1
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Guo L. F-ATP synthase inhibitory factor 1 and mitochondria-organelle interactions: New insight and implications. Pharmacol Res 2024; 208:107393. [PMID: 39233058 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are metabolic hub, and act as primary sites for reactive oxygen species (ROS) and metabolites generation. Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake contributes to Ca2+ storage. Mitochondria-organelle interactions are important for cellular metabolic adaptation, biosynthesis, redox balance, cell fate. Organelle communications are mediated by Ca2+/ROS signals, vesicle transport and membrane contact sites. The permeability transition pore (PTP) is an unselective channel that provides a release pathway for Ca2+/ROS, mtDNA and metabolites. F-ATP synthase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) participates in regulation of PTP opening and is required for the translocation of transcriptional factors c-Myc/PGC1α to mitochondria to stimulate metabolic switch. IF1, a mitochondrial specific protein, has been suggested to regulate other organelles including nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes. IF1 may be able to mediate mitochondria-organelle interactions and cellular physiology through regulation of PTP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishu Guo
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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2
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Kumar R, Islinger M, Worthy H, Carmichael R, Schrader M. The peroxisome: an update on mysteries 3.0. Histochem Cell Biol 2024; 161:99-132. [PMID: 38244103 PMCID: PMC10822820 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are highly dynamic, oxidative organelles with key metabolic functions in cellular lipid metabolism, such as the β-oxidation of fatty acids and the synthesis of myelin sheath lipids, as well as the regulation of cellular redox balance. Loss of peroxisomal functions causes severe metabolic disorders in humans. Furthermore, peroxisomes also fulfil protective roles in pathogen and viral defence and immunity, highlighting their wider significance in human health and disease. This has sparked increasing interest in peroxisome biology and their physiological functions. This review presents an update and a continuation of three previous review articles addressing the unsolved mysteries of this remarkable organelle. We continue to highlight recent discoveries, advancements, and trends in peroxisome research, and address novel findings on the metabolic functions of peroxisomes, their biogenesis, protein import, membrane dynamics and division, as well as on peroxisome-organelle membrane contact sites and organelle cooperation. Furthermore, recent insights into peroxisome organisation through super-resolution microscopy are discussed. Finally, we address new roles for peroxisomes in immune and defence mechanisms and in human disorders, and for peroxisomal functions in different cell/tissue types, in particular their contribution to organ-specific pathologies.
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Grants
- BB/W015420/1, BB/V018167/1, BB/T002255/1, BB/R016844/1 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- BB/W015420/1, BB/V018167/1, BB/T002255/1, BB/R016844/1 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- BB/W015420/1, BB/V018167/1, BB/T002255/1, BB/R016844/1 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung
- German Research Foundation
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg
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Affiliation(s)
- Rechal Kumar
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Markus Islinger
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Centre for Translational Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Harley Worthy
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Ruth Carmichael
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Michael Schrader
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
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3
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Sharma G, Banerjee R, Srivastava S. Molecular Mechanisms and the Interplay of Important Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Biomarkers Reveals Novel Therapeutic Targets. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:46376-46389. [PMID: 38107961 PMCID: PMC10719921 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive, age-dependent, and unmet chronic inflammatory disease of the peripheral airways, leading to difficulty in exhalation. Several biomarkers have been tested in general towards the resolution for a long time, but no apparent success was achieved. Ongoing therapies of COPD have only symptomatic relief but no cure. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive species which include oxygen radicals and nonradical derivatives, and are the prominent players in COPD. They are produced as natural byproducts of cellular metabolism, but their levels can vary due to exposure to indoor air pollution, occupational pollution, and environmental pollutants such as cigarette smoke. In COPD, the lungs are continuously exposed to high levels of ROS thus leading to oxidative stress. ROS can cause damage to cells, proteins, lipids, and DNA which further contributes to the chronic inflammation in COPD and exacerbates the disease condition. Excessive ROS production can overwhelm cellular antioxidant systems and act as signaling molecules that regulate cellular processes, including antioxidant defense mechanisms involving glutathione and sirtuins which further leads to cellular apoptosis, cellular senescence, inflammation, and sarcopenia. In this review paper, we focused on COPD from different perspectives including potential markers and different cellular processes such as apoptosis, cellular senescence, inflammation, sirtuins, and sarcopenia, and tried to connect the dots between them so that novel therapeutic strategies to evaluate and target the possible underlying mechanisms in COPD could be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | | | - Sanjeeva Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Maharashtra 400076, India
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4
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Prokopchuk G, Butenko A, Dacks JB, Speijer D, Field MC, Lukeš J. Lessons from the deep: mechanisms behind diversification of eukaryotic protein complexes. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1910-1927. [PMID: 37336550 PMCID: PMC10952624 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variation is the major mechanism behind adaptation and evolutionary change. As most proteins operate through interactions with other proteins, changes in protein complex composition and subunit sequence provide potentially new functions. Comparative genomics can reveal expansions, losses and sequence divergence within protein-coding genes, but in silico analysis cannot detect subunit substitutions or replacements of entire protein complexes. Insights into these fundamental evolutionary processes require broad and extensive comparative analyses, from both in silico and experimental evidence. Here, we combine data from both approaches and consider the gamut of possible protein complex compositional changes that arise during evolution, citing examples of complete conservation to partial and total replacement by functional analogues. We focus in part on complexes in trypanosomes as they represent one of the better studied non-animal/non-fungal lineages, but extend insights across the eukaryotes by extensive comparative genomic analysis. We argue that gene loss plays an important role in diversification of protein complexes and hence enhancement of eukaryotic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Prokopchuk
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of SciencesBranišovská 1160/31České Budějovice37005Czech Republic
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaBranišovská 1160/31České Budějovice37005Czech Republic
| | - Anzhelika Butenko
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of SciencesBranišovská 1160/31České Budějovice37005Czech Republic
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaBranišovská 1160/31České Budějovice37005Czech Republic
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of OstravaChittussiho 983/10Ostrava71000Czech Republic
| | - Joel B. Dacks
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of SciencesBranišovská 1160/31České Budějovice37005Czech Republic
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of MedicineUniversity of Alberta1‐124 Clinical Sciences Building, 11350‐83 AvenueEdmontonT6G 2R3AlbertaCanada
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and the EnvironmentUniversity College LondonDarwin Building, Gower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUK
| | - Dave Speijer
- Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamMeibergdreef 15Amsterdam1105 AZThe Netherlands
| | - Mark C. Field
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of SciencesBranišovská 1160/31České Budějovice37005Czech Republic
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDow StreetDundeeDD1 5EHScotlandUK
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of SciencesBranišovská 1160/31České Budějovice37005Czech Republic
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaBranišovská 1160/31České Budějovice37005Czech Republic
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5
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Peggion C, Barazzuol L, Poggio E, Calì T, Brini M. Ca 2+ signalling: A common language for organelles crosstalk in Parkinson's disease. Cell Calcium 2023; 115:102783. [PMID: 37597300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by multifactorial pathogenic mechanisms. Familial PD is linked with genetic mutations in genes whose products are either associated with mitochondrial function or endo-lysosomal pathways. Of note, mitochondria are essential to sustain high energy demanding synaptic activity of neurons and alterations in mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling have been proposed as causal events for neurodegenerative process, although the mechanisms responsible for the selective loss of specific neuronal populations in the different neurodegenerative diseases is still not clear. Here, we specifically discuss the importance of a correct mitochondrial communication with the other organelles occurring at regions where their membranes become in close contact. We discuss the nature and the role of contact sites that mitochondria establish with ER, lysosomes, and peroxisomes, and how PD related proteins participate in the regulation/dysregulation of the tethering complexes. Unravelling molecular details of mitochondria tethering could contribute to identify specific therapeutic targets and develop new strategies to counteract the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elena Poggio
- Department of Biology (DIBIO), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Tito Calì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Italy; Study Center for Neurodegeneration (CESNE), University of Padova, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Marisa Brini
- Department of Biology (DIBIO), University of Padova, Italy; Study Center for Neurodegeneration (CESNE), University of Padova, Italy.
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6
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Fission Impossible (?)-New Insights into Disorders of Peroxisome Dynamics. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121922. [PMID: 35741050 PMCID: PMC9221819 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are highly dynamic and responsive organelles, which can adjust their morphology, number, intracellular position, and metabolic functions according to cellular needs. Peroxisome multiplication in mammalian cells involves the concerted action of the membrane-shaping protein PEX11β and division proteins, such as the membrane adaptors FIS1 and MFF, which recruit the fission GTPase DRP1 to the peroxisomal membrane. The latter proteins are also involved in mitochondrial division. Patients with loss of DRP1, MFF or PEX11β function have been identified, showing abnormalities in peroxisomal (and, for the shared proteins, mitochondrial) dynamics as well as developmental and neurological defects, whereas the metabolic functions of the organelles are often unaffected. Here, we provide a timely update on peroxisomal membrane dynamics with a particular focus on peroxisome formation by membrane growth and division. We address the function of PEX11β in these processes, as well as the role of peroxisome–ER contacts in lipid transfer for peroxisomal membrane expansion. Furthermore, we summarize the clinical phenotypes and pathophysiology of patients with defects in the key division proteins DRP1, MFF, and PEX11β as well as in the peroxisome–ER tether ACBD5. Potential therapeutic strategies for these rare disorders with limited treatment options are discussed.
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7
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Carmichael RE, Schrader M. Determinants of Peroxisome Membrane Dynamics. Front Physiol 2022; 13:834411. [PMID: 35185625 PMCID: PMC8853631 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.834411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organelles within the cell are highly dynamic entities, requiring dramatic morphological changes to support their function and maintenance. As a result, organelle membranes are also highly dynamic, adapting to a range of topologies as the organelle changes shape. In particular, peroxisomes—small, ubiquitous organelles involved in lipid metabolism and reactive oxygen species homeostasis—display a striking plasticity, for example, during the growth and division process by which they proliferate. During this process, the membrane of an existing peroxisome elongates to form a tubule, which then constricts and ultimately undergoes scission to generate new peroxisomes. Dysfunction of this plasticity leads to diseases with developmental and neurological phenotypes, highlighting the importance of peroxisome dynamics for healthy cell function. What controls the dynamics of peroxisomal membranes, and how this influences the dynamics of the peroxisomes themselves, is just beginning to be understood. In this review, we consider how the composition, biophysical properties, and protein-lipid interactions of peroxisomal membranes impacts on their dynamics, and in turn on the biogenesis and function of peroxisomes. In particular, we focus on the effect of the peroxin PEX11 on the peroxisome membrane, and its function as a major regulator of growth and division. Understanding the roles and regulation of peroxisomal membrane dynamics necessitates a multidisciplinary approach, encompassing knowledge across a range of model species and a number of fields including lipid biochemistry, biophysics and computational biology. Here, we present an integrated overview of our current understanding of the determinants of peroxisome membrane dynamics, and reflect on the outstanding questions still remaining to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Carmichael
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Schrader
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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8
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Zhou J, Terluk MR, Orchard PJ, Cloyd JC, Kartha RV. N-Acetylcysteine Reverses the Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induced by Very Long-Chain Fatty Acids in Murine Oligodendrocyte Model of Adrenoleukodystrophy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121826. [PMID: 34944641 PMCID: PMC8698433 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of saturated very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA, ≥C22:0) due to peroxisomal impairment leads to oxidative stress and neurodegeneration in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). Among the neural supporting cells, myelin-producing oligodendrocytes are the most sensitive to the detrimental effect of VLCFA. Here, we characterized the mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death induced by VLFCA, and examined whether N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant, prevents the cytotoxicity. We exposed murine oligodendrocytes (158 N) to hexacosanoic acid (C26:0, 1-100 µM) for 24 h and measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death. Low concentrations of C26:0 (≤25 µM) induced a mild effect on cell survival with no alterations in ROS or total glutathione (GSH) concentrations. However, analysis of the mitochondrial status of cells treated with C26:0 (25 µM) revealed depletion in mitochondrial GSH (mtGSH) and a decrease in the inner membrane potential. These results indicate that VLCFA disturbs the mitochondrial membrane potential causing ROS accumulation, oxidative stress, and cell death. We further tested whether NAC (500 µM) can prevent the mitochondria-specific effects of VLCFA in C26:0-treated oligodendrocytes. Our results demonstrate that NAC improves mtGSH levels and mitochondrial function in oligodendrocytes, indicating that it has potential use in the treatment of ALD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (J.Z.); (M.R.T.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Marcia R. Terluk
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (J.Z.); (M.R.T.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Paul J. Orchard
- Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, 425 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - James C. Cloyd
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (J.Z.); (M.R.T.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Reena V. Kartha
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (J.Z.); (M.R.T.); (J.C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-612-626-2436
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9
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Ma YB, Manzoor R, Jia PP, Bian WP, Hamid N, Xie ZY, Pei DS. Transcriptome and in silico approaches provide new insights into the mechanism of male reproductive toxicity induced by chronic exposure to DEHP. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117944. [PMID: 34391046 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) can affect the male reproductive system in vertebrates, but the underlying molecular mechanism is still elusive. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to dig the in-depth mechanism of DEHP-induced reproductive toxicity on male zebrafish via testicular transcriptome using embryo exposed at the environmentally relevant concentration (ERC) of 100 μg/L for 111 days. Moreover, our results were further confirmed via in silico technique and bioassay experimental in vitro (cell lines) and in vivo (zebrafish). The results showed DEHP exposure could affect male spermatogenesis, altered gonad histology, and reduced egg fertilization rate. Transcriptome analysis identified 1879 significant differentially expressed genes enriched in the exposure group. Twenty-seven genes related to three pathways of reproduction behavior were further validated by qPCR. In silico molecular docking revealed that DEHP and its metabolism bind to the zebrafish progesterone receptor (Pgr), suggesting the potential disruption of DEHP to the normal Pgr signaling. To further validate it, a wild-type Pgr plasmid and its mutants on specific binding sites were constructed. The transfection and microinjection experiment demonstrated that these binding sites mutations of Pgr affected the expression levels of male reproductive toxicity. Taken together, our study provided new insight into the molecular mechanisms of male reproductive toxicity induced by DEHP, and Pgr may serve as an important target binding by DEHP pollution, which needs further study in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bo Ma
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rakia Manzoor
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Pan-Pan Jia
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wan-Ping Bian
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Naima Hamid
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhuo-Yuan Xie
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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10
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Nuebel E, Morgan JT, Fogarty S, Winter JM, Lettlova S, Berg JA, Chen YC, Kidwell CU, Maschek JA, Clowers KJ, Argyriou C, Chen L, Wittig I, Cox JE, Roh-Johnson M, Braverman N, Bonkowsky J, Gygi SP, Rutter J. The biochemical basis of mitochondrial dysfunction in Zellweger Spectrum Disorder. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51991. [PMID: 34351705 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomal biogenesis disorders (PBDs) are genetic disorders of peroxisome biogenesis and metabolism that are characterized by profound developmental and neurological phenotypes. The most severe class of PBDs-Zellweger spectrum disorder (ZSD)-is caused by mutations in peroxin genes that result in both non-functional peroxisomes and mitochondrial dysfunction. It is unclear, however, how defective peroxisomes contribute to mitochondrial impairment. In order to understand the molecular basis of this inter-organellar relationship, we investigated the fate of peroxisomal mRNAs and proteins in ZSD model systems. We found that peroxins were still expressed and a subset of them accumulated on the mitochondrial membrane, which resulted in gross mitochondrial abnormalities and impaired mitochondrial metabolic function. We showed that overexpression of ATAD1, a mitochondrial quality control factor, was sufficient to rescue several aspects of mitochondrial function in human ZSD fibroblasts. Together, these data suggest that aberrant peroxisomal protein localization is necessary and sufficient for the devastating mitochondrial morphological and metabolic phenotypes in ZSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Nuebel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Noorda College of Osteopathic Medicine, Provo, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Morgan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sarah Fogarty
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jacob M Winter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sandra Lettlova
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jordan A Berg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Yu-Chan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Chelsea U Kidwell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - J Alan Maschek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Metabolomics, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Research Facilities, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Katie J Clowers
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Lingxiao Chen
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, ON, Canada
| | - Ilka Wittig
- Functional Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - James E Cox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Metabolomics, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Research Facilities, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Minna Roh-Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Nancy Braverman
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, ON, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, ON, Canada
| | - Joshua Bonkowsky
- Primary Children's Hospital, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jared Rutter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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11
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Hao Z, Li Z, Huo J, Li J, Liu F, Yin P. Effects of Chinese wolfberry and Astragalus extract on the antioxidant capacity of Tibetan pig liver. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245749. [PMID: 33503027 PMCID: PMC7840052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to determine the effect of Chinese wolfberry (Lycium barbarum) and Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus) extract (WAE) on the antioxidant capacity of Tibetan pig liver, and discussed the regulatory effect of WAE on the liver antioxidant mechanism. Twelve healthy 120-day-old Tibetan black pigs (35±2 kg) were divided randomly into two groups. The WAE group was fed a basal diet supplemented with 1% WAE for 90 days. The control group was fed the same diet, but without the WAE. We found that liver superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) activity (P<0.05), total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC) (P<0.05), and catalase (CAT) activity (P<0.01) significantly increased in the WAE group compared with the control group; malondialdehyde (MDA) content decreased, but this was not significant (P >0.05). Transcriptome sequencing analysis detected 106 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to oxidative stress. GO enrichment analysis showed these DEGs were involved in the positive regulation of reactive oxygen metabolism and biosynthesis, process regulation, and regulation of the oxidative stress response. KEGG Pathway enrichment analysis showed they were enriched in the PI3K-Akt, AMPK, Rap1, and peroxisome signaling pathways. The expression levels of key peroxisome biosynthesis genes (e.g., PEX3 and PEX11B) and key antioxidant genes (e.g., CAT and SOD1) were significantly higher in the WAE group than in the control group. The PRDX1 and PRDX5 content also was significantly higher in the WAE group. This study showed that the WAE regulated the antioxidant and anti-stress ability of Tibetan pig liver through a "peroxisome antioxidant-oxidant stress" signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Hao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jinjin Huo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jiandong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Fenghua Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Yin
- Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Ray B, Bhat A, Mahalakshmi AM, Tuladhar S, Bishir M, Mohan SK, Veeraraghavan VP, Chandra R, Essa MM, Chidambaram SB, Sakharkar MK. Mitochondrial and Organellar Crosstalk in Parkinson's Disease. ASN Neuro 2021; 13:17590914211028364. [PMID: 34304614 PMCID: PMC8317254 DOI: 10.1177/17590914211028364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a well-established pathological event in Parkinson's disease (PD). Proteins misfolding and its impaired cellular clearance due to altered autophagy/mitophagy/pexophagy contribute to PD progression. It has been shown that mitochondria have contact sites with endoplasmic reticulum (ER), peroxisomes and lysosomes that are involved in regulating various physiological processes. In pathological conditions, the crosstalk at the contact sites initiates alterations in intracellular vesicular transport, calcium homeostasis and causes activation of proteases, protein misfolding and impairment of autophagy. Apart from the well-reported molecular changes like mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired autophagy/mitophagy and oxidative stress in PD, here we have summarized the recent scientific reports to provide the mechanistic insights on the altered communications between ER, peroxisomes, and lysosomes at mitochondrial contact sites. Furthermore, the manuscript elaborates on the contributions of mitochondrial contact sites and organelles dysfunction to the pathogenesis of PD and suggests potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipul Ray
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Abid Bhat
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | | | - Sunanda Tuladhar
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Muhammed Bishir
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Surapaneni Krishna Mohan
- Department of Biochemistry, Panimalar Medical College Hospital & Research Institute, Varadharajapuram, Poonamallee, Chennai – 600123, India
| | - Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai - 600 077, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Drug Discovery & Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- Aging and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
- Visiting Professor, Biomedical Sciences department, University of Pacific, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Meena Kishore Sakharkar
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK- S7N 5A2, Canada
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13
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Imoto Y, Itoh K, Fujiki Y. Molecular Basis of Mitochondrial and Peroxisomal Division Machineries. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5452. [PMID: 32751702 PMCID: PMC7432047 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria and peroxisomes are ubiquitous subcellular organelles that are highly dynamic and possess a high degree of plasticity. These organelles proliferate through division of pre-existing organelles. Studies on yeast, mammalian cells, and unicellular algae have led to a surprising finding that mitochondria and peroxisomes share the components of their division machineries. At the heart of the mitochondrial and peroxisomal division machineries is a GTPase dynamin-like protein, Dnm1/Drp1, which forms a contractile ring around the neck of the dividing organelles. During division, Dnm1/Drp1 functions as a motor protein and constricts the membrane. This mechanochemical work is achieved by utilizing energy from GTP hydrolysis. Over the last two decades, studies have focused on the structure and assembly of Dnm1/Drp1 molecules around the neck. However, the regulation of GTP during the division of mitochondrion and peroxisome is not well understood. Here, we review the current understanding of Dnm1/Drp1-mediated divisions of mitochondria and peroxisomes, exploring the mechanisms of GTP regulation during the Dnm1/Drp1 function, and provide new perspectives on their potential contribution to mitochondrial and peroxisomal biogenesis.
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Grants
- 14J04556 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Fellowships
- P24247038, JP25112518, JP25116717, JP26116007, JP15K14511, JP15K21743, JP17H03675 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuta Imoto
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Kie Itoh
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Yukio Fujiki
- Division of Organelle Homeostasis, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, Hisayama-cho, Fukuoka 811-2501, Japan
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14
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Huang X, Jiang C, Yu L, Yang A. Current and Emerging Approaches for Studying Inter-Organelle Membrane Contact Sites. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:195. [PMID: 32292782 PMCID: PMC7118198 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-organelle membrane contact sites (MCSs) are classically defined as areas of close proximity between heterologous membranes and established by specific proteins (termed tethers). The interest on MCSs has rapidly increased in the last years, since MCSs play a crucial role in the transfer of cellular components between different organelles and have been involved in important cellular functions such as apoptosis, organelle division and biogenesis, and cell growth. Recently, an unprecedented depth and breadth in insights into the details of MCSs have been uncovered. On one hand, extensive MCSs (organelles interactome) are revealed by comprehensive analysis of organelle network with high temporal-spatial resolution at the system level. On the other hand, more and more tethers involving in MCSs are identified and further works are focusing on addressing the role of these tethers in regulating the function of MCSs at the molecular level. These enormous progresses largely depend on the powerful approaches, including several different types of microscopies and various biochemical techniques. These approaches have greatly accelerated recent advances in MCSs at the system and molecular level. In this review, we summarize the current and emerging approaches for studying MCSs, such as various microscopies, proximity-driven fluorescent signal generation and proximity-dependent biotinylation. In addition, we highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the techniques to provide a general guidance for the study of MCSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lihua Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Aimin Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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15
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Hwang I, Uddin MJ, Pak ES, Kang H, Jin EJ, Jo S, Kang D, Lee H, Ha H. The impaired redox balance in peroxisomes of catalase knockout mice accelerates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through endoplasmic reticulum stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 148:22-32. [PMID: 31877356 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are essential organelles for maintaining the homeostasis of lipids and reactive oxygen species (ROS). While oxidative stress-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays an important role in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the role of peroxisomes in ROS-mediated ER stress in the development of NAFLD remains elusive. We investigated whether an impaired peroxisomal redox state accelerates NAFLD by activating ER stress by inhibiting catalase, an antioxidant expressed exclusively in peroxisomes. Wild-type (WT) and catalase knockout (CKO) mice were fed either a normal diet or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 11 weeks. HFD-induced phenotype changes and liver injury accompanied by ER stress and peroxisomal dysfunction were accelerated in CKO mice compared to WT mice. Interestingly, these changes were also significantly increased in CKO mice fed a normal diet. Inhibition of catalase by 3-aminotriazole in hepatocytes resulted in the following effects: (i) increased peroxisomal H2O2 levels as measured by a peroxisome-targeted H2O2 probe (HyPer-P); (ii) elevated intracellular ROS; (iii) decreased peroxisomal biogenesis; (iv) activated ER stress; (v) induced lipogenic genes and neutral lipid accumulation; and (vi) suppressed insulin signaling cascade associated with JNK activation. N-acetylcysteine or 4-phenylbutyric acid effectively prevented those alterations. These results suggest that a redox imbalance in peroxisomes perturbs cellular metabolism through the activation of ER stress in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inah Hwang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seon Pak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeji Kang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chunbuk, 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Suin Jo
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmin Kang
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyukjin Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Modulation of Metamorphic and Regenerative Events by Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Exposure in Tadpoles, Xenopus laevis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9142860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric pressure plasma has found wide clinical applications including wound healing, tissue regeneration, sterilization, and cancer treatment. Here, we have investigated its effect on developmental processes like metamorphosis and tail regeneration in tadpoles. Plasma exposure hastens the process of tail regeneration but delays metamorphic development. The observed differences in these two developmental processes following plasma exposure are indicative of physiological costs associated with developmental plasticity for their survival. Ultrastructural changes in epidermis and mitochondria in response to the stress of tail amputation and plasma exposure show characteristics of cellular hypoxia and oxidative stress. Mitochondria show morphological changes such as swelling with wide and fewer cristae and seem to undergo processes such as fission and fusion. Complex interactions between calcium, peroxisomes, mitochondria and their pore transition pathways are responsible for changes in mitochondrial structure and function, suggesting the subcellular site of action of plasma in this system.
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17
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Lee JS, Wilson ME, Richardson RA, Haswell ES. Genetic and physical interactions between the organellar mechanosensitive ion channel homologs MSL1, MSL2, and MSL3 reveal a role for inter-organellar communication in plant development. PLANT DIRECT 2019; 3:e00124. [PMID: 31245767 PMCID: PMC6508831 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant development requires communication on many levels, including between cells and between organelles within a cell. For example, mitochondria and plastids have been proposed to be sensors of environmental stress and to coordinate their responses. Here we present evidence for communication between mitochondria and chloroplasts during leaf and root development, based on genetic and physical interactions between three Mechanosensitive channel of Small conductance-Like (MSL) proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana. MSL proteins are Arabidopsis homologs of the bacterial Mechanosensitive channel of Small conductance (MscS), which relieves cellular osmotic pressure to protect against lysis during hypoosmotic shock. MSL1 localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane, while MSL2 and MSL3 localize to the inner plastid membrane and are required to maintain plastid osmotic homeostasis during normal growth and development. In this study, we characterized the phenotypic effect of a genetic lesion in MSL1, both in wild type and in msl2 msl3 mutant backgrounds. msl1 single mutants appear wild type for all phenotypes examined. The characteristic leaf rumpling in msl2 msl3 double mutants was exacerbated in the msl1 msl2 msl3 triple mutant. However, the introduction of the msl1 lesion into the msl2 msl3 mutant background suppressed other msl2 msl3 mutant phenotypes, including ectopic callus formation, accumulation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in the shoot apical meristem, decreased root length, and reduced number of lateral roots. All these phenotypes could be recovered by molecular complementation with a transgene containing a wild type version of MSL1. In yeast-based interaction studies, MSL1 interacted with itself, but not with MSL2 or MSL3. These results establish that the abnormalities observed in msl2 msl3 double mutants is partially dependent on the presence of functional MSL1 and suggest a possible role for communication between plastid and mitochondria in seedling development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine S. Lee
- NSF Center for Engineering MechanoBiologyDepartment of BiologyWashington University in Saint LouisSaint LouisMissouri
- Present address:
Broad InstituteCambridgeMassachusetts
| | - Margaret E. Wilson
- NSF Center for Engineering MechanoBiologyDepartment of BiologyWashington University in Saint LouisSaint LouisMissouri
- Present address:
Donald Danforth Plant Science CenterSaint LouisMissouri
| | - Ryan A. Richardson
- NSF Center for Engineering MechanoBiologyDepartment of BiologyWashington University in Saint LouisSaint LouisMissouri
| | - Elizabeth S. Haswell
- NSF Center for Engineering MechanoBiologyDepartment of BiologyWashington University in Saint LouisSaint LouisMissouri
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18
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Tanaka H, Okazaki T, Aoyama S, Yokota M, Koike M, Okada Y, Fujiki Y, Gotoh Y. Peroxisomes control mitochondrial dynamics and the mitochondrion-dependent pathway of apoptosis. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.224766. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.224766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes cooperate with mitochondria in the performance of cellular metabolic functions such as fatty acid oxidation and maintenance of redox homeostasis. Whether peroxisomes also regulate mitochondrial fission-fusion dynamics or mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis has remained unclear, however. We now show that genetic ablation of the peroxins Pex3 or Pex5, which are essential for peroxisome biogenesis, resulted in mitochondrial fragmentation in MEFs in a manner dependent on Drp1. Conversely, treatment with 4-PBA, a peroxisome proliferator, resulted in mitochondrial elongation in wild-type MEFs, but not in Pex3-deficient MEFs. We further found that peroxisome deficiency increased the levels of cytosolic cytochrome c and caspase activity under basal conditions without inducing apoptosis. It also greatly enhanced etoposide-induced caspase activation and apoptosis, indicative of an enhanced cellular sensitivity to death signals. Together, our data unveil a previously unrecognized role of peroxisomes in the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis. Effects of peroxin genes mutations on mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis may contribute to pathogenesis of peroxisome biogenesis disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IRCN, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Okazaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IRCN, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Saeko Aoyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IRCN, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Yokota
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masato Koike
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okada
- Laboratory for Cell Dynamics Observation, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
- Department of Physics, Universal Biology Institute (UBI), and the International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yukio Fujiki
- Division of Organelle Homeostasis, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yukiko Gotoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IRCN, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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19
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Wali G, Sue CM, Mackay-Sim A. Patient-Derived Stem Cell Models in SPAST HSP: Disease Modelling and Drug Discovery. Brain Sci 2018; 8:E142. [PMID: 30065201 PMCID: PMC6120041 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8080142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia is an inherited, progressive paralysis of the lower limbs first described by Adolph Strümpell in 1883 with a further detailed description of the disease by Maurice Lorrain in 1888. Today, more than 100 years after the first case of HSP was described, we still do not know how mutations in HSP genes lead to degeneration of the corticospinal motor neurons. This review describes how patient-derived stem cells contribute to understanding the disease mechanism at the cellular level and use this for discovery of potential new therapeutics, focusing on SPAST mutations, the most common cause of HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Wali
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia.
| | - Carolyn M Sue
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia.
| | - Alan Mackay-Sim
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
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20
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Delprat B, Maurice T, Delettre C. Wolfram syndrome: MAMs' connection? Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:364. [PMID: 29511163 PMCID: PMC5840383 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Wolfram syndrome (WS) is a rare neurodegenerative disease, the main pathological hallmarks of which associate with diabetes, optic atrophy, and deafness. Other symptoms may be identified in some but not all patients. Prognosis is poor, with death occurring around 35 years of age. To date, no treatment is available. WS was first described as a mitochondriopathy. However, the localization of the protein on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane challenged this hypothesis. ER contacts mitochondria to ensure effective Ca2+ transfer, lipids transfer, and apoptosis within stabilized and functionalized microdomains, termed “mitochondria-associated ER membranes” (MAMs). Two types of WS are characterized so far and Wolfram syndrome type 2 is due to mutation in CISD2, a protein mostly expressed in MAMs. The aim of the present review is to collect evidences showing that WS is indeed a mitochondriopathy, with established MAM dysfunction, and thus share commonalities with several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as metabolic diseases, such as diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Delprat
- INSERM UMR-S1198, 34095, Montpellier, France. .,University of Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France.
| | - Tangui Maurice
- INSERM UMR-S1198, 34095, Montpellier, France.,University of Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Cécile Delettre
- University of Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France. .,INSERM UMR-S1051, Institute of Neurosciences of Montpellier, 34090, Montpellier, France.
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21
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Redox crosstalk at endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane contact sites (MCS) uses toxic waste to deliver messages. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:331. [PMID: 29491367 PMCID: PMC5832433 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many cellular redox reactions housed within mitochondria, peroxisomes and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) generate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). The contribution of each organelle to the total cellular ROS production is considerable, but varies between cell types and also over time. Redox-regulatory enzymes are thought to assemble at a “redox triangle” formed by mitochondria, peroxisomes and the ER, assembling “redoxosomes” that sense ROS accumulations and redox imbalances. The redoxosome enzymes use ROS, potentially toxic by-products made by some redoxosome members themselves, to transmit inter-compartmental signals via chemical modifications of downstream proteins and lipids. Interestingly, important components of the redoxosome are ER chaperones and oxidoreductases, identifying ER oxidative protein folding as a key ROS producer and controller of the tri-organellar membrane contact sites (MCS) formed at the redox triangle. At these MCS, ROS accumulations could directly facilitate inter-organellar signal transmission, using ROS transporters. In addition, ROS influence the flux of Ca2+ ions, since many Ca2+ handling proteins, including inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), SERCA pumps or regulators of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) are redox-sensitive. Fine-tuning of these redox and ion signaling pathways might be difficult in older organisms, suggesting a dysfunctional redox triangle may accompany the aging process.
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22
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Singh I, Samuvel DJ, Choi S, Saxena N, Singh AK, Won J. Combination therapy of lovastatin and AMP-activated protein kinase activator improves mitochondrial and peroxisomal functions and clinical disease in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model. Immunology 2018; 154:434-451. [PMID: 29331024 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies report that loss and dysfunction of mitochondria and peroxisomes contribute to the myelin and axonal damage in multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, we investigated the efficacy of a combination of lovastatin and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator (AICAR) on the loss and dysfunction of mitochondria and peroxisomes and myelin and axonal damage in spinal cords, relative to the clinical disease symptoms, using a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE, a model for MS). We observed that lovastatin and AICAR treatments individually provided partial protection of mitochondria/peroxisomes and myelin/axons, and therefore partial attenuation of clinical disease in EAE mice. However, treatment of EAE mice with the lovastatin and AICAR combination provided greater protection of mitochondria/peroxisomes and myelin/axons, and greater improvement in clinical disease compared with individual drug treatments. In spinal cords of EAE mice, lovastatin-mediated inhibition of RhoA and AICAR-mediated activation of AMPK cooperatively enhanced the expression of the transcription factors and regulators (e.g. PPARα/β, SIRT-1, NRF-1, and TFAM) required for biogenesis and the functions of mitochondria (e.g. OXPHOS, MnSOD) and peroxisomes (e.g. PMP70 and catalase). In summary, these studies document that oral medication with a combination of lovastatin and AICAR, which are individually known to have immunomodulatory effects, provides potent protection and repair of inflammation-induced loss and dysfunction of mitochondria and peroxisomes as well as myelin and axonal abnormalities in EAE. As statins are known to provide protection in progressive MS (Phase II study), these studies support that supplementation statin treatment with an AMPK activator may provide greater efficacy against MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inderjit Singh
- Charles P. Darby Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Devadoss J Samuvel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Seungho Choi
- Charles P. Darby Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Nishant Saxena
- Charles P. Darby Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Avtar K Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jeseong Won
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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23
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Abstract
A large amount of ultrastructural, biochemical and molecular analysis indicates that peroxisomes and mitochondria not only share the same subcellular space but also maintain considerable overlap in their proteins, responses and functions. Recent approaches using imaging of fluorescent proteins targeted to both organelles in living plant cells are beginning to show the dynamic nature of their interactivity. Based on the observations of living cells, mitochondria respond rapidly to stress by undergoing fission. Mitochondrial fission is suggested to release key membrane-interacting members of the FISSION1 and DYNAMIN RELATED PROTEIN3 families and appears to be followed by the formation of thin peroxisomal extensions called peroxules. In a model we present the peroxules as an intermediate state prior to the formation of tubular peroxisomes, which, in turn are acted upon by the constriction-related proteins released by mitochondria and undergo rapid constriction and fission to increase the number of peroxisomes in a cell. The fluorescent protein aided imaging of peroxisome-mitochondria interaction provides visual evidence for their cooperation in maintenance of cellular homeostasis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep Mathur
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada.
| | - Aymen Shaikh
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Neeta Mathur
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
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24
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Walker CL, Pomatto LCD, Tripathi DN, Davies KJA. Redox Regulation of Homeostasis and Proteostasis in Peroxisomes. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:89-115. [PMID: 29167332 PMCID: PMC6335096 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00033.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are highly dynamic intracellular organelles involved in a variety of metabolic functions essential for the metabolism of long-chain fatty acids, d-amino acids, and many polyamines. A byproduct of peroxisomal metabolism is the generation, and subsequent detoxification, of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, particularly hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Because of its relatively low reactivity (as a mild oxidant), H2O2 has a comparatively long intracellular half-life and a high diffusion rate, all of which makes H2O2 an efficient signaling molecule. Peroxisomes also have intricate connections to mitochondria, and both organelles appear to play important roles in regulating redox signaling pathways. Peroxisomal proteins are also subject to oxidative modification and inactivation by the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species they generate, but the peroxisomal LonP2 protease can selectively remove such oxidatively damaged proteins, thus prolonging the useful lifespan of the organelle. Peroxisomal homeostasis must adapt to the metabolic state of the cell, by a combination of peroxisome proliferation, the removal of excess or badly damaged organelles by autophagy (pexophagy), as well as by processes of peroxisome inheritance and motility. More recently the tumor suppressors ataxia telangiectasia mutate (ATM) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), which regulate mTORC1 signaling, have been found to regulate pexophagy in response to variable levels of certain reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. It is now clear that any significant loss of peroxisome homeostasis can have devastating physiological consequences. Peroxisome dysregulation has been implicated in several metabolic diseases, and increasing evidence highlights the important role of diminished peroxisomal functions in aging processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L Walker
- Center for Precision Environmental Health and Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center and Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences of the Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Laura C D Pomatto
- Center for Precision Environmental Health and Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center and Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences of the Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Durga Nand Tripathi
- Center for Precision Environmental Health and Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center and Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences of the Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kelvin J A Davies
- Center for Precision Environmental Health and Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center and Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences of the Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Song J, Kang YH, Yoon S, Chun CH, Jin EJ. HIF-1α:CRAT:miR-144-3p axis dysregulation promotes osteoarthritis chondrocyte apoptosis and VLCFA accumulation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:69351-69361. [PMID: 29050208 PMCID: PMC5642483 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional role(s) of peroxisomes in osteoarthritis remains unclear. We demonstrated that peroxisomal dysfunction in osteoarthritis is responsible for very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) accumulation. Through gene-profiling analyses, we identified CRAT as the gene responsible for this event. CRAT expression was suppressed in osteoarthritis chondrocytes, and its knockdown yielded pathological osteoarthritic characteristics, including VLCFA accumulation, apoptosis, autophagic inhibition, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Subsequent miRNA profiling revealed that peroxisomal dysfunction upregulates miR-144-3p, which overlapped with the osteoarthritis pathological characteristics observed upon CRAT knockdown. Moreover, knocking down HIF-1α in normal chondrocytes suppressed CRAT expression while stimulating miR-144-3p. Our data indicate that deregulation of a HIF-1a:CRAT:miR-144-3p axis impairs peroxisomal function during the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsoo Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chunbuk, Korea
| | - Yeon-Ho Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chunbuk, Korea
| | - Sik Yoon
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Churl-Hong Chun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Chunbuk, Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chunbuk, Korea
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Passmore JB, Pinho S, Gomez-Lazaro M, Schrader M. The respiratory chain inhibitor rotenone affects peroxisomal dynamics via its microtubule-destabilising activity. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 148:331-341. [PMID: 28523458 PMCID: PMC5539279 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-017-1577-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes and mitochondria in mammalian cells are closely linked subcellular organelles, which maintain a redox-sensitive relationship. Their interplay and role in ROS signalling are supposed to impact on age-related and degenerative disorders. Whereas the generation of peroxisome-derived oxidative stress can affect mitochondrial morphology and function, little is known about the impact of mitochondria-derived oxidative stress on peroxisomes. Here, we investigated the effect of the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor rotenone on peroxisomal and mitochondrial membrane dynamics. We show that rotenone treatment of COS-7 cells alters peroxisome morphology and distribution. However, this effect is related to its microtubule-destabilising activity rather than to the generation of oxidative stress. Rotenone also induced alterations in mitochondrial morphology, which-in contrast to its effect on peroxisomes-were dependent on the generation of ROS but independent of its microtubule-active properties. The importance of our findings for the peroxisome-mitochondria redox relationship and the interpretation of in cellulo and in vivo studies with rotenone, which is widely used to study Parkinson's disease, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah B Passmore
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Sonia Pinho
- Centre for Cell Biology & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria Gomez-Lazaro
- Centre for Cell Biology & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Michael Schrader
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
- Centre for Cell Biology & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Abstract
Recently, the group of McBride reported a stunning observation regarding peroxisome biogenesis: newly born peroxisomes are hybrids of mitochondrial and ER-derived pre-peroxisomes. What was stunning? Studies performed with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae had convincingly shown that peroxisomes are ER-derived, without indications for mitochondrial involvement. However, the recent finding using fibroblasts dovetails nicely with a mechanism inferred to be driving the eukaryotic invention of peroxisomes: reduction of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation associated with fatty acid (FA) oxidation. This not only explains the mitochondrial involvement, but also its apparent absence in yeast. The latest results allow a reconstruction of the evolution of the yeast's highly derived metabolism and its limitations as a model organism in this instance. As I review here, peroxisomes are eukaryotic inventions reflecting mutual host endosymbiont adaptations: this is predicted by symbiogenetic theory, which states that the defining eukaryotic characteristics evolved as a result of mutual adaptations of two merging prokaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Speijer
- Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Schrader M, Pellegrini L. The making of a mammalian peroxisome, version 2.0: mitochondria get into the mix. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1148-1152. [PMID: 28409773 PMCID: PMC5520164 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent report from the Laboratory of Heidi McBride (McGill University) presents a role for mitochondria in the de novo biogenesis of peroxisomes in mammalian cells. Peroxisomes are essential organelles responsible for a wide variety of biochemical functions, from the generation of bile to plasmalogen synthesis, reduction of peroxides, and the oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids. Like mitochondria, peroxisomes proliferate primarily through growth and division of pre-existing peroxisomes. However, unlike mitochondria, peroxisomes do not fuse; further, and perhaps most importantly, they can also be born de novo, a process thought to occur through the generation of pre-peroxisomal vesicles that originate from the endoplasmic reticulum. De novo peroxisome biogenesis has been extensively studied in yeast, with a major focus on the role of the ER in this process; however, in the mammalian system this field is much less explored. By exploiting patient cells lacking mature peroxisomes, the McBride laboratory now assigns a role to ER and mitochondria in de novo mammalian peroxisome biogenesis by showing that the formation of immature pre-peroxisomes occurs through the fusion of Pex3-/Pex14-containing mitochondria-derived vesicles with Pex16-containing ER-derived vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Pellegrini
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Universitè Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
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Being right on Q: shaping eukaryotic evolution. Biochem J 2017; 473:4103-4127. [PMID: 27834740 PMCID: PMC5103874 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation by mitochondria is an incompletely understood eukaryotic process. I proposed a kinetic model [BioEssays (2011) 33, 88–94] in which the ratio between electrons entering the respiratory chain via FADH2 or NADH (the F/N ratio) is a crucial determinant of ROS formation. During glucose breakdown, the ratio is low, while during fatty acid breakdown, the ratio is high (the longer the fatty acid, the higher is the ratio), leading to higher ROS levels. Thus, breakdown of (very-long-chain) fatty acids should occur without generating extra FADH2 in mitochondria. This explains peroxisome evolution. A potential ROS increase could also explain the absence of fatty acid oxidation in long-lived cells (neurons) as well as other eukaryotic adaptations, such as dynamic supercomplex formation. Effective combinations of metabolic pathways from the host and the endosymbiont (mitochondrion) allowed larger varieties of substrates (with different F/N ratios) to be oxidized, but high F/N ratios increase ROS formation. This might have led to carnitine shuttles, uncoupling proteins, and multiple antioxidant mechanisms, especially linked to fatty acid oxidation [BioEssays (2014) 36, 634–643]. Recent data regarding peroxisome evolution and their relationships with mitochondria, ROS formation by Complex I during ischaemia/reperfusion injury, and supercomplex formation adjustment to F/N ratios strongly support the model. I will further discuss the model in the light of experimental findings regarding mitochondrial ROS formation.
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Wangler MF, Chao YH, Bayat V, Giagtzoglou N, Shinde AB, Putluri N, Coarfa C, Donti T, Graham BH, Faust JE, McNew JA, Moser A, Sardiello M, Baes M, Bellen HJ. Peroxisomal biogenesis is genetically and biochemically linked to carbohydrate metabolism in Drosophila and mouse. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006825. [PMID: 28640802 PMCID: PMC5480855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBD) are a group of multi-system human diseases due to mutations in the PEX genes that are responsible for peroxisome assembly and function. These disorders lead to global defects in peroxisomal function and result in severe brain, liver, bone and kidney disease. In order to study their pathogenesis we undertook a systematic genetic and biochemical study of Drosophila pex16 and pex2 mutants. These mutants are short-lived with defects in locomotion and activity. Moreover these mutants exhibit severe morphologic and functional peroxisomal defects. Using metabolomics we uncovered defects in multiple biochemical pathways including defects outside the canonical specialized lipid pathways performed by peroxisomal enzymes. These included unanticipated changes in metabolites in glycolysis, glycogen metabolism, and the pentose phosphate pathway, carbohydrate metabolic pathways that do not utilize known peroxisomal enzymes. In addition, mutant flies are starvation sensitive and are very sensitive to glucose deprivation exhibiting dramatic shortening of lifespan and hyperactivity on low-sugar food. We use bioinformatic transcriptional profiling to examine gene co-regulation between peroxisomal genes and other metabolic pathways and we observe that the expression of peroxisomal and carbohydrate pathway genes in flies and mouse are tightly correlated. Indeed key steps in carbohydrate metabolism were found to be strongly co-regulated with peroxisomal genes in flies and mice. Moreover mice lacking peroxisomes exhibit defective carbohydrate metabolism at the same key steps in carbohydrate breakdown. Our data indicate an unexpected link between these two metabolic processes and suggest metabolism of carbohydrates could be a new therapeutic target for patients with PBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Wangler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, United States of America
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston TX, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Yu-Hsin Chao
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Vafa Bayat
- Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Nikolaos Giagtzoglou
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Abhijit Babaji Shinde
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nagireddy Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, BCM, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, BCM, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Taraka Donti
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Brett H. Graham
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Joseph E. Faust
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston TX, United States of America
| | - James A. McNew
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston TX, United States of America
| | - Ann Moser
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore MD, United States of America
| | - Marco Sardiello
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Myriam Baes
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, United States of America
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston TX, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, TX, United States of America
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31
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Chemistry and biology of reactive species with special reference to the antioxidative defence status in pancreatic β-cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:1929-1942. [PMID: 28527893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is a serious metabolic disease. Dysfunction and subsequent loss of the β-cells in the islets of Langerhans through apoptosis ultimately cause a life-threatening insulin deficiency. The underlying reason for the particular vulnerability of the β-cells is an extraordinary sensitivity to the toxicity of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) due to its low antioxidative defense status. SCOPE REVIEW This review considers the different aspects of the chemistry and biology of the biologically most important reactive species and their chemico-biological interactions in the β-cell toxicity of proinflammatory cytokines in type 1 diabetes and of lipotoxicity in type 2 diabetes development. MAJOR CONCLUSION The weak antioxidative defense equipment in the different subcellular organelles makes the β-cells particularly vulnerable and prone to mitochondrial, peroxisomal and ER stress. Looking upon the enzyme deficiencies which are responsible for the low antioxidative defense status of the pancreatic β-cells it is the lack of enzymatic capacity for H2O2 inactivation at all major subcellular sites. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Diabetes is the most prevalent metabolic disorder with a steadily increasing incidence of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes worldwide. The weak protection of the pancreatic β-cells against oxidative stress is a major reason for their particular vulnerability. Thus, careful protection of the β-cells is required for prevention of the disease.
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Huang TY, Zheng D, Houmard JA, Brault JJ, Hickner RC, Cortright RN. Overexpression of PGC-1α increases peroxisomal activity and mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in human primary myotubes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 312:E253-E263. [PMID: 28073778 PMCID: PMC5406987 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00331.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are indispensable organelles for lipid metabolism in humans, and their biogenesis has been assumed to be under regulation by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). However, recent studies in hepatocytes suggest that the mitochondrial proliferator PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α) also acts as an upstream transcriptional regulator for enhancing peroxisomal abundance and associated activity. It is unknown whether the regulatory mechanism(s) for enhancing peroxisomal function is through the same node as mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle (HSkM) and whether fatty acid oxidation (FAO) is affected. Primary myotubes from vastus lateralis biopsies from lean donors (BMI = 24.0 ± 0.6 kg/m2; n = 6) were exposed to adenovirus encoding human PGC-1α or GFP control. Peroxisomal biogenesis proteins (peroxins) and genes (PEXs) responsible for proliferation and functions were assessed by Western blotting and real-time qRT-PCR, respectively. [1-14C]palmitic acid and [1-14C]lignoceric acid (exclusive peroxisomal-specific substrate) were used to assess mitochondrial oxidation of peroxisomal-derived metabolites. After overexpression of PGC-1α, 1) peroxisomal membrane protein 70 kDa (PMP70), PEX19, and mitochondrial citrate synthetase protein content were significantly elevated (P < 0.05), 2) PGC-1α, PMP70, key PEXs, and peroxisomal β-oxidation mRNA expression levels were significantly upregulated (P < 0.05), and 3) a concomitant increase in lignoceric acid oxidation by both peroxisomal and mitochondrial activity was observed (P < 0.05). These novel findings demonstrate that, in addition to the proliferative effect on mitochondria, PGC-1α can induce peroxisomal activity and accompanying elevations in long-chain and very-long-chain fatty acid oxidation by a peroxisomal-mitochondrial functional cooperation, as observed in HSkM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Yu Huang
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Donghai Zheng
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Joseph A Houmard
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Jeffrey J Brault
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Robert C Hickner
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- Center for Health Disparities, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina; and
- Department of Biokinetics, Exercise, and Leisure Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, South Africa
| | - Ronald N Cortright
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina;
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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Imoto Y, Abe Y, Okumoto K, Honsho M, Kuroiwa H, Kuroiwa T, Fujiki Y. Defining the dynamin-based ring organizing center on the peroxisome-dividing machinery isolated from Cyanidioschyzon merolae. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:853-867. [PMID: 28115534 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.199182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Organelle division is executed through contraction of a ring-shaped supramolecular dividing machinery. A core component of the machinery is the dynamin-based ring conserved during the division of mitochondrion, plastid and peroxisome. Here, using isolated peroxisome-dividing (POD) machinery from a unicellular red algae, Cyanidioschyzon merolae, we identified a dynamin-based ring organizing center (DOC) that acts as an initiation point for formation of the dynamin-based ring. C. merolae contains a single peroxisome, the division of which can be highly synchronized by light-dark stimulation; thus, intact POD machinery can be isolated in bulk. Dynamin-based ring homeostasis is maintained by the turnover of the GTP-bound form of the dynamin-related protein Dnm1 between the cytosol and division machinery via the DOC. A single DOC is formed on the POD machinery with a diameter of 500-700 nm, and the dynamin-based ring is unidirectionally elongated from the DOC in a manner that is dependent on GTP concentration. During the later step of membrane fission, the second DOC is formed and constructs the double dynamin-based ring to make the machinery thicker. These findings provide new insights to define fundamental mechanisms underlying the dynamin-based membrane fission in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuta Imoto
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuichi Abe
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kanji Okumoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masanori Honsho
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Haruko Kuroiwa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Tsuneyoshi Kuroiwa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Yukio Fujiki
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Costa A, Frezza C. Metabolic Reprogramming and Oncogenesis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 332:213-231. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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O'Mealey GB, Berry WL, Plafker SM. Sulforaphane is a Nrf2-independent inhibitor of mitochondrial fission. Redox Biol 2016; 11:103-110. [PMID: 27889639 PMCID: PMC5126150 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The KEAP1-Nrf2-ARE antioxidant system is a principal means by which cells respond to oxidative and xenobiotic stresses. Sulforaphane (SFN), an electrophilic isothiocyanate derived from cruciferous vegetables, activates the KEAP1-Nrf2-ARE pathway and has become a molecule-of-interest in the treatment of diseases in which chronic oxidative stress plays a major etiological role. We demonstrate here that the mitochondria of cultured, human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE-1) cells treated with SFN undergo hyperfusion that is independent of both Nrf2 and its cytoplasmic inhibitor KEAP1. Mitochondrial fusion has been reported to be cytoprotective by inhibiting pore formation in mitochondria during apoptosis, and consistent with this, we show Nrf2-independent, cytoprotection of SFN-treated cells exposed to the apoptosis-inducer, staurosporine. Mechanistically, SFN mitigates the recruitment and/or retention of the soluble fission factor Drp1 to mitochondria and to peroxisomes but does not affect overall Drp1 abundance. These data demonstrate that the beneficial properties of SFN extend beyond activation of the KEAP1-Nrf2-ARE system and warrant further interrogation given the current use of this agent in multiple clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary B O'Mealey
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - William L Berry
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Scott M Plafker
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.
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36
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Speijer D. Birth of the eukaryotes by a set of reactive innovations: New insights force us to relinquish gradual models. Bioessays 2016; 37:1268-76. [PMID: 26577075 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Of two contending models for eukaryotic evolution the "archezoan" has an amitochondriate eukaryote take up an endosymbiont, while "symbiogenesis" states that an Archaeon became a eukaryote as the result of this uptake. If so, organelle formation resulting from new engulfments is simplified by the primordial symbiogenesis, and less informative regarding the bacterium-to-mitochondrion conversion. Gradualist archezoan visions still permeate evolutionary thinking, but are much less likely than symbiogenesis. Genuine amitochondriate eukaryotes have never been found and rapid, explosive adaptive periods characteristic of symbiogenetic models explain this. Mitochondrial proteomes, encoded by genes of "eukaryotic origin" not easily linked to host or endosymbiont, can be understood in light of rapid adjustments to new evolutionary pressures. Symbiogenesis allows "expensive" eukaryotic inventions via efficient ATP generation by nascent mitochondria. However, efficient ATP production equals enhanced toxic internal ROS formation. The synergistic combination of these two driving forces gave rise to the rapid evolution of eukaryotes. Also watch the Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Speijer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Di Meo S, Reed TT, Venditti P, Victor VM. Role of ROS and RNS Sources in Physiological and Pathological Conditions. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1245049. [PMID: 27478531 PMCID: PMC4960346 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1245049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 772] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is significant evidence that, in living systems, free radicals and other reactive oxygen and nitrogen species play a double role, because they can cause oxidative damage and tissue dysfunction and serve as molecular signals activating stress responses that are beneficial to the organism. Mitochondria have been thought to both play a major role in tissue oxidative damage and dysfunction and provide protection against excessive tissue dysfunction through several mechanisms, including stimulation of opening of permeability transition pores. Until recently, the functional significance of ROS sources different from mitochondria has received lesser attention. However, the most recent data, besides confirming the mitochondrial role in tissue oxidative stress and protection, show interplay between mitochondria and other ROS cellular sources, so that activation of one can lead to activation of other sources. Thus, it is currently accepted that in various conditions all cellular sources of ROS provide significant contribution to processes that oxidatively damage tissues and assure their survival, through mechanisms such as autophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Di Meo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Tanea T. Reed
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY 40475, USA
| | - Paola Venditti
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Victor Manuel Victor
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Dr. Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Peroxisomes are platforms for cytomegalovirus' evasion from the cellular immune response. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26028. [PMID: 27181750 PMCID: PMC4867596 DOI: 10.1038/srep26028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus developed distinct evasion mechanisms from the cellular antiviral response involving vMIA, a virally-encoded protein that is not only able to prevent cellular apoptosis but also to inhibit signalling downstream from mitochondrial MAVS. vMIA has been shown to localize at mitochondria and to trigger their fragmentation, a phenomenon proven to be essential for the signalling inhibition. Here, we demonstrate that vMIA is also localized at peroxisomes, induces their fragmentation and inhibits the peroxisomal-dependent antiviral signalling pathway. Importantly, we demonstrate that peroxisomal fragmentation is not essential for vMIA to specifically inhibit signalling downstream the peroxisomal MAVS. We also show that vMIA interacts with the cytoplasmic chaperone Pex19, suggesting that the virus has developed a strategy to highjack the peroxisomal membrane proteins' transport machinery. Furthermore, we show that vMIA is able to specifically interact with the peroxisomal MAVS. Our results demonstrate that peroxisomes constitute a platform for evasion of the cellular antiviral response and that the human cytomegalovirus has developed a mechanism by which it is able to specifically evade the peroxisomal MAVS-dependent antiviral signalling.
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Fan J, Li X, Issop L, Culty M, Papadopoulos V. ACBD2/ECI2-Mediated Peroxisome-Mitochondria Interactions in Leydig Cell Steroid Biosynthesis. Mol Endocrinol 2016; 30:763-82. [PMID: 27167610 DOI: 10.1210/me.2016-1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid metabolism and steroid biosynthesis are 2 major pathways shared by peroxisomes and mitochondria. Both organelles are in close apposition to the endoplasmic reticulum, with which they communicate via interorganelle membrane contact sites to promote cellular signaling and the exchange of ions and lipids. To date, no convincing evidence of the direct contact between peroxisomes and mitochondria was reported in mammalian cells. Hormone-induced, tightly controlled steroid hormone biosynthesis requires interorganelle interactions. Using immunofluorescent staining and live-cell imaging, we found that dibutyryl-cAMP treatment of MA-10 mouse tumor Leydig cells rapidly induces peroxisomes to approach mitochondria and form peroxisome-mitochondrial contact sites/fusion, revealed by the subcellular distribution of the endogenous acyl-coenzyme A-binding domain (ACBD)2/ECI2 isoform A generated by alternative splicing, and further validated using a proximity ligation assay. This event occurs likely via a peroxisome-like structure, which is mediated by peroxisomal and mitochondrial matrix protein import complexes: peroxisomal import receptor peroxisomal biogenesis factor 5 (PEX5), and the mitochondrial import receptor subunit translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20 homolog (yeast) protein. Similar results were obtained using the mLTC-1 mouse tumor Leydig cells. Ectopic expression of the ACBD2/ECI2 isoform A in MA-10 cells led to increased basal and hormone-stimulated steroid formation, indicating that ACBD2/ECI2-mediated peroxisomes-mitochondria interactions favor in the exchange of metabolites and/or macromolecules between these 2 organelles in support of steroid biosynthesis. Considering the widespread occurrence of the ACBD2/ECI2 protein, we propose that this protein might serve as a tool to assist in understanding the contact between peroxisomes and mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjiang Fan
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (J.F., X.L., L.I., M.C., V.P.) and Departments of Medicine (J.F., L.I., M.C., V.P.), Biochemistry (X.L., V.P.), and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (M.C., V.P.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4A 3J1
| | - Xinlu Li
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (J.F., X.L., L.I., M.C., V.P.) and Departments of Medicine (J.F., L.I., M.C., V.P.), Biochemistry (X.L., V.P.), and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (M.C., V.P.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4A 3J1
| | - Leeyah Issop
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (J.F., X.L., L.I., M.C., V.P.) and Departments of Medicine (J.F., L.I., M.C., V.P.), Biochemistry (X.L., V.P.), and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (M.C., V.P.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4A 3J1
| | - Martine Culty
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (J.F., X.L., L.I., M.C., V.P.) and Departments of Medicine (J.F., L.I., M.C., V.P.), Biochemistry (X.L., V.P.), and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (M.C., V.P.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4A 3J1
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (J.F., X.L., L.I., M.C., V.P.) and Departments of Medicine (J.F., L.I., M.C., V.P.), Biochemistry (X.L., V.P.), and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (M.C., V.P.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4A 3J1
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How peroxisomes partition between cells. A story of yeast, mammals and filamentous fungi. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 41:73-80. [PMID: 27128775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells are subcompartmentalized into discrete, membrane-enclosed organelles. These organelles must be preserved in cells over many generations to maintain the selective advantages afforded by compartmentalization. Cells use complex molecular mechanisms of organelle inheritance to achieve high accuracy in the sharing of organelles between daughter cells. Here we focus on how a multi-copy organelle, the peroxisome, is partitioned in yeast, mammalian cells, and filamentous fungi, which differ in their mode of cell division. Cells achieve equidistribution of their peroxisomes through organelle transport and retention processes that act coordinately, although the strategies employed vary considerably by organism. Nevertheless, we propose that mechanisms common across species apply to the partitioning of all membrane-enclosed organelles.
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Jaipargas EA, Mathur N, Bou Daher F, Wasteneys GO, Mathur J. High Light Intensity Leads to Increased Peroxule-Mitochondria Interactions in Plants. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:6. [PMID: 26870732 PMCID: PMC4740372 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxules are thin protrusions from spherical peroxisomes produced under low levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress. Whereas, stress mitigation favors peroxule retraction, prolongation of the ROS stress leads to the elongation of the peroxisome into a tubular form. Subsequently, the elongated form becomes constricted through the binding of proteins such as dynamin related proteins 3A and 3B and eventually undergoes fission to increase the peroxisomal population within a cell. The events that occur in the short time window between peroxule initiation and the tubulation of the entire peroxisome have not been observed in living plant cells. Here, using fluorescent protein aided live-imaging, we show that peroxules are formed after only 4 min of high light (HL) irradiation during which there is a perceptible increase in the cytosolic levels of hydrogen peroxide. Using a stable, double transgenic line of Arabidopsis thaliana expressing a peroxisome targeted YFP and a mitochondrial targeted GFP probe, we observed sustained interactions between peroxules and small, spherical mitochondria. Further, it was observed that the frequency of HL-induced interactions between peroxules and mitochondria increased in the Arabidopsis anisotropy1 mutant that has reduced cell wall crystallinity and where we show accumulation of higher H2O2 levels than wild type plants. Our observations suggest a testable model whereby peroxules act as interaction platforms for ROS-distressed mitochondria that may release membrane proteins and fission factors. These proteins might thus become easily available to peroxisomes and facilitate their proliferation for enhancing the ROS-combating capability of a plant cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica-Ashley Jaipargas
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Neeta Mathur
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Firas Bou Daher
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jaideep Mathur
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph Guelph, ON, Canada
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42
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Fourcade S, Ferrer I, Pujol A. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial and proteostasis malfunction in adrenoleukodystrophy: A paradigm for axonal degeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 88:18-29. [PMID: 26073123 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomal and mitochondrial malfunction, which are highly intertwined through redox regulation, in combination with defective proteostasis, are hallmarks of the most prevalent multifactorial neurodegenerative diseases-including Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD)-and of the aging process, and are also found in inherited conditions. Here we review the interplay between oxidative stress and axonal degeneration, taking as groundwork recent findings on pathomechanisms of the peroxisomal neurometabolic disease adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD). We explore the impact of chronic redox imbalance caused by the excess of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) on mitochondrial respiration and biogenesis, and discuss how this impairs protein quality control mechanisms essential for neural cell survival, such as the proteasome and autophagy systems. As consequence, prime molecular targets in the pathogenetic cascade emerge, such as the SIRT1/PGC-1α axis of mitochondrial biogenesis, and the inhibitor of autophagy mTOR. Thus, we propose that mitochondria-targeted antioxidants; mitochondrial biogenesis boosters such as the antidiabetic pioglitazone and the SIRT1 ligand resveratrol; and the autophagy activator temsirolimus, a derivative of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, hold promise as disease-modifying therapies for X-ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Fourcade
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Institut of Neuropathology, Pathologic Anatomy Service, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U759, ISCIII, Spain.
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institut of Neuropathology, Pathologic Anatomy Service, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Aurora Pujol
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Institut of Neuropathology, Pathologic Anatomy Service, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U759, ISCIII, Spain; Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Catalonia, Spain.
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43
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Schrader M, Costello JL, Godinho LF, Azadi AS, Islinger M. Proliferation and fission of peroxisomes - An update. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:971-83. [PMID: 26409486 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, peroxisomes perform crucial functions in cellular metabolism, signalling and viral defense which are essential to the health and viability of the organism. In order to achieve this functional versatility peroxisomes dynamically respond to molecular cues triggered by changes in the cellular environment. Such changes elicit a corresponding response in peroxisomes, which manifests itself as a change in peroxisome number, altered enzyme levels and adaptations to the peroxisomal structure. In mammals the generation of new peroxisomes is a complex process which has clear analogies to mitochondria, with both sharing the same division machinery and undergoing a similar division process. How the regulation of this division process is integrated into the cell's response to different stimuli, the signalling pathways and factors involved, remains somewhat unclear. Here, we discuss the mechanism of peroxisomal fission, the contributions of the various division factors and examine the potential impact of post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, on the proliferation process. We also summarize the signalling process and highlight the most recent data linking signalling pathways with peroxisome proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schrader
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QJ, Exeter Devon, UK; Centre for Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Joseph L Costello
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QJ, Exeter Devon, UK
| | - Luis F Godinho
- Centre for Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Afsoon S Azadi
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QJ, Exeter Devon, UK
| | - Markus Islinger
- Neuroanatomy, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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Schrader M, Godinho LF, Costello JL, Islinger M. The different facets of organelle interplay-an overview of organelle interactions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:56. [PMID: 26442263 PMCID: PMC4585249 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, peroxisomes, or the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) create distinct environments to promote specific cellular tasks such as ATP production, lipid breakdown, or protein export. During recent years, it has become evident that organelles are integrated into cellular networks regulating metabolism, intracellular signaling, cellular maintenance, cell fate decision, and pathogen defence. In order to facilitate such signaling events, specialized membrane regions between apposing organelles bear distinct sets of proteins to enable tethering and exchange of metabolites and signaling molecules. Such membrane associations between the mitochondria and a specialized site of the ER, the mitochondria associated-membrane (MAM), as well as between the ER and the plasma membrane (PAM) have been partially characterized at the molecular level. However, historical and recent observations imply that other organelles like peroxisomes, lysosomes, and lipid droplets might also be involved in the formation of such apposing membrane contact sites. Alternatively, reports on so-called mitochondria derived-vesicles (MDV) suggest alternative mechanisms of organelle interaction. Moreover, maintenance of cellular homeostasis requires the precise removal of aged organelles by autophagy—a process which involves the detection of ubiquitinated organelle proteins by the autophagosome membrane, representing another site of membrane associated-signaling. This review will summarize the available data on the existence and composition of organelle contact sites and the molecular specializations each site uses in order to provide a timely overview on the potential functions of organelle interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schrader
- Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter Exeter, UK
| | - Luis F Godinho
- Centre for Cell Biology and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joseph L Costello
- Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter Exeter, UK
| | - Markus Islinger
- Neuroanatomy, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany
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Schrader M, Costello J, Godinho LF, Islinger M. Peroxisome-mitochondria interplay and disease. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:681-702. [PMID: 25687155 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-015-9819-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes and mitochondria are ubiquitous, highly dynamic organelles with an oxidative type of metabolism in eukaryotic cells. Over the years, substantial evidence has been provided that peroxisomes and mitochondria exhibit a close functional interplay which impacts on human health and development. The so-called "peroxisome-mitochondria connection" includes metabolic cooperation in the degradation of fatty acids, a redox-sensitive relationship, an overlap in key components of the membrane fission machineries and cooperation in anti-viral signalling and defence. Furthermore, combined peroxisome-mitochondria disorders with defects in organelle division have been revealed. In this review, we present the latest progress in the emerging field of peroxisomal and mitochondrial interplay in mammals with a particular emphasis on cooperative fatty acid β-oxidation, redox interplay, organelle dynamics, cooperation in anti-viral signalling and the resulting implications for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schrader
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK,
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Baarine M, Beeson C, Singh A, Singh I. ABCD1 deletion-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is corrected by SAHA: implication for adrenoleukodystrophy. J Neurochem 2015; 133:380-96. [PMID: 25393703 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), an inherited peroxisomal metabolic neurodegenerative disorder, is caused by mutations/deletions in the ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCD1) gene encoding peroxisomal ABC transporter adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP). Metabolic dysfunction in X-ALD is characterized by the accumulation of very long chain fatty acids ≥ C22:0) in the tissues and plasma of patients. Here, we investigated the mitochondrial status following deletion of ABCD1 in B12 oligodendrocytes and U87 astrocytes. This study provides evidence that silencing of peroxisomal protein ABCD1 produces structural and functional perturbations in mitochondria. Activities of electron transport chain-related enzymes and of citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) were reduced; mitochondrial redox status was dysregulated and the mitochondrial membrane potential was disrupted following ABCD1 silencing. A greater reduction in ATP levels and citrate synthase activities was observed in oligodendrocytes as compared to astrocytes. Furthermore, most of the mitochondrial perturbations induced by ABCD1 silencing were corrected by treating cells with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, an Histone deacetylase inhibitor. These observations indicate a novel relationship between peroxisomes and mitochondria in cellular homeostasis and the importance of intact peroxisomes in relation to mitochondrial integrity and function in the cell types that participate in the pathobiology of X-ALD. These observations suggest suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid as a potential therapy for X-ALD. Schematic description of the effects of loss of peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette transporter D1 (ABCD1) gene on cellular Redox and mitochondrial activities and their correction by suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) treatment. Pathogenomic accumulation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) as a result of loss of ABCD1 leads to dysfunctions of mitochondrial biogenesis and its activities. Treatment with SAHA corrects mitochondrial dysfunctions. These studies describe unique cooperation between mitochondria and peroxisome for cellular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauhamad Baarine
- Department of Pediatrics, Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Speijer D, Manjeri GR, Szklarczyk R. How to deal with oxygen radicals stemming from mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:20130446. [PMID: 24864314 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen radical formation in mitochondria is an incompletely understood attribute of eukaryotic cells. Recently, a kinetic model was proposed, in which the ratio between electrons entering the respiratory chain via FADH2 or NADH determines radical formation. During glucose breakdown, the ratio is low; during fatty acid breakdown, the ratio is high (the ratio increasing--asymptotically--with fatty acid length to 0.5, when compared with 0.2 for glucose). Thus, fatty acid oxidation would generate higher levels of radical formation. As a result, breakdown of fatty acids, performed without generation of extra FADH2 in mitochondria, could be beneficial for the cell, especially in the case of long and very long chained ones. This possibly has been a major factor in the evolution of peroxisomes. Increased radical formation, as proposed by the model, can also shed light on the lack of neuronal fatty acid oxidation and tells us about hurdles during early eukaryotic evolution. We specifically focus on extending and discussing the model in light of recent publications and findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Speijer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center (AMC), UvA, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G R Manjeri
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R Szklarczyk
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands Department of Clinical Genetics, Unit Clinical Genomics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Camões F, Islinger M, Guimarães SC, Kilaru S, Schuster M, Godinho LF, Steinberg G, Schrader M. New insights into the peroxisomal protein inventory: Acyl-CoA oxidases and -dehydrogenases are an ancient feature of peroxisomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:111-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Huntosova V, Stroffekova K, Wagnieres G, Novotova M, Nichtova Z, Miskovsky P. Endosomes: guardians against [Ru(Phen)3]2+ photo-action in endothelial cells during in vivo pO2 detection? Metallomics 2014; 6:2279-89. [PMID: 25371090 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00190g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phototoxicity is a side-effect of in vitro and in vivo oxygen partial pressure (pO2) detection by luminescence lifetime measurement methods. Dichlorotris(1,10-phenanthroline)-ruthenium(ii) hydrate ([Ru(Phen)3]2+) is a water soluble pO2 probe associated with low phototoxicity, which we investigated in vivo in the chick's chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) after intravenous or topical administration and in vitro in normal human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC). In vivo, the level of intravenously injected [Ru(Phen)3]2+ decreases within several minutes, whereas the maximum of its biodistribution is observed during the first 2 h after topical application. Both routes are followed by convergence to almost identical "intra/extra-vascular" levels of [Ru(Phen)3]2+. In vitro, we observed that [Ru(Phen)3]2+ enters cells via endocytosis and is then redistributed. None of the studied conditions induced modification of lysosomal or mitochondrial membranes without illumination. No nuclear accumulation was observed. Without illumination [Ru(Phen)3]2+ induces changes in endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi transport. The phototoxic effect of [Ru(Phen)3]2+ leads to more marked ultrastructural changes than administration of [Ru(Phen)3]2+ only (in the dark). These could lead to disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis accompanied by mitochondrial changes or to changes in secretory pathways. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that the intravenous injection of [Ru(Phen)3]2+ into the CAM model mostly leads to extracellular localization of [Ru(Phen)3]2+, while its topical application induces intracellular localization. We have shown in vivo that [Ru(Phen)3]2+ induces minimal photo-damage after illumination with light doses larger by two orders of magnitude than those used for pO2 measurements. This low phototoxicity is due to the fact that [Ru(Phen)3]2+ enters endothelial cells via endocytosis and is then redistributed towards peroxisomes and other endosomal and secretory vesicles before it is eliminated via exocytosis. Cellular response to [Ru(Phen)3]2+, survival or death, depends on its intracellular concentration and oxidation-reduction properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Huntosova
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of PJ Safarik in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia.
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