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Lozinski BM, Ta K, Dong Y. Emerging role of galectin 3 in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2004-2009. [PMID: 38227529 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.391181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration are key processes that mediate the development and progression of neurological diseases. However, the mechanisms modulating these processes in different diseases remain incompletely understood. Advances in single cell based multi-omic analyses have helped to identify distinct molecular signatures such as Lgals3 that is associated with neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). Lgals3 encodes galectin-3 (Gal3), a β-galactoside and glycan binding glycoprotein that is frequently upregulated by reactive microglia/macrophages in the CNS during various neurological diseases. While Gal3 has previously been associated with non-CNS inflammatory and fibrotic diseases, recent studies highlight Gal3 as a prominent regulator of inflammation and neuroaxonal damage in the CNS during diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. In this review, we summarize the pleiotropic functions of Gal3 and discuss evidence that demonstrates its detrimental role in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration during different neurological diseases. We also consider the challenges of translating preclinical observations into targeting Gal3 in the human CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Lozinski
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Khanh Ta
- Deparment of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Yifei Dong
- Deparment of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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2
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Komine O, Ohnuma S, Hinohara K, Hara Y, Shimada M, Akashi T, Watanabe S, Sobue A, Kawade N, Ogi T, Yamanaka K. Genetic background variation impacts microglial heterogeneity and disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis model mice. iScience 2024; 27:108872. [PMID: 38318390 PMCID: PMC10839647 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent single-cell analyses have revealed the complexity of microglial heterogeneity in brain development, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Disease-associated microglia (DAMs) have been identified in ALS mice model, but their role in ALS pathology remains unclear. The effect of genetic background variations on microglial heterogeneity and functions remains unknown. Herein, we established and analyzed two mice models of ALS with distinct genetic backgrounds of C57BL/6 and BALB/c. We observed that the change in genetic background from C57BL/6 to BALB/c affected microglial heterogeneity and ALS pathology and its progression, likely due to the defective induction of neurotrophic factor-secreting DAMs and impaired microglial survival. Single-cell analyses of ALS mice revealed new markers for each microglial subtype and a possible association between microglial heterogeneity and systemic immune environments. Thus, we highlighted the role of microglia in ALS pathology and importance of genetic background variations in modulating microglial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okiru Komine
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Syuhei Ohnuma
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Hinohara
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Center for 5D Cell Dynamics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hara
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mayuko Shimada
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Akashi
- Center for 5D Cell Dynamics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Center for Neurological Disease and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Seiji Watanabe
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akira Sobue
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Medical Interactive Research and Academia Industry Collaboration Center, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Noe Kawade
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomoo Ogi
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koji Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
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3
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Elliott W, Tsung AJ, Guda MR, Velpula KK. Galectin inhibitors and nanoparticles as a novel therapeutic strategy for glioblastoma multiforme. Am J Cancer Res 2024; 14:774-795. [PMID: 38455415 PMCID: PMC10915327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the gold standard of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treatment is unchanged and adjunctive therapy has offered little to prolong both quality and quantity of life. To improve pharmacotherapy for GBM, galectins are being studied provided their positive correlation with the malignancy and disease severity. Despite the use of galectin inhibitors and literature displaying the ability of the lectin proteins to decrease tumor burden and decrease mortality within various malignancies, galectin inhibitors have not been studied for GBM therapy. Interestingly, anti-galectin siRNA delivered in nanoparticle capsules, assisting in blood brain barrier penetrance, is well studied for GBM, and has demonstrated a remarkable ability to attenuate both galectin and tumor count. Provided that the two therapies have an analogous anti-galectin effect, it is hypothesized that galectin inhibitors encapsuled within nanoparticles will likely have a similar anti-galectin effect in GBM cells and further correlate to a repressed tumor burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willie Elliott
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of MedicinePeoria, IL, USA
| | - Andrew J Tsung
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of MedicinePeoria, IL, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of MedicinePeoria, IL, USA
- Illinois Neurological InstitutePeoria, IL, USA
| | - Maheedhara R Guda
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of MedicinePeoria, IL, USA
| | - Kiran K Velpula
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of MedicinePeoria, IL, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of MedicinePeoria, IL, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of MedicinePeoria, IL, USA
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4
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Lee SY, Cho HY, Oh JP, Park J, Bae SH, Park H, Kim EJ, Lee JH. Therapeutic Effects of Combination of Nebivolol and Donepezil: Targeting Multifactorial Mechanisms in ALS. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:1779-1795. [PMID: 37782409 PMCID: PMC10684847 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord. Although the disease's pathophysiological mechanism remains poorly understood, multifactorial mechanisms affecting motor neuron loss converge to worsen the disease. Although two FDA-approved drugs, riluzole and edaravone, targeting excitotoxicity and oxidative stress, respectively, are available, their efficacies are limited to extending survival by only a few months. Here, we developed combinatorial drugs targeting multifactorial mechanisms underlying key components in ALS disease progression. Using data analysis based on the genetic information of patients with ALS-derived cells and pharmacogenomic data of the drugs, a combination of nebivolol and donepezil (nebivolol-donepezil) was identified for ALS therapy. Here, nebivolol-donepezil markedly reduced the levels of cytokines in the microglial cell line, inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) nucleus translocation in the HeLa cell and substantially protected against excitotoxicity-induced neuronal loss by regulating the PI3K-Akt pathway. Nebivolol-donepezil significantly promoted the differentiation of neural progenitor cells (NPC) into motor neurons. Furthermore, we verified the low dose efficacy of nebivolol-donepezil on multiple indices corresponding to the quality of life of patients with ALS in vivo using SOD1G93A mice. Nebivolol-donepezil delayed motor function deterioration and halted motor neuronal loss in the spinal cord. Drug administration effectively suppressed muscle atrophy by mitigating the proportion of smaller myofibers and substantially reducing phospho-neurofilament heavy chain (pNF-H) levels in the serum, a promising ALS biomarker. High-dose nebivolol-donepezil significantly prolonged survival and delayed disease onset compared with vehicle-treated mice. These results indicate that the combination of nebivolol-donepezil efficiently prevents ALS disease progression, benefiting the patients' quality of life and life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Yeon Lee
- DR. NOAH BIOTECH Inc., 91, Changnyong-daero 256beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Yeon Cho
- DR. NOAH BIOTECH Inc., 91, Changnyong-daero 256beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Pyo Oh
- DR. NOAH BIOTECH Inc., 91, Changnyong-daero 256beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiae Park
- DR. NOAH BIOTECH Inc., 91, Changnyong-daero 256beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Bae
- DR. NOAH BIOTECH Inc., 91, Changnyong-daero 256beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Haesun Park
- DR. NOAH BIOTECH Inc., 91, Changnyong-daero 256beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Kim
- DR. NOAH BIOTECH Inc., 91, Changnyong-daero 256beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- DR. NOAH BIOTECH Inc., 91, Changnyong-daero 256beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea.
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Shen X. Research progress on pathogenesis and clinical treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs). Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2023; 231:107850. [PMID: 37390569 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2023.107850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs) are characteristically referred to as various central nervous system (CNS)-based inflammatory and astrocytopathic disorders, often manifested by the axonal damage and immune-mediated demyelination targeting optic nerves and the spinal cord. This review article presents a detailed view of the etiology, pathogenesis, and prescribed treatment options for NMOSD therapy. Initially, we present the epidemiology of NMOSDs, highlighting the geographical and ethnical differences in the incidence and prevalence rates of NMOSDs. Further, the etiology and pathogenesis of NMOSDs are emphasized, providing discussions relevant to various genetic, environmental, and immune-related factors. Finally, the applied treatment strategies for curing NMOSD are discussed, exploring the perspectives for developing emergent innovative treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200000, PR China.
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6
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Ritzel RM, Li Y, Jiao Y, Lei Z, Doran SJ, He J, Shahror RA, Henry RJ, Khan R, Tan C, Liu S, Stoica BA, Faden AI, Szeto G, Loane DJ, Wu J. Brain injury accelerates the onset of a reversible age-related microglial phenotype associated with inflammatory neurodegeneration. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd1101. [PMID: 36888713 PMCID: PMC9995070 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lipofuscin is an autofluorescent (AF) pigment formed by lipids and misfolded proteins, which accumulates in postmitotic cells with advanced age. Here, we immunophenotyped microglia in the brain of old C57BL/6 mice (>18 months old) and demonstrate that in comparison to young mice, one-third of old microglia are AF, characterized by profound changes in lipid and iron content, phagocytic activity, and oxidative stress. Pharmacological depletion of microglia in old mice eliminated the AF microglia following repopulation and reversed microglial dysfunction. Age-related neurological deficits and neurodegeneration after traumatic brain injury (TBI) were attenuated in old mice lacking AF microglia. Furthermore, increased phagocytic activity, lysosomal burden, and lipid accumulation in microglia persisted for up to 1 year after TBI, were modified by APOE4 genotype, and chronically driven by phagocyte-mediated oxidative stress. Thus, AF may reflect a pathological state in aging microglia associated with increased phagocytosis of neurons and myelin and inflammatory neurodegeneration that can be further accelerated by TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney M. Ritzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yun Jiao
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Zhuofan Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Sarah J. Doran
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Junyun He
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Rami A. Shahror
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Romeesa Khan
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77370, USA
| | - Chunfeng Tan
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77370, USA
| | - Shaolin Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Bogdan A. Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Alan I. Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- University of Maryland Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Gregory Szeto
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
- Allen Institute for Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David J. Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Junfang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- University of Maryland Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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7
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Ge MM, Chen N, Zhou YQ, Yang H, Tian YK, Ye DW. Galectin-3 in Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation: Implications for Central Nervous System Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:2066-2080. [PMID: 35105290 PMCID: PMC9886847 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220201094547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation is one of the common hallmarks shared by various central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Based on surrounding circumstances, activated microglia play either detrimental or neuroprotective effects. Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a group of β-galactoside-binding proteins, has been cumulatively revealed to be a crucial biomarker for microglial activation after injuries or diseases. In consideration of the important role of Gal-3 in the regulation of microglial activation, it might be a potential target for the treatment of CNS diseases. Recently, Gal-3 expression has been extensively investigated in numerous pathological processes as a mediator of neuroinflammation, as well as in cell proliferation. However, the underlying mechanisms of Gal-3 involved in microgliamediated neuroinflammation in various CNS diseases remain to be further investigated. Moreover, several clinical studies support that the levels of Gal-3 are increased in the serum or cerebrospinal fluid of patients with CNS diseases. Thus, we summarized the roles and underlying mechanisms of Gal-3 in activated microglia, thus providing a better insight into its complexity expression pattern, and contrasting functions in CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China;
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China;
| | - Ya-Qun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China;
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China;
| | - Yu-Ke Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; ,Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Neurosurgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China. E-mail: ., Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. E-mail:
| | - Da-Wei Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China; ,Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China,Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Neurosurgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China. E-mail: ., Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. E-mail:
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8
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Margeta MA, Yin Z, Madore C, Pitts KM, Letcher SM, Tang J, Jiang S, Gauthier CD, Silveira SR, Schroeder CM, Lad EM, Proia AD, Tanzi RE, Holtzman DM, Krasemann S, Chen DF, Butovsky O. Apolipoprotein E4 impairs the response of neurodegenerative retinal microglia and prevents neuronal loss in glaucoma. Immunity 2022; 55:1627-1644.e7. [PMID: 35977543 PMCID: PMC9488669 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) allele is associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer disease and a decreased risk of glaucoma, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we found that in two mouse glaucoma models, microglia transitioned to a neurodegenerative phenotype characterized by upregulation of Apoe and Lgals3 (Galectin-3), which were also upregulated in human glaucomatous retinas. Mice with targeted deletion of Apoe in microglia or carrying the human APOE4 allele were protected from retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss, despite elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Similarly to Apoe-/- retinal microglia, APOE4-expressing microglia did not upregulate neurodegeneration-associated genes, including Lgals3, following IOP elevation. Genetic and pharmacologic targeting of Galectin-3 ameliorated RGC degeneration, and Galectin-3 expression was attenuated in human APOE4 glaucoma samples. These results demonstrate that impaired activation of APOE4 microglia is protective in glaucoma and that the APOE-Galectin-3 signaling can be targeted to treat this blinding disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica A Margeta
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhuoran Yin
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charlotte Madore
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Kristen M Pitts
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sophia M Letcher
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jing Tang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuhong Jiang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christian D Gauthier
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sebastian R Silveira
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caitlin M Schroeder
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eleonora M Lad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alan D Proia
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pathology, Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lillington, NC, USA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Susanne Krasemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dong Feng Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oleg Butovsky
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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9
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Galectin-3, a rising star in modulating microglia activation under conditions of neurodegeneration. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:628. [PMID: 35859075 PMCID: PMC9300700 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05058-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The advent of high-throughput single-cell transcriptomic analysis of microglia has revealed different phenotypes that are inherently associated with disease conditions. A common feature of some of these activated phenotypes is the upregulation of galectin-3. Representative examples of these phenotypes include disease-associated microglia (DAM) and white-associated microglia (WAM), whose role(s) in neuroprotection/neurotoxicity is a matter of high interest in the microglia community. In this review, we summarise the main findings that demonstrate the ability of galectin-3 to interact with key pattern recognition receptors, including, among others, TLR4 and TREM2 and the importance of galectin-3 in the regulation of microglia activation. Finally, we discuss increasing evidence supporting the involvement of this lectin in the main neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, and stroke.
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10
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Mijailović NR, Vesic K, Arsenijevic D, Milojević-Rakić M, Borovcanin MM. Galectin-3 Involvement in Cognitive Processes for New Therapeutic Considerations. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:923811. [PMID: 35875353 PMCID: PMC9296991 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.923811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment may be a consequence of the normal aging process, but it may also be the hallmark of various neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Early identification of individuals at particular risk for cognitive decline is critical, as it is imperative to maintain a cognitive reserve in these neuropsychiatric entities. In recent years, galectin-3 (Gal-3), a member of the galectin family, has received considerable attention with respect to aspects of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The mechanisms behind the putative relationship between Gal-3 and cognitive impairment are not yet clear. Intrigued by this versatile molecule and its unique modular architecture, the latest data on this relationship are presented here. This mini-review summarizes recent findings on the mechanisms by which Gal-3 affects cognitive functioning in both animal and human models. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of Gal-3 in modulating the inflammatory response as a fine-tuner of microglia morphology and phenotype. A review of recent literature on the utility of Gal-3 as a biomarker is provided, and approaches to strategically exploit Gal-3 activities with therapeutic intentions in neuropsychiatric diseases are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša R. Mijailović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Nataša R. Mijailović,
| | - Katarina Vesic
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dragana Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | - Milica M. Borovcanin
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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11
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Sai Swaroop R, Akhil PS, Sai Sanwid P, Bandana P, Raksha RK, Meghana M, Bibha C, Sivaramakrishnan V. Integrated multi-omic data analysis and validation with yeast model show oxidative phosphorylation modulates protein aggregation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-20. [PMID: 35749136 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2090441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is a progressive, incurable amyloid aggregating neurodegenerative disease involving the motor neurons. Identifying potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets can assist in the better management of the disease. We used an integrative approach encompassing analysis of transcriptomic datasets of human and mice from the GEO database. Our analysis of ALS patient datasets showed deregulation in Non-alcoholic fatty acid liver disease and oxidative phosphorylation. Transgenic mice datasets of SOD1, FUS and TDP-43 showed deregulation in oxidative phosphorylation and ribosome-associated pathways. Commonality analysis between the human and mice datasets showed oxidative phosphorylation as a major deregulated pathway. Further, protein-protein and protein-drug interaction network analysis of mitochondrial electron transport chain showed enrichment of proteins and inhibitors of mitochondrial Complex III and IV. The results were further validated using the yeast model system. Inhibitor studies using metformin (Complex-I inhibitor) and malonate (Complex-II inhibitor) did not show any effect in mitigating the amyloids, while antimycin (Complex-III inhibitor) and azide (Complex-IV inhibitor) reduced amyloidogenesis. Knock-out of QCR8 (Complex-III) or COX8 (Complex-IV) cleared the amyloids. Taken together, our results show a critical role for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in amyloidogenesis and as a potential therapeutic target in ALS.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sai Swaroop
- Disease Biology Lab, Dept. of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - P S Akhil
- Disease Biology Lab, Dept. of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India.,Scientist B, Central Water and Power Research Station, Khadakwasla, Pune
| | - Pradhan Sai Sanwid
- Disease Biology Lab, Dept. of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Rao K Raksha
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Manjunath Meghana
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Choudhary Bibha
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Venketesh Sivaramakrishnan
- Disease Biology Lab, Dept. of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
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12
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Ramírez Hernández E, Alanis Olvera B, Carmona González D, Guerrero Marín O, Pantoja Mercado D, Valencia Gil L, Hernández-Zimbrón LF, Sánchez Salgado JL, Limón ID, Zenteno E. Neuroinflammation and galectins: a key relationship in neurodegenerative diseases. Glycoconj J 2022; 39:685-699. [PMID: 35653015 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-022-10064-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a pathological condition that is associated with the loss of neuronal function and structure. In neurodegenerative diseases, mounting evidence indicates that neuroinflammation is a common factor that contributes to neuronal damage and neurodegeneration. Neuroinflammation is characterized by the activation of microglia, the neuroimmune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), which have been implicated as active contributors to neuronal damage. Glycan structure modification is defining the outcome of neuroinflammation and neuronal regeneration; moreover, the expression of galectins, a group of lectins that specifically recognize β-galactosides, has been proposed as a key factor in neuronal regeneration and modulation of the inflammatory response. Of the different galectins identified, galectin-1 stimulates the secretion of neurotrophic factors in astrocytes and promotes neuronal regeneration, whereas galectin-3 induces the proliferation of microglial cells and modulates cell apoptosis. Galectin-8 emerged as a neuroprotective factor, which, in addition to its immunosuppressive function, could generate a neuroprotective environment in the brain. This review describes the role of galectins in the activation and modulation of astrocytes and microglia and their anti- and proinflammatory functions within the context of neuroinflammation. Furthermore, it discusses the potential use of galectins as a therapeutic target for the inflammatory response and remodeling in damaged tissues in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleazar Ramírez Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Beatriz Alanis Olvera
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniela Carmona González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Oscar Guerrero Marín
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Denisse Pantoja Mercado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lucero Valencia Gil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis F Hernández-Zimbrón
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Luis Sánchez Salgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - I Daniel Limón
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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13
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Xu X, Zhang J, Li S, Al-Nusaif M, Zhou Q, Chen S, Le W. Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Antigen 2: Is a Potential Neuroinflammation Biomarker of SOD1G93A Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in Pre-symptomatic Stage. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:788730. [PMID: 35197819 PMCID: PMC8858987 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.788730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has long been thought to be associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) development and progression. However, the exact molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation underlying ALS remain largely unknown. In the present study, we attempted to elucidate the genetic basis of neuroinflammation in ALS by comparing the transcriptomic profile of the anterior horns of the lumbar spinal cord (AHLSC) between SOD1G93A mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates. Our results revealed that immune-related genes were selectively up-regulated in the AHLSC of pre-symptomatic ALS mice (40 days of age) compared to age-matched WT control mice. Notably, the differential expression level of these immune-related genes became more significant at the symptomatic stage of disease (90 days of age) in the ALS mice. Subsequently, eight genes involved in innate immune response in the AHLSC of ALS mice were further validated by qRT-PCR analysis. Of these genes, bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2) was found for the first time to be significantly higher in the AHLSC of pre-symptomatic ALS mice when compared with WT mice. The increasing trend of BST2 expression became more obvious in the symptomatic stage. Immunofluorescent staining further confirmed that BST2 is mainly expressed on microglia in the AHLSC of ALS mice. These findings support the view that immune-related neuroinflammation is involved in the early pathogenesis of ALS, and BST2 may serve as a potential target for ameliorating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation pathologies in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiao Xu
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Song Li
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Murad Al-Nusaif
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qinming Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Le
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Weidong Le,
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14
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Liu Y, Zhao C, Meng J, Li N, Xu Z, Liu X, Hou S. Galectin-3 regulates microglial activation and promotes inflammation through TLR4/MyD88/NF-kB in experimental autoimmune uveitis. Clin Immunol 2022; 236:108939. [PMID: 35121106 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.108939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3, an attractive molecule of innate immunity, has been reported to be involved in the neuroinflammatory diseases. However, the role of Galectin-3 in autoimmune uveitis is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect and mechanism of Galectin-3 on microglial activation and inflammation of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). We immunized female C57BL/6 J mice with IRBP651-670 to induce EAU and the specific inhibitor was intravitreally injected in EAU mice. Disease severity was evaluated by clinical and histopathological scores. Immunofluorescence, western blot, qRT-PCR analysis and immunoprecipitation were used to detect the functional phenotypes and mechanisms on microglia after Galectin-3 inhibition. Our results showed that the expression of Galectin-3 was conspicuously increased in microglia of EAU retinas. The specific inhibitor of Galectin-3, TD139 was found to ameliorate the clinical and histological manifestations of EAU mice. In addition, TD139 reduced the expression of proinflammatory factors in vivo and vitro, which are related to the severity of uveitis. In mechanism, TD139 down-regulated the expression of TLR4 and MyD88, and then inhibited the activation of NF-κB p65 in microglia. In conclusion, Galectin-3 may play important roles in a variety of immune related diseases including autoimmune uveitis. Additionally, the inhibition of Galectin-3 may attenuate the microglial activation and inflammatory response through TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway, highlighting a potential therapeutic target of Galectin-3 for autoimmune uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusen Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiayu Meng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zongren Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianyang Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengping Hou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China.
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15
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Yamashita H, Komine O, Fujimori-Tonou N, Yamanaka K. Comprehensive expression analysis with cell-type-specific transcriptome in ALS-linked mutant SOD1 mice: Revisiting the active role of glial cells in disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1045647. [PMID: 36687517 PMCID: PMC9846815 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1045647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-cell autonomous mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), an adult neurodegenerative disease characterized by selective motor neuron loss. While the emerging role of glial cells in ALS has been noted, the detailed cell-type-specific role of glial cells has not been clarified. Here, we examined mRNA expression changes using microarrays of the spinal cords of three distinct lines of mutant superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1 transgenic mice, an established ALS model. Our analysis used a transcriptome database of component cell types in the central nervous system (CNS), as well as SOD1 G93A cell-type transcriptomes. More than half of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were highly expressed in microglia, and enrichment analysis of DEGs revealed that immunological reactions were profoundly involved and some transcription factors were upregulated. Our analysis focused on DEGs that are highly expressed in each cell type, as well as chemokines, caspases, and heat shock proteins. Disease-associated microglial genes were upregulated, while homeostatic microglial genes were not, and galectin-3 (Mac2), a known activated microglial marker, was predicted to be ectopically expressed in astrocytes in mutant SOD1 mice. In mutant SOD1 mice, we developed a prediction model for the pathophysiology of different cell types related to TREM2, apolipoprotein E, and lipoproteins. Our analysis offers a viable resource to understand not only the molecular pathologies of each CNS constituent cell type, but also the cellular crosstalk between different cell types under both physiological and pathological conditions in model mice for various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Wakayama Medical Center, Wakayama, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Okiru Komine
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Noriko Fujimori-Tonou
- Support Unit for Bio-Material Analysis, RRD, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Koji Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Institute for Glyco-Core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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16
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Lotti F, Przedborski S. Motoneuron Diseases. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 28:323-352. [PMID: 36066831 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-07167-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Motoneuron diseases (MNDs) represent a heterogeneous group of progressive paralytic disorders, mainly characterized by the loss of upper (corticospinal) motoneurons, lower (spinal) motoneurons or, often both. MNDs can occur from birth to adulthood and have a highly variable clinical presentation, even within gene-positive forms, suggesting the existence of environmental and genetic modifiers. A combination of cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous mechanisms contributes to motoneuron degeneration in MNDs, suggesting multifactorial pathogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Lotti
- Departments of Neurology, Pathology & Cell Biology, and Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Serge Przedborski
- Departments of Neurology, Pathology & Cell Biology, and Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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17
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Nio-Kobayashi J, Itabashi T. Galectins and Their Ligand Glycoconjugates in the Central Nervous System Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:767330. [PMID: 34720894 PMCID: PMC8554236 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.767330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are β-galactoside-binding lectins consisting of 15 members in mammals. Galectin-1,-3,-4,-8, and -9 are predominantly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and regulate various physiological and pathological events. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the cellular expression and role of galectins in the CNS, and discusses their functions in neurite outgrowth, myelination, and neural stem/progenitor cell niches, as well as in ischemic/hypoxic/traumatic injuries and neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Galectins are expressed in both neurons and glial cells. Galectin-1 is mainly expressed in motoneurons, whereas galectin-3-positive neurons are broadly distributed throughout the brain, especially in the hypothalamus, indicating its function in the regulation of homeostasis, stress response, and the endocrine/autonomic system. Astrocytes predominantly contain galectin-1, and galectin-3 and−9 are upregulated along with its activation. Activated, but not resting, microglia contain galectin-3, supporting its phagocytic activity. Galectin-1,−3, and -4 are characteristically expressed during oligodendrocyte differentiation. Galectin-3 from microglia promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination, while galectin-1 and axonal galectin-4 suppress its differentiation and myelination. Galectin-1- and- 3-positive cells are involved in neural stem cell niche formation in the subventricular zone and hippocampal dentate gyrus, and the migration of newly generated neurons and glial cells to the olfactory bulb or damaged lesions. In neurodegenerative diseases, galectin-1,-8, and -9 have neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities. Galectin-3 facilitates pro-inflammatory action; however, it also plays an important role during the recovery period. Several ligand glycoconjugates have been identified so far such as laminin, integrins, neural cell adhesion molecule L1, sulfatide, neuropilin-1/plexinA4 receptor complex, triggering receptor on myeloid cells 2, and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain. N-glycan branching on lymphocytes and oligodendroglial progenitors mediated by β1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (Mgat5/GnTV) influences galectin-binding, modulating inflammatory responses and remyelination in neurodegenerative diseases. De-sulfated galactosaminoglycans such as keratan sulfate are potential ligands for galectins, especially galectin-3, regulating neural regeneration. Galectins have multitudinous functions depending on cell type and context as well as post-translational modifications, including oxidization, phosphorylation, S-nitrosylation, and cleavage, but there should be certain rules in the expression patterns of galectins and their ligand glycoconjugates, possibly related to glucose metabolism in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Nio-Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Itabashi
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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18
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Maruszewska-Cheruiyot M, Stear M, Donskow-Łysoniewska K. Galectins - Important players of the immune response to CNS parasitic infection. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 13:100221. [PMID: 34589740 PMCID: PMC8474370 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a family of proteins that bind β-galactosides and play key roles in a variety of cellular processes including host defense and entry of parasites into the host cells. They have been well studied in hosts but less so in parasites. As both host and parasite galectins are highly upregulated proteins following infection, galectins are an area of increasing interest and their role in immune modulation has only recently become clear. Correlation of CNS parasitic diseases with mental disorders as a result of direct or indirect interaction has been observed. Therefore, galectins produced by the parasite should be taken into consideration as potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Maruszewska-Cheruiyot
- Laboratory of Parasitology, General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163, Warsaw, Poland
- Corresponding author.
| | - Michael Stear
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, Agribio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Katarzyna Donskow-Łysoniewska
- Laboratory of Parasitology, General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163, Warsaw, Poland
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19
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Peters S, Kuespert S, Wirkert E, Heydn R, Jurek B, Johannesen S, Hsam O, Korte S, Ludwig FT, Mecklenburg L, Mrowetz H, Altendorfer B, Poupardin R, Petri S, Thal DR, Hermann A, Weishaupt JH, Weis J, Aksoylu IS, Lewandowski SA, Aigner L, Bruun TH, Bogdahn U. Reconditioning the Neurogenic Niche of Adult Non-human Primates by Antisense Oligonucleotide-Mediated Attenuation of TGFβ Signaling. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:1963-1979. [PMID: 33860461 PMCID: PMC8609055 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is a target for brain rejuvenation as well as regeneration in aging and disease. Numerous approaches showed efficacy to elevate neurogenesis in rodents, yet translation into therapies has not been achieved. Here, we introduce a novel human TGFβ-RII (Transforming Growth Factor-Receptor Type II) specific LNA-antisense oligonucleotide ("locked nucleotide acid"-"NVP-13"), which reduces TGFβ-RII expression and downstream receptor signaling in human neuronal precursor cells (ReNcell CX® cells) in vitro. After we injected cynomolgus non-human primates repeatedly i.th. with NVP-13 in a preclinical regulatory 13-week GLP-toxicity program, we could specifically downregulate TGFβ-RII mRNA and protein in vivo. Subsequently, we observed a dose-dependent upregulation of the neurogenic niche activity within the hippocampus and subventricular zone: human neural progenitor cells showed significantly (up to threefold over control) enhanced differentiation and cell numbers. NVP-13 treatment modulated canonical and non-canonical TGFβ pathways, such as MAPK and PI3K, as well as key transcription factors and epigenetic factors involved in stem cell maintenance, such as MEF2A and pFoxO3. The latter are also dysregulated in clinical neurodegeneration, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Here, we provide for the first time in vitro and in vivo evidence for a novel translatable approach to treat neurodegenerative disorders by modulating neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Peters
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Velvio GmbH, Am Biopark 11, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Kuespert
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Velvio GmbH, Am Biopark 11, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Eva Wirkert
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Velvio GmbH, Am Biopark 11, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rosmarie Heydn
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Velvio GmbH, Am Biopark 11, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Jurek
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Siw Johannesen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Velvio GmbH, Am Biopark 11, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ohnmar Hsam
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sven Korte
- Covance Preclinical Services GmbH, Muenster, Germany
| | | | | | - Heike Mrowetz
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Cell Therapy, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Altendorfer
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Cell Therapy, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Rodolphe Poupardin
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Cell Therapy, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Susanne Petri
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital MHH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dietmar R Thal
- Department for Imaging and Pathology, Laboratory for Neuropathology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section "Albrecht-Kossel", Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jochen H Weishaupt
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Inci Sevval Aksoylu
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian A Lewandowski
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Cell Therapy, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tim-Henrik Bruun
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Velvio GmbH, Am Biopark 11, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Bogdahn
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
- Velvio GmbH, Am Biopark 11, Regensburg, Germany.
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
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20
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Tan Y, Zheng Y, Xu D, Sun Z, Yang H, Yin Q. Galectin-3: a key player in microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:78. [PMID: 33906678 PMCID: PMC8077955 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and is characterized by the deposition of extracellular aggregates of amyloid-β (Aβ), the formation of intraneuronal tau neurofibrillary tangles and microglial activation-mediated neuroinflammation. One of the key molecules involved in microglial activation is galectin-3 (Gal-3). In recent years, extensive studies have dissected the mechanisms by which Gal-3 modulates microglial activation, impacting Aβ deposition, in both animal models and human studies. In this review article, we focus on the emerging role of Gal-3 in biology and pathobiology, including its origin, its functions in regulating microglial activation and neuroinflammation, and its emergence as a biomarker in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. These aspects are important to elucidate the involvement of Gal-3 in AD pathogenesis and may provide novel insights into the use of Gal-3 for AD diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyin Tan
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Yanqun Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Dongshan Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, 276017, Shandong, China
| | - Daiwen Xu
- Department of Neurology, The People Hospital of Huaiyin Jinan, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Zhanfang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Qingqing Yin
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
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21
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Månberg A, Skene N, Sanders F, Trusohamn M, Remnestål J, Szczepińska A, Aksoylu IS, Lönnerberg P, Ebarasi L, Wouters S, Lehmann M, Olofsson J, von Gohren Antequera I, Domaniku A, De Schaepdryver M, De Vocht J, Poesen K, Uhlén M, Anink J, Mijnsbergen C, Vergunst-Bosch H, Hübers A, Kläppe U, Rodriguez-Vieitez E, Gilthorpe JD, Hedlund E, Harris RA, Aronica E, Van Damme P, Ludolph A, Veldink J, Ingre C, Nilsson P, Lewandowski SA. Altered perivascular fibroblast activity precedes ALS disease onset. Nat Med 2021; 27:640-646. [PMID: 33859435 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01295-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apart from well-defined factors in neuronal cells1, only a few reports consider that the variability of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) progression can depend on less-defined contributions from glia2,3 and blood vessels4. In this study we use an expression-weighted cell-type enrichment method to infer cell activity in spinal cord samples from patients with sporadic ALS and mouse models of this disease. Here we report that patients with sporadic ALS present cell activity patterns consistent with two mouse models in which enrichments of vascular cell genes preceded microglial response. Notably, during the presymptomatic stage, perivascular fibroblast cells showed the strongest gene enrichments, and their marker proteins SPP1 and COL6A1 accumulated in enlarged perivascular spaces in patients with sporadic ALS. Moreover, in plasma of 574 patients with ALS from four independent cohorts, increased levels of SPP1 at disease diagnosis repeatedly predicted shorter survival with stronger effect than the established risk factors of bulbar onset or neurofilament levels in cerebrospinal fluid. We propose that the activity of the recently discovered perivascular fibroblast can predict survival of patients with ALS and provide a new conceptual framework to re-evaluate definitions of ALS etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Månberg
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nathan Skene
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Folkert Sanders
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marta Trusohamn
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julia Remnestål
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Szczepińska
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inci Sevval Aksoylu
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Lönnerberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lwaki Ebarasi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Wouters
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuela Lehmann
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jennie Olofsson
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inti von Gohren Antequera
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aylin Domaniku
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maxim De Schaepdryver
- Laboratory for Neurobiomarker Research, Department of Neurology, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joke De Vocht
- Neurology Department and Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Poesen
- Laboratory for Neurobiomarker Research, Department of Neurology, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory Medicine, UZ Leuven (University Hospital Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Division of Systems Biology, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jasper Anink
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline Mijnsbergen
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hermieneke Vergunst-Bosch
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Neurology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Hübers
- University of Ulm, Neurology Clinic, Ulm, Germany.,Division of Neurology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ulf Kläppe
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Rodriguez-Vieitez
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Eva Hedlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert A Harris
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Philip Van Damme
- Neurology Department and Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Albert Ludolph
- University of Ulm, Neurology Clinic, Ulm, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Ulm, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Veldink
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Neurology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline Ingre
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian A Lewandowski
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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22
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Rahimian R, Béland LC, Sato S, Kriz J. Microglia-derived galectin-3 in neuroinflammation; a bittersweet ligand? Med Res Rev 2021; 41:2582-2589. [PMID: 33733487 DOI: 10.1002/med.21784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Galectins are soluble β-galactoside-binding proteins found in all multicellular organisms. Galectins may act as danger-associated molecular patterns in innate immunity and/or as pattern-recognition receptors that bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Among different galectin family members, galectin-3 has been the focus of studies in neurodegenerative diseases in recent years. This lectin modulates brain innate immune responses, microglia activation patterns in physiological and pathophysiological settings in a context-dependent manner. Galectin-3 is considered as a pivotal tuner of macrophage and microglial activity. Indeed galectin-3 acts as a double edged sword in neuroinflammatory context and this multimodal lectin has diverse roles in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Better understanding of galectin-3 physiology (its extracellular and intracellular actions) and structure (its C terminus vs. N terminus) is instrumental to design molecules that selectively modulate galectin-3 function toward neuroprotective phenotypes. Several experimental studies using different approaches and methods have demonstrated both protective and deleterious effects of galectin-3 in neuroinflammatory diseases. According to the crucial role of galectin-3 in modulation of innate immune response in brain, it is an attractive target in drug discovery of neurodegenerative diseases. The current insight attempts to provide an updated and balanced discussion on the role of galectin-3 as a complex endogenous immune modulator. This helps to have a better insight into the development of galectin-3 modulators with translational value in different neurological disorders including stroke and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rahimian
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Sachiko Sato
- Glycobiology and Bioimaging Laboratory, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jasna Kriz
- CERVO Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
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23
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Clarke BE, Patani R. The microglial component of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain 2021; 143:3526-3539. [PMID: 33427296 PMCID: PMC7805793 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary immune cells of the CNS, carrying out key homeostatic roles and undergoing context-dependent and temporally regulated changes in response to injury and neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia have been implicated in playing a role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disease characterized by extensive motor neuron loss leading to paralysis and premature death. However, as the pathomechansims of ALS are increasingly recognized to involve a multitude of different cell types, it has been difficult to delineate the specific contribution of microglia to disease. Here, we review the literature of microglial involvement in ALS and discuss the evidence for the neurotoxic and neuroprotective pathways that have been attributed to microglia in this disease. We also discuss accumulating evidence for spatiotemporal regulation of microglial activation in this context. A deeper understanding of the role of microglia in the ‘cellular phase’ of ALS is crucial in the development of mechanistically rationalized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Clarke
- Department of Neuromuscular disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, UK
| | - Rickie Patani
- Department of Neuromuscular disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, UK
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24
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Rozas P, Pinto C, Martínez Traub F, Díaz R, Pérez V, Becerra D, Ojeda P, Ojeda J, Wright MT, Mella J, Plate L, Henríquez JP, Hetz C, Medinas DB. Protein disulfide isomerase ERp57 protects early muscle denervation in experimental ALS. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:21. [PMID: 33541434 PMCID: PMC7863244 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01116-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects motoneurons. Mutations in superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) have been described as a causative genetic factor for ALS. Mice overexpressing ALS-linked mutant SOD1 develop ALS symptoms accompanied by histopathological alterations and protein aggregation. The protein disulfide isomerase family member ERp57 is one of the main up-regulated proteins in tissue of ALS patients and mutant SOD1 mice, whereas point mutations in ERp57 were described as possible risk factors to develop the disease. ERp57 catalyzes disulfide bond formation and isomerization in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), constituting a central component of protein quality control mechanisms. However, the actual contribution of ERp57 to ALS pathogenesis remained to be defined. Here, we studied the consequences of overexpressing ERp57 in experimental ALS using mutant SOD1 mice. Double transgenic SOD1G93A/ERp57WT animals presented delayed deterioration of electrophysiological activity and maintained muscle innervation compared to single transgenic SOD1G93A littermates at early-symptomatic stage, along with improved motor performance without affecting survival. The overexpression of ERp57 reduced mutant SOD1 aggregation, but only at disease end-stage, dissociating its role as an anti-aggregation factor from the protection of neuromuscular junctions. Instead, proteomic analysis revealed that the neuroprotective effects of ERp57 overexpression correlated with increased levels of synaptic and actin cytoskeleton proteins in the spinal cord. Taken together, our results suggest that ERp57 operates as a disease modifier at early stages by maintaining motoneuron connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Rozas
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, P.O. Box 70086, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristina Pinto
- Neuromuscular Studies Laboratory (NeSt Lab), Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Center for Advanced Microscopy (CMA Bio-Bio), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Francisca Martínez Traub
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, P.O. Box 70086, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Díaz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, P.O. Box 70086, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Viviana Pérez
- Neuromuscular Studies Laboratory (NeSt Lab), Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Center for Advanced Microscopy (CMA Bio-Bio), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Daniela Becerra
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, P.O. Box 70086, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Ojeda
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, P.O. Box 70086, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Ojeda
- Neuromuscular Studies Laboratory (NeSt Lab), Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Center for Advanced Microscopy (CMA Bio-Bio), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Madison T Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jessica Mella
- Neuromuscular Studies Laboratory (NeSt Lab), Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Center for Advanced Microscopy (CMA Bio-Bio), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Lars Plate
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Juan Pablo Henríquez
- Neuromuscular Studies Laboratory (NeSt Lab), Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Center for Advanced Microscopy (CMA Bio-Bio), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, P.O. Box 70086, Santiago, Chile.
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.
| | - Danilo B Medinas
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, P.O. Box 70086, Santiago, Chile.
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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25
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Ramakrishnan P. Could Galectin-3 be a key player in the etiology of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder? Med Hypotheses 2020; 146:110450. [PMID: 33309338 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) is a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized primarily by transverse myelitis (TM) and optic neuritis (ON). Serum antibodies of the IgG class to the water channel protein aquaporin-4 (AQP4) are associated with NMOSD in most cases. These antibodies are thought to cause functional abnormality or changed expressional pattern of AQP4 channel proteins in the CNS lesions. Activation of microglia is one of the chief antibody-mediated effects in NMOSD and it has opposing detrimental and protective effects in NMOSD. On the one hand, it promotes neuroinflammation, demyelination and BBB breakdown. On the other, it aids in remyelination. What controls the switch between these effects is unknown. Recently, Galectin- 3, a lectin, has been identified as a key player in several neurodegenerative diseases. In transient focal brain ischemia, alzheimer's disease (AD), huntington disease (HD), and experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), Galectin-3 promotes microglia-mediated inflammation. Conversely, in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Galectin-3 reduces inflammation. It also suppresses Th17 cytokines, which play a crucial role in NMOSD pathogenesis. Being devoid of a leader signal, Gal-3 localizes in different cellular compartments and is subject to various post-translational modifications. These reasons explain why Galectin-3 expression has opposing effects under different physiological conditions. Microglia-mediated inflammation in NMOSD has not been extensively studied. The factors that regulate microglia-mediated inflammation in NMOSD are unknown. Here, I hypothesize that Galectin-3 might be an etiological factor in NMOSD that regulates microglia-mediated inflammation. Analysing the role of Gal-3 in NMOSD could help in the development of novel therapies to treat NMOSD.
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26
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Gal-3 is a potential biomarker for spinal cord injury and Gal-3 deficiency attenuates neuroinflammation through ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Biosci Rep 2020; 39:221325. [PMID: 31763668 PMCID: PMC6923351 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20192368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often occurs in young and middle-aged population. The present study aimed to clarify the function of Galectin-3 (Gal-3) in neuroinflammation of SCI. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat models with SCI were established in vivo. PC12 cell model in vitro was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Gene chip were used to analyze the expression levels of genes in the signaling pathway. Histological assessment, ELISA and Western blotting were conducted to evaluate the effects of Gal-3 upon the SCI model. In the in vivo SD rat model, Gal-3 expression level was up-regulated. The inhibition of Gal-3 attenuated the neuroinflammation in SCI model. The inhibition of Gal-3 could also mitigate the neuroinflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in in vitro model. ROS reduced the effect of Gal-3 on oxidative stress in in vitro model. Down-regulating the content of TXNIP decreased the effect of Gal-3 on neuroinflammation in in vitro model. Suppressing the level of NLRP3 could weaken the effect of Gal-3 on neuroinflammation in in vitro model. Our data highlight that the Gal-3 plays a vital role in regulating the severity of neuroinflammation of SCI by enhancing the activation of ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3 signaling pathway. In addition, inflammasome/IL-1β production probably acts as the therapeutic target in SCI.
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27
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Properties of Glial Cell at the Neuromuscular Junction Are Incompatible with Synaptic Repair in the SOD1G37R ALS Mouse Model. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7759-7777. [PMID: 32859714 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1748-18.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting motoneurons (MNs) in a motor-unit (MU)-dependent manner. Glial dysfunction contributes to numerous aspects of the disease. At the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), early alterations in perisynaptic Schwann cell (PSC), glial cells at this synapse, may impact their ability to regulate NMJ stability and repair. Indeed, muscarinic receptors (mAChRs) regulate the repair phenotype of PSCs and are overactivated at disease-resistant NMJs [soleus muscle (SOL)] in SOD1G37R mice. However, it remains unknown whether this is the case at disease-vulnerable NMJs and whether it translates into an impairment of PSC-dependent repair mechanisms. We used SOL and sternomastoid (STM) muscles from SOD1G37R mice and performed Ca2+-imaging to monitor PSC activity and used immunohistochemistry to analyze their repair and phagocytic properties. We show that PSC mAChR-dependent activity was transiently increased at disease-vulnerable NMJs (STM muscle). Furthermore, PSCs from both muscles extended disorganized processes from denervated NMJs and failed to initiate or guide nerve terminal sprouts at disease-vulnerable NMJs, a phenomenon essential for compensatory reinnervation. This was accompanied by a failure of numerous PSCs to upregulate galectin-3 (MAC-2), a marker of glial axonal debris phagocytosis, on NMJ denervation in SOD1 mice. Finally, differences in these PSC-dependent NMJ repair mechanisms were MU type dependent, thus reflecting MU vulnerability in ALS. Together, these results reveal that neuron-glia communication is ubiquitously altered at the NMJ in ALS. This appears to prevent PSCs from adopting a repair phenotype, resulting in a maladapted response to denervation at the NMJ in ALS.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Understanding how the complex interplay between neurons and glial cells ultimately lead to the degeneration of motor neurons and loss of motor function is a fundamental question to comprehend amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). An early and persistent alteration of glial cell activity takes place at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the output of motor neurons, but its impact on NMJ repair remains unknown. Here, we reveal that glial cells at disease-vulnerable NMJs often fail to guide compensatory nerve terminal sprouts and to adopt a phagocytic phenotype on denervated NMJs in SOD1G37R mice. These results show that glial cells at the NMJ elaborate an inappropriate response to NMJ degeneration in a manner that reflects motor-unit (MU) vulnerability and potentially impairs compensatory reinnervation.
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28
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Exploring the VISTA of microglia: immune checkpoints in CNS inflammation. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:1415-1430. [PMID: 32856125 PMCID: PMC7525281 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01968-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Negative checkpoint regulators (NCR) are intensely pursued as targets to modulate the immune response in cancer and autoimmunity. A large variety of NCR is expressed by central nervous system (CNS)-resident cell types and is associated with CNS homeostasis, interactions with peripheral immunity and CNS inflammation and disease. Immunotherapy blocking NCR affects the CNS as patients can develop neurological issues including encephalitis and multiple sclerosis (MS). How these treatments affect the CNS is incompletely understood, since expression and function of NCR in the CNS are only beginning to be unravelled. V-type immunoglobulin-like suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) is an NCR that is expressed primarily in the haematopoietic system by myeloid and T cells. VISTA regulates T cell quiescence and activation and has a variety of functions in myeloid cells including efferocytosis, cytokine response and chemotaxis. In the CNS, VISTA is predominantly expressed by microglia and macrophages of the CNS. In this review, we summarize the role of NCR in the CNS during health and disease. We highlight expression of VISTA across cell types and CNS diseases and discuss the function of VISTA in microglia and during CNS ageing, inflammation and neurodegeneration. Understanding the role of VISTA and other NCR in the CNS is important considering the adverse effects of immunotherapy on the CNS, and in view of their therapeutic potential in CNS disease.
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Ramírez Hernández E, Sánchez-Maldonado C, Mayoral Chávez MA, Hernández-Zimbrón LF, Patricio Martínez A, Zenteno E, Limón Pérez de León ID. The therapeutic potential of galectin-1 and galectin-3 in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 20:439-448. [PMID: 32303136 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1750955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Neuroinflammation has been proposed as a common factor and one of the main inducers of neuronal degeneration. Galectins are a group of β-galactoside-binding lectins, that play an important role in the immune response, adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, migration and cell growth. Up to 15 members of the galectin's family have been identified; however, the expression of galectin-1 and galectin-3 has been considered a key factor in neuronal regeneration and modulation of the inflammatory response. Galectin-1 is necessary to stimulate the secretion of neurotrophic factors in astrocytes and promoting neuronal regeneration. In contrast, galectin-3 fosters the proliferation of microglial cells and modulates cellular apoptosis, therefore these proteins are considered a useful alternative for the treatment of degenerative diseases.Areas covered: This review describes the roles of galectin-1 and galectin-3 in the modulation of neuroinflammation and their potential as therapeutic targets in the treatment for neurodegenerative diseases.Expert opinion: Although data in the literature vary, the effects of galectin-1 and galectin-3 on the activation and modulation of astrocytes and microglia has been described. Due to its anti-inflammatory effects, galectin-1 is proposed as a molecule with therapeutic potential, whereas the inhibition of galectin-3 could contribute to reduce the neuroinflammatory response in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleazar Ramírez Hernández
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Claudia Sánchez-Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Miguel A Mayoral Chávez
- Centro de Investigaciones Médicas UNAM-UABJO, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, México
| | - Luis F Hernández-Zimbrón
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.,Departamento de Investigación, Asociación Para Evitar la Ceguera en México, "Hospital Dr. Luis Sánchez Bulnes", Ciudad de México, México
| | - Aleidy Patricio Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México.,Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - I Daniel Limón Pérez de León
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
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Araújo JRC, Coelho CB, Campos AR, de Azevedo Moreira R, de Oliveira Monteiro-Moreira AC. Animal Galectins and Plant Lectins as Tools for Studies in Neurosciences. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 18:202-215. [PMID: 31622208 PMCID: PMC7327950 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666191016092221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins are proteins or glycoproteins of non-immunological origin capable of reversibly and specifically binding to glycoconjugates. They exist in free form or associated with cells and are widely distributed in nature, being found in plants, microorganisms, and animals. Due to their characteristics and mainly due to the possibility of reversible binding to glycoconjugates, lectins have stood out as important tools in research involving Neurobiology. These proteins have the ability to modulate molecular targets in the central nervous system (CNS) which may be involved with neuroplasticity, neurobehavioral effects, and neuroprotection. The present report integrates existing information on the activity of animal and plant lectins in different areas of Neuroscience, presenting perspectives to direct new research on lectin function in the CNS, providing alternatives for understanding neurological diseases such as mental disorders, neurodegenerative, and neuro-oncological diseases, and for the development of new drugs, diagnoses and therapies in the field of Neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cauê Barbosa Coelho
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencia e Tecnologia Ambiental para o Semiarido (PPGCTAS), State University of Pernambuco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Adriana Rolim Campos
- Experimental Biology Centre (NUBEX), University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
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Siew JJ, Chen HM, Chen HY, Chen HL, Chen CM, Soong BW, Wu YR, Chang CP, Chan YC, Lin CH, Liu FT, Chern Y. Galectin-3 is required for the microglia-mediated brain inflammation in a model of Huntington's disease. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3473. [PMID: 31375685 PMCID: PMC6677843 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that manifests with movement dysfunction. The expression of mutant Huntingtin (mHTT) disrupts the functions of brain cells. Galectin-3 (Gal3) is a lectin that has not been extensively explored in brain diseases. Herein, we showed that the plasma Gal3 levels of HD patients and mice correlated with disease severity. Moreover, brain Gal3 levels were higher in patients and mice with HD than those in controls. The up-regulation of Gal3 in HD mice occurred before motor impairment, and its level remained high in microglia throughout disease progression. The cell-autonomous up-regulated Gal3 formed puncta in damaged lysosomes and contributed to inflammation through NFκB- and NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent pathways. Knockdown of Gal3 suppressed inflammation, reduced mHTT aggregation, restored neuronal DARPP32 levels, ameliorated motor dysfunction, and increased survival in HD mice. Thus, suppression of Gal3 ameliorates microglia-mediated pathogenesis, which suggests that Gal3 is a novel druggable target for HD. The authors show that Galectin-3 is up–regulated in brain tissues from patients and a mouse model of Huntington’s disease (HD) and correlates with disease severity. Galectin-3 accumulates at damaged lysosomes in HD microglia, prevents the clearance of damaged lysosomes, and promotes inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jing Siew
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Mei Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Lin Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Mei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center and College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Wen Soong
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, and Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 23561, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, and Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Ru Wu
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center and College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Pang Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Chan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
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Stajic D, Selakovic D, Jovicic N, Joksimovic J, Arsenijevic N, Lukic ML, Rosic G. The role of galectin-3 in modulation of anxiety state level in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 78:177-187. [PMID: 30682502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a member of lectin family that binds to oligosaccharides, is involved in several biological processes, including maturation and function of nervous system. It had been reported that Gal-3 regulates oligodendrocytes differentiation and that Gal-3/Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) axis is involved in neuroinflammation. As both, central nervous system (CNS) maturation and neuroinflammation may affect behavior, the principle aim of this study was to examine the effects of Gal-3 gene deletion on behavior. Here we provide the evidence that Gal-3 deficiency shows clear anxiogenic effect in mature untreated animals (basal conditions). This was accompanied with lower interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) relative gene expression and hippocampal content, with no effect on TLR4 expression. Gal-3 deficiency was also accompanied with lower brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) relative gene expression and immunoreactivity in hippocampus (predominantly in CA1 region). Besides, the Gal-3 gene deletion resulted in attenuation of the hippocampal relative gene expression of GABA-A receptor subunits 2 and 5 (GABA-AR2S and GABA-AR5S), On the other hand, Gal-3 deficiency attenuates LPS-induced neuroinflammation. The anxiogenic effect of acute neuroinflammation was accompanied with increased hippocampal IL-6, TNF-α and TLR4 gene expression, as well as decreased gene and immunohistochemical BDNF expression in hippocampus, with significant decline in GABA-AR2S in wild type (WT) mice in comparison to basal conditions. Gal-3 gene deletion prevented the increase in IL-6, the decline in BDNF gene expression and immunoreactivity, and reduction in hippocampal GABA-AR2S, and therefore attenuated the anxiogenic effect of neuroinflammation. In summary, our data demonstrate that apparently opposite effects of Gal-3 deficiency on anxiety levels (anxiogenic effect under basal conditions and anxiolytic action during neuroinflammation) seem to be related to the shift in IL-6, TNF-α and hippocampal BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalibor Stajic
- Department of Hygiene and Ecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia; Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dragica Selakovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nemanja Jovicic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jovana Joksimovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Miodrag L Lukic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Gvozden Rosic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia.
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Gelfman S, Dugger S, de Araujo Martins Moreno C, Ren Z, Wolock CJ, Shneider NA, Phatnani H, Cirulli ET, Lasseigne BN, Harris T, Maniatis T, Rouleau GA, Brown RH, Gitler AD, Myers RM, Petrovski S, Allen A, Goldstein DB, Harms MB. A new approach for rare variation collapsing on functional protein domains implicates specific genic regions in ALS. Genome Res 2019; 29:809-818. [PMID: 30940688 PMCID: PMC6499321 DOI: 10.1101/gr.243592.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale sequencing efforts in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have implicated novel genes using gene-based collapsing methods. However, pathogenic mutations may be concentrated in specific genic regions. To address this, we developed two collapsing strategies: One focuses rare variation collapsing on homology-based protein domains as the unit for collapsing, and the other is a gene-level approach that, unlike standard methods, leverages existing evidence of purifying selection against missense variation on said domains. The application of these two collapsing methods to 3093 ALS cases and 8186 controls of European ancestry, and also 3239 cases and 11,808 controls of diversified populations, pinpoints risk regions of ALS genes, including SOD1, NEK1, TARDBP, and FUS. While not clearly implicating novel ALS genes, the new analyses not only pinpoint risk regions in known genes but also highlight candidate genes as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Gelfman
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Sarah Dugger
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, USA
| | | | - Zhong Ren
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Charles J Wolock
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Neil A Shneider
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA.,Motor Neuron Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Hemali Phatnani
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, USA.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA.,New York Genome Center, New York, New York 10013, USA
| | | | | | - Tim Harris
- SV Health Investors, Boston, Massachusetts 02108, USA
| | - Tom Maniatis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, H3A 2B4 Canada
| | - Robert H Brown
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Aaron D Gitler
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | - Slavé Petrovski
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health and Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Andrew Allen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - David B Goldstein
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, USA.,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Matthew B Harms
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, USA.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA.,Motor Neuron Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Delayed Galectin-3-Mediated Reprogramming of Microglia After Stroke is Protective. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6371-6385. [PMID: 30798442 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1527-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a β-galactoside-binding lectin, has recently emerged as a molecule with immunoregulatory functions. We investigated the effects of Gal-3 on microglia morphology, migration, and secretory profile under physiological conditions and in the context of ischemic injury. We show that in the control conditions, exposure to recombinant Gal-3 increases microglial ramification and motility in vitro and in vivo via an IL-4-dependent mechanism. Importantly, after stroke, Gal-3 exerted marked immune-modulatory properties. Delivery of Gal-3 at 24 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was associated with an increase in Ym1-positive microglia and decrease in iNOS. Analysis of cytokine profiles at the protein level revealed downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a marked upregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-4, 24 h after i.c.v. injection of Gal-3. Importantly, the observed shift in cytokines in microglia was associated with a significant decrease in the infarct size. Taken together, our results suggest that when delivered well after ischemic injury, Gal-3 might fine tune innate immunity and induce a therapeutic shift in microglia polarization.
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Transcriptomic immaturity inducible by neural hyperexcitation is shared by multiple neuropsychiatric disorders. Commun Biol 2019; 2:32. [PMID: 30675529 PMCID: PMC6342824 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are needed to improve the diagnosis of neuropsychiatric disorders, which are often associated to excitatory/inhibitory imbalances in neural transmission and abnormal maturation. Here, we characterized different disease conditions by mapping changes in the expression patterns of maturation-related genes whose expression was altered by experimental neural hyperexcitation in published studies. This analysis revealed two gene expression patterns: decreases in maturity markers and increases in immaturity markers. These two groups of genes were characterized by the over-representation of genes related to synaptic function and chromosomal modification, respectively. Using these two groups in a transdiagnostic analysis of 87 disease datasets for eight neuropsychiatric disorders and 12 datasets from corresponding animal models, we found that transcriptomic pseudoimmaturity inducible by neural hyperexcitation is shared by multiple neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer disorders, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Our results indicate that this endophenotype serves as a basis for the transdiagnostic characterization of these disorders. Tomoyuki Murano et al. showed that neural hyperexcitation increases the expression of immaturity related genes. These changes in gene expression are shared among different neuropsychiatric and neurological conditions, hinting at their potential role as biomarkers.
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Premeaux TA, D'Antoni ML, Abdel-Mohsen M, Pillai SK, Kallianpur KJ, Nakamoto BK, Agsalda-Garcia M, Shiramizu B, Shikuma CM, Gisslén M, Price RW, Valcour V, Ndhlovu LC. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid Galectin-9 is associated with central nervous system immune activation and poor cognitive performance in older HIV-infected individuals. J Neurovirol 2018; 25:150-161. [PMID: 30478799 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0696-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that galectin-9 (Gal-9), a soluble lectin with immunomodulatory properties, is elevated in plasma during HIV infection and induces HIV transcription. The link between Gal-9 and compromised neuronal function is becoming increasingly evident; however, the association with neuroHIV remains unknown. We measured Gal-9 levels by ELISA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of 70 HIV-infected (HIV+) adults stratified by age (older > 40 years and younger < 40 years) either ART suppressed or with detectable CSF HIV RNA, including a subgroup with cognitive assessments, and 18 HIV uninfected (HIV-) controls. Gal-9 tissue expression was compared in necropsy brain specimens from HIV- and HIV+ donors using gene datasets and immunohistochemistry. Among older HIV+ adults, CSF Gal-9 was elevated in the ART suppressed and CSF viremic groups compared to controls, whereas in the younger group, Gal-9 levels were elevated only in the CSF viremic group (p < 0.05). CSF Gal-9 positively correlated with age in all groups (p < 0.05). CSF Gal-9 tracked with CSF HIV RNA irrespective of age (β = 0.33; p < 0.05). Higher CSF Gal-9 in the older viremic HIV+ group correlated with worse neuropsychological test performance scores independently of age and CSF HIV RNA (p < 0.05). Furthermore, CSF Gal-9 directly correlated with myeloid activation (CSF-soluble CD163 and neopterin) in both HIV+ older groups (p < 0.05). Among HIV+ necropsy specimens, Gal-9 expression was increased in select brain regions compared to controls (p < 0.05). Gal-9 may serve as a novel neuroimmuno-modulatory protein that is involved in driving cognitive deficits in those aging with HIV and may be valuable in tracking cognitive abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Premeaux
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology & Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 325, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Michelle L D'Antoni
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology & Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 325, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.,Hawai'i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 225, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | | | - Satish K Pillai
- Blood Systems Research Institute, 270 Masonic Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | - Kalpana J Kallianpur
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology & Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 325, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.,Hawai'i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 225, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Beau K Nakamoto
- Hawai'i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 225, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.,Straub Medical Center, 888 S King St, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Melissa Agsalda-Garcia
- Hawai'i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 225, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Bruce Shiramizu
- Hawai'i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 225, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Cecilia M Shikuma
- Hawai'i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 225, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Magnus Gisslén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Richard W Price
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Victor Valcour
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Lishomwa C Ndhlovu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology & Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 325, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA. .,Hawai'i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 225, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.
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Thomas L, Pasquini LA. Galectin-3-Mediated Glial Crosstalk Drives Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and (Re)myelination. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:297. [PMID: 30258354 PMCID: PMC6143789 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is the only chimeric protein in the galectin family. Gal-3 structure comprises unusual tandem repeats of proline and glycine-rich short stretches bound to a carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD). The present review summarizes Gal-3 functions in the extracellular and intracellular space, its regulation and its internalization and secretion, with a focus on the current knowledge of Gal-3 role in central nervous system (CNS) health and disease, particularly oligodendrocyte (OLG) differentiation, myelination and remyelination in experimental models of multiple sclerosis (MS). During myelination, microglia-expressed Gal-3 promotes OLG differentiation by binding glycoconjugates present only on the cell surface of OLG precursor cells (OPC). During remyelination, microglia-expressed Gal-3 favors an M2 microglial phenotype, hence fostering myelin debris phagocytosis through TREM-2b phagocytic receptor and OLG differentiation. Gal-3 is necessary for myelin integrity and function, as evidenced by myelin ultrastructural and behavioral studies from LGALS3-/- mice. Mechanistically, Gal-3 enhances actin assembly and reduces Erk 1/2 activation, leading to early OLG branching. Gal-3 later induces Akt activation and increases MBP expression, promoting gelsolin release and actin disassembly and thus regulating OLG final differentiation. Altogether, findings indicate that Gal-3 mediates the glial crosstalk driving OLG differentiation and (re)myelination and may be regarded as a target in the design of future therapies for a variety of demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Thomas
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Institute of Chemistry and Biological Physicochemistry (IQUIFIB), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Andrea Pasquini
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Institute of Chemistry and Biological Physicochemistry (IQUIFIB), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Ashraf GM, Baeesa SS. Investigation of Gal-3 Expression Pattern in Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients Suffering From Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:430. [PMID: 30008660 PMCID: PMC6033997 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed this study to investigate the possibility of a definitive pattern of Galectin-3 (Gal-3) expression in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) patients. In our study, we collected the CSF and serum samples of 31 AD patients, 19 ALS patients and 50 normal healthy subjects (controls). Quantitative ELISA measured Gal-3 concentrations in CSF and serum samples. A comparative analysis was performed to analyze and understand the Gal-3 expression pattern. A number of neuropsychological assessments and statistical analyses were carried out to validate our findings. Recent researches have established the role of galectins in various neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs), but a definitive pattern of galectin expression is still elusive. A significant difference was observed in serum and CSF Gal-3 concentrations between AD patients and healthy controls. The difference in serum and CSF Gal-3 concentrations between ALS patients vs. controls was lesser as compared to AD patients vs. controls. The difference in serum and CSF Gal-3 concentrations of AD vs. ALS patients was not significant. The MMSE score and serum and CSF Gal-3 concentrations in AD and ALS patients, and controls exhibited a significant positive correlation. The findings of the present study are expected to provide an insight into the definitive pattern of Gal-3 expression in AD and ALS patients, and might thus establish Gal-3 as a strong biomarker. This in turn will open up new and promising research avenues targeting the expression of galectins to modulate the progression of NDDs, and pave the way for novel therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam M Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh S Baeesa
- Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Wang J, Xing H, Wan L, Jiang X, Wang C, Wu Y. Treatment targets for M2 microglia polarization in ischemic stroke. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:518-525. [PMID: 29883947 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As the first line of defense in the nervous system, resident microglia are the predominant immune cells in the brain. In diseases of the central nervous system such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease, they often cause inflammation or phagocytosis; however, some studies have found that despite the current controversy over M1, M2 polarization could be beneficial. Ischemic stroke is the third most common cause of death in humans. Patients who survive an ischemic stroke might experience a clear decline in their quality of life, owing to conditions such as hemiplegic paralysis and aphasia. After stroke, the activated microglia become a double-edged sword, with distinct phenotypic changes to the deleterious M1 and neuroprotective M2 types. Therefore, methods for promoting the differentiation of microglia into the M2 polarized form to alleviate harmful reactions after stroke have become a topic of interest in recent years. Subsequently, the discovery of new drugs related to M2 polarization has enabled the realization of targeted therapies. In the present review, we discussed the neuroprotective effects of microglia M2 polarization and the potential mechanisms and drugs by which microglia can be transformed into the M2 polarized type after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hongyi Xing
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lin Wan
- The Children's Hospital of Soochow, Jiangsu, Hematology and Oncology, China
| | - Xingjun Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Siew JJ, Chern Y. Microglial Lectins in Health and Neurological Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:158. [PMID: 29867350 PMCID: PMC5960708 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the innate sentinels of the central nervous system (CNS) and are responsible for the homeostasis and immune defense of the CNS. Under the influence of the local environment and cell-cell interaction, microglia exhibit a multidimensional and context-dependent phenotypes that can be cytotoxic and neuroprotective. Recent studies suggest that microglia express multitudinous types of lectins, including galectins, Siglecs, mannose-binding lectins (MBLs) and other glycan binding proteins. Because most studies that examine lectins focus on the peripheral system, the functions of lectins have not been critically investigated in the CNS. In addition, the types of brain cells that contribute to the altered levels of lectins present in diseases are often unclear. In this review, we will discuss how galectins, Siglecs, selectins and MBLs contribute to the dynamic functions of microglia. The interacting ligands of these lectins are complex glycoconjugates, which consist of glycoproteins and glycolipids that are expressed on microglia or surrounding cells. The current understanding of the heterogeneity and functions of glycans in the brain is limited. Galectins are a group of pleotropic proteins that recognize both β-galactoside-containing glycans and non- β-galactoside-containing proteins. The function and regulation of galectins have been implicated in immunomodulation, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, phagocytosis and oxidative bursts. Most Siglecs are expressed at a low level on the plasma membrane and bind to sialic acid residues for immunosurveillance and cell-cell communication. Siglecs are classified based on their inhibitory and activatory downstream signaling properties. Inhibitory Siglecs negatively regulate microglia activation upon recognizing the intact sialic acid patterns and vice versa. MBLs are expressed upon infection in cytoplasm and can be secreted in order to recognize molecules containing terminal mannose as an innate immune defense machinery. Most importantly, multiple studies have reported dysregulation of lectins in neurological disorders. Here, we reviewed recent studies on microglial lectins and their functions in CNS health and disease, and suggest that these lectin families are novel, potent therapeutic targets for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jing Siew
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Hu H, Lin H, Duan W, Cui C, Li Z, Liu Y, Wang W, Wen D, Wang Y, Li C. Intrathecal Injection of scAAV9-hIGF1 Prolongs the Survival of ALS Model Mice by Inhibiting the NF-kB Pathway. Neuroscience 2018; 381:1-10. [PMID: 29447858 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a chronic, fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of upper and lower motor neurons. Currently, there is no effective drug for ALS. Recent studies in ALS model mice have shown that insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) may be a promising therapeutic drug. We demonstrate that self-complementary adeno-associated virus serum type 9 encoding the human IGF1 (scAAV9-hIGF1) could significantly postpone the onset and slow down the progression of the disease owning to inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. Furthermore, the results were supported by experiments in which the CRISPR/Cas9 system was used to knock-down IGF1 in ALS mice (mIGF1). Our data indicate that IGF1-mediated suppression of NF-κB activation in microglia is a novel molecular mechanism underlying MN death in ALS. It provides new insight into IGF1 and points toward novel therapeutic targets of IGF1 in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- HaoJie Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China; Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang City, China
| | - HuiQian Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China; Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - WeiSong Duan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China
| | - Can Cui
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China
| | - ZhongYao Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China
| | - YaKun Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China
| | - Wan Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China
| | - Di Wen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China
| | - ChunYan Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China; Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Heping West Road 215, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China.
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Boziki M, Polyzos SA, Deretzi G, Kazakos E, Katsinelos P, Doulberis M, Kotronis G, Giartza-Taxidou E, Laskaridis L, Tzivras D, Vardaka E, Kountouras C, Grigoriadis N, Thomann R, Kountouras J. A potential impact of Helicobacter pylori-related galectin-3 in neurodegeneration. Neurochem Int 2017; 113:137-151. [PMID: 29246761 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration represents a component of the central nervous system (CNS) diseases pathogenesis, either as a disability primary source in the frame of prototype neurodegenerative disorders, or as a secondary effect, following inflammation, hypoxia or neurotoxicity. Galectins are members of the lectin superfamily, a group of endogenous glycan-binding proteins, able to interact with glycosylated receptors expressed by several immune cell types. Glycan-lectin interactions play critical roles in the living systems by involving and mediating a variety of biologically important normal and pathological processes, including cell-cell signaling shaping cell communication, proliferation and migration, immune responses and fertilization, host-pathogen interactions and diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders and tumors. This review focuses in the role of Galectin-3 in shaping responses of the immune system against microbial agents, and concretely, Helicobacter pylori (Hp), thereby potentiating effect of the microbe in areas distant from the ordinary site of colonization, like the CNS. We hereby postulate that gastrointestinal Hp alterations in terms of immune cell functional phenotype, cytokine and chemokine secretion, may trigger systemic responses, thereby conferring implications for remote processes susceptible in immunity disequilibrium, namely, the CNS inflammation and/or neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Boziki
- Department of Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stergios A Polyzos
- Department of Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia Deretzi
- Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Papageorgiou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelos Kazakos
- Department of Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Katsinelos
- Department of Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michael Doulberis
- Department of Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine, Bürgerspital Solothurn, Solothurn, Switzerland
| | - Georgios Kotronis
- Department of Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evaggelia Giartza-Taxidou
- Department of Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Leonidas Laskaridis
- Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitri Tzivras
- Department of Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elisabeth Vardaka
- Department of Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Constantinos Kountouras
- Department of Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Robert Thomann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bürgerspital Solothurn, Solothurn, Switzerland
| | - Jannis Kountouras
- Department of Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Rahimian R, Béland LC, Kriz J. Galectin-3: mediator of microglia responses in injured brain. Drug Discov Today 2017; 23:375-381. [PMID: 29133191 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a pleiotropic protein involved in cell activation, proliferation and migration and plays a pivotal part as an inflammatory mediator in neurodegeneration. Galectin-3 is associated with microglial activation and proliferation after ischemia. Given its putative role as a dynamic fine-tuner of microglia, activation of Galectin-3 provides molecular cues in design of new immunomodulatory strategies for stroke management. This review summarizes recent evidence on the role of Galectin-3 as a mediator of immune responses in damaged brain and mechanisms employed by Galectin-3 to affect microglial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rahimian
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, CERVO Brain Research Center, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Louis-Charles Béland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, CERVO Brain Research Center, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Jasna Kriz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, CERVO Brain Research Center, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec G1J 2G3, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada.
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45
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Differential contribution of microglia and monocytes in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:809-826. [PMID: 29063348 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Microglia, the innate immune cells of the CNS, are the first to react to pathological insults. However, multiple studies have also demonstrated an involvement of peripheral monocytes in several neurodegenerative diseases. Due to the different origins of these two cell types, it is important to distinguish their role and function in the development and progression of these diseases. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the current knowledge of the differential contributions of microglia and monocytes in the common neurodegenerative diseases AD, PD, and ALS, as well as multiple sclerosis, which is now regarded as a combination of inflammatory processes and neurodegeneration. Until recently, it has been challenging to differentiate microglia from monocytes, as there were no specific markers. Therefore, the recent identification of specific molecular signatures of both cell types will help to advance our understanding of their differential contribution in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Yan J, Xu Y, Zhang L, Zhao H, Jin L, Liu WG, Weng LH, Li ZH, Chen L. Increased Expressions of Plasma Galectin-3 in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 129:2797-2803. [PMID: 27900991 PMCID: PMC5146785 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.194656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High expressions of galectin-3 were identified recently in the end stage of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients, which suggested that immune reactivity and inflammatory mechanisms might play an important role in the pathogenesis of ALS. The purpose of this study was to investigate plasma galectin-3 levels in different groups and stages of ALS patients and the association with related clinical characteristics. METHODS A total of 51 patients with ALS and 60 normal controls (NCs) were recruited in this study. Plasma galectin-3 levels were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patients with ALS were divided into several groups according to their clinical characteristics: gender, type of disease onset, duration of disease, and clinical conditions of disease. Statistical analyses of the differences of galectin-3 levels between groups and the association with the clinical characteristics of disease were performed. RESULTS As compared with the NCs (201.64 [22.35-401.63] ng/ml), plasma galectin-3 levels were significantly elevated in the patients with duration >12 months (341.17 [69.12-859.22] ng/ml, P< 0.05), and the patients with limb onset of disease (254.14 [69.12-859.22] ng/ml, P< 0.05); however, no difference was found in the patients with duration ≤12 months (250.62 [109.77-334.92] ng/ml, P > 0.05), and the patients with bulbar onset of disease (251.79 [109.20-404.76] ng/ml, P > 0.05). In addition, galectin-3 levels were significantly increased in the female patients (263.27 [123.32-859.22] ng/ml, P< 0.05) while no difference was found in the male patients (220.39 [69.12-748.73] ng/ml, P > 0.05). The further statistical analyses showed that plasma galectin-3 levels were positively correlated with the duration of disease (r = 0.293, P = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS Plasma galectin-3 levels were significantly increased in ALS patients with limb onset of disease, especially in ALS female patients, and positively correlated with the duration of disease, which suggested that plasma galectin-3 might be an interesting and useful factor associated with ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Wei-Guo Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Lei-Hua Weng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Zuo-Han Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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Blasco H, Patin F, Andres CR, Corcia P, Gordon PH. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, 2016: existing therapies and the ongoing search for neuroprotection. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2016; 17:1669-82. [PMID: 27356036 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2016.1202919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), one in a family of age-related neurodegenerative disorders, is marked by predominantly cryptogenic causes, partially elucidated pathophysiology, and elusive treatments. The challenges of ALS are illustrated by two decades of negative drug trials. AREAS COVERED In this article, we lay out the current understanding of disease genesis and physiology in relation to drug development in ALS, stressing important accomplishments and gaps in knowledge. We briefly consider clinical ALS, the ongoing search for biomarkers, and the latest in trial design, highlighting major recent and ongoing clinical trials; and we discuss, in a concluding section on future directions, the prion-protein hypothesis of neurodegeneration and what steps can be taken to end the drought that has characterized drug discovery in ALS. EXPERT OPINION Age-related neurodegenerative disorders are fast becoming major public health problems for the world's aging populations. Several agents offer promise in the near-term, but drug development is hampered by an interrelated cycle of obstacles surrounding etiological, physiological, and biomarkers discovery. It is time for the type of government-funded, public-supported offensive on neurodegenerative disease that has been effective in other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Blasco
- a Inserm U930, Equipe "neurogénétique et neurométabolomique" , Tours , France.,b Université François-Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine , Tours , France.,c Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire , CHRU de Tours , Tours , France
| | - F Patin
- a Inserm U930, Equipe "neurogénétique et neurométabolomique" , Tours , France.,b Université François-Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine , Tours , France.,c Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire , CHRU de Tours , Tours , France
| | - C R Andres
- a Inserm U930, Equipe "neurogénétique et neurométabolomique" , Tours , France.,b Université François-Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine , Tours , France.,c Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire , CHRU de Tours , Tours , France
| | - P Corcia
- a Inserm U930, Equipe "neurogénétique et neurométabolomique" , Tours , France.,b Université François-Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine , Tours , France.,d Centre SLA, Service de Neurologie , CHRU Bretonneau , Tours , France
| | - P H Gordon
- e Northern Navajo Medical Center , Neurology Unit , Shiprock , NM , USA
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Srinivasan K, Friedman BA, Larson JL, Lauffer BE, Goldstein LD, Appling LL, Borneo J, Poon C, Ho T, Cai F, Steiner P, van der Brug MP, Modrusan Z, Kaminker JS, Hansen DV. Untangling the brain's neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative transcriptional responses. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11295. [PMID: 27097852 PMCID: PMC4844685 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A common approach to understanding neurodegenerative disease is comparing gene expression in diseased versus healthy tissues. We illustrate that expression profiles derived from whole tissue RNA highly reflect the degenerating tissues' altered cellular composition, not necessarily transcriptional regulation. To accurately understand transcriptional changes that accompany neuropathology, we acutely purify neurons, astrocytes and microglia from single adult mouse brains and analyse their transcriptomes by RNA sequencing. Using peripheral endotoxemia to establish the method, we reveal highly specific transcriptional responses and altered RNA processing in each cell type, with Tnfr1 required for the astrocytic response. Extending the method to an Alzheimer's disease model, we confirm that transcriptomic changes observed in whole tissue are driven primarily by cell type composition, not transcriptional regulation, and identify hundreds of cell type-specific changes undetected in whole tissue RNA. Applying similar methods to additional models and patient tissues will transform our understanding of aberrant gene expression in neurological disease. Whole tissue RNA profiling can help identify altered molecular pathways underlying neurodegenerative disease, but often masks cell type-specific transcriptional changes. Here, the authors compare transcriptomes of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia from Alzheimer's disease model brains and identify hundreds of cell-type specific changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karpagam Srinivasan
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Brad A Friedman
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Jessica L Larson
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Benjamin E Lauffer
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Leonard D Goldstein
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Laurie L Appling
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Jovencio Borneo
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Chungkee Poon
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Terence Ho
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Fang Cai
- Department of Diagnostics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Pascal Steiner
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Marcel P van der Brug
- Department of Diagnostics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Zora Modrusan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Joshua S Kaminker
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - David V Hansen
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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Caballero-Hernandez D, Toscano MG, Cejudo-Guillen M, Garcia-Martin ML, Lopez S, Franco JM, Quintana FJ, Roodveldt C, Pozo D. The ‘Omics’ of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:53-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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50
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Kobayakawa Y, Sakumi K, Kajitani K, Kadoya T, Horie H, Kira JI, Nakabeppu Y. Galectin-1 deficiency improves axonal swelling of motor neurones in SOD1(G93A) transgenic mice. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 41:227-44. [PMID: 24707896 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Galectin-1, a member of the β-galactoside-binding lectin family, accumulates in neurofilamentous lesions in the spinal cords of both sporadic and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients with a superoxide dismutase 1 gene (SOD1) mutation (A4V). The aim of this study was to evaluate the roles of endogenous galectin-1 in the pathogenesis of ALS. METHODS Expression of galectin-1 in the spinal cord of mutant SOD1 transgenic (SOD1(G93A) ) mice was examined by pathological analysis, real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting. The effects of galectin-1 deficiency were evaluated by cross-breeding SOD1(G93A) mice with galectin-1 null (Lgals1(-/-) ) mice. RESULTS Before ALS-like symptoms developed in SOD1(G93A) /Lgals1(+/+) mice, strong galectin-1 immunoreactivity was observed in swollen motor axons and colocalized with aggregated neurofilaments. Electron microscopic observations revealed that the diameters of swollen motor axons in the spinal cord were significantly smaller in SOD1(G93A) /Lgals1(-/-) mice, and there was less accumulation of vacuoles compared with SOD1(G93A) /Lgals1(+/+) mice. In symptomatic SOD1(G93A) /Lgals1(+/+) mice, astrocytes surrounding motor axons expressed a high level of galectin-1. CONCLUSIONS Galectin-1 accumulates in neurofilamentous lesions in SOD1(G93A) mice, as previously reported in humans with ALS. Galectin-1 accumulation in motor axons occurs before the development of ALS-like symptoms and is associated with early processes of axonal degeneration in SOD1(G93A) mice. In contrast, galectin-1 expressed in astrocytes may be involved in axonal degeneration during symptom presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Kobayakawa
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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