1
|
Martin TG, Leinwand LA. Molecular regulation of reversible cardiac remodeling: lessons from species with extreme physiological adaptations. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247445. [PMID: 39344503 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Some vertebrates evolved to have a remarkable capacity for anatomical and physiological plasticity in response to environmental challenges. One example of such plasticity can be found in the ambush-hunting snakes of the genus Python, which exhibit reversible cardiac growth with feeding. The predation strategy employed by pythons is associated with months-long fasts that are arrested by ingestion of large prey. Consequently, digestion compels a dramatic increase in metabolic rate and hypertrophy of multiple organs, including the heart. In this Review, we summarize the post-prandial cardiac adaptations in pythons at the whole-heart, cellular and molecular scales. We highlight circulating factors and cellular signaling pathways that are altered during digestion to affect cardiac form and function and propose possible mechanisms that may drive the post-digestion regression of cardiac mass. Adaptive physiological cardiac hypertrophy has also been observed in other vertebrates, including in fish acclimated to cold water, birds flying at high altitudes and exercising mammals. To reveal potential evolutionarily conserved features, we summarize the molecular signatures of reversible cardiac remodeling identified in these species and compare them with those of pythons. Finally, we offer a perspective on the potential of biomimetics targeting the natural biology of pythons as therapeutics for human heart disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Martin
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Leslie A Leinwand
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Plaza Oliver M, Gardner E, Lin T, Sheehan K, Sperry MM, Lightbown S, Martínez MR, Del Campo D, Fotowat H, Lewandowski M, Takeda T, C Pauer A, Kaushal S, Gnyawali V, Lozano MV, Santander Ortega MJ, Novak R, Super M, Ingber DE. Donepezil Nanoemulsion Induces a Torpor-like State with Reduced Toxicity in Nonhibernating Xenopus laevis Tadpoles. ACS NANO 2024; 18:23991-24003. [PMID: 39167921 PMCID: PMC11375763 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Achieving a reversible decrease of metabolism and other physiological processes in the whole organism, as occurs in animals that experience torpor or hibernation, could contribute to increased survival after serious injury. Using a Bayesian network tool with transcriptomic data and chemical structure similarity assessments, we predicted that the Alzheimer's disease drug donepezil (DNP) could be a promising candidate for a small molecule drug that might induce a torpor-like state. This was confirmed in a screening study with Xenopus laevis tadpoles, a nonhibernator whole animal model. To improve the therapeutic performance of the drug and minimize its toxicity, we encapsulated DNP in a nanoemulsion formulated with low-toxicity materials. This formulation is composed of emulsified droplets <200 nm in diameter that contain 1.250 mM DNP, representing ≥95% encapsulation efficiency. The DNP nanoemulsion induced comparable torpor-like effects to those produced by the free drug in tadpoles, as indicated by reduced swimming motion, cardiac beating frequency, and oxygen consumption, but with an improved biodistribution. Use of the nanoemulsion resulted in a more controlled increase of DNP concentration in the whole organism compared to free DNP, and to a higher concentration in the brain, which reduced DNP toxicity and enabled induction of a longer torpor-like state that was fully reversible. These studies also demonstrate the potential use of Xenopus tadpoles as a high-throughput in vivo screen to assess the efficacy, biodistribution, and toxicity of drug-loaded nanocarriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Plaza Oliver
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Development and Evaluation of Nanodrugs (DEVANA) Group, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biomedicine Institute at University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
- Castilla-La Mancha Health Research Institute (IDISCAM), 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Erica Gardner
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Tiffany Lin
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Katherine Sheehan
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Megan M Sperry
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Shanda Lightbown
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Manuel Ramsés Martínez
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Daniela Del Campo
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Haleh Fotowat
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Michael Lewandowski
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Takako Takeda
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Alexander C Pauer
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Shruti Kaushal
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Vaskar Gnyawali
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Maria V Lozano
- Development and Evaluation of Nanodrugs (DEVANA) Group, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biomedicine Institute at University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
- Castilla-La Mancha Health Research Institute (IDISCAM), 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Manuel J Santander Ortega
- Development and Evaluation of Nanodrugs (DEVANA) Group, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biomedicine Institute at University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
- Castilla-La Mancha Health Research Institute (IDISCAM), 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Richard Novak
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Michael Super
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Vascular Biology Program & Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts 02134, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abid MSR, Bredahl EC, Clifton AD, Qiu H, Andrews MT, Checco JW. Proteomic Identification of Seasonally Expressed Proteins Contributing to Heart Function and the Avoidance of Skeletal Muscle Disuse Atrophy in a Hibernating Mammal. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:215-225. [PMID: 38117800 PMCID: PMC10843731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Hibernation in the thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) takes place over 4-6 months and is characterized by multiday bouts of hypothermic torpor (5-7 °C core body temperature) that are regularly interrupted every 1-2 weeks by brief (12-24 h) normothermic active periods called interbout arousals. Our goal was to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms that underlie the hibernator's ability to preserve heart function and avoid the deleterious effects of skeletal muscle disuse atrophy over prolonged periods of inactivity, starvation, and near-freezing body temperatures. To achieve this goal, we performed organelle enrichment of heart and skeletal muscle at five seasonal time points followed by LC-MS-based label-free quantitative proteomics. In both organs, we saw an increase in the levels of many proteins as ground squirrels transition from an active state to a prehibernation state in the fall. Interestingly, seasonal abundance patterns identified DHRS7C, SRL, TRIM72, RTN2, and MPZ as potential protein candidates for mitigating disuse atrophy in skeletal muscle, and ex vivo contractile mechanics analysis revealed no deleterious effects in the ground squirrel's muscles despite prolonged sedentary activity. Overall, an increased understanding of protein abundance in hibernators may enable novel therapeutic strategies to treat muscle disuse atrophy and heart disease in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Shadman Ridwan Abid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, United States
| | - Eric C. Bredahl
- Department of Exercise Science and Pre-Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, United States
| | - Ashley D. Clifton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, United States
| | - Haowen Qiu
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, United States
- The Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication (NCIBC), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, United States
| | - Matthew T. Andrews
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, United States
| | - James W. Checco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, United States
- The Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication (NCIBC), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang Y, Hao Z, An N, Han Y, Miao W, Storey KB, Lefai E, Liu X, Wang J, Liu S, Xie M, Chang H. Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics reveal protective effects on heart of hibernating Daurian ground squirrels. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:2724-2748. [PMID: 37733616 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Hibernating mammals are natural models of resistance to ischemia, hypoxia-reperfusion injury, and hypothermia. Daurian ground squirrels (spermophilus dauricus) can adapt to endure multiple torpor-arousal cycles without sustaining cardiac damage. However, the molecular regulatory mechanisms that underlie this adaptive response are not yet fully understood. This study investigates morphological, functional, genetic, and metabolic changes that occur in the heart of ground squirrels in three groups: summer active (SA), late torpor (LT), and interbout arousal (IBA). Morphological and functional changes in the heart were measured using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, Masson staining, echocardiography, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results showed significant changes in cardiac function in the LT group as compared with SA or IBA groups, but no irreversible damage occurred. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these phenotypic changes, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were conducted to assess differential changes in gene expression and metabolite levels in the three groups of ground squirrels, with a focus on GO and KEGG pathway analysis. Transcriptomic analysis showed that differentially expressed genes were involved in the remodeling of cytoskeletal proteins, reduction in protein synthesis, and downregulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway during hibernation (including LT and IBA groups), as compared with the SA group. Metabolomic analysis revealed increased free amino acids, activation of the glutathione antioxidant system, altered cardiac fatty acid metabolic preferences, and enhanced pentose phosphate pathway activity during hibernation as compared with the SA group. Combining the transcriptomic and metabolomic data, active mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and creatine-phosphocreatine energy shuttle systems were observed, as well as inhibition of ferroptosis signaling pathways during hibernation as compared with the SA group. In conclusion, these results provide new insights into cardio-protection in hibernators from the perspective of gene and metabolite changes and deepen our understanding of adaptive cardio-protection mechanisms in mammalian hibernators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingyu Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ziwei Hao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ning An
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuting Han
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weilan Miao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Etienne Lefai
- INRAE, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Xiaoxuan Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Junshu Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Manjiang Xie
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Chang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Blanco MB, Greene LK, Ellsaesser LN, Williams CV, Ostrowski CA, Davison MM, Welser K, Klopfer PH. Seasonal variation in glucose and insulin is modulated by food and temperature conditions in a hibernating primate. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1251042. [PMID: 37745231 PMCID: PMC10512831 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1251042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Feast-fast cycles allow animals to live in seasonal environments by promoting fat storage when food is plentiful and lipolysis when food is scarce. Fat-storing hibernators have mastered this cycle over a circannual schedule, by undergoing extreme fattening to stockpile fuel for the ensuing hibernation season. Insulin is intrinsic to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and is central to regulating feast-fast cycles in mammalian hibernators. Here, we examine glucose and insulin dynamics across the feast-fast cycle in fat-tailed dwarf lemurs, the only obligate hibernator among primates. Unlike cold-adapted hibernators, dwarf lemurs inhabit tropical forests in Madagascar and hibernate under various temperature conditions. Using the captive colony at the Duke Lemur Center, we determined fasting glucose and insulin, and glucose tolerance, in dwarf lemurs across seasons. During the lean season, we maintained dwarf lemurs under stable warm, stable cold, or fluctuating ambient temperatures that variably included food provisioning or deprivation. Overall, we find that dwarf lemurs can show signatures of reversible, lean-season insulin resistance. During the fattening season prior to hibernation, dwarf lemurs had low glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR despite consuming high-sugar diets. In the active season after hibernation, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and glucose tolerance all increased, highlighting the metabolic processes at play during periods of weight gain versus weight loss. During the lean season, glucose remained low, but insulin and HOMA-IR increased, particularly in animals kept under warm conditions with daily food. Moreover, these lemurs had the greatest glucose intolerance in our study and had average HOMA-IR values consistent with insulin resistance (5.49), while those without food under cold (1.95) or fluctuating (1.17) temperatures did not. Remarkably low insulin in dwarf lemurs under fluctuating temperatures raises new questions about lipid metabolism when animals can passively warm and cool rather than undergo sporadic arousals. Our results underscore that seasonal changes in insulin and glucose tolerance are likely hallmarks of hibernating mammals. Because dwarf lemurs can hibernate under a range of conditions in captivity, they are an emerging model for primate metabolic flexibility with implications for human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina B. Blanco
- Duke Lemur Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Lydia K. Greene
- Duke Lemur Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Kay Welser
- Duke Lemur Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Peter H. Klopfer
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nemcova M, Seidlova V, Zukal J, Dundarova H, Bednarikova S, Pikula J. Bat-derived cells use glucose as a cryoprotectant. J Therm Biol 2023; 115:103652. [PMID: 37451039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Evolution of heterothermy in environments with variable temperatures has allowed bats to survive food scarcity during seasonal climatic extremes by using torpor as a hibernation strategy. The controlled reduction of body temperature and metabolism through complex behavioural and physiological adaptations at organismal, organ, cellular and molecular levels includes the ability of tissues and cells to adapt to temperature alterations. Based on the prediction that cells of different tissues cultured in vitro would differ in their ability to withstand freezing and thawing of the medium, we determined the survival rate of bat-derived cells following exposure to -20 °C for 24 h in media with no cryoprotective agents or medium supplemented by glucose in concentration range 0-3333 mM. Cell survival rates were determined in relation to availability of glucose in the medium, organ origin, cell concentration and bat species. In general, increased glucose helped cells survive at sub-zero temperatures, though concentrations up to 80-fold higher than those found in chiropterans were needed. However, cells in glucose-free phosphate buffered saline also survived, suggesting that other mechanisms may be contributing to cell survival at low temperatures. Highest in vitro viability was observed in nervus olfactorius-derived cell cultures, with high survival rates and rapid re-growth under optimal conditions after exposure to -20 °C. Kidney cells from different bat species showed comparable overall survival rate patterns, though smaller chiropteran species appeared to utilise lower glucose levels as a cryoprotectant than larger species. Our in vitro data provide evidence that cells of heterothermic bats can survive sub-zero temperatures and that higher glucose levels in important tissues significantly improve hibernation survival at extremely low temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Nemcova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Veronika Seidlova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Zukal
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Heliana Dundarova
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Sarka Bednarikova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Pikula
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Strandvik B, Qureshi AR, Painer J, Backman-Johansson C, Engvall M, Fröbert O, Kindberg J, Stenvinkel P, Giroud S. Elevated plasma phospholipid n-3 docosapentaenoic acid concentrations during hibernation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285782. [PMID: 37294822 PMCID: PMC10256182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Factors for initiating hibernation are unknown, but the condition shares some metabolic similarities with consciousness/sleep, which has been associated with n-3 fatty acids in humans. We investigated plasma phospholipid fatty acid profiles during hibernation and summer in free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos) and in captive garden dormice (Eliomys quercinus) contrasting in their hibernation patterns. The dormice received three different dietary fatty acid concentrations of linoleic acid (LA) (19%, 36% and 53%), with correspondingly decreased alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (32%, 17% and 1.4%). Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids showed small differences between summer and hibernation in both species. The dormice diet influenced n-6 fatty acids and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) concentrations in plasma phospholipids. Consistent differences between summer and hibernation in bears and dormice were decreased ALA and EPA and marked increase of n-3 docosapentaenoic acid and a minor increase of docosahexaenoic acid in parallel with several hundred percent increase of the activity index of elongase ELOVL2 transforming C20-22 fatty acids. The highest LA supply was unexpectantly associated with the highest transformation of the n-3 fatty acids. Similar fatty acid patterns in two contrasting hibernating species indicates a link to the hibernation phenotype and requires further studies in relation to consciousness and metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta Strandvik
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet NEO, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Johanna Painer
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Martin Engvall
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ole Fröbert
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Health, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- StenoDiabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jonas Kindberg
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Division of Renal Medicine, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sylvain Giroud
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Filatova TS, Kuzmin VS, Guskova VO, Abramochkin DV. Sodium current preserves electrical excitability in the heart of hibernating ground squirrel (Citellus undulatus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 282:111452. [PMID: 37207928 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Hibernating mammals are capable of maintaining normal cardiac function at low temperatures. Excitability of cardiac myocytes crucially depends on the fast sodium current (INa), which is decreased in hypothermia due to both depolarization of resting membrane potential and direct negative effect of low temperature. Therefore, INa in hibernating mammals should have specific features allowing to maintain excitability of myocardium at low temperatures. The current-voltage dependence of INa, its steady-state inactivation and activation and recovery from inactivation were studied in winter hibernating (WH) and summer active (SA) ground squirrels and in rats using whole-cell patch clamp at 10 °C and 20 °C. INa peak amplitude and the parameters of steady-state activation and inactivation curves did not differ between SA and WH ground squirrels at both temperatures. However, at both temperatures strong positive shift of activation and inactivation curves by 5-12 mV was observed in both WH and SA ground squirrels if compared to rats. This peculiarity of cardiac INa in ground squirrels helps to maintain excitability in conditions of depolarized resting membrane potential. The time course of INa recovery from inactivation at 10 °C was faster in WH than in SA ground squirrels, which could ensure normal activation of myocardium during hibernation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana S Filatova
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 12, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Vladislav S Kuzmin
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 12, Moscow 119234, Russia; Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Chazov National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktoria O Guskova
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 12, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Denis V Abramochkin
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 12, Moscow 119234, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Potential anti-cancer effects of hibernating common carp (Cyprinus carpio) plasma on B16-F10 murine melanoma: In vitro and in vivo studies. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 238:124058. [PMID: 36931484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is the major type of skin cancer, which its treatment is still a challenge in the world. In recent years, interest in hibernation-based therapeutic approaches for various biomedical applications has been increased. Many studies indicated that some factors in the blood plasma of hibernating animals such as alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) cause anti-proliferative effects. Considering that, the present study was conducted to investigate the anti-cancer effects of hibernating common carp plasma (HCCP) on murine melanoma (B16-F10) in vitro and in vivo. The effect of HCCP on cell viability, migration, apoptosis rate, and cell cycle distribution of B16-F10 cells, tumor growth, and rate of survival were evaluated. To investigate the role of A2M in the anti-cancer effects of HCCP, the gene of interest and proteins in HCCP and non-hibernating common carp plasma (NHCCP) were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay as well as sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and mass spectrometry analysis. Based on our findings, HCCP significantly decreased B16-F10 cell viability. Moreover, HCCP caused morphological alternations, inhibition of migration, induction of apoptosis, and significantly induced the cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. In addition, A2M level was significantly increased in HCCP compared with NHCCP. Taken together, our findings suggested that HCCP had the potential to be a promising novel therapeutic target for cancer treatment because of its anti-cancer properties.
Collapse
|
10
|
Pronounced differences in heart rate and metabolism distinguish daily torpor and short-term hibernation in two bat species. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21721. [PMID: 36522368 PMCID: PMC9755216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25590-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Torpor, and its differential expression, is essential to the survival of many mammals and birds. Physiological characteristics of torpor appear to vary between those species that express strict daily heterothermy and those capable of multiday hibernation, but comparisons are complicated by the temperature-dependence of variables. Previous reviews have compared these different torpor strategies by measuring the depth and duration of torpor in multiple species. However, direct comparison of multiple physiological parameters under similar thermal conditions are lacking. Here, we quantified three physiological variables; body temperature, metabolic rate (MR) and heart rate (HR) of two small heterothermic bats (daily heterotherm Syconycteris australis, and hibernator Nyctophilus gouldi) under comparable thermal conditions and torpor bout durations. When normothermic and resting both MR and HR were similar for the two species. However, during torpor the minimum HR was more than fivefold higher, and minimum MR was 6.5-fold higher for the daily heterotherm than for the hibernator at the same subcutaneous Tb (16 ± 0.5 °C). The data show that the degree of heterothermy defined using Tb is not necessarily a precise proxy for physiological capacity during torpor in these bats and is unlikely to reveal accurate energy budgets. Our study provides evidence supporting a distinction between daily torpor in a daily heterotherm and short term torpor in a hibernator, at least within the Chiroptera with regard to these physiological variables. This exists even when individuals display the same degree of Tb reduction, which has clear implications for the modelling of their energy expenditure.
Collapse
|
11
|
Nemcova M, Seidlova V, Zukal J, Dundarova H, Zukalova K, Pikula J. Performance of bat-derived macrophages at different temperatures. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:978756. [PMID: 36157196 PMCID: PMC9500541 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.978756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterothermy, as a temperature-dependent physiological continuum, may affect host-pathogen interactions through modulation of immune responses. Here, we evaluated proliferation and functional performance of a macrophage cell line established from the greater mouse-eared (Myotis myotis) bat at 8, 17.5, and 37°C to simulate body temperatures during hibernation, daily torpor and euthermia. Macrophages were also frozen to -20°C and then examined for their ability to proliferate in the immediate post-thaw period. We show that bat macrophages can proliferate at lower temperatures, though their growth rate is significantly slower than at 37°C. The cells differed in their shape, size and ability to attach to the plate surface at both lower temperatures, being spheroidal and free in suspension at 8°C and epithelial-like, spindle-shaped and/or spheroidal at 17.5°C. While phagocytosis at temperatures of 8 and 17.5°C amounted to 85.8 and 83.1% of the activity observed at 37°C, respectively, full phagocytic activity was restored within minutes of translocation into a higher temperature. Bat-derived macrophages were also able to withstand temperatures of -20°C in a cryoprotectant-free cultivation medium and, in the immediate post-thaw period, became viable and were able to proliferate. Our in vitro data enhance understanding of macrophage biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Nemcova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Veronika Seidlova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Zukal
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Heliana Dundarova
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Katerina Zukalova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jiri Pikula
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Han Y, Miao W, Hao Z, An N, Yang Y, Zhang Z, Chen J, Storey KB, Lefai E, Chang H. The Protective Effects on Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury Mechanisms of the Thoracic Aorta in Daurian Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus) over the Torpor–Arousal Cycle of Hibernation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810248. [PMID: 36142152 PMCID: PMC9499360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hibernators are a natural model of vascular ischemia–reperfusion injury; however, the protective mechanisms involved in dealing with such an injury over the torpor–arousal cycle are unclear. The present study aimed to clarify the changes in the thoracic aorta and serum in summer-active (SA), late-torpor (LT) and interbout-arousal (IBA) Daurian ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus). The results show that total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was unchanged, but malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) were significantly increased for the LT group, whereas the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were significantly reduced in the LT group as compared with the SA group. Moreover, the levels of MDA and IL-1β were significantly reduced, whereas SOD and IL-10 were significantly increased in the IBA group as compared with the SA group. In addition, the lumen area of the thoracic aorta and the expression of the smooth muscle cells (SMCs) contractile marker protein 22α (SM22α) were significantly reduced, whereas the protein expression of the synthetic marker proteins osteopontin (OPN), vimentin (VIM) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were significantly increased in the LT group as compared with the SA group. Furthermore, the smooth muscle layer of the thoracic aorta was significantly thickened, and PCNA protein expression was significantly reduced in the IBA group as compared with the SA group. The contractile marker proteins SM22α and synthetic marker protein VIM underwent significant localization changes in both LT and IBA groups, with localization of the contractile marker protein α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) changing only in the IBA group as compared with the SA group. In tunica intima, the serum levels of heparin sulfate (HS) and syndecan-1 (Sy-1) in the LT group were significantly reduced, but the serum level of HS in the IBA group increased significantly as compared with the SA group. Protein expression and localization of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was unchanged in the three groups. In summary, the decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory factors and increase in SOD and anti-inflammatory factors during the IBA period induced controlled phenotypic switching of thoracic aortic SMCs and restoration of endothelial permeability to resist ischemic and hypoxic injury during torpor of Daurian ground squirrels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Han
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, 229# North Taibai Road, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Weilan Miao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, 229# North Taibai Road, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Ziwei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, 229# North Taibai Road, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Ning An
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, 229# North Taibai Road, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Yingyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, 229# North Taibai Road, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Ziwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, 229# North Taibai Road, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Jiayu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, 229# North Taibai Road, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Kenneth B. Storey
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Etienne Lefai
- INRAE, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 1019, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hui Chang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, 229# North Taibai Road, Xi’an 710069, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hassanin A. Variation in synonymous nucleotide composition among genomes of sarbecoviruses and consequences for the origin of COVID-19. Gene X 2022; 835:146641. [PMID: 35700806 PMCID: PMC9200079 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The subgenus Sarbecovirus includes two human viruses, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, respectively responsible for the SARS epidemic and COVID-19 pandemic, as well as many bat viruses and two pangolin viruses. Here, the synonymous nucleotide composition (SNC) of Sarbecovirus genomes was analysed by examining third codon-positions, dinucleotides, and degenerate codons. The results show evidence for the eight following groups: (i) SARS-CoV related coronaviruses (SCoVrC including many bat viruses from China), (ii) SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses (SCoV2rC; including five bat viruses from Cambodia, Thailand and Yunnan), (iii) pangolin sarbecoviruses, (iv) three bat sarbecoviruses showing evidence of recombination between SCoVrC and SCoV2rC genomes, (v) two highly divergent bat sarbecoviruses from Yunnan, (vi) the bat sarbecovirus from Japan, (vii) the bat sarbecovirus from Bulgaria, and (viii) the bat sarbecovirus from Kenya. All these groups can be diagnosed by specific nucleotide compositional features except the one concerned by recombination between SCoVrC and SCoV2rC. In particular, SCoV2rC genomes have less cytosines and more uracils at third codon-positions than other sarbecoviruses, whereas the genomes of pangolin sarbecoviruses show more adenines at third codon-positions. I suggest that taxonomic differences in the imbalanced nucleotide pools available in host cells during viral replication can explain the eight groups of SNC here detected among Sarbecovirus genomes. A related effect due to hibernating bats and their latitudinal distribution is also discussed. I conclude that the two independent host switches from Rhinolophus bats to pangolins resulted in convergent mutational constraints and that SARS-CoV-2 emerged directly from a horseshoe bat sarbecovirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Hassanin
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, MNHN, UA, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhao YZ, Wei J, Song KX, Zhou C, Chai Z. Glutamate-aspartate transporter 1 attenuates oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced injury by promoting glutamate metabolism in primary cortical neurons. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3044-3056. [PMID: 35551669 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a common cerebral disease. However, the treatment for the disease is limited. Daurian ground squirrel (GS; Spermophilus dauricus), a hibernating mammalian species, is highly tolerant to ischemia. In the present study, GS neurons in a non-hibernating state were found to be more resistant to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), an ischemic model in vitro. We leveraged the differences in the endurance capacity of GS and rats to investigate the mechanisms of resistance to ischemia in GS neurons. We first identified glutamate-aspartate transporter 1 (GLAST) as a cytoprotective factor that contributed to tolerance against OGD injury of GS neurons. The expression of GLAST in GS neurons was much higher than that in rat neurons. Overexpression of GLAST rescued viability in rat neurons, and GS neurons exhibited decreased viability following GLAST knockdown under OGD conditions. Mechanistically, more glutamate was transported into neurons after GLAST overexpression and served as substrates for ATP production. Furthermore, eukaryotic transcription initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 was downregulated by GLAST to rescue neuronal viability. Our findings not only revealed an important molecular mechanism underlying the survival of hibernating mammals but also suggested that neuronal GLAST may be a potential target for ischemic stroke therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Zhi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke-Xin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fan C, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang A, Xie W, Zhang H, Weng Q, Xu M. Expression of glycogenic genes in the oviduct of Chinese brown frog (Rana dybowskii) during pre-brumation. Theriogenology 2022; 185:78-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
16
|
Bjertnæs LJ, Næsheim TO, Reierth E, Suborov EV, Kirov MY, Lebedinskii KM, Tveita T. Physiological Changes in Subjects Exposed to Accidental Hypothermia: An Update. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:824395. [PMID: 35280892 PMCID: PMC8904885 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.824395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accidental hypothermia (AH) is an unintended decrease in body core temperature (BCT) to below 35°C. We present an update on physiological/pathophysiological changes associated with AH and rewarming from hypothermic cardiac arrest (HCA). Temperature Regulation and Metabolism Triggered by falling skin temperature, Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) from hypothalamus induces release of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and Prolactin from pituitary gland anterior lobe that stimulate thyroid generation of triiodothyronine and thyroxine (T4). The latter act together with noradrenaline to induce heat production by binding to adrenergic β3-receptors in fat cells. Exposed to cold, noradrenaline prompts degradation of triglycerides from brown adipose tissue (BAT) into free fatty acids that uncouple metabolism to heat production, rather than generating adenosine triphosphate. If BAT is lacking, AH occurs more readily. Cardiac Output Assuming a 7% drop in metabolism per °C, a BCT decrease of 10°C can reduce metabolism by 70% paralleled by a corresponding decline in CO. Consequently, it is possible to maintain adequate oxygen delivery provided correctly performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), which might result in approximately 30% of CO generated at normal BCT. Liver and Coagulation AH promotes coagulation disturbances following trauma and acidosis by reducing coagulation and platelet functions. Mean prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times might increase by 40-60% in moderate hypothermia. Rewarming might release tissue factor from damaged tissues, that triggers disseminated intravascular coagulation. Hypothermia might inhibit platelet aggregation and coagulation. Kidneys Renal blood flow decreases due to vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles, electrolyte and fluid disturbances and increasing blood viscosity. Severely deranged renal function occurs particularly in the presence of rhabdomyolysis induced by severe AH combined with trauma. Conclusion Metabolism drops 7% per °C fall in BCT, reducing CO correspondingly. Therefore, it is possible to maintain adequate oxygen delivery after 10°C drop in BCT provided correctly performed CPR. Hypothermia may facilitate rhabdomyolysis in traumatized patients. Victims suspected of HCA should be rewarmed before being pronounced dead. Rewarming avalanche victims of HCA with serum potassium > 12 mmol/L and a burial time >30 min with no air pocket, most probably be futile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars J. Bjertnæs
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Group, University of Tromsø, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Surgical Medicine and Intensive Care, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Torvind O. Næsheim
- Division of Surgical Medicine and Intensive Care, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Tromsø, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Eirik Reierth
- Science and Health Library, University of Tromsø, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Evgeny V. Suborov
- The Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail Y. Kirov
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Konstantin M. Lebedinskii
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Torkjel Tveita
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Group, University of Tromsø, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Surgical Medicine and Intensive Care, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xie Z, Ahmad IM, Zuo L, Xiao F, Wang Y, Li D. Hibernation with rhythmicity: the circadian clock and hormonal adaptations of the hibernating Asiatic toads (Bufo gargarizans). Integr Zool 2021; 17:656-669. [PMID: 34791783 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hibernation is one of the fundamental strategies in response to cold environmental temperatures. During hibernation, the endocrine and circadian systems ensure minimal expenditure of energy for survival. The circadian rhythms of key hormones, melatonin (MT), corticosterone (CORT), triiodothyronine (T3 ), and thyroxine (T4 ), and the underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms of hibernation have been well determined in mammals but not in ectotherms. Here, a terrestrial hibernating species, Asiatic toad (Bufo gargarizans), was employed to investigate the plasma CORT, MT, T3 , and T4 ; and the retina, brain, and liver mRNA expression of the core clock genes, including circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (Clock), brain and muscle ARNT-like 1 (Bmal1), cryptochrome (Cry) 1 and 2, and period (Per) 1 and 2, at 7-time points over a 24-h period under acute cold (1 day at 4°C), and hibernation (45 days at 4°C). Our results showed that the circadian rhythms of the core clock genes were rather unaffected by acute cold exposure in the retina, unlike the brain and liver. In contrast, during hibernation, the liver clock genes displayed significant circadian oscillations, while those in the retina and brain stopped ticking. Furthermore, plasma CORT expressed circadian oscillations in both groups, and T3 in acute cold exposure group, whereas T4 and MT did not. Our results reveal that the plasma CORT and the liver sustain rhythmicity when the brain was not, indicating that the liver clock along with the adrenal clock synergistically maintains the metabolic requirements to ensure basic survival in hibernating Asiatic toads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Xie
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Ibrahim M Ahmad
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lirong Zuo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Feng Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Yongpeng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Dongming Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Guo C, Hildick KL, Jiang J, Zhao A, Guo W, Henley JM, Wilkinson KA. SENP3 Promotes an Mff-Primed Bcl-x L -Drp1 Interaction Involved in Cell Death Following Ischemia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:752260. [PMID: 34722538 PMCID: PMC8555761 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.752260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the mitochondrial fission machinery has been linked to cell death following ischemia. Fission is largely dependent on recruitment of Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) to the receptor Mitochondrial fission factor (Mff) located on the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM). Drp1 is a target for SUMOylation and its deSUMOylation, mediated by the SUMO protease SENP3, enhances the Drp1-Mff interaction to promote cell death in an oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) model of ischemia. Another interacting partner for Drp1 is the Bcl-2 family member Bcl-x L , an important protein in cell death and survival pathways. Here we demonstrate that preventing Drp1 SUMOylation by mutating its SUMO target lysines enhances the Drp1-Bcl-x L interaction in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, SENP3-mediated deSUMOylation of Drp1 promotes the Drp1-Bcl-x L interaction. Our data suggest that Mff primes Drp1 binding to Bcl-x L at the mitochondria and that Mff and Bcl-x L can interact directly, independent of Drp1, through their transmembrane domains. Importantly, SENP3 loss in cells subjected to OGD correlates with reduced Drp1-Bcl-x L interaction, whilst recovery of SENP3 levels in cells subjected to reoxygenation following OGD correlates with increased Drp1-Bcl-x L interaction. Expressing a Bcl-x L mutant with defective Drp1 binding reduces OGD plus reoxygenation-evoked cell death. Taken together, our results indicate that SENP3-mediated deSUMOlyation promotes an Mff-primed Drp1-Bcl-x L interaction that contributes to cell death following ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Guo
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Keri L Hildick
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Juwei Jiang
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Zhao
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Wenbin Guo
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy M Henley
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Science, Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Kevin A Wilkinson
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kulagina TP, Popova SS, Aripovsky AV. Seasonal Changes in the Content of Fatty Acids in the Myocardium and m. longissimus dorsi of the Long-Tailed Ground Squirrel Urocitellus undulatus. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350921060087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
20
|
Giroud S, Chery I, Arrivé M, Prost M, Zumsteg J, Heintz D, Evans AL, Gauquelin-Koch G, Arnemo JM, Swenson JE, Lefai E, Bertile F, Simon C, Blanc S. Hibernating brown bears are protected against atherogenic dyslipidemia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18723. [PMID: 34548543 PMCID: PMC8455566 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate mechanisms by which hibernators avoid atherogenic hyperlipidemia during hibernation, we assessed lipoprotein and cholesterol metabolisms of free-ranging Scandinavian brown bears (Ursus arctos). In winter- and summer-captured bears, we measured lipoprotein sizes and sub-classes, triglyceride-related plasma-enzyme activities, and muscle lipid composition along with plasma-levels of antioxidant capacities and inflammatory markers. Although hibernating bears increased nearly all lipid levels, a 36%-higher cholesteryl-ester transfer-protein activity allowed to stabilize lipid composition of high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Levels of inflammatory metabolites, i.e., 7-ketocholesterol and 11ß-prostaglandin F2α, declined in winter and correlated inversely with cardioprotective HDL2b-proportions and HDL-sizes that increased during hibernation. Lower muscle-cholesterol concentrations and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity in winter suggest that hibernating bears tightly controlled peripheral-cholesterol synthesis and/or release. Finally, greater plasma-antioxidant capacities prevented excessive lipid-specific oxidative damages in plasma and muscles of hibernating bears. Hence, the brown bear manages large lipid fluxes during hibernation, without developing adverse atherogenic effects that occur in humans and non-hibernators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Giroud
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1, 1160, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Isabelle Chery
- University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081, Strasbourg, France.,CNRS, UMR7178, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), 23 rue du Loess, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mathilde Arrivé
- University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081, Strasbourg, France.,CNRS, UMR7178, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), 23 rue du Loess, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Julie Zumsteg
- Plant Imaging & Mass Spectrometry (PIMS), Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dimitri Heintz
- Plant Imaging & Mass Spectrometry (PIMS), Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alina L Evans
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, 2480, Koppang, Norway
| | | | - Jon M Arnemo
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, 2480, Koppang, Norway.,Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jon E Swenson
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Etienne Lefai
- University of Auvergne, INRAE, UNH UMR1019, 63122, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Fabrice Bertile
- University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081, Strasbourg, France.,CNRS, UMR7178, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), 23 rue du Loess, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Chantal Simon
- CARMEN, INSERM U1060/University of Lyon / INRA U1235, Oullins, France
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081, Strasbourg, France.,CNRS, UMR7178, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), 23 rue du Loess, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Establishing the ground squirrel as a superb model for retinal ganglion cell disorders and optic neuropathies. J Transl Med 2021; 101:1289-1303. [PMID: 34253851 PMCID: PMC8753557 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00637-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death occurs after optic nerve injury due to acute trauma or chronic degenerative conditions such as optic neuropathies (e.g., glaucoma). Currently, there are no effective therapies to prevent permanent vision loss resulting from RGC death, underlining the need for research on the pathogenesis of RGC disorders. Modeling human RGC/optic nerve diseases in non-human primates is ideal because of their similarity to humans, but has practical limitations including high cost and ethical considerations. In addition, many retinal degenerative disorders are age-related making the study in primate models prohibitively slow. For these reasons, mice and rats are commonly used to model RGC injuries. However, as nocturnal mammals, these rodents have retinal structures that differ from primates - possessing less than one-tenth of the RGCs found in the primate retina. Here we report the diurnal thirteen-lined ground squirrel (TLGS) as an alternative model. Compared to other rodent models, the number and distribution of RGCs in the TLGS retina are closer to primates. The TLGS retina possesses ~600,000 RGCs with the highest density along the equatorial retina matching the location of the highest cone density (visual streak). TLGS and primate retinas also share a similar interlocking pattern between RGC axons and astrocyte processes in the retina nerve fiber layer (RNFL). In addition, using TLGS we establish a new partial optic nerve injury model that precisely controls the extent of injury while sparing a portion of the retina as an ideal internal control for investigating the pathophysiology of axon degeneration and RGC death. Moreover, in vivo optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging and ex vivo microscopic examinations of the retina in optic nerve injured TLGS confirm RGC loss precedes proximal axon degeneration, recapitulating human pathology. Thus, the TLGS retina is an excellent model, for translational research in neurodegeneration and therapeutic neuroprotection.
Collapse
|
22
|
Lennon JT, den Hollander F, Wilke-Berenguer M, Blath J. Principles of seed banks and the emergence of complexity from dormancy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4807. [PMID: 34376641 PMCID: PMC8355185 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24733-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Across the tree of life, populations have evolved the capacity to contend with suboptimal conditions by engaging in dormancy, whereby individuals enter a reversible state of reduced metabolic activity. The resulting seed banks are complex, storing information and imparting memory that gives rise to multi-scale structures and networks spanning collections of cells to entire ecosystems. We outline the fundamental attributes and emergent phenomena associated with dormancy and seed banks, with the vision for a unifying and mathematically based framework that can address problems in the life sciences, ranging from global change to cancer biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay T. Lennon
- grid.411377.70000 0001 0790 959XIndiana University, Department of Biology, Bloomington, USA
| | - Frank den Hollander
- grid.5132.50000 0001 2312 1970Universiteit Leiden, Mathematical Institute, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Maite Wilke-Berenguer
- grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Mathematics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Blath
- grid.6734.60000 0001 2292 8254Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Mathematics, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Salmon AE, Chen RCH, Atry F, Gaffney M, Merriman DK, Gil DA, Skala MC, Collery R, Allen KP, Buckland E, Pashaie R, Carroll J. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in the Thirteen-Lined Ground Squirrel. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:5. [PMID: 34232271 PMCID: PMC8267221 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.8.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess the performance of two spectral-domain optical coherence tomography-angiography systems in a natural model of hypoperfusion: the hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrel (13-LGS). Methods Using a high-speed (130 kHz) OCT-A system (HS-OCT-A) and a commercial OCT (36 kHz; Bioptigen Envisu; BE-OCT-A), we imaged the 13-LGS retina throughout its hibernation cycle. Custom software was used to extract the superior, middle, and deep capillary plexus (SCP, MCP, and DCP, respectively). The retinal vasculature was also imaged with adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) during torpor to visualize individual blood cells. Finally, correlative histology with immunolabeled or DiI-stained vasculature was performed. Results During euthermia, vessel density was similar between devices for the SCP and MCP (P = 0.88, 0.72, respectively), with a small difference in the DCP (−1.63 ± 1.54%, P = 0.036). Apparent capillary dropout was observed during torpor, but recovered after forced arousal, and this effect was exaggerated in high-speed OCT-A imaging. Based on cell flux measurements with AOSLO, increasing OCT-A scan duration by ∼1000× would avoid the apparent capillary dropout artifact. High correspondence between OCT-A (during euthermia) and histology enabled lateral scale calibration. Conclusions While the HS-OCT-A system provides a more efficient workflow, the shorter interscan interval may render it more susceptible to the apparent capillary dropout artifact. Disambiguation between capillary dropout and transient ischemia can have important implications in the management of retinal disease and warrants additional diagnostics. Translational Relevance The 13-LGS provides a natural model of hypoperfusion that may prove valuable in modeling the utility of OCT-A in human pathologies associated with altered blood flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Salmon
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology, & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Translational Imaging Innovations, Hickory, NC, USA
| | - Rex Chin-Hao Chen
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Farid Atry
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mina Gaffney
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Daniel A Gil
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Melissa C Skala
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ross Collery
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology, & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Kenneth P Allen
- Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Ramin Pashaie
- Computer & Electrical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Joseph Carroll
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology, & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dias IB, Bouma HR, Henning RH. Unraveling the Big Sleep: Molecular Aspects of Stem Cell Dormancy and Hibernation. Front Physiol 2021; 12:624950. [PMID: 33867999 PMCID: PMC8047423 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.624950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident stem cells may enter a dormant state, also known as quiescence, which allows them to withstand metabolic stress and unfavorable conditions. Similarly, hibernating mammals can also enter a state of dormancy used to evade hostile circumstances, such as food shortage and low ambient temperatures. In hibernation, the dormant state of the individual and its cells is commonly known as torpor, and is characterized by metabolic suppression in individual cells. Given that both conditions represent cell survival strategies, we here compare the molecular aspects of cellular quiescence, particularly of well-studied hematopoietic stem cells, and torpor at the cellular level. Critical processes of dormancy are reviewed, including the suppression of the cell cycle, changes in metabolic characteristics, and cellular mechanisms of dealing with damage. Key factors shared by hematopoietic stem cell quiescence and torpor include a reversible activation of factors inhibiting the cell cycle, a shift in metabolism from glucose to fatty acid oxidation, downregulation of mitochondrial activity, key changes in hypoxia-inducible factor one alpha (HIF-1α), mTOR, reversible protein phosphorylation and autophagy, and increased radiation resistance. This similarity is remarkable in view of the difference in cell populations, as stem cell quiescence regards proliferating cells, while torpor mainly involves terminally differentiated cells. A future perspective is provided how to advance our understanding of the crucial pathways that allow stem cells and hibernating animals to engage in their 'great slumbers.'
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itamar B. Dias
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar R. Bouma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Robert H. Henning
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Xie LH, Gwathmey JK, Zhao Z. Cardiac adaptation and cardioprotection against arrhythmias and ischemia-reperfusion injury in mammalian hibernators. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:407-416. [PMID: 33394082 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hibernation allows animals to enter an energy conserving state to survive severe drops in external temperatures and a shortage of food. It has been observed that the hearts of mammalian hibernators exhibit intrinsic protection against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and cardiac arrhythmias in the winter whether they are hibernating or not. However, the molecular and ionic mechanisms for cardioprotection in mammalian hibernators remain elusive. Recent studies in woodchucks (Marmota monax) have suggested that cardiac adaptation occurs at different levels and mediates an intrinsic cardioprotection prior to/in the winter. The molecular/cellular remodeling in the winter (with or without hibernation) includes (1) an upregulation of transcriptional factor, anti-apoptotic factor, nitric oxide synthase, protein kinase C-ε, and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase; (2) an upregulation of antioxidant enzymes (e.g. superoxide dismutase and catalase); (3) a reduction in the oxidation level of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII); and (4) alterations in the expression and activity of multiple ion channels/transporters. Therefore, the cardioprotection against I/R injury in the winter is most likely mediated by enhancement in signaling pathways that are shared by preconditioning, reduced cell apoptosis, and increased detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The resistance to cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in the winter is closely associated with an upregulation of the antioxidant catalase and a downregulation of CaMKII activation. This remodeling of the heart is associated with a reduction in the incidence of afterdepolarizations and triggered activities. In this short review article, we will discuss the seasonal changes in gene and protein expression profiles as well as alterations in the function of key proteins that are associated with the occurrence of cardioprotection against myocardial damage from ischemic events and fatal arrhythmias in a mammalian hibernator. Understanding the intrinsic cardiac adaptive mechanisms that confer cardioprotection in hibernators may offer new strategies to protect non-hibernating animals, especially humans, from I/R injury and ischemia-induced fatal cardiac arrhythmias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Hua Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| | - Judith K Gwathmey
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Zhenghang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Shi Z, Qin M, Huang L, Xu T, Chen Y, Hu Q, Peng S, Peng Z, Qu LN, Chen SG, Tuo QH, Liao DF, Wang XP, Wu RR, Yuan TF, Li YH, Liu XM. Human torpor: translating insights from nature into manned deep space expedition. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:642-672. [PMID: 33314677 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During a long-duration manned spaceflight mission, such as flying to Mars and beyond, all crew members will spend a long period in an independent spacecraft with closed-loop bioregenerative life-support systems. Saving resources and reducing medical risks, particularly in mental heath, are key technology gaps hampering human expedition into deep space. In the 1960s, several scientists proposed that an induced state of suppressed metabolism in humans, which mimics 'hibernation', could be an ideal solution to cope with many issues during spaceflight. In recent years, with the introduction of specific methods, it is becoming more feasible to induce an artificial hibernation-like state (synthetic torpor) in non-hibernating species. Natural torpor is a fascinating, yet enigmatic, physiological process in which metabolic rate (MR), body core temperature (Tb ) and behavioural activity are reduced to save energy during harsh seasonal conditions. It employs a complex central neural network to orchestrate a homeostatic state of hypometabolism, hypothermia and hypoactivity in response to environmental challenges. The anatomical and functional connections within the central nervous system (CNS) lie at the heart of controlling synthetic torpor. Although progress has been made, the precise mechanisms underlying the active regulation of the torpor-arousal transition, and their profound influence on neural function and behaviour, which are critical concerns for safe and reversible human torpor, remain poorly understood. In this review, we place particular emphasis on elaborating the central nervous mechanism orchestrating the torpor-arousal transition in both non-flying hibernating mammals and non-hibernating species, and aim to provide translational insights into long-duration manned spaceflight. In addition, identifying difficulties and challenges ahead will underscore important concerns in engineering synthetic torpor in humans. We believe that synthetic torpor may not be the only option for manned long-duration spaceflight, but it is the most achievable solution in the foreseeable future. Translating the available knowledge from natural torpor research will not only benefit manned spaceflight, but also many clinical settings attempting to manipulate energy metabolism and neurobehavioural functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Shi
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychaitry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.,Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.,State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Meng Qin
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lu Huang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Qin Hu
- College of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100024, China
| | - Sha Peng
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Zhuang Peng
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Li-Na Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Shan-Guang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Qin-Hui Tuo
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Duan-Fang Liao
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychaitry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Ren-Rong Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychaitry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Ti-Fei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226000, China
| | - Ying-Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Xin-Min Liu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.,State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China.,Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Capraro A, O'Meally D, Waters SA, Patel HR, Georges A, Waters PD. MicroRNA dynamics during hibernation of the Australian central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps). Sci Rep 2020; 10:17854. [PMID: 33082398 PMCID: PMC7576210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73706-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hibernation is a physiological state employed by many animals that are exposed to limited food and adverse winter conditions. Controlling tissue-specific and organism wide changes in metabolism and cellular function requires precise regulation of gene expression, including by microRNAs (miRNAs). Here we profile miRNA expression in the central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) using small RNA sequencing of brain, heart, and skeletal muscle from individuals in late hibernation and four days post-arousal. A total of 1295 miRNAs were identified in the central bearded dragon genome; 664 of which were novel to central bearded dragon. We identified differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRs) in all tissues and correlated mRNA expression with known and predicted target mRNAs. Functional analysis of DEmiR targets revealed an enrichment of differentially expressed mRNA targets involved in metabolic processes. However, we failed to reveal biologically relevant tissue-specific processes subjected to miRNA-mediated regulation in heart and skeletal muscle. In brain, neuroprotective pathways were identified as potential targets regulated by miRNAs. Our data suggests that miRNAs are necessary for modulating the shift in cellular metabolism during hibernation and regulating neuroprotection in the brain. This study is the first of its kind in a hibernating reptile and provides key insight into this ephemeral phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Capraro
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Denis O'Meally
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Center for Gene Therapy, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Shafagh A Waters
- School of Women's & Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Hardip R Patel
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Arthur Georges
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Paul D Waters
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bandouchova H, Zukal J, Linhart P, Berkova H, Brichta J, Kovacova V, Kubickova A, Abdelsalam EEE, Bartonička T, Zajíčková R, Pikula J. Low seasonal variation in greater mouse-eared bat (Myotis myotis) blood parameters. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234784. [PMID: 32634149 PMCID: PMC7340307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The greater mouse-eared bat (Myotis myotis) is a flagship species for the protection of hibernation and summer maternity roosts in the Western Palearctic region. A range of pathogenic agents is known to put pressure on populations, including the white-nose syndrome fungus, for which the species shows the highest prevalence and infection intensity of all European bat species. Here, we perform analysis of blood parameters characteristic for the species during its natural annual life cycle in order to establish reference values. Despite sexual dimorphism and some univariate differences, the overall multivariate pattern suggests low seasonal variation with homeostatic mechanisms effectively regulating haematology and blood biochemistry ranges. Overall, the species displayed a high haematocrit and haemoglobin content and high concentration of urea, while blood glucose levels in swarming and hibernating bats ranged from hypo- to normoglycaemic. Unlike blood pH, concentrations of electrolytes were wide ranging. To conclude, baseline data for blood physiology are a useful tool for providing suitable medical care in rescue centres, for studying population health in bats adapting to environmental change, and for understanding bat responses to stressors of conservation and/or zoonotic importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Bandouchova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Zukal
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Linhart
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Berkova
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Brichta
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Kovacova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Kubickova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ehdaa E. E. Abdelsalam
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Bartonička
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Zajíčková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Pikula
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pikula J, Heger T, Bandouchova H, Kovacova V, Nemcova M, Papezikova I, Piacek V, Zajíčková R, Zukal J. Phagocyte activity reflects mammalian homeo- and hetero-thermic physiological states. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:232. [PMID: 32631329 PMCID: PMC7339577 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02450-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergence of both viral zoonoses from bats and diseases that threaten bat populations has highlighted the necessity for greater insights into the functioning of the bat immune system. Particularly when considering hibernating temperate bat species, it is important to understand the seasonal dynamics associated with immune response. Body temperature is one of the factors that modulates immune functions and defence mechanisms against pathogenic agents in vertebrates. To better understand innate immunity mediated by phagocytes in bats, we measured respiratory burst and haematology and blood chemistry parameters in heterothermic greater mouse-eared bats (Myotis myotis) and noctules (Nyctalus noctula) and homeothermic laboratory mice (Mus musculus). RESULTS Bats displayed similar electrolyte levels and time-related parameters of phagocyte activity, but differed in blood profile parameters related to metabolism and red blood cell count. Greater mouse-eared bats differed from mice in all phagocyte activity parameters and had the lowest phagocytic activity overall, while noctules had the same quantitative phagocytic values as mice. Homeothermic mice were clustered separately in a high phagocyte activity group, while both heterothermic bat species were mixed in two lower phagocyte activity clusters. Stepwise regression identified glucose, white blood cell count, haemoglobin, total dissolved carbon dioxide and chloride variables as the best predictors of phagocyte activity. White blood cell counts, representing phagocyte numbers available for respiratory burst, were the best predictors of both time-related and quantitative parameters of phagocyte activity. Haemoglobin, as a proxy variable for oxygen available for uptake by phagocytes, was important for the onset of phagocytosis. CONCLUSIONS Our comparative data indicate that phagocyte activity reflects the physiological state and blood metabolic and cellular characteristics of homeothermic and heterothermic mammals. However, further studies elucidating trade-offs between immune defence, seasonal lifestyle physiology, hibernation behaviour, roosting ecology and geographic patterns of immunity of heterothermic bat species will be necessary. An improved understanding of bat immune responses will have positive ramifications for wildlife and conservation medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Pikula
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého třída 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomas Heger
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého třída 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Bandouchova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého třída 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Kovacova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého třída 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Nemcova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého třída 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Papezikova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého třída 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Piacek
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého třída 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Zajíčková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Zukal
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ou J, Rosa S, Berchowitz LE, Li W. Induced pluripotent stem cells as a tool for comparative physiology: lessons from the thirteen-lined ground squirrel. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb196493. [PMID: 31585999 PMCID: PMC6806009 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.196493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Comparative physiologists are often interested in adaptive physiological phenomena found in unconventional model organisms; however, research on these species is frequently constrained by the limited availability of investigative tools. Here, we propose that induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from unconventional model organisms may retain certain species-specific features that can consequently be investigated in depth in vitro; we use hibernating mammals as an example. Many species (including ground squirrels, bats and bears) can enter a prolonged state of physiological dormancy known as hibernation to survive unfavorable seasonal conditions. Our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning the rapid transition and adaptation to a hypothermic, metabolically suppressed winter torpor state remains limited partially because of the lack of an easily accessible model. To address the fascinating unanswered questions underlying hibernation biology, we have developed a powerful model system: iPSCs from a hibernating species, the thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus). These stem cells can potentially be differentiated into any cell type, and can be used for the analysis of cell-autonomous mechanisms that facilitate adaptation to hibernation and for comparisons with non-hibernators. Furthermore, we can manipulate candidate molecular and cellular pathways underlying relevant physiological phenomena by pharmacological or RNAi-based methods, and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Moreover, iPSC strategies can be applied to other species (e.g. seals, naked mole rats, humming birds) for in vitro studies on adaptation to extreme physiological conditions. In this Commentary, we discuss factors to consider when attempting to generate iPSCs from unconventional model organisms, based on our experience with the thirteen-lined ground squirrel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxing Ou
- Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sarah Rosa
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's and the Aging Brain, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Luke E Berchowitz
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's and the Aging Brain, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Hemorrhagic shock is the leading cause of preventable death after trauma. Hibernation-based treatment approaches have been of increasing interest for various biomedical applications. Owing to apparent similarities in tissue perfusion and metabolic activity between severe blood loss and the hibernating state, hibernation-based approaches have also emerged for the treatment of hemorrhagic shock. Research has shown that hibernators are protected from shock-induced injury and inflammation. Utilizing the adaptive mechanisms that prevent injury in these animals may help alleviate the detrimental effects of hemorrhagic shock in non-hibernating species. This review describes hibernation-based preclinical and clinical approaches for the treatment of severe blood loss. Treatments include the delta opioid receptor agonist D-Ala-Leu-enkephalin (DADLE), the gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide, combinations of adenosine, lidocaine, and magnesium (ALM) or D-beta-hydroxybutyrate and melatonin (BHB/M), and therapeutic hypothermia. While we focus on hemorrhagic shock, many of the described treatments may be used in other situations of hypoxia or ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Collapse
|
32
|
Gattoni G, Bernocchi G. Calcium-Binding Proteins in the Nervous System during Hibernation: Neuroprotective Strategies in Hypometabolic Conditions? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2364. [PMID: 31086053 PMCID: PMC6540041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium-binding proteins (CBPs) can influence and react to Ca2+ transients and modulate the activity of proteins involved in both maintaining homeostatic conditions and protecting cells in harsh environmental conditions. Hibernation is a strategy that evolved in vertebrate and invertebrate species to survive in cold environments; it relies on molecular, cellular, and behavioral adaptations guided by the neuroendocrine system that together ensure unmatched tolerance to hypothermia, hypometabolism, and hypoxia. Therefore, hibernation is a useful model to study molecular neuroprotective adaptations to extreme conditions, and can reveal useful applications to human pathological conditions. In this review, we describe the known changes in Ca2+-signaling and the detection and activity of CBPs in the nervous system of vertebrate and invertebrate models during hibernation, focusing on cytosolic Ca2+ buffers and calmodulin. Then, we discuss these findings in the context of the neuroprotective and neural plasticity mechanisms in the central nervous system: in particular, those associated with cytoskeletal proteins. Finally, we compare the expression of CBPs in the hibernating nervous system with two different conditions of neurodegeneration, i.e., platinum-induced neurotoxicity and Alzheimer's disease, to highlight the similarities and differences and demonstrate the potential of hibernation to shed light into part of the molecular mechanisms behind neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Gattoni
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.
| | - Graziella Bernocchi
- Former Full Professor of Zoology, Neurogenesis and Comparative Neuromorphology, (Residence address) Viale Matteotti 73, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sajdak BS, Salmon AE, Litts KM, Wells C, Allen KP, Dubra A, Merriman DK, Carroll J. Evaluating seasonal changes of cone photoreceptor structure in the 13-lined ground squirrel. Vision Res 2019; 158:90-99. [PMID: 30826354 PMCID: PMC6538439 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cone photoreceptors of the 13-lined ground squirrel (13-LGS) undergo reversible structural changes during hibernation, including cone outer segment disc degeneration and inner segment mitochondria depletion. Here, we evaluated cone structure with adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) before, during, and after hibernation. Also, intra-animal comparisons of cone structure were made at distinct physiological states (pre-hibernation, torpor, interbout euthermia, and post-hibernation) with AOSLO and transmission electron microscopy. Our results indicate that the 13-LGS cone mosaic is only transiently affected by structural remodeling during hibernation. Outer segment remodeling starts during torpid states during a period of fall transition in room temperature, with more severe structural changes during bouts of torpor in cold temperature. Cones return to euthermic-like structure during brief periods of interbout euthermia and recover normal waveguiding properties as soon as 24 h post-hibernation. Cone structure is visible with split-detector AOSLO throughout hibernation, providing evidence that intact outer segments are not necessary to visualize cones with this technique. Despite the changes to cone structure during hibernation, cone density and packing remained unchanged throughout the seasonal cycle. Pairing non-invasive imaging with ultrastructural assessment may provide insight to the biological origins of cone photoreceptor signals observed with AOSLO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Sajdak
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Alexander E Salmon
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Katie M Litts
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Clive Wells
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Kenneth P Allen
- Biomedical Resource Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Alfredo Dubra
- Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Joseph Carroll
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lázaro J, Hertel M, Muturi M, Dechmann DKN. Seasonal reversible size changes in the braincase and mass of common shrews are flexibly modified by environmental conditions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2489. [PMID: 30792434 PMCID: PMC6385354 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38884-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth of the vertebrate skull and brain is usually unidirectional and more or less stops when animals are adult. Red-toothed shrews break this rule. They seasonally shrink and regrow brain and skull size by 20% or more, presumably to save energy when conditions are harsh. The size change is anticipatory of environmental change and occurs in all individuals, but it is unknown whether its extent can be modulated by environmental conditions. We kept shrews under different conditions, monitored seasonal changes in skull size with series of X-rays, and compared them with free ranging animals. We found extensive differences in the pattern of skull size change between experimental groups. Skull size of shrews kept at constant temperature showed a steady decline, while the skull size changes of free ranging shrews and captive individuals exposed to natural temperature regimes were identical. In contrast, body mass never reached the spring values of free ranging shrews in either captive regime. The extent of this adaptive seasonal pattern can thus be flexibly adapted to current environmental conditions. Combining reversible size changes with such strong phenotypic plasticity may allow these small, non-hibernating predators with high metabolic rates to continue being successful in today's changing environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Lázaro
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Am Obstberg 1, 78315, Radolfzell, Germany. .,University of Konstanz, Department of Biology, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Moritz Hertel
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Department of Behavioral Neurobiology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Str., 82319, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Marion Muturi
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Am Obstberg 1, 78315, Radolfzell, Germany.,University of Konstanz, Department of Biology, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Dina K N Dechmann
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Am Obstberg 1, 78315, Radolfzell, Germany.,University of Konstanz, Department of Biology, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ogushi F, Kertész J, Kaski K, Shimada T. Temporal inactivation enhances robustness in an evolving system. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181471. [PMID: 30891274 PMCID: PMC6408400 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We study the robustness of an evolving system that is driven by successive inclusions of new elements or constituents with m random interactions to older ones. Each constitutive element in the model stays either active or is temporarily inactivated depending upon the influence of the other active elements. If the time spent by an element in the inactivated state reaches T W , it gets extinct. The phase diagram of this dynamic model as a function of m and T W is investigated by numerical and analytical methods and as a result both growing (robust) as well as non-growing (volatile) phases are identified. It is also found that larger time limit T W enhances the system's robustness against the inclusion of new elements, mainly due to the system's increased ability to reject 'falling-together' type attacks. Our results suggest that the ability of an element to survive in an unfavourable situation for a while, either as a minority or in a dormant state, could improve the robustness of the entire system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Ogushi
- Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Yoshida Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Center for Materials Research by Information Integration, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - János Kertész
- Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, 1051 Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kimmo Kaski
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University School of Science, PO Box 15500, Espoo, Finland
- The Alan Turing Institute, British Library, 96 Euston Road, London NW1 2DB, UK
| | - Takashi Shimada
- Mathematics and Informatics Center, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Department of Systems Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Andrews MT. Molecular interactions underpinning the phenotype of hibernation in mammals. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:222/2/jeb160606. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.160606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Mammals maintain a constant warm body temperature, facilitating a wide variety of metabolic reactions. Mammals that hibernate have the ability to slow their metabolism, which in turn reduces their body temperature and leads to a state of hypothermic torpor. For this metabolic rate reduction to occur on a whole-body scale, molecular interactions that change the physiology of cells, tissues and organs are required, resulting in a major departure from normal mammalian homeostasis. The aim of this Review is to cover recent advances in the molecular biology of mammalian hibernation, including the role of small molecules, seasonal changes in gene expression, cold-inducible RNA-binding proteins, the somatosensory system and emerging information on hibernating primates. To underscore the importance of differential gene expression across the hibernation cycle, mRNA levels for 14,261 ground squirrel genes during periods of activity and torpor are made available for several tissues via an interactive transcriptome browser. This Review also addresses recent findings on molecular interactions responsible for multi-day survival of near-freezing body temperatures, single-digit heart rates and a slowed metabolism that greatly reduces oxygen consumption. A better understanding of how natural hibernators survive these physiological extremes is beginning to lead to innovations in human medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Andrews
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Oliver SR, Anderson KJ, Hunstiger MM, Andrews MT. Turning down the heat: Down-regulation of sarcolipin in a hibernating mammal. Neurosci Lett 2018; 696:13-19. [PMID: 30528880 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Hibernation in mammals is a whole-body phenotype that involves profound reductions in oxygen consumption, metabolic reactions, core body temperature, neural activity and heart rate. An important aspect of mammalian hibernation is the ability to reverse this state of hypothermic torpor by rewarming and subsequent arousal. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) and skeletal muscle shivering have been characterized as the predominant driving forces for thermogenesis during arousal. Conversely, the thermogenic contribution of these organs needs to be minimized as hibernating mammals enter torpor. Because skeletal muscle accounts for approximately 40% of the dry mass of the typical mammalian body, we aim to broaden the spotlight to include the importance of down-regulating skeletal muscle non-shivering thermogenesis during hibernation to allow for whole-body cooling and long-term maintenance of a depressed core body temperature when the animal is in torpor. This minireview will briefly describe the current understanding of thermoregulation in hibernating mammals and present new preliminary data on the importance of skeletal muscle and the micro-peptide sarcolipin as a major thermogenic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Ryan Oliver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA.
| | - Kyle J Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
| | - Moriah M Hunstiger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA.
| | - Matthew T Andrews
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hadj‐Moussa H, Storey KB. Bringing nature back: using hibernation to reboot organ preservation. FEBS J 2018; 286:1094-1100. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
39
|
Giroud S, Stalder G, Gerritsmann H, Kübber-Heiss A, Kwak J, Arnold W, Ruf T. Dietary Lipids Affect the Onset of Hibernation in the Garden Dormouse ( Eliomys quercinus): Implications for Cardiac Function. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1235. [PMID: 30279661 PMCID: PMC6153335 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary lipids strongly influence patterns of hibernation in heterotherms. Increased dietary uptake of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly of linoleic acid (LA, C18:2 n-6), enables animals to reach lower body temperatures (Tb), lengthens torpor bout duration, and results in lower energy expenditure during hibernation. Conversely, dietary n-3 PUFA impacts negatively on hibernation performance. PUFA in surrounding phospholipids (PLs) presumably modulate the temperature-dependent activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ ATPase 2 (SERCA2) and thus determine the threshold Tb still allowing proper heart function during torpor. We tested the effect of diets enriched with 10% of either corn oil (“CO,” high n-6 PUFA, e.g., LA) or menhaden oil [“MO,” long-chain n-3 PUFA, e.g., docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] on hibernation performance and SERCA2 activity levels during torpor in garden dormice, an insectivorous, fat-storing hibernator. Prior to hibernation, individuals fed the MO diet showed an almost nine-times higher DHA levels and 30% lower LA proportions in white adipose tissue (WAT), reflecting the fatty acid composition of SR membranes, compared to CO-diet fed animals. When fed the MO diet, dormice significantly delayed their mean onset of hibernation by almost 4 days (range: 0–12 days), compared with CO-diet fed animals. Hibernation onset correlated positively with WAT-DHA levels and negatively with WAT-LA proportions prior to hibernation. Subsequently, hibernating patterns were similar between the two dietary groups, despite a significant difference in WAT-LA but not in WAT-DHA levels in mid-hibernation. SR-PL fatty acid composition and SERCA2 activity were identical in torpid individuals from the two dietary groups in mid-hibernation. In line with our previous findings on Syrian hamsters, a granivorous, food-storing hibernator, SERCA2 activity correlated positively with LA and negatively with DHA levels of SR-PL in torpid dormice, although SERCA2 activity was about three-times higher in garden dormice than in Syrian hamsters at similar PL-DHA proportions. Similarly, minimal Tb during torpor decreased as SERCA2 activity increased. We conclude that: (1) fatty acid composition of SR membranes modulates cardiac SERCA2 activity, hence determining the minimum Tb tolerated by hibernators, and (2) high DHA levels prevent hibernators from entering into torpor, but the critical levels differ substantially between species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Giroud
- Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabrielle Stalder
- Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hanno Gerritsmann
- Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Kübber-Heiss
- Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jae Kwak
- Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Arnold
- Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Ruf
- Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Seasonal changes in eicosanoid metabolism in the brown bear. Naturwissenschaften 2018; 105:58. [PMID: 30291454 PMCID: PMC6182652 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-018-1583-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) exert several important functions across organ systems. During winter, hibernators divert PUFAs from oxidation, retaining them in their tissues and membranes, to ensure proper body functions at low body temperature. PUFAs are also precursors of eicosanoids with pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. This study investigated seasonal changes in eicosanoid metabolism of free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos). By using a lipidomic approach, we assessed (1) levels of specific omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids involved in the eicosanoid cascade and (2) concentrations of eicosanoids in skeletal muscle and blood plasma of winter hibernating and summer active bears. We observed significant seasonal changes in the specific omega-3 and omega-6 precursors. We also found significant seasonal alterations of eicosanoid levels in both tissues. Concentrations of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids, such as thromboxane B2, 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), and 15-HETE and 18-HETE, were significantly lower in muscle and/or plasma of hibernating bears compared to summer-active animals. Further, plasma and muscle levels of 5,6-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET), as well as muscle concentration of 8,9-EET, tended to be lower in bears during winter hibernation vs. summer. We also found lower plasma levels of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids, such as 15dPGJ2 and PGE3, in bears during winter hibernation. Despite of the limited changes in omega-3 and omega-6 precursors, plasma and muscle concentrations of the products of all pathways decreased significantly, or remained unchanged, independent of their pro- or anti-inflammatory properties. These findings suggest that hibernation in bears is associated with a depressed state of the eicosanoid cascade.
Collapse
|
41
|
Liu D, Zheng S, Zheng G, Lv Q, Shen B, Yuan X, Pan YH. Adaptation of the FK506 binding protein 1B to hibernation in bats. Cryobiology 2018; 83:1-8. [PMID: 30056853 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Hibernation is an adaptive strategy used by some animals to cope with cold and food shortage. The heart rate, overall energy need, body temperature, and many other physiological functions are greatly reduced during torpor but promptly return to normal levels upon arousal. The heartbeat of torpid bats can be hundreds fold lower than that of active bats, indicating that hibernating bats have a remarkable ability to control excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle. FKBP1B (calstabin 2), a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase, is critical for the regulation of excitation-contraction coupling. Whether FKBP1B is adapted to hibernation in bats is not known. Evolutionary analyses showed that the ω values of the Fkbp1b genes of 25 mammalian species are all less than 1, and amino acid sequence alignments revealed that FKBP1B proteins are highly conserved in mammals. The expression of the Fkbp1b gene was found to be elevated at both mRNA and protein levels in two distantly related bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum in Yinpterochiroptera and Myotis ricketti in Yangochiroptera) during torpor. Transcription factors such as YY1 and SPs were bioinformatically determined to have a higher binding affinity to the potential regulatory regions of Fkbp1b genes in hibernating than in non-hibernating mammals. This study provides new insights into the molecular evolution of Fkbp1b in adaptation to bat hibernation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Evolution, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenghui Zheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Evolution, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guantao Zheng
- Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyun Lv
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Evolution, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Shen
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Xinpu Yuan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Evolution, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Hsuan Pan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Evolution, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Currie SE. No effect of season on the electrocardiogram of long-eared bats (Nyctophilus gouldi) during torpor. J Comp Physiol B 2018; 188:695-705. [PMID: 29623413 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-018-1158-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Heterothermic animals regularly undergo profound alterations of cardiac function associated with torpor. These animals have specialised tissues capable of withstanding fluctuations in body temperature > 30 °C without adverse effects. In particular, the hearts of heterotherms are able to resist fibrillation and discontinuity of the cardiac conduction system common in homeotherms during hypothermia. To investigate the patterns of cardiac conduction in small insectivorous bats which enter torpor year round, I simultaneously measured ECG and subcutaneous temperature (Tsub) of 21 Nyctophilus gouldi (11 g) during torpor at a range of ambient temperatures (Ta 1-28 °C). During torpor cardiac conduction slowed in a temperature dependent manner, primarily via prolongation along the atrioventricular pathway (PR interval). A close coupling of depolarisation and repolarisation was retained in torpid bats, with no isoelectric ST segment visible until animals reached Tsub <6 °C. There was little change in ventricular repolarisation (JT interval) with decreasing Tsub, or between rest and torpor at mild Ta. Bats retained a more rapid rate of ventricular conduction and repolarisation during torpor relative to other hibernators. Throughout all recordings across seasons (> 2500 h), there was no difference in ECG morphology or heart rate during torpor, and no manifestations of significant conduction blocks or ventricular tachyarrhythmias were observed. My results demonstrate the capacity of bat hearts to withstand extreme fluctuations in rate and temperature throughout the year without detrimental arrhythmogenesis. I suggest that this conduction reserve may be related to flight and the daily extremes in metabolism experienced by these animals, and warrants further investigation of cardiac electrophysiology in other flying hibernators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Currie
- Centre for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia. .,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ou J, Ball JM, Luan Y, Zhao T, Miyagishima KJ, Xu Y, Zhou H, Chen J, Merriman DK, Xie Z, Mallon BS, Li W. iPSCs from a Hibernator Provide a Platform for Studying Cold Adaptation and Its Potential Medical Applications. Cell 2018; 173:851-863.e16. [PMID: 29576452 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hibernating mammals survive hypothermia (<10°C) without injury, a remarkable feat of cellular preservation that bears significance for potential medical applications. However, mechanisms imparting cold resistance, such as cytoskeleton stability, remain elusive. Using the first iPSC line from a hibernating mammal (13-lined ground squirrel), we uncovered cellular pathways critical for cold tolerance. Comparison between human and ground squirrel iPSC-derived neurons revealed differential mitochondrial and protein quality control responses to cold. In human iPSC-neurons, cold triggered mitochondrial stress, resulting in reactive oxygen species overproduction and lysosomal membrane permeabilization, contributing to microtubule destruction. Manipulations of these pathways endowed microtubule cold stability upon human iPSC-neurons and rat (a non-hibernator) retina, preserving its light responsiveness after prolonged cold exposure. Furthermore, these treatments significantly improved microtubule integrity in cold-stored kidneys, demonstrating the potential for prolonging shelf-life of organ transplants. Thus, ground squirrel iPSCs offer a unique platform for bringing cold-adaptive strategies from hibernators to humans in clinical applications. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxing Ou
- Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John M Ball
- Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yizhao Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China; School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Tantai Zhao
- Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Kiyoharu J Miyagishima
- Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yufeng Xu
- Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Huizhi Zhou
- Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity, and Inflammation, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jinguo Chen
- Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity, and Inflammation, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dana K Merriman
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh, WI 54901, USA
| | - Zhi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Barbara S Mallon
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ballinger MA, Andrews MT. Nature's fat-burning machine: brown adipose tissue in a hibernating mammal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [PMID: 29514878 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.162586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a unique thermogenic tissue in mammals that rapidly produces heat via nonshivering thermogenesis. Small mammalian hibernators have evolved the greatest capacity for BAT because they use it to rewarm from hypothermic torpor numerous times throughout the hibernation season. Although hibernator BAT physiology has been investigated for decades, recent efforts have been directed toward understanding the molecular underpinnings of BAT regulation and function using a variety of methods, from mitochondrial functional assays to 'omics' approaches. As a result, the inner-workings of hibernator BAT are now being illuminated. In this Review, we discuss recent research progress that has identified players and pathways involved in brown adipocyte differentiation and maturation, as well as those involved in metabolic regulation. The unique phenotype of hibernation, and its reliance on BAT to generate heat to arouse mammals from torpor, has uncovered new molecular mechanisms and potential strategies for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mallory A Ballinger
- Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Matthew T Andrews
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhao Z, Kudej RK, Wen H, Fefelova N, Yan L, Vatner DE, Vatner SF, Xie LH. Antioxidant defense and protection against cardiac arrhythmias: lessons from a mammalian hibernator (the woodchuck). FASEB J 2018; 32:4229-4240. [PMID: 29490168 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701516r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hibernating animals show resistance to hypothermia-induced cardiac arrhythmias. However, it is not clear whether and how mammalian hibernators are resistant to ischemia-induced arrhythmias. The goal of this investigation was to determine the susceptibility of woodchucks ( Marmota monax) to arrhythmias and their mechanisms after coronary artery occlusion at the same room temperature in both winter, the time for hibernation, and summer, when they do not hibernate. By monitoring telemetric electrocardiograms, we found significantly higher arrhythmia scores, calculated as the severity of arrhythmias, with incidence of ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and thus sudden cardiac death (SCD) in woodchucks in summer than they had in winter. The level of catalase expression in woodchuck hearts was significantly higher, whereas the level of oxidized Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) was lower in winter than it was in summer. Ventricular myocytes isolated from woodchucks in winter were more resistant to H2O2-induced early afterdepolarizations (EADs) compared with myocytes isolated from woodchucks in summer. The EADs were eliminated by inhibiting CaMKII (with KN-93), l-type Ca current (with nifedipine), or late Na+ current (with ranolazine). In woodchucks, in the summer, the arrhythmia score was significantly reduced by overexpression of catalase ( via adenoviral vectors) or the inhibition of CaMKII (with KN-93) in the heart. This study suggests that the heart of the mammalian hibernator is more resistant to ischemia-induced arrhythmias and SCD in winter. Increased antioxidative capacity and reduced CaMKII activity may confer resistance in woodchuck hearts against EADs and arrhythmias during winter. The profound protection conferred by catalase overexpression or CaMKII inhibition in this novel natural animal model may provide insights into clinical directions for therapy of arrhythmias.-Zhao, Z., Kudej, R. K., Wen, H., Fefelova, N., Yan, L., Vatner, D. E., Vatner, S. F., Xie, L.-H. Antioxidant defense and protection against cardiac arrhythmias: lessons from a mammalian hibernator (the woodchuck).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Raymond K Kudej
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hairuo Wen
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.,National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Nonclinical Safety Evaluation Research of Drugs, Beijing, China
| | - Nadezhda Fefelova
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lin Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Dorothy E Vatner
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Stephen F Vatner
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lai-Hua Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Gary C, Hérard AS, Hanss Z, Dhenain M. Plasma Amyloid Is Associated with White Matter and Subcortical Alterations and Is Modulated by Age and Seasonal Rhythms in Mouse Lemur Primates. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:35. [PMID: 29491833 PMCID: PMC5817060 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the brain is a critical early event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder. There is increasing interest in measuring levels of plasma Aβ since this could help in diagnosis of brain pathology. However, the value of plasma Aβ in such a diagnosis is still controversial and factors modulating its levels are still poorly understood. The mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) is a primate model of cerebral aging which can also present with amyloid plaques and whose Aβ is highly homologous to humans'. In an attempt to characterize this primate model and to evaluate the potential of plasma Aβ as a biomarker for brain alterations, we measured plasma Aβ40 concentration in 21 animals aged from 5 to 9.5 years. We observed an age-related increase in plasma Aβ40 levels. We then evaluated the relationships between plasma Aβ40 levels and cerebral atrophy in these mouse lemurs. Voxel-based analysis of cerebral MR images (adjusted for the age/sex/brain size of the animals), showed that low Aβ40 levels are associated with atrophy of several white matter and subcortical brain regions. These results suggest that low Aβ40 levels in middle-aged/old animals are associated with brain deterioration. One special feature of mouse lemurs is that their metabolic and physiological parameters follow seasonal changes strictly controlled by illumination. We evaluated seasonal-related variations of plasma Aβ40 levels and found a strong effect, with higher plasma Aβ40 concentrations in winter conditions compared to summer. This question of seasonal modulation of Aβ plasma levels should be addressed in clinical studies. We also focused on the amplitude of the difference between plasma Aβ40 levels during the two seasons and found that this amplitude increases with age. Possible mechanisms leading to these seasonal changes are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Gary
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut François Jacob, MIRCen, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Hérard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut François Jacob, MIRCen, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Zoé Hanss
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut François Jacob, MIRCen, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Marc Dhenain
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut François Jacob, MIRCen, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhang SZ, Meng T, Zhu X, Wang H, Zhou YK, Wu XB. Molecular characterization and tissue expression profiles of prepro-vasoactive intestinal peptide in the Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis) during the active and hibernating periods. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2018; 327:79-88. [PMID: 29356375 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis), a freshwater crocodilian endemic to China, is one of the most endangered crocodilian species; up to this date, very little is known about the endocrine regulation of its metabolic activities during different physiological states. In this study, we characterized the structure of the prepro-vasoactive intestinal peptide in Chinese alligator (prepro-caVIP) for the first time and examined its expression profiles in various tissues during the active and hibernating periods. The prepro-caVIP cDNA consists of a 221-bp 5'-untranslated region (UTR), a 606-bp complete coding region (CDS), and a 312-bp 3'-UTR, which encodes the 201-amino acid prepro-caVIP containing a 28-amino acid vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and a 27-amino acid PHI (peptide histidine isoleucine). Multiple alignment analysis showed that VIP shares 100% identity with the given birds, reptiles, and African clawed frog, and 89% identity with mammals, 96% with fishes. Real-time quantitative PCR showed that the prepro-caVIP is widely expressed in all the examined tissues, and the expression level is significantly higher in small intestine, stomach, pancreas, lung, and skeletal muscle, whereas lower in heart, liver, spleen, kidney, ovary, and oviduct. During hibernation, the expression level of caVIP was significantly decreased in small intestine (P < 0.01), pancreas, and skeletal muscle (P < 0.05), whereas significantly increased in liver, spleen, and lung (P < 0.01). The wide distribution of caVIP and its differential expression changes in various tissues during hibernation implicated that it might play multiple effects in Chinese alligator and participate in the physiological adaptation of various organs in a paracrine and/or neurocrine manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Zhou Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Meng
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Kang Zhou
- Alligator Research Center of Anhui Province, Xuancheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Bing Wu
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Nowack J, Giroud S, Arnold W, Ruf T. Muscle Non-shivering Thermogenesis and Its Role in the Evolution of Endothermy. Front Physiol 2017; 8:889. [PMID: 29170642 PMCID: PMC5684175 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of sustained, long-term endothermy was one of the major transitions in the evolution of vertebrates. Thermogenesis in endotherms does not only occur via shivering or activity, but also via non-shivering thermogenesis (NST). Mammalian NST is mediated by the uncoupling protein 1 in the brown adipose tissue (BAT) and possibly involves an additional mechanism of NST in skeletal muscle. This alternative mechanism is based on Ca2+-slippage by a sarcoplasmatic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) and is controlled by the protein sarcolipin. The existence of muscle based NST has been discussed for a long time and is likely present in all mammals. However, its importance for thermoregulation was demonstrated only recently in mice. Interestingly, birds, which have evolved from a different reptilian lineage than mammals and lack UCP1-mediated NST, also exhibit muscle based NST under the involvement of SERCA, though likely without the participation of sarcolipin. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on muscle NST and discuss the efficiency of muscle NST and BAT in the context of the hypothesis that muscle NST could have been the earliest mechanism of heat generation during cold exposure in vertebrates that ultimately enabled the evolution of endothermy. We suggest that the evolution of BAT in addition to muscle NST was related to heterothermy being predominant among early endothermic mammals. Furthermore, we argue that, in contrast to small mammals, muscle NST is sufficient to maintain high body temperature in birds, which have enhanced capacities to fuel muscle NST by high rates of fatty acid import.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Nowack
- Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvain Giroud
- Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Arnold
- Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Ruf
- Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Pharmacologically induced reversible hypometabolic state mitigates radiation induced lethality in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14900. [PMID: 29097738 PMCID: PMC5668348 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia has proven benefits in critical care of a number of diseased states, where inflammation and oxidative stress are the key players. Here, we report that adenosine monophosphate (AMP) triggered hypometabolic state (HMS), 1–3 hours after lethal total body irradiation (TBI) for a duration of 6 hours, rescue mice from radiation-induced lethality and this effect is mediated by the persistent hypothermia. Studies with caffeine and 6N-cyclohexyladenosine, a non-selective antagonist and a selective agonist of adenosine A1 receptor (A1AR) respectively, indicated the involvement of adenosine receptor (AR) signaling. Intracerebroventricular injection of AMP also suggested possible involvement of central activation of AR signaling. AMP, induced HMS in a strain and age independent fashion and did not affect the behavioural and reproductive capacities. AMP induced HMS, mitigated radiation-induced oxidative DNA damage and loss of HSPCs. The increase in IL-6 and IL-10 levels and a shift towards anti-inflammatory milieu during the first 3–4 hours seems to be responsible for the augmented survival of HSPCs. The syngeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) studies further supported the role of radiation-induced inflammation in loss of bone marrow cellularity after TBI. We also showed that the clinically plausible mild hypothermia effectively mitigates TBI induced lethality in mice.
Collapse
|
50
|
Xi L, Wang C, Chen P, Yang Q, Hu R, Zhang H, Weng Q, Xu M. Expressions of IL-6, TNF-α and NF-κB in the skin of Chinese brown frog (Rana dybowskii). Eur J Histochem 2017; 61:2834. [PMID: 29313598 PMCID: PMC5656806 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2017.2834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) mediates a wide range of inflammatory and immune responses. Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α) has a myriad of pro-inflammatory effects on the skin. Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is a transcriptional factor that regulates a battery of genes that are critical to immune system. In this study, we investigated the localizations and expression levels of IL-6, TNF-α and NF-κB in the skin of Rana dybowskii during the breeding period and pre-hibernation. Histologically, the skin of Rana dybowskii consisted of epidermis and dermis. Four kinds of cells were identified in the epidermis, while the dermis was composed of homogenous gel, mucous glands and granular glands. IL-6, TNF-α and NF-κB were immunolocalized in the epithelial and glandular cells in both periods. Western blotting showed that IL-6, TNF-α and NF-κB were significantly higher in the pre-hibernation compared to the breeding period. Real- Time PCR revealed that the relative mRNA levels of IL-6 and NB-κB in the pre-hibernation increased significantly compared with the breeding period, while the TNF-α mRNA expression levels were not significantly different between these two periods. These results suggested that IL-6, TNF-α and NF-κB might collectively be involved in the skin immune system of Rana dybowskii during the breeding period and pre-hibernation.
Collapse
|