P2X4 (HCV/P2X4) on day 9 of post-infection compared to control group NV/HCV cells.
Conclusion
In conclusion, these findings constitute the evidence that P2X4 receptors in the presence of HCV play a significant role in the regulation of key antioxidant enzymes (HO-1, Cu/ZnSOD), in the induction of proinflammatory. cytokine (TNF-α), profibrotic cytokine (TGF-β) vasoactive cytokine (angiotensin II). P2X4 also increases the expression of extracellular matrix proteins (laminin and elastin) in the presence of HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobia Manzoor
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Madiha Khalid
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Idrees
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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15
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Maynard JP, Lu J, Vidal I, Hicks J, Mummert L, Ali T, Kempski R, Carter AM, Sosa RY, Peiffer LB, Joshu CE, Lotan TL, De Marzo AM, Sfanos KS. P2X4 purinergic receptors offer a therapeutic target for aggressive prostate cancer. J Pathol 2022; 256:149-163. [PMID: 34652816 PMCID: PMC8738159 DOI: 10.1002/path.5815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in American men and treatment options for metastatic PCa are limited. There is a critical need to identify new mechanisms that contribute to PCa progression, that distinguish benign from lethal disease, and that have potential for therapeutic targeting. P2X4 belongs to the P2 purinergic receptor family that is commonly upregulated in cancer and is associated with poorer outcomes. We observed P2X4 protein expression primarily in epithelial cells of the prostate, a subset of CD66+ neutrophils, and most CD68+ macrophages. Our analysis of tissue microarrays representing 491 PCa cases demonstrated significantly elevated P2X4 expression in cancer- compared with benign-tissue spots, in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and in PCa with ERG positivity or with PTEN loss. High-level P2X4 expression in benign tissues was likewise associated with the development of metastasis after radical prostatectomy. Treatment with the P2X4-specific agonist cytidine 5'-triphosphate (CTP) increased Transwell migration and invasion of PC3, DU145, and CWR22Rv1 PCa cells. The P2X4 antagonist 5-(3-bromophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzofuro[3,2-e]-1,4-diazepin-2-one (5-BDBD) resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in viability of PC3, DU145, LNCaP, CWR22Rv1, TRAMP-C2, Myc-CaP, BMPC1, and BMPC2 cells and decreased DU145 cell migration and invasion. Knockdown of P2X4 attenuated growth, migration, and invasion of PCa cells. Finally, knockdown of P2X4 in Myc-CaP cells resulted in significantly attenuated subcutaneous allograft growth in FVB/NJ mice. Collectively, these data strongly support a role for the P2X4 purinergic receptor in PCa aggressiveness and identify P2X4 as a candidate for therapeutic targeting. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janielle P. Maynard
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Correspondence to: JP Maynard, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 411 N. Caroline Street, Room B302, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
| | - Jiayun Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Igor Vidal
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jessica Hicks
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Luke Mummert
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Tamirat Ali
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ryan Kempski
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ayanna M. Carter
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rebecca Y. Sosa
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lauren B. Peiffer
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Corinne E. Joshu
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tamara L. Lotan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Angelo M. De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen S. Sfanos
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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16
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Cheng N, Zhang L, Liu L. Understanding the Role of Purinergic P2X7 Receptors in the Gastrointestinal System: A Systematic Review. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:786579. [PMID: 34987401 PMCID: PMC8721002 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.786579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The role of purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is of interest due to its involvement in inflammation and mediating immune cell responses. P2X7R is particularly implicated in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the extent of the actions of P2X7R in the gastrointestinal (GI) system under physiological and pathophysiological conditions remains to be elucidated. This systematic review aimed to identify, summarize and evaluate the evidence for a critical role of P2X7R in the GI system. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase and Scopus with search terms pertained to P2X7R in the GI system in disease or physiological state, including “P2X7 or P2X7 receptor or purinergic signaling” in combination with any of the terms “intestine or colon or gut or gastrointestinal,” “pathology or inflammation or disease or disorder,” and “physiology or expression.” Titles and abstracts were screened for potentially eligible full texts, and animal and human studies published in English were included in this study. Data were extracted from papers meeting inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis was not feasible given the study diversity. Results: There were 48 papers included in this review. We identified 14 experimental colitis models, three sepsis models and one ischemia-reperfusion injury model. Among them, 11 studies examined P2X7R in GI infections, six studies on immune cell regulation, four studies on GI inflammation, two studies on GI malignancies, three studies involving intestinal injury due to various causes, two studies on ATP-activated P2X7R in the GI system and two studies on metabolic regulation. Conclusion: Evidence supports P2X7R mediating inflammation and immune cell responses in GI inflammation, infections and injury due to IBD and other challenges to the intestinal wall. P2X7R inhibition by gene knockout or by application of P2X7R antagonists can reduce tissue damage by suppressing inflammation. P2X7R is also implicated in GI malignancies and glucose and lipid homeostasis. P2X7R blockade, however, did not always lead to beneficial outcomes in the various pathological models of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Cheng
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Lu Liu,
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17
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Hasan D, Shono A, van Kalken CK, van der Spek PJ, Krenning EP, Kotani T. A novel definition and treatment of hyperinflammation in COVID-19 based on purinergic signalling. Purinergic Signal 2021; 18:13-59. [PMID: 34757513 PMCID: PMC8578920 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperinflammation plays an important role in severe and critical COVID-19. Using inconsistent criteria, many researchers define hyperinflammation as a form of very severe inflammation with cytokine storm. Therefore, COVID-19 patients are treated with anti-inflammatory drugs. These drugs appear to be less efficacious than expected and are sometimes accompanied by serious adverse effects. SARS-CoV-2 promotes cellular ATP release. Increased levels of extracellular ATP activate the purinergic receptors of the immune cells initiating the physiologic pro-inflammatory immune response. Persisting viral infection drives the ATP release even further leading to the activation of the P2X7 purinergic receptors (P2X7Rs) and a severe yet physiologic inflammation. Disease progression promotes prolonged vigorous activation of the P2X7R causing cell death and uncontrolled ATP release leading to cytokine storm and desensitisation of all other purinergic receptors of the immune cells. This results in immune paralysis with co-infections or secondary infections. We refer to this pathologic condition as hyperinflammation. The readily available and affordable P2X7R antagonist lidocaine can abrogate hyperinflammation and restore the normal immune function. The issue is that the half-maximal effective concentration for P2X7R inhibition of lidocaine is much higher than the maximal tolerable plasma concentration where adverse effects start to develop. To overcome this, we selectively inhibit the P2X7Rs of the immune cells of the lymphatic system inducing clonal expansion of Tregs in local lymph nodes. Subsequently, these Tregs migrate throughout the body exerting anti-inflammatory activities suppressing systemic and (distant) local hyperinflammation. We illustrate this with six critically ill COVID-19 patients treated with lidocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atsuko Shono
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8666, Japan
| | | | - Peter J van der Spek
- Department of Pathology & Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Toru Kotani
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8666, Japan
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18
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Luo Z, Liao X, Luo L, Fan Q, Zhang X, Guo Y, Wang F, Ye Z, Luo D. Extracellular ATP and cAMP signaling promote Piezo2-dependent mechanical allodynia after trigeminal nerve compression injury. J Neurochem 2021; 160:376-391. [PMID: 34757653 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a type of severe paroxysmal neuropathic pain commonly triggered by mild mechanical stimulation in the orofacial area. Piezo2, a mechanically gated ion channel that mediates tactile allodynia in neuropathic pain, can be potentiated by a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent signaling pathway that involves the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1 (Epac1). To study whether Piezo2-mediated mechanotransduction contributes to peripheral sensitization in a rat model of TN after trigeminal nerve compression injury, the expression of Piezo2 and activation of cAMP signal-related molecules in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) were detected. Changes in purinergic P2 receptors in the TG were also studied by RNA-seq. The expression of Piezo2, cAMP, and Epac1 in the TG of the TN animals increased after chronic compression of the trigeminal nerve root (CCT) for 21 days, but Piezo2 knockdown by shRNA in the TG attenuated orofacial mechanical allodynia. Purinergic P2 receptors P2X4, P2X7, P2Y1, and P2Y2 were significantly up-regulated after CCT injury. In vitro, Piezo2 expression in TG neurons was significantly increased by exogenous adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin. ATP pre-treated TG neurons displayed elevated [Ca2+ ]i and faster increase in responding to blockage of Na+ /Ca2+ exchanger by KB-R7943. Furthermore, mechanical stimulation of cultured TG neurons led to sustained elevation in [Ca2+ ]i in ATP pre-treated TG neurons, which is much less in naïve TG neurons, or is significantly reduced by Piezo2 inhibitor GsMTx4. These results indicated a pivotal role of Piezo2 in peripheral mechanical allodynia in the rat CCT model. Extracellular ATP, Ca2+ influx, and the cAMP-to-Epac1 signaling pathway synergistically contribute to the pathogenesis and the persistence of mechanical allodynia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoke Luo
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases of Fujian Province, Laboratory of Clinical Applied Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Human Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Liao
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases of Fujian Province, Laboratory of Clinical Applied Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Human Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lili Luo
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases of Fujian Province, Laboratory of Clinical Applied Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Human Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qitong Fan
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases of Fujian Province, Laboratory of Clinical Applied Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Human Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaofen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases of Fujian Province, Laboratory of Clinical Applied Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Human Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuefeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases of Fujian Province, Laboratory of Clinical Applied Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Human Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases of Fujian Province, Laboratory of Clinical Applied Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Human Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zucheng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases of Fujian Province, Laboratory of Clinical Applied Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Human Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Daoshu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases of Fujian Province, Laboratory of Clinical Applied Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Human Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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19
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He X, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Xie L, Yu Z, Zheng J. Function of the P2X7 receptor in hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis. Exp Hematol 2021; 104:40-47. [PMID: 34687808 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) accumulates at tissue injury and inflammation sites. The P2X7 receptor is an ATP-gated ion channel known for its cytotoxic activity. However, P2X7 receptors also play important roles in the growth of cancer and the immune regulation. Functional P2X7 receptor is widely expressed in murine and human hematopoietic stem cells and their lineages, including monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and B or T lymphocytes, and participates in various physiological and pathologic activities. Therefore, it is not surprising that the P2X7 receptor is important for the normal hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis. Here, we summarize the biological functions of P2X7 receptor during both normal hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis. In particular, we found that ATP levels are dramatically increased in the leukemic bone marrow niche and the fates of leukemia-initiating cells of acute myeloid leukemia are tightly controlled by P2X7 expression and ATP-P2X7-mediated signaling pathways. These findings strongly indicate that the P2X7 receptor may be considered a potential biomarker of hematological malignancies in bone marrow niches, and its antagonists may be useful for the leukemia treatment in addition to the traditional chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao He
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilu Xu
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Xie
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuo Yu
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junke Zheng
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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20
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Saito Y, Sugimura T. Distinct purinergic receptor-mediated currents of rat oculomotor integrator neurons characterized by different firing patterns. J Neurophysiol 2021; 126:1045-1054. [PMID: 34433003 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00209.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prepositus hypoglossi nucleus (PHN) and the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC) are oculomotor neural integrators involved in the control of horizontal and vertical gaze, respectively. We previously reported that local application of adenosine 5'-trisphosphate (ATP) to PHN neurons induced P2X receptor-mediated fast inward currents, P2Y receptor-mediated slow inward currents, and/or adenosine P1 receptor-mediated slow outward currents. In contrast to the findings on PHN neurons, the expression of functional purinergic receptors in INC neurons has not been examined. In this study, we investigated ATP-induced current responses in INC neurons and the distributions of the three current types across distinct firing patterns in PHN and INC neurons using whole cell recordings of rat brainstem slices. The application of ATP induced all three current types in INC neurons. Pharmacological analyses indicated that the fast inward and slow outward currents were mainly mediated by the P2X and P1 subtypes, respectively, corresponding to the receptor subtypes in PHN neurons. However, agonists of the P2Y subtype did not induce the slow inward current in INC neurons, suggesting that other subtypes or mechanisms are responsible for this current. Analysis of the distribution of the three current types in PHN and INC neurons revealed that the proportions of the currents were distinctly dependent on the firing patterns of PHN neurons whereas the proportion of the fast inward current was higher during all firing patterns of INC neurons. The different distributions of ATP-induced currents suggest distinct modes of purinergic modulation specific to horizontal and vertical integrators.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The roles of purinergic signaling on vertical (mediated by the interstitial nucleus of Cajal; INC) and horizontal (prepositus hypoglossal nucleus; PHN) gaze control are not understood. Here, we report three current types induced by ATP in INC neurons; the distribution of these current types across different types of INC neurons is different from that in PHN neurons. These results suggest distinct modes of purinergic modulation in horizontal and vertical gaze control centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Saito
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Sugimura
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
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21
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Scaletti E, Huschmann FU, Mueller U, Weiss MS, Sträter N. Substrate binding modes of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides to human ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) and inhibition by their bisphosphonic acid derivatives. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:693-704. [PMID: 34403084 PMCID: PMC8677862 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09802-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human ecto-5-nucleotidase (CD73) is involved in purinergic signalling, which influences a diverse range of biological processes. CD73 hydrolyses AMP and is the major control point for the levels of extracellular adenosine. Inhibitors of CD73 thus block the immunosuppressive action of adenosine, a promising approach for cancer immunotherapy. Interestingly, ADP and ATP are competitive inhibitors of CD73, with the most potent small-molecule inhibitors to date being non-hydrolysable ADP analogues. While AMP is the major substrate of the enzyme, CD73 has been reported to hydrolyse other 5′-nucleoside monophosphates. Based on a fragment screening campaign at the BESSY II synchrotron, we present the binding modes of various deoxyribo- and ribonucleoside monophosphates and of four additional fragments binding to the nucleoside binding site of the open form of the enzyme. Kinetic analysis of monophosphate hydrolysis shows that ribonucleotide substrates are favoured over their deoxyribose equivalents with AMP being the best substrate. We characterised the initial step of AMP hydrolysis, the binding mode of AMP to the open conformation of CD73 and compared that to other monophosphate substrates. In addition, the inhibitory activity of various bisphosphonic acid derivatives of nucleoside diphosphates was determined. Although AMPCP remains the most potent inhibitor, replacement of the adenine base with other purines or with pyrimidines increases the Ki value only between twofold and sixfold. On the other hand, these nucleobases offer new opportunities to attach substituents for improved pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Scaletti
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska U Huschmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin Für Materialien Und Energie, BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Mueller
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin Für Materialien Und Energie, BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manfred S Weiss
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin Für Materialien Und Energie, BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Sträter
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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22
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Nemirovskaya TL. ATP-Dependent Pathways of Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Signaling and Their Interaction with Gene Expression under Unloading: The Role of “Slow” Calcium. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350921040163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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23
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Sanders KM, Mutafova-Yambolieva VN. Neurotransmitters responsible for purinergic motor neurotransmission and regulation of GI motility. Auton Neurosci 2021; 234:102829. [PMID: 34146957 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Classical concepts of peripheral neurotransmission were insufficient to explain enteric inhibitory neurotransmission. Geoffrey Burnstock and colleagues developed the idea that ATP or a related purine satisfies the criteria for a neurotransmitter and serves as an enteric inhibitory neurotransmitter in GI muscles. Cloning of purinergic receptors and development of specific drugs and transgenic mice have shown that enteric inhibitory responses depend upon P2Y1 receptors in post-junctional cells. The post-junctional cells that transduce purinergic neurotransmitters in the GI tract are PDGFRα+ cells and not smooth muscle cells (SMCs). PDGFRα+ cells express P2Y1 receptors, are activated by enteric inhibitory nerve stimulation and generate Ca2+ oscillations, express small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (SK3), and generate outward currents when exposed to P2Y1 agonists. These properties are consistent with post-junctional purinergic responses, and similar responses and effectors are not functional in SMCs. Refinements in methodologies to measure purines in tissue superfusates, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with etheno-derivatization of purines and fluorescence detection, revealed that multiple purines are released during stimulation of intrinsic nerves. β-NAD+ and other purines, better satisfy criteria for the purinergic neurotransmitter than ATP. HPLC has also allowed better detection of purine metabolites, and coupled with isolation of specific types of post-junctional cells, has provided new concepts about deactivation of purine neurotransmitters. In spite of steady progress, many unknowns about purinergic neurotransmission remain and require additional investigation to understand this important regulatory mechanism in GI motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, School of Medicine, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Violeta N Mutafova-Yambolieva
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, School of Medicine, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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24
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Sabirov RZ, Islam MR, Okada T, Merzlyak PG, Kurbannazarova RS, Tsiferova NA, Okada Y. The ATP-Releasing Maxi-Cl Channel: Its Identity, Molecular Partners and Physiological/Pathophysiological Implications. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11060509. [PMID: 34073084 PMCID: PMC8229958 DOI: 10.3390/life11060509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Maxi-Cl phenotype accounts for the majority (app. 60%) of reports on the large-conductance maxi-anion channels (MACs) and has been detected in almost every type of cell, including placenta, endothelium, lymphocyte, cardiac myocyte, neuron, and glial cells, and in cells originating from humans to frogs. A unitary conductance of 300-400 pS, linear current-to-voltage relationship, relatively high anion-to-cation selectivity, bell-shaped voltage dependency, and sensitivity to extracellular gadolinium are biophysical and pharmacological hallmarks of the Maxi-Cl channel. Its identification as a complex with SLCO2A1 as a core pore-forming component and two auxiliary regulatory proteins, annexin A2 and S100A10 (p11), explains the activation mechanism as Tyr23 dephosphorylation at ANXA2 in parallel with calcium binding at S100A10. In the resting state, SLCO2A1 functions as a prostaglandin transporter whereas upon activation it turns to an anion channel. As an efficient pathway for chloride, Maxi-Cl is implicated in a number of physiologically and pathophysiologically important processes, such as cell volume regulation, fluid secretion, apoptosis, and charge transfer. Maxi-Cl is permeable for ATP and other small signaling molecules serving as an electrogenic pathway in cell-to-cell signal transduction. Mutations at the SLCO2A1 gene cause inherited bone and gut pathologies and malignancies, signifying the Maxi-Cl channel as a perspective pharmacological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravshan Z. Sabirov
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; (M.R.I.); (T.O.); (P.G.M.); (R.S.K.); (N.A.T.)
- Institute of Biophysics and Biochemistry, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan
- Correspondence: (R.Z.S.); (Y.O.); Tel.: +81-46-858-1501 (Y.O.); Fax: +81-46-858-1542 (Y.O.)
| | - Md. Rafiqul Islam
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; (M.R.I.); (T.O.); (P.G.M.); (R.S.K.); (N.A.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jagannath University, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh
| | - Toshiaki Okada
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; (M.R.I.); (T.O.); (P.G.M.); (R.S.K.); (N.A.T.)
- Veneno Technologies Co. Ltd., Tsukuba 305-0031, Japan
| | - Petr G. Merzlyak
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; (M.R.I.); (T.O.); (P.G.M.); (R.S.K.); (N.A.T.)
- Institute of Biophysics and Biochemistry, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan
| | - Ranokhon S. Kurbannazarova
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; (M.R.I.); (T.O.); (P.G.M.); (R.S.K.); (N.A.T.)
- Institute of Biophysics and Biochemistry, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan
| | - Nargiza A. Tsiferova
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; (M.R.I.); (T.O.); (P.G.M.); (R.S.K.); (N.A.T.)
- Institute of Biophysics and Biochemistry, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan
| | - Yasunobu Okada
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; (M.R.I.); (T.O.); (P.G.M.); (R.S.K.); (N.A.T.)
- Department of Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan
- Correspondence: (R.Z.S.); (Y.O.); Tel.: +81-46-858-1501 (Y.O.); Fax: +81-46-858-1542 (Y.O.)
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25
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Jiang LH, Caseley EA, Muench SP, Roger S. Structural basis for the functional properties of the P2X7 receptor for extracellular ATP. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:331-344. [PMID: 33987781 PMCID: PMC8410900 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09790-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor, originally known as the P2Z receptor due to its distinctive functional properties, has a structure characteristic of the ATP-gated ion channel P2X receptor family. The P2X7 receptor is an important mediator of ATP-induced purinergic signalling and is involved the pathogenesis of numerous conditions as well as in the regulation of diverse physiological functions. Functional characterisations, in conjunction with site-directed mutagenesis, molecular modelling, and, recently, structural determination, have provided significant insights into the structure–function relationships of the P2X7 receptor. This review discusses the current understanding of the structural basis for the functional properties of the P2X7 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hua Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Emily A Caseley
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Steve P Muench
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sébastien Roger
- EA4245, Transplantation, Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tours, Tours, France
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26
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De-Miguel FF, Leon-Pinzon C, Torres-Platas SG, Del-Pozo V, Hernández-Mendoza GA, Aguirre-Olivas D, Méndez B, Moore S, Sánchez-Sugía C, García-Aguilera MA, Martínez-Valencia A, Ramírez-Santiago G, Rubí JM. Extrasynaptic Communication. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:638858. [PMID: 33994942 PMCID: PMC8119753 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.638858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streams of action potentials or long depolarizations evoke a massive exocytosis of transmitters and peptides from the surface of dendrites, axons and cell bodies of different neuron types. Such mode of exocytosis is known as extrasynaptic for occurring without utilization of synaptic structures. Most transmitters and all peptides can be released extrasynaptically. Neurons may discharge their contents with relative independence from the axon, soma and dendrites. Extrasynaptic exocytosis takes fractions of a second in varicosities or minutes in the soma or dendrites, but its effects last from seconds to hours. Unlike synaptic exocytosis, which is well localized, extrasynaptic exocytosis is diffuse and affects neuronal circuits, glia and blood vessels. Molecules that are liberated may reach extrasynaptic receptors microns away. The coupling between excitation and exocytosis follows a multistep mechanism, different from that at synapses, but similar to that for the release of hormones. The steps from excitation to exocytosis have been studied step by step for the vital transmitter serotonin in leech Retzius neurons. The events leading to serotonin exocytosis occur similarly for the release of other transmitters and peptides in central and peripheral neurons. Extrasynaptic exocytosis occurs commonly onto glial cells, which react by releasing the same or other transmitters. In the last section, we discuss how illumination of the retina evokes extrasynaptic release of dopamine and ATP. Dopamine contributes to light-adaptation; ATP activates glia, which mediates an increase in blood flow and oxygenation. A proper understanding of the workings of the nervous system requires the understanding of extrasynaptic communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco F De-Miguel
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular-Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico.,Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Carolina Leon-Pinzon
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular-Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Susana G Torres-Platas
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular-Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Vanessa Del-Pozo
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular-Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | | | - Dilia Aguirre-Olivas
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular-Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Bruno Méndez
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular-Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Sharlen Moore
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular-Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Celeste Sánchez-Sugía
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular-Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - J Miguel Rubí
- Facultat de Fisica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Jarvis MF. Geoffery Burnstock's influence on the evolution of P2X3 receptor pharmacology. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:33-39. [PMID: 33029713 PMCID: PMC7955014 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-020-09744-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Jarvis
- Global Medical Affairs, Abbvie, Inc., 1 N Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
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28
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Hausmann R, Franke H, Schmalzing G. How Prof. Burnstock's enthusiasm supported P2 receptor research in Germany. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:139-140. [PMID: 33543379 PMCID: PMC7954914 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09768-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Hausmann
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Heike Franke
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Günther Schmalzing
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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29
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Giuliani AL, Sarti AC, Di Virgilio F. Ectonucleotidases in Acute and Chronic Inflammation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:619458. [PMID: 33613285 PMCID: PMC7887318 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.619458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectonucleotidases are extracellular enzymes with a pivotal role in inflammation that hydrolyse extracellular purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, e.g., ATP, UTP, ADP, UDP, AMP and NAD+. Ectonucleotidases, expressed by virtually all cell types, immune cells included, either as plasma membrane-associated or secreted enzymes, are classified into four main families: 1) nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases), 2) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide glycohydrolase (NAD glycohydrolase/ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1), 3) ecto-5′-nucleotidase (NT5E), and 4) ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (NPPs). Concentration of ATP, UTP and NAD+ can be increased in the extracellular space thanks to un-regulated, e.g., cell damage or cell death, or regulated processes. Regulated processes include secretory exocytosis, connexin or pannexin hemichannels, ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters, calcium homeostasis modulator (CALMH) channels, the ATP-gated P2X7 receptor, maxi-anion channels (MACs) and volume regulated ion channels (VRACs). Hydrolysis of extracellular purine nucleotides generates adenosine, an important immunosuppressant. Extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides initiate or dampen inflammation via P2 and P1 receptors, respectively. All these agents, depending on their level of expression or activation and on the agonist concentration, are potent modulators of inflammation and key promoters of host defences, immune cells activation, pathogen clearance, tissue repair and regeneration. Thus, their knowledge is of great importance for a full understanding of the pathophysiology of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. A selection of these pathologies will be briefly discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lisa Giuliani
- Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alba Clara Sarti
- Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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30
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Kuwahara Y, Kato I, Inui T, Marunaka Y, Kuwahara A. The effect of Xenin25 on spontaneous circular muscle contractions of rat distal colon in vitro. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14752. [PMID: 33600071 PMCID: PMC7891183 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenin25 has a variety of physiological functions in the Gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including ion transport and motility. However, the motility responses in the colon induced by Xenin25 remain poorly understood. Therefore, the effect of Xenin25 on the spontaneous circular muscle contractions of the rat distal colon was investigated using organ bath chambers and immunohistochemistry. Xenin25 induced the inhibition followed by postinhibitory spontaneous contractions with a higher frequency in the rat distal colon. This inhibitory effect of Xenin25 was significantly suppressed by TTX but not by atropine. The inhibitory time (the duration of inhibition) caused by Xenin25 was shortened by the NTSR1 antagonist SR48692, the NK1R antagonist CP96345, the VPAC2 receptor antagonist PG99-465, the nitric oxide-sensitive guanylate-cyclase inhibitor ODQ, and the Ca2+ -dependent K+ channel blocker apamin. The higher frequency of postinhibitory spontaneous contractions induced by Xenin25 was also attenuated by ODQ and apamin. SP-, NOS-, and VIP-immunoreactive neurons were detected in the myenteric plexus (MP) of the rat distal colon. Small subsets of the SP-positive neurons were also Calbindin positive. Most of the VIP-positive neurons were also NOS positive, and small subsets of the NK1R-positive neurons were also VIP positive. Based on the present results, we propose the following mechanism. Xenin25 activates neuronal NTSR1 on the SP neurons of IPANs, and transmitters from the VIP and apamin-sensitive NO neurons synergistically inhibit the spontaneous circular muscle contractions via NK1R. Subsequently, the postinhibitory spontaneous contractions are induced by the offset of apamin-sensitive NO neuron activation via the interstitial cells of Cajal. In addition, Xenin25 also activates the muscular NTSR1 to induce relaxation. Thus, Xenin25 is considered to be an important modulator of post prandial circular muscle contraction of distal colon since the release of Xenin25 from enteroendocrine cells is stimulated by food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Kuwahara
- Department of Molecular cell PhysiologyGraduate School of Medical ScienceKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
- Research Unit for Epithelial PhysiologyResearch Center for Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Development ScienceResearch Organization of Science and TechnologyRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuJapan
| | - Ikuo Kato
- Department of Medical BiochemistryKobe Pharmaceutical UniversityKobeJapan
| | | | - Yoshinori Marunaka
- Department of Molecular cell PhysiologyGraduate School of Medical ScienceKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
- Research Unit for Epithelial PhysiologyResearch Center for Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Development ScienceResearch Organization of Science and TechnologyRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuJapan
- Research Institute for Clinical PhysiologyKyoto Industrial Health AssociationKyotoJapan
| | - Atsukazu Kuwahara
- Research Unit for Epithelial PhysiologyResearch Center for Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Development ScienceResearch Organization of Science and TechnologyRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuJapan
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31
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Okada Y, Sabirov RZ, Sato-Numata K, Numata T. Cell Death Induction and Protection by Activation of Ubiquitously Expressed Anion/Cation Channels. Part 1: Roles of VSOR/VRAC in Cell Volume Regulation, Release of Double-Edged Signals and Apoptotic/Necrotic Cell Death. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:614040. [PMID: 33511120 PMCID: PMC7835517 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.614040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell volume regulation (CVR) is essential for survival and functions of animal cells. Actually, normotonic cell shrinkage and swelling are coupled to apoptotic and necrotic cell death and thus called the apoptotic volume decrease (AVD) and the necrotic volume increase (NVI), respectively. A number of ubiquitously expressed anion and cation channels are involved not only in CVD but also in cell death induction. This series of review articles address the question how cell death is induced or protected with using ubiquitously expressed ion channels such as swelling-activated anion channels, acid-activated anion channels and several types of TRP cation channels including TRPM2 and TRPM7. The Part 1 focuses on the roles of the volume-sensitive outwardly rectifying anion channels (VSOR), also called the volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC), which is activated by cell swelling or reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a manner dependent on intracellular ATP. First we describe phenotypical properties, the molecular identity, and physical pore dimensions of VSOR/VRAC. Second, we highlight the roles of VSOR/VRAC in the release of organic signaling molecules, such as glutamate, glutathione, ATP and cGAMP, that play roles as double-edged swords in cell survival. Third, we discuss how VSOR/VRAC is involved in CVR and cell volume dysregulation as well as in the induction of or protection from apoptosis, necrosis and regulated necrosis under pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunobu Okada
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ravshan Z. Sabirov
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Biophysics and Biochemistry, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Kaori Sato-Numata
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Numata
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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32
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Grebert C, Becq F, Vandebrouck C. Phospholipase C controls chloride-dependent short-circuit current in human bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 320:L205-L219. [PMID: 33236921 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00437.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloride secretion by airway epithelial cells is primordial for water and ion homeostasis and airways surface prevention of infections. This secretion is impaired in several human diseases, including cystic fibrosis, a genetic pathology due to CFTR gene mutations leading to chloride channel defects. A potential therapeutic approach is aiming at increasing chloride secretion either by correcting the mutated CFTR itself or by stimulating non-CFTR chloride channels at the plasma membrane. Here, we studied the role of phospholipase C in regulating the transepithelial chloride secretion in human airway epithelial 16HBE14o- and CFBE cells over-expressing wild type (WT)- or F508del-CFTR. Western blot analysis shows expression of the three endogenous phospholipase C (PLC) isoforms, namely, PLCδ1, PLCγ1, and PLCβ3 in 16HBE14o- cells. In 16HBE14o- cells, we performed Ussing chamber experiments after silencing each of these PLC isoforms or using the PLC inhibitor U73122 or its inactive analogue U73343. Our results show the involvement of PLCβ3 and PLCγ1 in CFTR-dependent short-circuit current activated by forskolin, but not of PLCδ1. In CFBE-WT CFTR and corrected CFBE-F508del CFTR cells, PLCβ3 silencing also inhibits CFTR-dependent current activated by forskolin and UTP-activated calcium-dependent chloride channels (CaCC). Our study supports the importance of PLC in maintaining CFTR-dependent chloride secretion over time, getting maximal CFTR-dependent current and increasing CaCC activation in bronchial epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Grebert
- Laboratoire Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Frédéric Becq
- Laboratoire Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Clarisse Vandebrouck
- Laboratoire Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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33
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Zhang Y, Gao H, Li H, Guo J, Ouyang B, Wang M, Xu Q, Wang J, Lv M, Guo X, Liu Q, Wei L, Ren H, Xi Y, Guo Y, Ren B, Pan S, Liu C, Ding X, Xiang H, Yu Y, Song Y, Meng L, Liu S, Wang J, Jiang Y, Shi J, Liu S, Sabir JSM, Sabir MJ, Khan M, Hajrah NH, Ming-Yuen Lee S, Xu X, Yang H, Wang J, Fan G, Yang N, Liu X. The White-Spotted Bamboo Shark Genome Reveals Chromosome Rearrangements and Fast-Evolving Immune Genes of Cartilaginous Fish. iScience 2020; 23:101754. [PMID: 33251490 PMCID: PMC7677710 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrichthyan (cartilaginous fish) occupies a key phylogenetic position and is important for investigating evolutionary processes of vertebrates. However, limited whole genomes impede our in-depth knowledge of important issues such as chromosome evolution and immunity. Here, we report the chromosome-level genome of white-spotted bamboo shark. Combing it with other shark genomes, we reconstructed 16 ancestral chromosomes of bamboo shark and illustrate a dynamic chromosome rearrangement process. We found that genes on 13 fast-evolving chromosomes can be enriched in immune-related pathways. And two chromosomes contain important genes that can be used to develop single-chain antibodies, which were shown to have high affinity to human disease markers by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We also found three bone formation-related genes were lost due to chromosome rearrangements. Our study highlights the importance of chromosome rearrangements, providing resources for understanding of cartilaginous fish diversification and potential application of single-chain antibodies. Inferred ancestral chromosome karyotypes of cartilaginous fish Chromosome rearrangements resulted in fast-evolving chromosomes and immune genes Chromosome rearrangements led to deletion of bone formation-related genes Proved that single-domain antibodies in shark have great potential application
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolei Zhang
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China.,Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Haoyang Gao
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Hanbo Li
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Bingjie Ouyang
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Meiniang Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Qiwu Xu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Meiqi Lv
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Xinyu Guo
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Qun Liu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Likun Wei
- City University of Hongkong, Kowloon, Hongkong SAR
| | - Han Ren
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Yang Xi
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Yang Guo
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Bingzhao Ren
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Shanshan Pan
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Chuxin Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ding
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Haitao Xiang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Yingjia Yu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Yue Song
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Lingfeng Meng
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Jun Wang
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,Complete Genomics, Inc., San Jose, CA 95134, USA
| | - Jiahai Shi
- City University of Hongkong, Kowloon, Hongkong SAR
| | - Shiping Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Jamal S M Sabir
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mumdooh J Sabir
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhummadh Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahid H Hajrah
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, Macao, China
| | - Xun Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Huanming Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guangyi Fan
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, Macao, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Naibo Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,Complete Genomics, Inc., San Jose, CA 95134, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
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34
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Sluyter R, Watson D. Use of Humanized Mouse Models to Investigate the Roles of Purinergic Signaling in Inflammation and Immunity. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:596357. [PMID: 33123018 PMCID: PMC7566314 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.596357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Sluyter
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Debbie Watson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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35
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Khairullin AE, Ziganshin AU, Grishin SN. The Influence of Hypothermia on Purinergic Synaptic Modulation in the Rat Diaphragm. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350920050085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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36
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Ecto-Nucleotide Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase-2 (NTPDase2) Deletion Increases Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21175998. [PMID: 32825435 PMCID: PMC7504458 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecto-nucleotidase triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-2 (NTPDase2) is an ecto-enzyme that is expressed on portal fibroblasts in the liver that modulates P2 receptor signaling by regulating local concentrations of extracellular ATP and ADP. NTPDase2 has protective properties in liver fibrosis and may impact bile duct epithelial turnover. Here, we study the role of NTPDase2 in acute liver injury using an experimental model of acetaminophen (APAP) intoxication in mice with global deletion of NTPDase2. Acute liver toxicity was caused by administration of acetaminophen in wild type (WT) and NTPDase2-deficient (Entpd2 null) mice. The extent of liver injury was compared by histology and serum alanine transaminase (ALT). Markers of inflammation, regeneration and fibrosis were determined by qPCR). We found that Entpd2 expression is significantly upregulated after acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Entpd2 null mice showed significantly more necrosis and higher serum ALT compared to WT. Hepatic expression of IL-6 and PDGF-B are higher in Entpd2 null mice. Our data suggest inducible and protective roles of portal fibroblast-expressed NTPDase2 in acute necrotizing liver injury. Further studies should investigate the relevance of these purinergic pathways in hepatic periportal and sinusoidal biology as such advances in understanding might provide possible therapeutic targets.
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37
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The Purinergic Receptor P2rx3 is Required for Spiral Ganglion Neuron Branch Refinement during Development. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0179-20.2020. [PMID: 32675174 PMCID: PMC7418533 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0179-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian cochlea undergoes a highly dynamic process of growth and innervation during development. This process includes spiral ganglion neuron (SGN) branch refinement, a process whereby Type I SGNs undergo a phase of “debranching” before forming unramified synaptic contacts with inner hair cells. Using Sox2CreERT2 and R26RtdTomato as a strategy to genetically label individual SGNs in mice of both sexes, we report on both a time course of SGN branch refinement and a role for P2rx3 in this process. P2rx3 is an ionotropic ATP receptor that was recently implicated in outer hair cell spontaneous activity and Type II SGN synapse development (Ceriani et al., 2019), but its function in Type I SGN development is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that P2rx3 is expressed by Type I SGNs and hair cells during developmental periods that coincide with SGN branching refinement. P2rx3 null mice show SGNs with more complex branching patterns on their peripheral synaptic terminals and near their cell bodies around the time of birth. Loss of P2rx3 does not appear to confer general changes in axon outgrowth or hair cell formation, and alterations in branching complexity appear to mostly recover by postnatal day (P)6. However, when we examined the distribution of Type I SGN subtypes using antibodies that bind Calb2, Calb1, and Pou4f1, we found that P2rx3 null mice showed an increased proportion of SGNs that express Calb2. These data suggest P2rx3 may be necessary for normal Type I SGN differentiation in addition to serving a role in branch refinement.
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38
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Conversion of extracellular ATP into adenosine: a master switch in renal health and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020; 16:509-524. [PMID: 32641760 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-020-0304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ATP and its ultimate degradation product adenosine are potent extracellular signalling molecules that elicit a variety of pathophysiological functions in the kidney through the activation of P2 and P1 purinergic receptors, respectively. Extracellular purines can modulate immune responses, balancing inflammatory processes and immunosuppression; indeed, alterations in extracellular nucleotide and adenosine signalling determine outcomes of inflammation and healing processes. The functional activities of ectonucleotidases such as CD39 and CD73, which hydrolyse pro-inflammatory ATP to generate immunosuppressive adenosine, are therefore pivotal in acute inflammation. Protracted inflammation may result in aberrant adenosinergic signalling, which serves to sustain inflammasome activation and worsen fibrotic reactions. Alterations in the expression of ectonucleotidases on various immune cells, such as regulatory T cells and macrophages, as well as components of the renal vasculature, control purinergic receptor-mediated effects on target tissues within the kidney. The role of CD39 as a rheostat that can have an impact on purinergic signalling in both acute and chronic inflammation is increasingly supported by the literature, as detailed in this Review. Better understanding of these purinergic processes and development of novel drugs targeting these pathways could lead to effective therapies for the management of acute and chronic kidney disease.
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39
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Purines: From Diagnostic Biomarkers to Therapeutic Agents in Brain Injury. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:1315-1326. [PMID: 32542580 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00529-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purines constitute a family of inter-related compounds that serve a broad range of important intracellular and extracellular biological functions. In particular, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and its metabolite and precursor, adenosine, regulate a wide variety of cellular and systems-level physiological processes extending from ATP acting as the cellular energy currency, to the adenosine arising from the depletion of cellular ATP and responding to reduce energy demand and hence to preserve ATP during times of metabolic stress. This inter-relationship provides opportunities for both the diagnosis of energy depletion during conditions such as stroke, and the replenishment of ATP after such events. In this review we address these opportunities and the broad potential of purines as diagnostics and restorative agents.
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40
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Tian M, Abdelrahman A, Baqi Y, Fuentes E, Azazna D, Spanier C, Densborn S, Hinz S, Schmid R, Müller CE. Discovery and Structure Relationships of Salicylanilide Derivatives as Potent, Non-acidic P2X1 Receptor Antagonists. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6164-6178. [PMID: 32345019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antagonists for the ATP-gated ion channel receptor P2X1 have potential as antithrombotics and for treating hyperactive bladder and inflammation. In this study, salicylanilide derivatives were synthesized based on a screening hit. P2X1 antagonistic potency was assessed in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells stably transfected with the human P2X1 receptor by measuring inhibition of the ATP-induced calcium influx. Structure-activity relationships were analyzed, and selectivity versus other P2X receptor subtypes was assessed. The most potent compounds, N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide (1, IC50 0.0192 μM) and N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide (14, IC50 0.0231 μM), displayed >500-fold selectivity versus P2X2 and P2X3, and 10-fold selectivity versus P2X4 and P2X7 receptors, and inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation. They behaved as negative allosteric modulators, and molecular modeling studies suggested an extracellular binding site. Besides selective P2X1 antagonists, compounds with ancillary P2X4 and/or P2X7 receptor inhibition were discovered. These compounds represent the first potent, non-acidic, allosteric P2X1 receptor antagonists reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoqun Tian
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Aliaa Abdelrahman
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Younis Baqi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 36, 123 Muscat, Oman
| | - Eduardo Fuentes
- Thrombosis Research Center, Medical Technology School, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohaematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Center on Aging, Universidad de Talca, 3460000 Talca, Chile
| | - Djamil Azazna
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Claudia Spanier
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sabrina Densborn
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sonja Hinz
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ralf Schmid
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K.,Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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41
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Anwar S, Rivest S. Alzheimer's disease: microglia targets and their modulation to promote amyloid phagocytosis and mitigate neuroinflammation. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:331-344. [PMID: 32129117 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1738391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite the revolutionary progress in neurodegenerative disease research, there is no cure for Alzheimer's disease (AD). This is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting aged people and is associated with chronic neuroinflammation and amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition in the brain parenchyma. Microglia, the resident myeloid cells in the central nervous system, are critically involved in the pathogenesis of AD and have emerged as a potential therapeutic target for treating or preventing AD. The failure of microglia to keep up with persistent amyloid-beta development along with secretion of inflammatory cytokines is detrimental to neurons and favors Aβ accumulation.Areas covered: This review illuminates the latest research that is focused on molecules and their intracellular targets that promote microglial phagocytosis and /or its polarization to an anti-inflammatory state.Expert opinion: A robust inflammatory response of microglia is not necessary to improve their efficiency of Aβ clearance. The challenge is to master inflammatory/anti-inflammatory phenotypes depending on the stage of AD and to maintain efficient responses to remove Aβ. Therefore, promoting microglia phagocytosis without a persistent excessive inflammatory response could be a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehata Anwar
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Serge Rivest
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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42
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Semenova S, Shatrova A, Vassilieva I, Shamatova M, Pugovkina N, Negulyaev Y. Adenosine-5'-triphosphate suppresses proliferation and migration capacity of human endometrial stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:4580-4588. [PMID: 32150662 PMCID: PMC7176887 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP through the activation of the P2X and P2Y purinergic receptors affects the migration, proliferation and differentiation of many types of cells, including stem cells. High plasticity, low immunogenicity and immunomodulation ability of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human endometrium (eMSCs) allow them to be considered a prominent tool for regenerative medicine. Here, we examined the role of ATP in the proliferation and migration of human eMSCs. Using a wound healing assay, we showed that ATP-induced activation of purinergic receptors suppressed the migration ability of eMSCs. We found the expression of one of the ATP receptors, the P2X7 receptor in eMSCs. In spite of this, cell activation with specific P2X7 receptor agonist, BzATP did not significantly affect the cell migration. The allosteric P2X7 receptor inhibitor, AZ10606120 also did not prevent ATP-induced inhibition of cell migration, confirming that inhibition occurs without P2X7 receptor involvement. Flow cytometry analysis showed that high concentrations of ATP did not have a cytotoxic effect on eMSCs. At the same time, ATP induced the cell cycle arrest, suppressed the proliferative and migration capacity of eMSCs and therefore could affect the regenerative potential of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Semenova
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Science, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alla Shatrova
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Science, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina Vassilieva
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Science, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Margarita Shamatova
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Science, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalja Pugovkina
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Science, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yuri Negulyaev
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Science, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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43
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Freeman TL, Swartz TH. Purinergic Receptors: Elucidating the Role of these Immune Mediators in HIV-1 Fusion. Viruses 2020; 12:E290. [PMID: 32155980 PMCID: PMC7150916 DOI: 10.3390/v12030290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purinergic receptors are inflammatory mediators activated by extracellular nucleotides released by dying or injured cells. Several studies have described an important role for these receptors in HIV-1 entry, particularly regarding their activity on HIV-1 viral membrane fusion. Several reports identify purinergic receptor antagonists that inhibit HIV-1 membrane fusion; these drugs are suspected to act through antagonizing Env-chemokine receptor interactions. They also appear to abrogate activity of downstream mediators that potentiate activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Here we review the literature on purinergic receptors, the drugs that inhibit their function, and the evidence implicating these receptors in HIV-1 entry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Talia H. Swartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
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44
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Nabinger DD, Altenhofen S, Bonan CD. Zebrafish models: Gaining insight into purinergic signaling and neurological disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 98:109770. [PMID: 31678483 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been considered a complementary model for biomedical studies, especially due to advantages such as external and rapid development, and genetic manipulation. There is growing interest in this model in neuroscience research since the species has morphological and physiological similarities to mammals and a complex behavioral repertoire. The purinergic signaling has been described in zebrafish, and purinoceptors and nucleotide- and nucleoside-metabolizing enzymes have already been identified in the central nervous system (CNS) of this species. The involvement of the purinergic system in several models of neurological disorders, such as Alzheimers disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and autism has been investigated in zebrafish. This mini review presents several studies describing purinergic signaling in the zebrafish CNS and the action of this neurotransmitter system in models of neurological disorders using this species as a biological model. The use of pharmacological approaches at different stages of development may be a useful tool for preclinical assays and the testing of purinergic compounds as new alternatives for the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Dreher Nabinger
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Cerebrais, Excitotoxicidade e Neuroproteção, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Stefani Altenhofen
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Cerebrais, Excitotoxicidade e Neuroproteção, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Denise Bonan
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Cerebrais, Excitotoxicidade e Neuroproteção, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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45
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Mancinelli R, Fanò-Illic G, Pietrangelo T, Fulle S. Guanosine-Based Nucleotides, the Sons of a Lesser God in the Purinergic Signal Scenario of Excitable Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051591. [PMID: 32111063 PMCID: PMC7084674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purines are nitrogen compounds consisting mainly of a nitrogen base of adenine (ABP) or guanine (GBP) and their derivatives: nucleosides (nitrogen bases plus ribose) and nucleotides (nitrogen bases plus ribose and phosphate). These compounds are very common in nature, especially in a phosphorylated form. There is increasing evidence that purines are involved in the development of different organs such as the heart, skeletal muscle and brain. When brain development is complete, some purinergic mechanisms may be silenced, but may be reactivated in the adult brain/muscle, suggesting a role for purines in regeneration and self-repair. Thus, it is possible that guanosine-5′-triphosphate (GTP) also acts as regulator during the adult phase. However, regarding GBP, no specific receptor has been cloned for GTP or its metabolites, although specific binding sites with distinct GTP affinity characteristics have been found in both muscle and neural cell lines. Finally, even if the cross regulation mechanisms between the two different purines (ABP and GBP) are still largely unknown, it is now possible to hypothesize the existence of specific signal paths for guanosine-based nucleotides that are capable of modulating the intensity and duration of the intracellular signal, particularly in excitable tissues such as brain and muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Mancinelli
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (R.M.); (T.P.)
- Interuniversity Institute of Miology (IIM), 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Fanò-Illic
- Interuniversity Institute of Miology (IIM), 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Libera Università di Alcatraz, Santa Cristina di Gubbio, 06024 Gubbio, Italy
| | - Tiziana Pietrangelo
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (R.M.); (T.P.)
- Interuniversity Institute of Miology (IIM), 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Stefania Fulle
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (R.M.); (T.P.)
- Interuniversity Institute of Miology (IIM), 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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46
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He J, Dai Q, Qi Y, Wu Z, Fang Q, Su P, Huang M, Burgess JG, Ke C, Feng D. Aggregation Pheromone for an Invasive Mussel Consists of a Precise Combination of Three Common Purines. iScience 2019; 19:691-702. [PMID: 31473589 PMCID: PMC6728611 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most marine benthic invertebrates have a pelagic larval phase, after which they settle preferentially on or near conspecific adults, forming aggregations. Although settlement pheromones from conspecific adults have been implicated as critical drivers of aggregation for more than 30 years, surprisingly few have been unambiguously identified. Here we show that in the invasive dreissenid mussel Mytilopsis sallei (an ecological and economic pest), three common purines (adenosine, inosine, and hypoxanthine) released from adults in a synergistic and precise ratio (1:1.125:3.25) serve as an aggregation pheromone by inducing conspecific larval settlement and metamorphosis. Our results demonstrate that simple common metabolites can function as species-specific pheromones when present in precise combinations. This study provides important insights into our understanding of the ecology and communication processes of invasive organisms and indicates that the combination and ratio of purines might be critical for purine-based signaling systems that are fundamental and widespread in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian He
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qi Dai
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yuxuan Qi
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhiwen Wu
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qianyun Fang
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Pei Su
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Miaoqin Huang
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - J Grant Burgess
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Caihuan Ke
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Danqing Feng
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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47
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Vallon V, Unwin R, Inscho EW, Leipziger J, Kishore BK. Extracellular Nucleotides and P2 Receptors in Renal Function. Physiol Rev 2019; 100:211-269. [PMID: 31437091 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the nucleotide/P2 receptor system in the regulation of renal hemodynamics and transport function has grown exponentially over the last 20 yr. This review attempts to integrate the available data while also identifying areas of missing information. First, the determinants of nucleotide concentrations in the interstitial and tubular fluids of the kidney are described, including mechanisms of cellular release of nucleotides and their extracellular breakdown. Then the renal cell membrane expression of P2X and P2Y receptors is discussed in the context of their effects on renal vascular and tubular functions. Attention is paid to effects on the cortical vasculature and intraglomerular structures, autoregulation of renal blood flow, tubuloglomerular feedback, and the control of medullary blood flow. The role of the nucleotide/P2 receptor system in the autocrine/paracrine regulation of sodium and fluid transport in the tubular and collecting duct system is outlined together with its role in integrative sodium and fluid homeostasis and blood pressure control. The final section summarizes the rapidly growing evidence indicating a prominent role of the extracellular nucleotide/P2 receptor system in the pathophysiology of the kidney and aims to identify potential therapeutic opportunities, including hypertension, lithium-induced nephropathy, polycystic kidney disease, and kidney inflammation. We are only beginning to unravel the distinct physiological and pathophysiological influences of the extracellular nucleotide/P2 receptor system and the associated therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Vallon
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego & VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Centre for Nephrology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; IMED ECD CVRM R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Biomedicine/Physiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Departments of Internal Medicine and Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, and Center on Aging, University of Utah Health & Nephrology Research, VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Robert Unwin
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego & VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Centre for Nephrology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; IMED ECD CVRM R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Biomedicine/Physiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Departments of Internal Medicine and Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, and Center on Aging, University of Utah Health & Nephrology Research, VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Edward W Inscho
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego & VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Centre for Nephrology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; IMED ECD CVRM R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Biomedicine/Physiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Departments of Internal Medicine and Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, and Center on Aging, University of Utah Health & Nephrology Research, VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jens Leipziger
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego & VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Centre for Nephrology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; IMED ECD CVRM R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Biomedicine/Physiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Departments of Internal Medicine and Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, and Center on Aging, University of Utah Health & Nephrology Research, VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Bellamkonda K Kishore
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego & VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Centre for Nephrology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; IMED ECD CVRM R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Biomedicine/Physiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Departments of Internal Medicine and Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, and Center on Aging, University of Utah Health & Nephrology Research, VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah
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48
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Mahaut Smith MP, Evans RJ, Vial C. Development of a P2X1-eYFP receptor knock-in mouse to track receptors in real time. Purinergic Signal 2019; 15:397-402. [PMID: 31286385 PMCID: PMC6736900 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-019-09666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A P2X1-eYFP knock-in mouse was generated to study receptor expression and mobility in smooth muscle and blood cells. eYFP was added to the C-terminus of the P2X1R and replaced the native P2X1R. Fluorescence corresponding to P2X1-eYFPR was detected in urinary bladder smooth muscle, platelets and megakaryocytes. ATP-evoked currents from wild type and P2X1-eYFP isolated urinary bladder smooth muscle cells had the same peak current amplitude and time-course showing that the eYFP addition had no obvious effect on properties. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) in bladder smooth muscle cells demonstrated that surface P2X1Rs are mobile and their movement is reduced following cholesterol depletion. Compared to the platelet and megakaryocyte, P2X1-eYFP fluorescence was negligible in red blood cells and the majority of smaller marrow cells. The spatial pattern of P2X1-eYFP fluorescence in the megakaryocyte along with FRAP assessment of mobility suggested that P2X1Rs are expressed extensively throughout the membrane invagination system of this cell type. The current study highlights that the spatiotemporal properties of P2X1R expression can be monitored in real time in smooth muscle cells and megakaryocytes/platelets using the eYFP knock-in mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn P Mahaut Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Richard J Evans
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Catherine Vial
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
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49
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Scarpellino G, Genova T, Avanzato D, Bernardini M, Bianco S, Petrillo S, Tolosano E, de Almeida Vieira JR, Bussolati B, Fiorio Pla A, Munaron L. Purinergic Calcium Signals in Tumor-Derived Endothelium. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E766. [PMID: 31159426 PMCID: PMC6627696 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment is particularly enriched with extracellular ATP (eATP), but conflicting evidence has been provided on its functional effects on tumor growth and vascular remodeling. We have previously shown that high eATP concentrations exert a strong anti-migratory, antiangiogenic and normalizing activity on human tumor-derived endothelial cells (TECs). Since both metabotropic and ionotropic purinergic receptors trigger cytosolic calcium increase ([Ca2+]c), the present work investigated the properties of [Ca2+]c events elicited by high eATP in TECs and their role in anti-migratory activity. In particular, the quantitative and kinetic properties of purinergic-induced Ca2+ release from intracellular stores and Ca2+ entry from extracellular medium were investigated. The main conclusions are: (1) stimulation of TECs with high eATP triggers [Ca2+]c signals which include Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular stores (mainly ER) and Ca2+ entry through the plasma membrane; (2) the long-lasting Ca2+ influx phase requires both store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) and non-SOCE components; (3) SOCE is not significantly involved in the antimigratory effect of high ATP stimulation; (4) ER is the main source for intracellular Ca2+ release by eATP: it is required for the constitutive migratory potential of TECs but is not the only determinant for the inhibitory effect of high eATP; (5) a complex interplay occurs among ER, mitochondria and lysosomes upon purinergic stimulation; (6) high eUTP is unable to inhibit TEC migration and evokes [Ca2+]c signals very similar to those described for eATP. The potential role played by store-independent Ca2+ entry and Ca2+-independent events in the regulation of TEC migration by high purinergic stimula deserves future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Scarpellino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy.
| | - Tullio Genova
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy.
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Torino, via Nizza 230, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Daniele Avanzato
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10060 Torino, Italy.
| | - Michela Bernardini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy.
| | - Serena Bianco
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Sara Petrillo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Tolosano
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Joana Rita de Almeida Vieira
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy.
| | - Benedetta Bussolati
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Fiorio Pla
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy.
| | - Luca Munaron
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy.
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50
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Seewald MS, Gaasedelen EN, Iles TL, Mattison LM, Mattson AR, Schmidt MM, Braun-Dullaeus RC, Iaizzo PA. Effects of ATP administration on isolated swine hearts: Implications for ex vivo perfusion and cardiac transplantation. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:915-922. [PMID: 31132883 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219850786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Seewald
- 1 Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,2 Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke-Universitӓt Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt 39106, Germany
| | - Erik N Gaasedelen
- 1 Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Tinen L Iles
- 1 Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,3 Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lars M Mattison
- 1 Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,4 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Alexander R Mattson
- 1 Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,4 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Megan M Schmidt
- 1 Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,4 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ruediger C Braun-Dullaeus
- 2 Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke-Universitӓt Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt 39106, Germany
| | - Paul A Iaizzo
- 1 Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,3 Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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