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Li Z, Liu Q, Cai Y, Ye N, He Z, Yao Y, Ding Y, Wang P, Qi C, Zheng L, Wang L, Zhou J, Zhang QQ. EPAC inhibitor suppresses angiogenesis and tumor growth of triple-negative breast cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167114. [PMID: 38447883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1 (EPAC1), a major isoform of guanine nucleotide exchange factors, is highly expressed in vascular endothelia cells and regulates angiogenesis in the retina. High intratumor microvascular densities (MVD) resulting from angiogenesis is responsible for breast cancer development. Downregulation of EPAC1 in tumor cell reduces triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)-induced angiogenesis. However, whether Epac1 expressed in vascular endothelial cells contributes to angiogenesis and tumor development of TNBC remains elusive. MAIN METHODS We employed NY0123, a previously identified potent EPAC inhibitor, to explore the anti-angiogenic biological role of EPAC1 in vitro and in vivo through vascular endothelial cells, rat aortic ring, Matrigel plug, and chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and yolk sac membrane (YSM) assays, as well as the in vivo xenograft tumor models of TNBC in both chick embryo and mice. KEY FINDINGS Inhibiting EPAC1 in vascular endothelial cells by NY0123 significantly suppresses angiogenesis and tumor growth of TNBC. In addition, NY0123 possesses a better inhibitory efficacy than ESI-09, a reported specific EPAC inhibitor tool compound. Importantly, inhibiting EPAC1 in vascular endothelia cells regulates the typical angiogenic signaling network, which is associated with not only vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) signaling, but also PI3K/AKT, MEK/ERK and Notch pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support that EPAC1 may serve as an effective anti-angiogenic therapeutic target of TNBC, and EPAC inhibitor NY0123 has the therapeutic potential to be developed for the treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zishuo Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuhao Cai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Na Ye
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Zinan He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuying Yao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yi Ding
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Pingyuan Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Cuiling Qi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lingyun Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lijing Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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2
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Slika H, Mansour H, Nasser SA, Shaito A, Kobeissy F, Orekhov AN, Pintus G, Eid AH. Epac as a tractable therapeutic target. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 945:175645. [PMID: 36894048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
In 1957, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) was identified as the first secondary messenger, and the first signaling cascade discovered was the cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. Since then, cAMP has received increasing attention given its multitude of actions. Not long ago, a new cAMP effector named exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) emerged as a critical mediator of cAMP's actions. Epac mediates a plethora of pathophysiologic processes and contributes to the pathogenesis of several diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, lung fibrosis, neurological disorders, and others. These findings strongly underscore the potential of Epac as a tractable therapeutic target. In this context, Epac modulators seem to possess unique characteristics and advantages and hold the promise of providing more efficacious treatments for a wide array of diseases. This paper provides an in-depth dissection and analysis of Epac structure, distribution, subcellular compartmentalization, and signaling mechanisms. We elaborate on how these characteristics can be utilized to design specific, efficient, and safe Epac agonists and antagonists that can be incorporated into future pharmacotherapeutics. In addition, we provide a detailed portfolio for specific Epac modulators highlighting their discovery, advantages, potential concerns, and utilization in the context of clinical disease entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Slika
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon.
| | - Hadi Mansour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon.
| | | | - Abdullah Shaito
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, P.O. Box: 2713, Qatar.
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, Moscow, 117418, Russia; Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, Moscow, 125315, Russia; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Osennyaya Street 4-1-207, Moscow, 121609, Russia.
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, P.O. Box 2713, Qatar.
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3
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Gao N, Raduka A, Rezaee F. Respiratory syncytial virus disrupts the airway epithelial barrier by decreasing cortactin and destabilizing F-actin. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs259871. [PMID: 35848790 PMCID: PMC9481929 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection in young children worldwide. Our group recently revealed that RSV infection disrupts the airway epithelial barrier in vitro and in vivo. However, the underlying molecular pathways were still elusive. Here, we report the critical roles of the filamentous actin (F-actin) network and actin-binding protein cortactin in RSV infection. We found that RSV infection causes F-actin depolymerization in 16HBE cells, and that stabilizing the F-actin network in infected cells reverses the epithelial barrier disruption. RSV infection also leads to significantly decreased cortactin in vitro and in vivo. Cortactin-knockout 16HBE cells presented barrier dysfunction, whereas overexpression of cortactin protected the epithelial barrier against RSV. The activity of Rap1 (which has Rap1A and Rap1B forms), one downstream target of cortactin, declined after RSV infection as well as in cortactin-knockout cells. Moreover, activating Rap1 attenuated RSV-induced epithelial barrier disruption. Our study proposes a key mechanism in which RSV disrupts the airway epithelial barrier via attenuating cortactin expression and destabilizing the F-actin network. The identified pathways will provide new targets for therapeutic intervention toward RSV-related disease. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Gao
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Andjela Raduka
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Fariba Rezaee
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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4
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Absence of EPAC1 Signaling to Stabilize CFTR in Intestinal Organoids. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152295. [PMID: 35892592 PMCID: PMC9332071 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane (PM) stability of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), the protein which when mutated causes Cystic Fibrosis (CF), relies on multiple interaction partners that connect CFTR to signaling pathways, including cAMP signaling. It was previously shown that activation of exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1 (EPAC1) by cAMP promotes an increase in CFTR PM levels in airway epithelial cells. However, the relevance of this pathway in other tissues, particularly the intestinal tissue, remains uncharacterized. Here, we used Western blot and forskolin-induced swelling assay to demonstrate that the EPAC1 protein is not expressed in the intestinal organoid model, and consequently the EPAC1 stabilization pathway is not in place. On the other hand, using cell surface biotinylation, EPAC1-mediated stabilization of PM CFTR is observed in intestinal cell lines. These results indicate that the EPAC1 stabilization pathway also occurs in intestinal cells and is a potential target for the development of novel combinatorial therapies for treatment of CF.
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5
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Ahmed MB, Alghamdi AAA, Islam SU, Lee JS, Lee YS. cAMP Signaling in Cancer: A PKA-CREB and EPAC-Centric Approach. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132020. [PMID: 35805104 PMCID: PMC9266045 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most common causes of death globally. Despite extensive research and considerable advances in cancer therapy, the fundamentals of the disease remain unclear. Understanding the key signaling mechanisms that cause cancer cell malignancy may help to uncover new pharmaco-targets. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) regulates various biological functions, including those in malignant cells. Understanding intracellular second messenger pathways is crucial for identifying downstream proteins involved in cancer growth and development. cAMP regulates cell signaling and a variety of physiological and pathological activities. There may be an impact on gene transcription from protein kinase A (PKA) as well as its downstream effectors, such as cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). The position of CREB downstream of numerous growth signaling pathways implies its oncogenic potential in tumor cells. Tumor growth is associated with increased CREB expression and activation. PKA can be used as both an onco-drug target and a biomarker to find, identify, and stage tumors. Exploring cAMP effectors and their downstream pathways in cancer has become easier using exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) modulators. This signaling system may inhibit or accelerate tumor growth depending on the tumor and its environment. As cAMP and its effectors are critical for cancer development, targeting them may be a useful cancer treatment strategy. Moreover, by reviewing the material from a distinct viewpoint, this review aims to give a knowledge of the impact of the cAMP signaling pathway and the related effectors on cancer incidence and development. These innovative insights seek to encourage the development of novel treatment techniques and new approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal Ahmed
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (M.B.A.); (J.-S.L.)
| | | | - Salman Ul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Cecos University, Peshawar, Street 1, Sector F 5 Phase 6 Hayatabad, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan;
| | - Joon-Seok Lee
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (M.B.A.); (J.-S.L.)
| | - Young-Sup Lee
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (M.B.A.); (J.-S.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-950-6353; Fax: +82-53-943-2762
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6
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Huang ST, Chen BB, Song ZJ, Tang HL, Hua R, Zhang YM. Unraveling the role of Epac1-SOCS3 signaling in the development of neonatal-CRD-induced visceral hypersensitivity in rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1393-1408. [PMID: 35702948 PMCID: PMC9344090 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is widespread, but effective therapies for it remain elusive. As a canonical anti‐inflammatory protein, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) reportedly relays exchange protein 1 directly activated by cAMP (Epac1) signaling and inhibits the intracellular response to inflammatory cytokines. Despite the inhibitory effect of SOCS3 on the pro‐inflammatory response and neuroinflammation in PVN, the systematic investigation of Epac1‐SOCS3 signaling involved in visceral hypersensitivity remains unknown. This study aimed to explore Epac1‐SOCS3 signaling in the activity of hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) neurons and visceral hypersensitivity in adult rats experiencing neonatal colorectal distension (CRD). Methods Rats were subjected to neonatal CRD to simulate visceral hypersensitivity to investigate the effect of Epac1‐SOCS3 signaling on PVN CRF neurons. The expression and activity of Epac1 and SOCS3 in nociceptive hypersensitivity were determined by western blot, RT‐PCR, immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay, electrophysiology, and pharmacology. Results In neonatal‐CRD‐induced visceral hypersensitivity model, Epac1 and SOCS3 expressions were downregulated and IL‐6 levels elevated in PVN. However, infusion of Epac agonist 8‐pCPT in PVN reduced CRF neuronal firing rates, and overexpression of SOCS3 in PVN by AAV‐SOCS3 inhibited the activation of PVN neurons, reduced visceral hypersensitivity, and precluded pain precipitation. Intervention with IL‐6 neutralizing antibody also alleviated the visceral hypersensitivity. In naïve rats, Epac antagonist ESI‐09 in PVN increased CRF neuronal firing. Consistently, genetic knockdown of Epac1 or SOCS3 in PVN potentiated the firing rate of CRF neurons, functionality of HPA axis, and sensitivity of visceral nociception. Moreover, pharmacological intervention with exogenous IL‐6 into PVN simulated the visceral hypersensitivity. Conclusions Inactivation of Epac1‐SOCS3 pathway contributed to the neuroinflammation accompanied by the sensitization of CRF neurons in PVN, precipitating visceral hypersensitivity and pain in rats experiencing neonatal CRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Ting Huang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou, China
| | - Bin-Bin Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Jing Song
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hui-Li Tang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou, China
| | - Rong Hua
- Department of Emergency, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yong-Mei Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou, China
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7
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Morgan LM, Martin SL, Mullins ND, Hollywood MA, Thornbury KD, Sergeant GP. Modulation of carbachol-induced Ca2+ oscillations in airway smooth muscle cells by PGE2. Cell Calcium 2022; 103:102547. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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8
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Yang W, Robichaux WG, Mei FC, Lin W, Li L, Pan S, White MA, Chen Y, Cheng X. Epac1 activation by cAMP regulates cellular SUMOylation and promotes the formation of biomolecular condensates. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm2960. [PMID: 35442725 PMCID: PMC9020664 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm2960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein SUMOylation plays an essential role in maintaining cellular homeostasis when cells are under stress. However, precisely how SUMOylation is regulated, and a molecular mechanism linking cellular stress to SUMOylation, remains elusive. Here, we report that cAMP, a major stress-response second messenger, acts through Epac1 as a regulator of cellular SUMOylation. The Epac1-associated proteome is highly enriched with components of the SUMOylation pathway. Activation of Epac1 by intracellular cAMP triggers phase separation and the formation of nuclear condensates containing Epac1 and general components of the SUMOylation machinery to promote cellular SUMOylation. Furthermore, genetic knockout of Epac1 obliterates oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced cellular SUMOylation in macrophages, leading to suppression of foam cell formation. These results provide a direct nexus connecting two major cellular stress responses to define a molecular mechanism in which cAMP regulates the dynamics of cellular condensates to modulate protein SUMOylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - William G. Robichaux
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fang C. Mei
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Li Li
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sheng Pan
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark A. White
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Surgery and Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
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9
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Xiao J, Zhang B, Su Z, Liu Y, Shelite TR, Chang Q, Qiu Y, Bei J, Wang P, Bukreyev A, Soong L, Jin Y, Ksiazek T, Gaitas A, Rossi SL, Zhou J, Laposata M, Saito TB, Gong B. Intracellular receptor EPAC regulates von Willebrand factor secretion from endothelial cells in a PI3K-/eNOS-dependent manner during inflammation. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101315. [PMID: 34678311 PMCID: PMC8526113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulopathy is associated with both inflammation and infection, including infections with novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, the causative agent Coagulopathy is associated with both inflammation and infection, including infection with novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. Clot formation is promoted via cAMP-mediated secretion of von Willebrand factor (vWF), which fine-tunes the process of hemostasis. The exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) is a ubiquitously expressed intracellular cAMP receptor that plays a regulatory role in suppressing inflammation. To assess whether EPAC could regulate vWF release during inflammation, we utilized our EPAC1-null mouse model and revealed increased secretion of vWF in endotoxemic mice in the absence of the EPAC1 gene. Pharmacological inhibition of EPAC1 in vitro mimicked the EPAC1-/- phenotype. In addition, EPAC1 regulated tumor necrosis factor-α-triggered vWF secretion from human umbilical vein endothelial cells in a manner dependent upon inflammatory effector molecules PI3K and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Furthermore, EPAC1 activation reduced inflammation-triggered vWF release, both in vivo and in vitro. Our data delineate a novel regulatory role for EPAC1 in vWF secretion and shed light on the potential development of new strategies to control thrombosis during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiao
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Ben Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhengchen Su
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yakun Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas R Shelite
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yuan Qiu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jiani Bei
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Pingyuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Lynn Soong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yang Jin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas Ksiazek
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Angelo Gaitas
- The Estelle and Daniel Maggin Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shannan L Rossi
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Laposata
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Tais B Saito
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Bin Gong
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
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10
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Laudette M, Sainte-Marie Y, Cousin G, Bergonnier D, Belhabib I, Brun S, Formoso K, Laib L, Tortosa F, Bergoglio C, Marcheix B, Borén J, Lairez O, Fauconnier J, Lucas A, Mialet-Perez J, Moro C, Lezoualc'h F. Cyclic AMP-binding protein Epac1 acts as a metabolic sensor to promote cardiomyocyte lipotoxicity. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:824. [PMID: 34471096 PMCID: PMC8410846 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a master regulator of mitochondrial metabolism but its precise mechanism of action yet remains unclear. Here, we found that a dietary saturated fatty acid (FA), palmitate increased intracellular cAMP synthesis through the palmitoylation of soluble adenylyl cyclase in cardiomyocytes. cAMP further induced exchange protein directly activated by cyclic AMP 1 (Epac1) activation, which was upregulated in the myocardium of obese patients. Epac1 enhanced the activity of a key enzyme regulating mitochondrial FA uptake, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1. Consistently, pharmacological or genetic Epac1 inhibition prevented lipid overload, increased FA oxidation (FAO), and protected against mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiomyocytes. In addition, analysis of Epac1 phosphoproteome led us to identify two key mitochondrial enzymes of the the β-oxidation cycle as targets of Epac1, the long-chain FA acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACADL) and the 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (3-KAT). Epac1 formed molecular complexes with the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), which phosphorylated ACADL and 3-KAT at specific amino acid residues to decrease lipid oxidation. The Epac1-CaMKII axis also interacted with the α subunit of ATP synthase, thereby further impairing mitochondrial energetics. Altogether, these findings indicate that Epac1 disrupts the balance between mitochondrial FA uptake and oxidation leading to lipid accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction, and ultimately cardiomyocyte death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Laudette
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yannis Sainte-Marie
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Grégoire Cousin
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Dorian Bergonnier
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Ismahane Belhabib
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphanie Brun
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Karina Formoso
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Loubna Laib
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Tortosa
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Camille Bergoglio
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Bertrand Marcheix
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olivier Lairez
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Jérémy Fauconnier
- PHYMEDEXP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Lucas
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Jeanne Mialet-Perez
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Cédric Moro
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Frank Lezoualc'h
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France.
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11
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Liu W, Ha Y, Xia F, Zhu S, Li Y, Shi S, Mei FC, Merkley K, Vizzeri G, Motamedi M, Cheng X, Liu H, Zhang W. Neuronal Epac1 mediates retinal neurodegeneration in mouse models of ocular hypertension. J Exp Med 2020; 217:133574. [PMID: 31918438 PMCID: PMC7144517 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) leads to irreversible visual deficits in glaucoma. Here, we found that the level of cyclic AMP and the activity and expression of its mediator Epac1 were increased in retinas of two mouse models of ocular hypertension. Genetic depletion of Epac1 significantly attenuated ocular hypertension–induced detrimental effects in the retina, including vascular inflammation, neuronal apoptosis and necroptosis, thinning of ganglion cell complex layer, RGC loss, and retinal neuronal dysfunction. With bone marrow transplantation and various Epac1 conditional knockout mice, we further demonstrated that Epac1 in retinal neuronal cells (especially RGCs) was responsible for their death. Consistently, pharmacologic inhibition of Epac activity prevented RGC loss. Moreover, in vitro study on primary RGCs showed that Epac1 activation was sufficient to induce RGC death, which was mechanistically mediated by CaMKII activation. Taken together, these findings indicate that neuronal Epac1 plays a critical role in retinal neurodegeneration and suggest that Epac1 could be considered a target for neuroprotection in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX.,Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yonju Ha
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Shuang Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Shuizhen Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Fang C Mei
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Kevin Merkley
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Gianmarco Vizzeri
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Massoud Motamedi
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX.,Departments of Neuroscience, Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
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12
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Xiao J, Zhang B, Su Z, Liu Y, Shelite TR, Chang Q, Wang P, Bukreyev A, Soong L, Jin Y, Ksiazek T, Gaitas A, Rossi SL, Zhou J, Laposata M, Saito TB, Gong B. EPAC regulates von Willebrand factor secretion from endothelial cells in a PI3K/eNOS-dependent manner during inflammation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32908983 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.04.282806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Coagulopathy is associated with both inflammation and infection, including infection with the novel SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Endothelial cells (ECs) fine tune hemostasis via cAMP-mediated secretion of von Willebrand factor (vWF), which promote the process of clot formation. The e xchange p rotein directly a ctivated by c AMP (EPAC) is a ubiquitously expressed intracellular cAMP receptor that plays a key role in stabilizing ECs and suppressing inflammation. To assess whether EPAC could regulate vWF release during inflammation, we utilized our EPAC1 -null mouse model and revealed an increased secretion of vWF in endotoxemic mice in the absence of the EPAC1 gene. Pharmacological inhibition of EPAC1 in vitro mimicked the EPAC1 -/- phenotype. EPAC1 regulated TNFα-triggered vWF secretion from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in a phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-dependent manner. Furthermore, EPAC1 activation reduced inflammation-triggered vWF release, both in vivo and in vitro . Our data delineate a novel regulatory role of EPAC1 in vWF secretion and shed light on potential development of new strategies to controlling thrombosis during inflammation. Key Point PI3K/eNOS pathway-mediated, inflammation-triggered vWF secretion is the target of the pharmacological manipulation of the cAMP-EPAC system.
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13
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Formoso K, Lezoualc'h F, Mialet-Perez J. Role of EPAC1 Signalosomes in Cell Fate: Friends or Foes? Cells 2020; 9:E1954. [PMID: 32854274 PMCID: PMC7563956 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The compartmentation of signaling processes is accomplished by the assembly of protein complexes called signalosomes. These signaling platforms colocalize enzymes, substrates, and anchoring proteins into specific subcellular compartments. Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1 (EPAC1) is an effector of the second messenger, 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) that is associated with multiple roles in several pathologies including cardiac diseases. Both EPAC1 intracellular localization and molecular partners are key players in the regulation of cell fate, which may have important therapeutic potential. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on EPAC1 structure, regulation, and pharmacology. We describe the importance of EPAC1 subcellular distribution in its biological action, paying special attention to its nuclear localization and mechanism of action leading to cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. In addition, we discuss the role of mitochondrial EPAC1 in the regulation of cell death. Depending on the cell type and stress condition, we present evidence that supports either a protective or detrimental role of EPAC1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Formoso
- INSERM UMR-1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, and Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Frank Lezoualc'h
- INSERM UMR-1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, and Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Jeanne Mialet-Perez
- INSERM UMR-1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, and Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, 31432 Toulouse, France
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14
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Shao H, Mohamed H, Boulton S, Huang J, Wang P, Chen H, Zhou J, Luchowska-Stańska U, Jentsch NG, Armstrong AL, Magolan J, Yarwood S, Melacini G. Mechanism of Action of an EPAC1-Selective Competitive Partial Agonist. J Med Chem 2020; 63:4762-4775. [PMID: 32297742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The exchange protein activated by cAMP (EPAC) is a promising drug target for a wide disease range, from neurodegeneration and infections to cancer and cardiovascular conditions. A novel partial agonist of the EPAC isoform 1 (EPAC1), I942, was recently discovered, but its mechanism of action remains poorly understood. Here, we utilize NMR spectroscopy to map the I942-EPAC1 interactions at atomic resolution and propose a mechanism for I942 partial agonism. We found that I942 interacts with the phosphate binding cassette (PBC) and base binding region (BBR) of EPAC1, similar to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). These results not only reveal the molecular basis for the I942 vs cAMP mimicry and competition, but also suggest that the partial agonism of I942 arises from its ability to stabilize an inhibition-incompetent activation intermediate distinct from both active and inactive EPAC1 states. The mechanism of action of I942 may facilitate drug design for EPAC-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pingyuan Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Urszula Luchowska-Stańska
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Stephen Yarwood
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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15
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Silva I, Magalhães-Cardoso MT, Ferreirinha F, Moreira S, Costa AF, Silva D, Vieira C, Silva-Ramos M, Correia-de-Sá P. β 3 Adrenoceptor-induced cholinergic inhibition in human and rat urinary bladders involves the exchange protein directly activated by cyclic AMP 1 favoring adenosine release. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:1589-1608. [PMID: 31721163 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The mechanism by which β3 receptor agonists (e.g. mirabegron) control bladder overactivity may involve adenosine release from human and rat detrusor smooth muscle. Retrograde activation of adenosine A1 receptors reduces ACh release from cholinergic bladder nerves. β3 -Adrenoceptors usually couple to adenylyl cyclase. Here we investigated, which of the cAMP targets, protein kinase A or the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) could be involved in this cholinergic inhibition of the bladder. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH [3 H]ACh and adenosine release from urothelium-denuded detrusor strips of cadaveric human organ donors and rats were measured by liquid scintillation spectrometry and HPLC, respectively. In vivo cystometry was also performed in urethane-anaesthetized rats. KEY RESULTS The exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) inhibitor, ESI-09, prevented mirabegron- and isoprenaline-induced adenosine release from human and rat detrusor strips respectively. ESI-09, but not the PKA inhibitor, H-89, attenuated inhibition of [3 H]ACh release from stimulated (10 Hz) detrusor strips caused by activating β3 -adrenoceptors, AC (forskolin) and EPAC1 (8-CTP-2Me-cAMP). Isoprenaline-induced inhibition of [3 H]ACh release was also prevented by inhibitors of PKC (chelerythrine and Go6976) and of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1; dipyridamole and NBTI), but not by PLC inhibition with U73122. Pretreatment with ESI-09, but not with H-89, prevented the reduction of the voiding frequency caused by isoprenaline and forskolin in vivo. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Data suggest that β3 -adrenoceptor-induced inhibition of cholinergic neurotransmission in human and rat urinary bladders involves activation of an EPAC1/PKC pathway downstream cAMP production resulting in adenosine outflow via ENT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Silva
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Teresa Magalhães-Cardoso
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Ferreirinha
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Moreira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Costa
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo Silva
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cátia Vieira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Silva-Ramos
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Serviço de Urologia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Correia-de-Sá
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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16
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The Role of Cyclic AMP Signaling in Cardiac Fibrosis. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010069. [PMID: 31888098 PMCID: PMC7016856 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial stress and injury invariably promote remodeling of the cardiac tissue, which is associated with cardiomyocyte death and development of fibrosis. The fibrotic process is initially triggered by the differentiation of resident cardiac fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. These activated fibroblasts display increased proliferative capacity and secrete large amounts of extracellular matrix. Uncontrolled myofibroblast activation can thus promote heart stiffness, cardiac dysfunction, arrhythmias, and progression to heart failure. Despite the well-established role of myofibroblasts in mediating cardiac disease, our current knowledge on how signaling pathways promoting fibrosis are regulated and coordinated in this cell type is largely incomplete. In this respect, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling acts as a major modulator of fibrotic responses activated in fibroblasts of injured or stressed hearts. In particular, accumulating evidence now suggests that upstream cAMP modulators including G protein-coupled receptors, adenylyl cyclases (ACs), and phosphodiesterases (PDEs); downstream cAMP effectors such as protein kinase A (PKA) and the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Epac; and cAMP signaling organizers such as A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) modulate a variety of fundamental cellular processes involved in myocardial fibrosis including myofibroblast differentiation, proliferation, collagen secretion, and invasiveness. The current review will discuss recent advances highlighting the role of cAMP and AKAP-mediated signaling in regulating pathophysiological responses controlling cardiac fibrosis.
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17
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Xu Y, Schwede F, Wienk H, Tengholm A, Rehmann H. A Membrane Permeable Prodrug of S223 for Selective Epac2 Activation in Living Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121589. [PMID: 31817822 PMCID: PMC6952820 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Signalling by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) occurs via various effector proteins, notably protein kinase A and the guanine nucleotide exchange factors Epac1 and Epac2. These proteins are activated by cAMP binding to conserved cyclic nucleotide binding domains. The specific roles of the effector proteins in various processes in different types of cells are still not well defined, but investigations have been facilitated by the development of cyclic nucleotide analogues with distinct selectivity profiles towards a single effector protein. A remaining challenge in the development of such analogues is the poor membrane permeability of nucleotides, which limits their applicability in intact living cells. Here, we report the synthesis and characterisation of S223-AM, a cAMP analogue designed as an acetoxymethyl ester prodrug to overcome limitations of permeability. Using total internal reflection imaging with various fluorescent reporters, we show that S223-AM selectively activates Epac2, but not Epac1 or protein kinase A, in intact insulin-secreting β-cells, and that this effect was associated with pronounced activation of the small G-protein Rap. A comparison of the effects of different cAMP analogues in pancreatic islet cells deficient in Epac1 and Epac2 demonstrates that cAMP-dependent Rap activity at the β-cell plasma membrane is exclusively dependent on Epac2. With its excellent selectivity and permeability properties, S223-AM should get broad utility in investigations of cAMP effector involvement in many different types of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjian Xu
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, Box 571, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden; (Y.X.); (A.T.)
| | - Frank Schwede
- BIOLOG Life Science Institute, Flughafendamm 9a, 28199 Bremen, Germany;
| | - Hans Wienk
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Anders Tengholm
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, Box 571, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden; (Y.X.); (A.T.)
| | - Holger Rehmann
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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18
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The Epac1 Protein: Pharmacological Modulators, Cardiac Signalosome and Pathophysiology. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121543. [PMID: 31795450 PMCID: PMC6953115 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The second messenger 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is one of the most important signalling molecules in the heart as it regulates many physiological and pathophysiological processes. In addition to the classical protein kinase A (PKA) signalling route, the exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (Epac) mediate the intracellular functions of cAMP and are now emerging as a new key cAMP effector in cardiac pathophysiology. In this review, we provide a perspective on recent advances in the discovery of new chemical entities targeting the Epac1 isoform and illustrate their use to study the Epac1 signalosome and functional characterisation in cardiac cells. We summarize the role of Epac1 in different subcompartments of the cardiomyocyte and discuss how cAMP–Epac1 specific signalling networks may contribute to the development of cardiac diseases. We also highlight ongoing work on the therapeutic potential of Epac1-selective small molecules for the treatment of cardiac disorders.
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19
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Luchowska-Stańska U, Morgan D, Yarwood SJ, Barker G. Selective small-molecule EPAC activators. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:1415-1427. [PMID: 31671184 PMCID: PMC6824682 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cellular signalling enzymes, EPAC1 and EPAC2, have emerged as key intracellular sensors of the secondary messenger cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) alongside protein kinase A. Interest has been galvanised in recent years thanks to the emergence of these species as potential targets for new cardiovascular disease therapies, including vascular inflammation and insulin resistance in vascular endothelial cells. We herein summarise the current state-of-the-art in small-molecule EPAC activity modulators, including cyclic nucleotides, sulphonylureas, and N-acylsulphonamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Luchowska-Stańska
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics, and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - David Morgan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Stephen J. Yarwood
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics, and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Graeme Barker
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
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20
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Spolitu S, Okamoto H, Dai W, Zadroga JA, Wittchen ES, Gromada J, Ozcan L. Hepatic Glucagon Signaling Regulates PCSK9 and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol. Circ Res 2019; 124:38-51. [PMID: 30582457 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.313648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Glucagon is a key hormone that regulates the adaptive metabolic responses to fasting. In addition to maintaining glucose homeostasis, glucagon participates in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism; however, the molecular pathways underlying this effect are incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the role of hepatic Gcgr (glucagon receptor) signaling in plasma cholesterol regulation and identify its underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS We show that Gcgr signaling plays an essential role in LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) homeostasis through regulating the PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) levels. Silencing of hepatic Gcgr or inhibition of glucagon action increased hepatic and plasma PCSK9 and resulted in lower LDLR (LDL receptor) protein and increased plasma LDL-C. Conversely, treatment of wild-type (WT) mice with glucagon lowered LDL-C levels, whereas this response was abrogated in Pcsk9-/- and Ldlr-/- mice. Our gain- and loss-of-function studies identified Epac2 (exchange protein activated by cAMP-2) and Rap1 (Ras-related protein-1) as the downstream mediators of glucagon's action on PCSK9 homeostasis. Moreover, mechanistic studies revealed that glucagon affected the half-life of PCSK9 protein without changing the level of its mRNA, indicating that Gcgr signaling regulates PCSK9 degradation. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide novel insights into the molecular interplay between hepatic glucagon signaling and lipid metabolism and describe a new posttranscriptional mechanism of PCSK9 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Spolitu
- From the Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York (S.S., W.D., J.A.Z., L.O.)
| | - Haruka Okamoto
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY (H.O., J.G.)
| | - Wen Dai
- From the Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York (S.S., W.D., J.A.Z., L.O.)
| | - John A Zadroga
- From the Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York (S.S., W.D., J.A.Z., L.O.)
| | - Erika S Wittchen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.S.W.)
| | - Jesper Gromada
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY (H.O., J.G.)
| | - Lale Ozcan
- From the Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York (S.S., W.D., J.A.Z., L.O.)
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21
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Sivertsen Åsrud K, Pedersen L, Aesoy R, Muwonge H, Aasebø E, Nitschke Pettersen IK, Herfindal L, Dobie R, Jenkins S, Berge RK, Henderson NC, Selheim F, Døskeland SO, Bakke M. Mice depleted for Exchange Proteins Directly Activated by cAMP (Epac) exhibit irregular liver regeneration in response to partial hepatectomy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13789. [PMID: 31551444 PMCID: PMC6760117 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50219-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP 1 and 2 (Epac1 and Epac2) are expressed in a cell specific manner in the liver, but their biological functions in this tissue are poorly understood. The current study was undertaken to begin to determine the potential roles of Epac1 and Epac2 in liver physiology and disease. Male C57BL/6J mice in which expression of Epac1 and/or Epac2 are deleted, were subjected to partial hepatectomy and the regenerating liver was analyzed with regard to lipid accumulation, cell replication and protein expression. In response to partial hepatectomy, deletion of Epac1 and/or Epac2 led to increased hepatocyte proliferation 36 h post surgery, and the transient steatosis observed in wild type mice was virtually absent in mice lacking both Epac1 and Epac2. The expression of the protein cytochrome P4504a14, which is implicated in hepatic steatosis and fibrosis, was substantially reduced upon deletion of Epac1/2, while a number of factors involved in lipid metabolism were significantly decreased. Moreover, the number of Küpffer cells was affected, and Epac2 expression was increased in the liver of wild type mice in response to partial hepatectomy, further supporting a role for these proteins in liver function. This study establishes hepatic phenotypic abnormalities in mice deleted for Epac1/2 for the first time, and introduces Epac1/2 as regulators of hepatocyte proliferation and lipid accumulation in the regenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Line Pedersen
- Department of Biomedicine, The University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Reidun Aesoy
- Department of Clinical Science, The University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Haruna Muwonge
- Department of Biomedicine, The University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elise Aasebø
- Department of Clinical Science, The University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biomedicine, The Proteomic Unit at The University of Bergen (PROBE), University of Bergen, 5009, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Lars Herfindal
- Department of Clinical Science, The University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ross Dobie
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephen Jenkins
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rolf Kristian Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, The University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Neil Cowan Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Frode Selheim
- Department of Biomedicine, The University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, The University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Marit Bakke
- Department of Biomedicine, The University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Ebrahimighaei R, McNeill MC, Smith SA, Wray JP, Ford KL, Newby AC, Bond M. Elevated cyclic-AMP represses expression of exchange protein activated by cAMP (EPAC1) by inhibiting YAP-TEAD activity and HDAC-mediated histone deacetylation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:1634-1649. [PMID: 31255721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ligand-induced activation of Exchange Protein Activated by cAMP-1 (EPAC1) is implicated in numerous physiological and pathological processes, including cardiac fibrosis where changes in EPAC1 expression have been detected. However, little is known about how EPAC1 expression is regulated. Therefore, we investigated regulation of EPAC1 expression by cAMP in cardiac fibroblasts. Elevation of cAMP using forskolin, cAMP-analogues or adenosine A2B-receptor activation significantly reduced EPAC1 mRNA and protein levels and inhibited formation of F-actin stress fibres. Inhibition of actin polymerisation with cytochalasin-D, latrunculin-B or the ROCK inhibitor, Y-27632, mimicked effects of cAMP on EPAC1 mRNA and protein levels. Elevated cAMP also inhibited activity of an EPAC1 promoter-reporter gene, which contained a consensus binding element for TEAD, which is a target for inhibition by cAMP. Inhibition of TEAD activity using siRNA-silencing of its co-factors YAP and TAZ, expression of dominant-negative TEAD or treatment with YAP-TEAD inhibitors, significantly inhibited EPAC1 expression. However, whereas expression of constitutively-active YAP completely reversed forskolin inhibition of EPAC1-promoter activity it did not rescue EPAC1 mRNA levels. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation detected a significant reduction in histone3-lysine27-acetylation at the EPAC1 proximal promoter in response to forskolin stimulation. HDAC1/3 inhibition partially reversed forskolin inhibition of EPAC1 expression, which was completely rescued by simultaneously expressing constitutively active YAP. Taken together, these data demonstrate that cAMP downregulates EPAC1 gene expression via disrupting the actin cytoskeleton, which inhibits YAP/TAZ-TEAD activity in concert with HDAC-mediated histone deacetylation at the EPAC1 proximal promoter. This represents a novel negative feedback mechanism controlling EPAC1 levels in response to cAMP elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ebrahimighaei
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Madeleine C McNeill
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Sarah A Smith
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Jason P Wray
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Kerrie L Ford
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Andrew C Newby
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Mark Bond
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK.
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Inflammation induces Epac-protein kinase C alpha and epsilon signaling in TRPV1-mediated hyperalgesia. Pain 2019; 159:2383-2393. [PMID: 30015706 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The exchange proteins activated by cAMP (Epacs) have been shown to play important roles in producing inflammation-induced nociception. Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) is a major receptor processing thermal and chemosensitive nociceptive information. The role of Epacs in modulating the activity of TRPV1 has yet to be determined. Studying the effect of complete Freund adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammation on capsaicin-activated TRPV1 nociceptive responses in dorsal root ganglia (DRG), we found that CFA produced a large increase in capsaicin-induced responses. The increase was inhibited by Epac1 and Epac2 antagonists. Thus, activation of Epacs is critical in producing enhancement in TRPV1-mediated responses under inflammatory conditions. In addition, the inflammation-induced enhancement of TRPV1 responses was blocked by PKCα and PKCε inhibitors, suggesting the essential roles of these PKCs in enhancing TRPV1 responses. To determine the mechanism underlying the Epac actions on TRPV1, we studied the effects of the Epac activator, 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-2-O-methyl-cAMP (CPT), on capsaicin-induced nociceptive behavioral responses, capsaicin-activated currents, expression and membrane trafficking of PKC and TRPV1 in DRG. CPT was found to enhance capsaicin-induced nociception and ionic currents. The enhancement was inhibited by PKCα and PKCε inhibitors. In addition, CPT increased the expression of phosphorylated PKCα (pPKCα) and membrane TRPV1 expression in DRG. Studying the colocalization of TRPV1 and pPKCα or pPKCε in DRG slices prepared from CFA-treated rats, we found that pPKCα or pPKCε expressed with TRPV1 in different-sized neurons to exert differential influences on TRPV1 activity. Thus, Epac-PKC signaling is critically important in producing inflammation-induced potentiation of TRPV1 functions.
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Broertjes J, Klarenbeek J, Habani Y, Langeslag M, Jalink K. TRPM7 residue S1269 mediates cAMP dependence of Ca2+ influx. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209563. [PMID: 30615643 PMCID: PMC6322742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The nonspecific divalent cation channel TRPM7 (transient receptor potential-melastatin-like 7) is involved in many Ca2+ and Mg2+-dependent cellular processes, including survival, proliferation and migration. TRPM7 expression predicts metastasis and recurrence in breast cancer and several other cancers. In cultured cells, it can induce an invasive phenotype by promoting Ca2+-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition. We previously showed that in neuroblastoma cells that overexpress TRPM7 moderately, stimulation with Ca2+-mobilizing agonists leads to a characteristic sustained influx of Ca2+. Here we report that sustained influx through TRPM7 is abruptly abrogated by elevating intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Using pharmacological inhibitors and overexpression studies we show that this blockage is mediated by the cAMP effector Protein Kinase A (PKA). Mutational analysis demonstrates that the Serine residue S1269, which is present proximal to the coiled-coil domain within the protein c-terminus, is responsible for sensitivity to cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorrit Broertjes
- Division of Cell Biology I, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Klarenbeek
- Division of Cell Biology I, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yasmin Habani
- Division of Cell Biology I, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Langeslag
- Division of Cell Biology I, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Jalink
- Division of Cell Biology I, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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25
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Robichaux WG, Cheng X. Intracellular cAMP Sensor EPAC: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutics Development. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:919-1053. [PMID: 29537337 PMCID: PMC6050347 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on one family of the known cAMP receptors, the exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPACs), also known as the cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factors (cAMP-GEFs). Although EPAC proteins are fairly new additions to the growing list of cAMP effectors, and relatively "young" in the cAMP discovery timeline, the significance of an EPAC presence in different cell systems is extraordinary. The study of EPACs has considerably expanded the diversity and adaptive nature of cAMP signaling associated with numerous physiological and pathophysiological responses. This review comprehensively covers EPAC protein functions at the molecular, cellular, physiological, and pathophysiological levels; and in turn, the applications of employing EPAC-based biosensors as detection tools for dissecting cAMP signaling and the implications for targeting EPAC proteins for therapeutic development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Robichaux
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston, Texas
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26
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Hudson C, Kimura TE, Duggirala A, Sala-Newby GB, Newby AC, Bond M. Dual Role of CREB in The Regulation of VSMC Proliferation: Mode of Activation Determines Pro- or Anti-Mitogenic Function. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4904. [PMID: 29559698 PMCID: PMC5861041 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation has been implicated in the development of restenosis after angioplasty, vein graft intimal thickening and atherogenesis. We investigated the mechanisms underlying positive and negative regulation of VSMC proliferation by the transcription factor cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB). Incubation with the cAMP elevating stimuli, adenosine, prostacyclin mimetics or low levels of forksolin activated CREB without changing CREB phosphorylation on serine-133 but induced nuclear translocation of the CREB co-factors CRTC-2 and CRTC-3. Overexpression of CRTC-2 or -3 significantly increased CREB activity and inhibited VSMC proliferation, whereas CRTC-2/3 silencing inhibited CREB activity and reversed the anti-mitogenic effects of adenosine A2B receptor agonists. By contrast, stimulation with serum or PDGFBB significantly increased CREB activity, dependent on increased CREB phosphorylation at serine-133 but not on CRTC-2/3 activation. CREB silencing significantly inhibited basal and PDGF induced proliferation. These data demonstrate that cAMP activation of CREB, which is CRTC2/3 dependent and serine-133 independent, is anti-mitogenic. Growth factor activation of CREB, which is serine-133-dependent and CRTC2/3 independent, is pro-mitogenic. Hence, CREB plays a dual role in the regulation of VSMC proliferation with the mode of activation determining its pro- or anti-mitogenic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Hudson
- Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Tomomi E Kimura
- Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Aparna Duggirala
- Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Graciela B Sala-Newby
- Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Andrew C Newby
- Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Mark Bond
- Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK.
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Pannekoek WJ, Vliem MJ, Bos JL. Multiple Rap1 effectors control Epac1-mediated tightening of endothelial junctions. Small GTPases 2018; 11:346-353. [PMID: 29388865 PMCID: PMC7549671 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2018.1431512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epac1 and Rap1 mediate cAMP-induced tightening of endothelial junctions. We have previously found that one of the mechanisms is the inhibition of Rho-mediated tension in radial stress fibers by recruiting the RhoGAP ArhGAP29 in a complex containing the Rap1 effectors Rasip1 and Radil. However, other mechanisms have been proposed as well, most notably the induction of tension in circumferential actin cables by Cdc42 and its GEF FGD5. Here, we have investigated how Rap1 controls FGD5/Cdc42 and how this interconnects with Radil/Rasip1/ArhGAP29. Using endothelial barrier measurements, we show that Rho inhibition is not sufficient to explain the barrier stimulating effect of Rap1. Indeed, Cdc42-mediated tension is induced at cell-cell contacts upon Rap1 activation and this is required for endothelial barrier function. Depletion of potential Rap1 effectors identifies AF6 to mediate Rap1 enhanced tension and concomitant Rho-independent barrier function. When overexpressed in HEK293T cells, AF6 is found in a complex with FGD5 and Radil. From these results we conclude that Rap1 utilizes multiple pathways to control tightening of endothelial junctions, possibly through a multiprotein effector complex, in which AF6 functions to induce tension in circumferential actin cables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem-Jan Pannekoek
- Oncode Institute, Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Universiteitsweg 100, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein J Vliem
- Oncode Institute, Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Universiteitsweg 100, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes L Bos
- Oncode Institute, Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Universiteitsweg 100, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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28
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Yang W, Mei FC, Cheng X. EPAC1 regulates endothelial annexin A2 cell surface translocation and plasminogen activation. FASEB J 2018; 32:2212-2222. [PMID: 29217666 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701027r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Annexins, a family of highly conserved calcium- and phospholipid-binding proteins, play important roles in a wide range of physiologic functions. Among the 12 known annexins in humans, annexin A2 (AnxA2) is one of the most extensively studied and has been implicated in various human diseases. AnxA2 can exist as a monomer or a heterotetrameric complex with S100A10 (P11) and plays a critical role in many cellular processes, including exocytosis, endocytosis, and membrane organization. At the endothelial cell surface, the (AnxA2⋅P11)2 tetramer-acting as a coreceptor for plasminogen and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-accelerates tPA-dependent activation of the fibrinolytic protease, plasmin, the enzyme that is responsible for thrombus dissolution and the degradation of fibrin. This study demonstrates that EPAC1 (exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP isoform 1) interacts with AnxA2 and regulates its biologic functions by modulating its membrane translocation in endothelial cells. By using genetic and pharmacologic approaches, we demonstrate that EPAC1-acting via the PLCε-PKC pathway-inhibits AnxA2 surface translocation and plasminogen activation. These results suggest that EPAC1 plays a role in the regulation of fibrinolysis in endothelial cells and may represent a novel therapeutic target for disorders of fibrinolysis.-Yang, W., Mei, F. C., Cheng, X. EPAC1 regulates endothelial annexin A2 cell surface translocation and plasminogen activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Fang C Mei
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Barker G, Parnell E, van Basten B, Buist H, Adams DR, Yarwood SJ. The Potential of a Novel Class of EPAC-Selective Agonists to Combat Cardiovascular Inflammation. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2017; 4:jcdd4040022. [PMID: 29367551 PMCID: PMC5753123 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd4040022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) sensor enzyme, EPAC1, is a candidate drug target in vascular endothelial cells (VECs) due to its ability to attenuate proinflammatory cytokine signalling normally associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including atherosclerosis. This is through the EPAC1-dependent induction of the suppressor of cytokine signalling gene, SOCS3, which targets inflammatory signalling proteins for ubiquitinylation and destruction by the proteosome. Given this important role for the EPAC1/SOCS3 signalling axis, we have used high throughput screening (HTS) to identify small molecule EPAC1 regulators and have recently isolated the first known non-cyclic nucleotide (NCN) EPAC1 agonist, I942. I942 therefore represents the first in class, isoform selective EPAC1 activator, with the potential to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine signalling with a reduced risk of side effects associated with general cAMP-elevating agents that activate multiple response pathways. The development of augmented I942 analogues may therefore provide improved research tools to validate EPAC1 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of chronic inflammation associated with deadly CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Barker
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Euan Parnell
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Boy van Basten
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Hanna Buist
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - David R Adams
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Stephen J Yarwood
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
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30
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Liu Z, Zhu Y, Chen H, Wang P, Mei FC, Ye N, Cheng X, Zhou J. Structure-activity relationships of 2-substituted phenyl-N-phenyl-2-oxoacetohydrazonoyl cyanides as novel antagonists of exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPACs). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:5163-5166. [PMID: 29100797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPACs) are critical cAMP-dependent signaling pathway mediators that play important roles in cancer, diabetes, heart failure, inflammations, infections, neurological disorders and other human diseases. EPAC specific modulators are urgently needed to explore EPAC's physiological function, mechanism of action and therapeutic applications. On the basis of a previously identified EPAC specific inhibitor hit ESI-09, herein we have designed and synthesized a novel series of 2-substituted phenyl-N-phenyl-2-oxoacetohydrazonoyl cyanides as potent EPAC inhibitors. Compound 31 (ZL0524) has been discovered as the most potent EPAC inhibitor with IC50 values of 3.6 µM and 1.2 µM against EPAC1 and EPAC2, respectively. Molecular docking of 31 onto an active EPAC2 structure predicts that 31 occupies the hydrophobic pocket in cAMP binding domain (CBD) and also opens up new space leading to the solvent region. These findings provide inspirations for discovering next generation of EPAC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Liu
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Yingmin Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, 7000 Fannin St #1200, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Pingyuan Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Fang C Mei
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, 7000 Fannin St #1200, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Na Ye
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, 7000 Fannin St #1200, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
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31
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Schwede F, Rentsch A, Genieser HG. Medicinal Chemistry of the Noncanonical Cyclic Nucleotides cCMP and cUMP. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 238:307-337. [PMID: 27896476 DOI: 10.1007/164_2015_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
After decades of intensive research on adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)- and guanosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP)-related second messenger systems, also the noncanonical congeners cyclic cytidine-3',5'-monophosphate (cCMP) and cyclic uridine-3',5'-monophosphate (cUMP) gained more and more interest. Until the late 1980s, only a small number of cCMP and cUMP analogs with sometimes undefined purities had been described. Moreover, most of these compounds had been rather synthesized as precursors of antitumor and antiviral nucleoside-5'-monophosphates and hence had not been tested for any second messenger activity. Along with the recurring interest in cCMP- and cUMP-related signaling in the early 2000s, it became evident that well-characterized small molecule analogs with reliable purities would serve as highly valuable tools for the evaluation of a putative second messenger role of cyclic pyrimidine nucleotides. Meanwhile, for this purpose new cCMP and cUMP derivatives have been developed, and already known analogs have been resynthesized and highly purified. This chapter summarizes early medicinal chemistry work on cCMP and cUMP and analogs thereof, followed by a description of recent synthetic developments and an outlook on potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schwede
- BIOLOG Life Science Institute, Forschungslabor und Biochemica-Vertrieb GmbH, Flughafendamm 9a, 28199, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Rentsch
- BIOLOG Life Science Institute, Forschungslabor und Biochemica-Vertrieb GmbH, Flughafendamm 9a, 28199, Bremen, Germany
| | - Hans-Gottfried Genieser
- BIOLOG Life Science Institute, Forschungslabor und Biochemica-Vertrieb GmbH, Flughafendamm 9a, 28199, Bremen, Germany
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32
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Zhu Y, Mei F, Luo P, Cheng X. A cell-based, quantitative and isoform-specific assay for exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6200. [PMID: 28740152 PMCID: PMC5524698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06432-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive functional studies of the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) family of signaling molecules have demonstrated that EPAC proteins play a fundamental role in several physiological and pathophysiological responses, therefore are attractive drug targets. In this report, the development of a cell-based, medium to high throughput screening assay that is capable of monitoring EPAC-mediated activation of cellular Rap1 in an isoform-specific manner is described. This assay adapts a conventional ELISA format with immobilized RalGDS-RBD as a bait to selectively capture GTP-bound active Rap1. As a result, it fills an urgent need for a cell-based EPAC assay that can be conveniently performed using microtiter plates for the discovery and/or validation of isoform-specific EPAC agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmin Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Fang Mei
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pei Luo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Ramos CJ, Antonetti DA. The role of small GTPases and EPAC-Rap signaling in the regulation of the blood-brain and blood-retinal barriers. Tissue Barriers 2017. [PMID: 28632993 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1339768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance and regulation of the vascular endothelial cell junctional complex is critical for proper barrier function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the highly related blood-retinal barrier (BRB) that help maintain proper neuronal environment. Recent research has demonstrated that the junctional complex is actively maintained and can be dynamically regulated. Studies focusing on the mechanisms of barrier formation, maintenance, and barrier disruption have been of interest to understanding development of the BBB and BRB and identifying a means for therapeutic intervention for diseases ranging from brain tumors and dementia to blinding eye diseases. Research has increasingly revealed that small GTPases play a critical role in both barrier formation and disruption mechanisms. This review will summarize the current data on small GTPases in barrier regulation with an emphasis on the EPAC-Rap1 signaling pathway to Rho in endothelial barriers, as well as explore its potential involvement in paracellular flux and transcytosis regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla J Ramos
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI USA
| | - David A Antonetti
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI USA
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Wang P, Liu Z, Chen H, Ye N, Cheng X, Zhou J. Exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPACs): Emerging therapeutic targets. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1633-1639. [PMID: 28283242 PMCID: PMC5397994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPACs) are critical cAMP-dependent signaling pathway mediators. The discovery of EPAC proteins has significantly facilitated understanding on cAMP-dependent signaling pathway and efforts along this line open new avenues for developing novel therapeutics for cancer, diabetes, heart failure, inflammation, infections, neurological disorders and other human diseases. Over the past decade, important progress has been made in the identification of EPAC agonists, antagonists and their biological and pharmacological applications. In this review, we briefly summarize recently reported novel functions of EPACs and the discovery of their small molecule modulators. The challenges and future perspectives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyuan Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Zhiqing Liu
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Na Ye
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
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35
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Ye N, Zhu Y, Liu Z, Mei FC, Chen H, Wang P, Cheng X, Zhou J. Identification of novel 2-(benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-2-oxo-N-phenylacetohydrazonoyl cyanide analoguesas potent EPAC antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 134:62-71. [PMID: 28399451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Two series of novel EPAC antagonists are designed, synthesized and evaluated in an effort to develop diversified analogues based on the scaffold of the previously identified high-throughput (HTS) hit 1 (ESI-09). Further SAR studies reveal that the isoxazole ring A of 1 can tolerate chemical modifications with either introduction of flexible electron-donating substitutions or structurally restrictedly fusing with a phenyl ring, leading to identification of several more potent and diversified EPAC antagonists (e.g., 10 (NY0617), 14 (NY0460), 26 (NY0725), 32 (NY0561), and 33 (NY0562)) with low micromolar inhibitory activities. Molecular docking studies on compounds 10 and 33 indicate that these two series of compounds bind at a similar site with substantially different interactions with the EPAC proteins. The findings may serve as good starting points for the development of more potent EPAC antagonists as valuable pharmacological probes or potential drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ye
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yingmin Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Zhiqing Liu
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Fang C Mei
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Pingyuan Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
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Fazal L, Laudette M, Paula-Gomes S, Pons S, Conte C, Tortosa F, Sicard P, Sainte-Marie Y, Bisserier M, Lairez O, Lucas A, Roy J, Ghaleh B, Fauconnier J, Mialet-Perez J, Lezoualc’h F. Multifunctional Mitochondrial Epac1 Controls Myocardial Cell Death. Circ Res 2017; 120:645-657. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rationale:
Although the second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) is physiologically beneficial in the heart, it largely contributes to cardiac disease progression when dysregulated. Current evidence suggests that cAMP is produced within mitochondria. However, mitochondrial cAMP signaling and its involvement in cardiac pathophysiology are far from being understood.
Objective:
To investigate the role of MitEpac1 (mitochondrial exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1) in ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Methods and Results:
We show that
Epac1
(exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1) genetic ablation (
Epac1
−/−
) protects against experimental myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury with reduced infarct size and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. As observed in vivo, Epac1 inhibition prevents hypoxia/reoxygenation–induced adult cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Interestingly, a deleted form of
Epac1
in its mitochondrial-targeting sequence protects against hypoxia/reoxygenation–induced cell death. Mechanistically, Epac1 favors Ca
2+
exchange between the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondrion, by increasing interaction with a macromolecular complex composed of the VDAC1 (voltage-dependent anion channel 1), the GRP75 (chaperone glucose-regulated protein 75), and the IP3R1 (inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate receptor 1), leading to mitochondrial Ca
2+
overload and opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. In addition, our findings demonstrate that MitEpac1 inhibits isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 via the mitochondrial recruitment of CaMKII (Ca
2+
/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II), which decreases nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen synthesis, thereby, reducing the antioxidant capabilities of the cardiomyocyte.
Conclusions:
Our results reveal the existence, within mitochondria, of different cAMP–Epac1 microdomains that control myocardial cell death. In addition, our findings suggest Epac1 as a promising target for the treatment of ischemia-induced myocardial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loubina Fazal
- From the Inserm, UMR-1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Université de Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Inserm, U955, Equipe 03, F-94000, Créteil, France (S.P., B.G.), and Inserm, UMR-1046 (J.R., J.F.); and UMR CNRS-9214, PHYMEDEX, Université de Montpellier, France (J.R., J.F.)
| | - Marion Laudette
- From the Inserm, UMR-1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Université de Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Inserm, U955, Equipe 03, F-94000, Créteil, France (S.P., B.G.), and Inserm, UMR-1046 (J.R., J.F.); and UMR CNRS-9214, PHYMEDEX, Université de Montpellier, France (J.R., J.F.)
| | - Sílvia Paula-Gomes
- From the Inserm, UMR-1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Université de Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Inserm, U955, Equipe 03, F-94000, Créteil, France (S.P., B.G.), and Inserm, UMR-1046 (J.R., J.F.); and UMR CNRS-9214, PHYMEDEX, Université de Montpellier, France (J.R., J.F.)
| | - Sandrine Pons
- From the Inserm, UMR-1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Université de Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Inserm, U955, Equipe 03, F-94000, Créteil, France (S.P., B.G.), and Inserm, UMR-1046 (J.R., J.F.); and UMR CNRS-9214, PHYMEDEX, Université de Montpellier, France (J.R., J.F.)
| | - Caroline Conte
- From the Inserm, UMR-1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Université de Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Inserm, U955, Equipe 03, F-94000, Créteil, France (S.P., B.G.), and Inserm, UMR-1046 (J.R., J.F.); and UMR CNRS-9214, PHYMEDEX, Université de Montpellier, France (J.R., J.F.)
| | - Florence Tortosa
- From the Inserm, UMR-1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Université de Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Inserm, U955, Equipe 03, F-94000, Créteil, France (S.P., B.G.), and Inserm, UMR-1046 (J.R., J.F.); and UMR CNRS-9214, PHYMEDEX, Université de Montpellier, France (J.R., J.F.)
| | - Pierre Sicard
- From the Inserm, UMR-1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Université de Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Inserm, U955, Equipe 03, F-94000, Créteil, France (S.P., B.G.), and Inserm, UMR-1046 (J.R., J.F.); and UMR CNRS-9214, PHYMEDEX, Université de Montpellier, France (J.R., J.F.)
| | - Yannis Sainte-Marie
- From the Inserm, UMR-1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Université de Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Inserm, U955, Equipe 03, F-94000, Créteil, France (S.P., B.G.), and Inserm, UMR-1046 (J.R., J.F.); and UMR CNRS-9214, PHYMEDEX, Université de Montpellier, France (J.R., J.F.)
| | - Malik Bisserier
- From the Inserm, UMR-1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Université de Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Inserm, U955, Equipe 03, F-94000, Créteil, France (S.P., B.G.), and Inserm, UMR-1046 (J.R., J.F.); and UMR CNRS-9214, PHYMEDEX, Université de Montpellier, France (J.R., J.F.)
| | - Olivier Lairez
- From the Inserm, UMR-1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Université de Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Inserm, U955, Equipe 03, F-94000, Créteil, France (S.P., B.G.), and Inserm, UMR-1046 (J.R., J.F.); and UMR CNRS-9214, PHYMEDEX, Université de Montpellier, France (J.R., J.F.)
| | - Alexandre Lucas
- From the Inserm, UMR-1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Université de Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Inserm, U955, Equipe 03, F-94000, Créteil, France (S.P., B.G.), and Inserm, UMR-1046 (J.R., J.F.); and UMR CNRS-9214, PHYMEDEX, Université de Montpellier, France (J.R., J.F.)
| | - Jérôme Roy
- From the Inserm, UMR-1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Université de Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Inserm, U955, Equipe 03, F-94000, Créteil, France (S.P., B.G.), and Inserm, UMR-1046 (J.R., J.F.); and UMR CNRS-9214, PHYMEDEX, Université de Montpellier, France (J.R., J.F.)
| | - Bijan Ghaleh
- From the Inserm, UMR-1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Université de Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Inserm, U955, Equipe 03, F-94000, Créteil, France (S.P., B.G.), and Inserm, UMR-1046 (J.R., J.F.); and UMR CNRS-9214, PHYMEDEX, Université de Montpellier, France (J.R., J.F.)
| | - Jérémy Fauconnier
- From the Inserm, UMR-1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Université de Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Inserm, U955, Equipe 03, F-94000, Créteil, France (S.P., B.G.), and Inserm, UMR-1046 (J.R., J.F.); and UMR CNRS-9214, PHYMEDEX, Université de Montpellier, France (J.R., J.F.)
| | - Jeanne Mialet-Perez
- From the Inserm, UMR-1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Université de Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Inserm, U955, Equipe 03, F-94000, Créteil, France (S.P., B.G.), and Inserm, UMR-1046 (J.R., J.F.); and UMR CNRS-9214, PHYMEDEX, Université de Montpellier, France (J.R., J.F.)
| | - Frank Lezoualc’h
- From the Inserm, UMR-1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Université de Toulouse, France (L.F., M.L., S.P.-G., C.C., F.T., P.S., Y.S.-M., M.B., O.L., A.L., J.M.-P., F.L.); Inserm, U955, Equipe 03, F-94000, Créteil, France (S.P., B.G.), and Inserm, UMR-1046 (J.R., J.F.); and UMR CNRS-9214, PHYMEDEX, Université de Montpellier, France (J.R., J.F.)
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Fujita T, Umemura M, Yokoyama U, Okumura S, Ishikawa Y. The role of Epac in the heart. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:591-606. [PMID: 27549789 PMCID: PMC11107744 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2336-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most important second messengers, 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) mediates various extracellular signals including hormones and neurotransmitters, and induces appropriate responses in diverse types of cells. Since cAMP was formerly believed to transmit signals through only two direct target molecules, protein kinase A and the cyclic nucleotide-gated channel, the sensational discovery in 1998 of another novel direct effecter of cAMP [exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (Epac)] attracted a great deal of scientific interest in cAMP signaling. Numerous studies on Epac have since disclosed its important functions in various tissues in the body. Recently, observations of genetically manipulated mice in various pathogenic models have begun to reveal the in vivo significance of previous in vitro or cellular-level findings. Here, we focused on the function of Epac in the heart. Accumulating evidence has revealed that both Epac1 and Epac2 play important roles in the structure and function of the heart under physiological and pathological conditions. Accordingly, developing the ability to regulate cAMP-mediated signaling through Epac may lead to remarkable new therapies for the treatment of cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Fujita
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Masanari Umemura
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Utako Yokoyama
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okumura
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ishikawa
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
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38
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Role of Exchange Protein Directly Activated by Cyclic AMP Isoform 1 in Energy Homeostasis: Regulation of Leptin Expression and Secretion in White Adipose Tissue. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:2440-50. [PMID: 27381457 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01034-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epacs (exchange proteins directly activated by cyclic AMP [cAMP]) act as downstream effectors of cAMP and play important roles in energy balance and glucose homeostasis. While global deletion of Epac1 in mice leads to heightened leptin sensitivity in the hypothalamus and partial protection against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, the physiological functions of Epac1 in white adipose tissue (WAT) has not been explored. Here, we report that adipose tissue-specific Epac1 knockout (AEKO) mice are more prone to HFD-induced obesity, with increased food intake, reduced energy expenditure, and impaired glucose tolerance. Despite the fact that AEKO mice on HFD display increased body weight, these mice have decreased circulating leptin levels compared to their wild-type littermates. In vivo and in vitro analyses further reveal that suppression of Epac1 in WAT decreases leptin mRNA expression and secretion by inhibiting cAMP response element binding (CREB) protein and AKT phosphorylation, respectively. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Epac1 plays an important role in regulating energy balance and glucose homeostasis by promoting leptin expression and secretion in WAT.
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39
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DiStefano PV, Smrcka AV, Glading AJ. Phospholipase Cε Modulates Rap1 Activity and the Endothelial Barrier. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162338. [PMID: 27612188 PMCID: PMC5017709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C, PLCε, is a unique signaling protein with known roles in regulating cardiac myocyte growth, astrocyte inflammatory signaling, and tumor formation. PLCε is also expressed in endothelial cells, however its role in endothelial regulation is not fully established. We show that endothelial cells of multiple origins, including human pulmonary artery (HPAEC), human umbilical vein (HUVEC), and immortalized brain microvascular (hCMEC/D3) endothelial cells, express PLCε. Knockdown of PLCε in arterial endothelial monolayers decreased the effectiveness of the endothelial barrier. Concomitantly, RhoA activity and stress fiber formation were increased. PLCε-deficient arterial endothelial cells also exhibited decreased Rap1-GTP levels, which could be restored by activation of the Rap1 GEF, Epac, to rescue the increase in monolayer leak. Reintroduction of PLCε rescued monolayer leak with both the CDC25 GEF domain and the lipase domain of PLCε required to fully activate Rap1 and to rescue endothelial barrier function. Finally, we demonstrate that the barrier promoting effects PLCε are dependent on Rap1 signaling through the Rap1 effector, KRIT1, which we have previously shown is vital for maintaining endothelial barrier stability. Thus we have described a novel role for PLCε PIP2 hydrolytic and Rap GEF activities in arterial endothelial cells, where PLCε-dependent activation of Rap1/KRIT1 signaling promotes endothelial barrier stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter V. DiStefano
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642, United States of America
| | - Alan V. Smrcka
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642, United States of America
| | - Angela J. Glading
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lezoualc'h F, Fazal L, Laudette M, Conte C. Cyclic AMP Sensor EPAC Proteins and Their Role in Cardiovascular Function and Disease. Circ Res 2016; 118:881-97. [PMID: 26941424 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.306529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
cAMP is a universal second messenger that plays central roles in cardiovascular regulation influencing gene expression, cell morphology, and function. A crucial step toward a better understanding of cAMP signaling came 18 years ago with the discovery of the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC). The 2 EPAC isoforms, EPAC1 and EPAC2, are guanine-nucleotide exchange factors for the Ras-like GTPases, Rap1 and Rap2, which they activate independently of the classical effector of cAMP, protein kinase A. With the development of EPAC pharmacological modulators, many reports in the literature have demonstrated the critical role of EPAC in the regulation of various cAMP-dependent cardiovascular functions, such as calcium handling and vascular tone. EPAC proteins are coupled to a multitude of effectors into distinct subcellular compartments because of their multidomain architecture. These novel cAMP sensors are not only at the crossroads of different physiological processes but also may represent attractive therapeutic targets for the treatment of several cardiovascular disorders, including cardiac arrhythmia and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Lezoualc'h
- From the Department of Cardiac and Renal Remodeling of the Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR-1048, Toulouse, France (F.L., L.F., M.L., C.C.); and Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (F.L., L.F., M.L., C.C.).
| | - Loubina Fazal
- From the Department of Cardiac and Renal Remodeling of the Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR-1048, Toulouse, France (F.L., L.F., M.L., C.C.); and Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (F.L., L.F., M.L., C.C.)
| | - Marion Laudette
- From the Department of Cardiac and Renal Remodeling of the Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR-1048, Toulouse, France (F.L., L.F., M.L., C.C.); and Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (F.L., L.F., M.L., C.C.)
| | - Caroline Conte
- From the Department of Cardiac and Renal Remodeling of the Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR-1048, Toulouse, France (F.L., L.F., M.L., C.C.); and Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (F.L., L.F., M.L., C.C.)
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Critical role for Epac1 in inflammatory pain controlled by GRK2-mediated phosphorylation of Epac1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:3036-41. [PMID: 26929333 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516036113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
cAMP signaling plays a key role in regulating pain sensitivity. Here, we uncover a previously unidentified molecular mechanism in which direct phosphorylation of the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1 (EPAC1) by G protein kinase 2 (GRK2) suppresses Epac1-to-Rap1 signaling, thereby inhibiting persistent inflammatory pain. Epac1(-/-) mice are protected against inflammatory hyperalgesia in the complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) model. Moreover, the Epac-specific inhibitor ESI-09 inhibits established CFA-induced mechanical hyperalgesia without affecting normal mechanical sensitivity. At the mechanistic level, CFA increased activity of the Epac target Rap1 in dorsal root ganglia of WT, but not of Epac1(-/-), mice. Using sensory neuron-specific overexpression of GRK2 or its kinase-dead mutant in vivo, we demonstrate that GRK2 inhibits CFA-induced hyperalgesia in a kinase activity-dependent manner. In vitro, GRK2 inhibits Epac1-to-Rap1 signaling by phosphorylation of Epac1 at Ser-108 in the Disheveled/Egl-10/pleckstrin domain. This phosphorylation event inhibits agonist-induced translocation of Epac1 to the plasma membrane, thereby reducing Rap1 activation. Finally, we show that GRK2 inhibits Epac1-mediated sensitization of the mechanosensor Piezo2 and that Piezo2 contributes to inflammatory mechanical hyperalgesia. Collectively, these findings identify a key role of Epac1 in chronic inflammatory pain and a molecular mechanism for controlling Epac1 activity and chronic pain through phosphorylation of Epac1 at Ser-108. Importantly, using the Epac inhibitor ESI-09, we validate Epac1 as a potential therapeutic target for chronic pain.
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Tallapragada VJ, Hildreth CM, Burke PGR, Raley DA, Hassan SF, McMullan S, Goodchild AK. Tonically Active cAMP-Dependent Signaling in the Ventrolateral Medulla Regulates Sympathetic and Cardiac Vagal Outflows. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 356:424-33. [PMID: 26578265 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.227488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The ventrolateral medulla contains presympathetic and vagal preganglionic neurons that control vasomotor and cardiac vagal tone, respectively. G protein-coupled receptors influence the activity of these neurons. Gα s activates adenylyl cyclases, which drive cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent targets: protein kinase A (PKA), the exchange protein activated by cAMP (EPAC), and hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels. The aim was to determine the cardiovascular effects of activating and inhibiting these targets at presympathetic and cardiac vagal preganglionic neurons. Urethane-anesthetized rats were instrumented to measure splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity (sSNA), arterial pressure (AP), heart rate (HR), as well as baroreceptor and somatosympathetic reflex function, or were spinally transected and instrumented to measure HR, AP, and cardiac baroreflex function. All drugs were injected bilaterally. In the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), Sp-cAMPs and 8-Br-cAMP, which activate PKA, as well as 8-pCPT, which activates EPAC, increased sSNA, AP, and HR. Sp-cAMPs also facilitated the reflexes tested. Sp-cAMPs also increased cardiac vagal drive and facilitated cardiac baroreflex sensitivity. Blockade of PKA, using Rp-cAMPs or H-89 in the RVLM, increased sSNA, AP, and HR and increased HR when cardiac vagal preganglionic neurons were targeted. Brefeldin A, which inhibits EPAC, and ZD7288, which inhibits HCN channels, each alone had no effect. Cumulative, sequential blockade of all three inhibitors resulted in sympathoinhibition. The major findings indicate that Gα s-linked receptors in the ventral medulla can be recruited to drive both sympathetic and parasympathetic outflows and that tonically active PKA-dependent signaling contributes to the maintenance of both sympathetic vasomotor and cardiac vagal tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram J Tallapragada
- Dept Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cara M Hildreth
- Dept Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter G R Burke
- Dept Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Darryl A Raley
- Dept Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah F Hassan
- Dept Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon McMullan
- Dept Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ann K Goodchild
- Dept Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Fugelli K. Effects of sodium ions on rat thyrocyte (FRTL-5 cells) swelling- and thyrotropin-activated taurine efflux dependent on cAMP and Epac. Amino Acids 2015; 48:763-777. [PMID: 26553454 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cellular osmolyte release is important in preventing water accumulation and swelling. However, the signaling pathways that detect volume increase and activate solute efflux are still not fully understood. We investigated efflux activation of the osmolyte taurine which is actively accumulated in rat thyrocytes (FRTL-5). Efflux of accumulated [(3)H]taurine was stimulated by cellular swelling and thyrotropin (TSH). These effects were significantly diminished in cells having reduced TSH receptor concentrations. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors (IBMX, Rolipram) enhanced both responses. An analog of forskolin (FSK; 7-deacetyl-7-[O-(N-methylpiperazino)-γ-butyryl] dihydrochloride) and an analog of cAMP, specific for activating exchange protein activated directly by cAMP (Epac; 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-2'-O-methyladenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, acetoxymethyl ester), significantly stimulated [(3)H]taurine efflux. A cAMP analog specific for activating protein kinase A (PKA; N6-benzoyladenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, acetoxymethyl ester) had no significant stimulatory effect on [(3)H]taurine efflux rate. The amiloride analog, 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)-amiloride, which inhibits a TSH-stimulated Na(+)/H(+) exchanger, enhanced (100 %) and ouabain inhibited (50 %) the TSH-stimulated [(3)H]taurine efflux rate. The effect of FSK on efflux was strongly potentiated by Na(+)-free iso-osmotic conditions and by osmolality/cell volume that affected also the db-cAMP-stimulated efflux. The TSH receptors and downstream elements of the signaling pathway comprising adenylyl cyclase, cAMP and Epac appeared to mediate the hormone-induced signal for [(3)H]taurine efflux from FRTL-5 cells. With less evidence, the cell volume/osmolality-induced [(3)H]taurine efflux cascade appeared to share some of the hormone signaling elements and to modulate the hormone signaling pathway at two levels through cellular Na(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Fugelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, POBox 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
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Shchors K, Massaras A, Hanahan D. Dual Targeting of the Autophagic Regulatory Circuitry in Gliomas with Repurposed Drugs Elicits Cell-Lethal Autophagy and Therapeutic Benefit. Cancer Cell 2015; 28:456-471. [PMID: 26412325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The associations of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) with reduced incidence of gliomas and elevated autophagy in glioma cells motivated investigation in mouse models of gliomagenesis. First, we established that imipramine, a TCA, increased autophagy and conveyed modest therapeutic benefit in tumor-bearing animals. Then we screened clinically approved agents suggested to affect autophagy for their ability to enhance imipramine-induced autophagy-associated cell death. The anticoagulant ticlopidine, which inhibits the purinergic receptor P2Y12, potentiated imipramine, elevating cAMP, a modulator of autophagy, reducing cell viability in culture, and increasing survival in glioma-bearing mice. Efficacy of the combination was obviated by knockdown of the autophagic regulatory gene ATG7, implicating cell-lethal autophagy. This seemingly innocuous combination of TCAs and P2Y12 inhibitors may have applicability for treating glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenya Shchors
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Aristea Massaras
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Douglas Hanahan
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
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Sugawara K, Shibasaki T, Takahashi H, Seino S. Structure and functional roles of Epac2 (Rapgef4). Gene 2015; 575:577-83. [PMID: 26390815 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Epac (exchange protein activated by cyclic-AMP) 2 is a direct target of 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and is involved in cAMP-mediated signal transduction through activation of the Ras-like small GTPase Rap. Crystallographic analyses revealed that activation of Epac2 by cAMP is accompanied by dynamic structural changes. Epac2 is expressed mainly in brain, neuroendocrine and endocrine tissues, and is involved in diverse cellular functions in the tissues. In this review, we summarize the structure and function of Epac2. We also discuss the physiological and pathophysiological roles of Epac2, and the possibility of Epac2 as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Sugawara
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan; Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tadao Shibasaki
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Harumi Takahashi
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Susumu Seino
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
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46
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Ye N, Zhu Y, Chen H, Liu Z, Mei FC, Wild C, Chen H, Cheng X, Zhou J. Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Substituted 2-(Isoxazol-3-yl)-2-oxo-N'-phenyl-acetohydrazonoyl Cyanide Analogues: Identification of Potent Exchange Proteins Directly Activated by cAMP (EPAC) Antagonists. J Med Chem 2015; 58:6033-47. [PMID: 26151319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) as guanine nucleotide exchange factors mediate the effects of the pivotal second messenger cAMP, thereby regulating a wide variety of intracellular physiological and pathophysiological processes. A series of novel 2-(isoxazol-3-yl)-2-oxo-N'-phenyl-acetohydrazonoyl cyanide EPAC antagonists was synthesized and evaluated in an effort to optimize properties of the previously identified high-throughput (HTS) hit 1 (ESI-09). Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis led to the discovery of several more active EPAC antagonists (e.g., 22 (HJC0726), 35 (NY0123), and 47 (NY0173)) with low micromolar inhibitory activity. These inhibitors may serve as valuable pharmacological probes to facilitate our efforts in elucidating the biological functions of EPAC and developing potential novel therapeutics against human diseases. Our SAR results have also revealed that further modification at the 3-, 4-, and 5-positions of the phenyl ring as well as the 5-position of the isoxazole moiety may allow for the development of more potent EPAC antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ye
- †Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Yingmin Zhu
- ‡Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Haijun Chen
- †Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Zhiqing Liu
- †Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Fang C Mei
- ‡Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Christopher Wild
- †Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- †Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- ‡Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- †Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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Banerjee U, Cheng X. Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP encoded by the mammalian rapgef3 gene: Structure, function and therapeutics. Gene 2015; 570:157-67. [PMID: 26119090 PMCID: PMC4556420 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian exchange protein directly activated by cAMP isoform 1 (EPAC1), encoded by the RAPGEF3 gene, is one of the two-membered family of cAMP sensors that mediate the intracellular functions of cAMP by acting as guanine nucleotide exchange factors for the Ras-like Rap small GTPases. Extensive studies have revealed that EPAC1-mediated cAMP signaling is highly coordinated spatiotemporally through the formation of dynamic signalosomes by interacting with a diverse array of cellular partners. Recent functional analyses of genetically engineered mouse models further suggest that EPAC1 functions as an important stress response switch and is involved in pathophysiological conditions of cardiac stresses, chronic pain, cancer and infectious diseases. These findings, coupled with the development of EPAC specific small molecule modulators, validate EPAC1 as a promising target for therapeutic interventions. Human gene RAPGEF3 encodes for EPAC1 protein. Along with PKA, CNG & HCN, EPAC is an important cAMP sensor. Selective modulators of EPAC1 have been developed for use as pharmacological probes. Formation of EPAC1 signalosomes allows spatiotemporal control of cAMP signaling. EPAC1 is implicated in major pathophysiological conditions and is an attractive therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Banerjee
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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48
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Watson RL, Buck J, Levin LR, Winger RC, Wang J, Arase H, Muller WA. Endothelial CD99 signals through soluble adenylyl cyclase and PKA to regulate leukocyte transendothelial migration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1021-41. [PMID: 26101266 PMCID: PMC4493416 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CD99 is a critical regulator of leukocyte transendothelial migration (TEM). Watson et al. describe the CD99 signaling pathway responsible. This involves a complex of CD99 with the A-kinase anchoring protein ezrin and soluble adenylyl cyclase that activates protein kinase A during leukocyte TEM. CD99 is a critical regulator of leukocyte transendothelial migration (TEM). How CD99 signals during this process remains unknown. We show that during TEM, endothelial cell (EC) CD99 activates protein kinase A (PKA) via a signaling complex formed with the lysine-rich juxtamembrane cytoplasmic tail of CD99, the A-kinase anchoring protein ezrin, and soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC). PKA then stimulates membrane trafficking from the lateral border recycling compartment to sites of TEM, facilitating the passage of leukocytes across the endothelium. Pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of EC sAC or PKA, like CD99 blockade, arrests neutrophils and monocytes partway through EC junctions, in vitro and in vivo, without affecting leukocyte adhesion or the expression of relevant cellular adhesion molecules. This is the first description of the CD99 signaling pathway in TEM as well as the first demonstration of a role for sAC in leukocyte TEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Watson
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208
| | - Jochen Buck
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Lonny R Levin
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Ryan C Winger
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208
| | - Jing Wang
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center and Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hisashi Arase
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center and Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - William A Muller
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208
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Schwede F, Chepurny OG, Kaufholz M, Bertinetti D, Leech CA, Cabrera O, Zhu Y, Mei F, Cheng X, Manning Fox JE, MacDonald PE, Genieser HG, Herberg FW, Holz GG. Rp-cAMPS Prodrugs Reveal the cAMP Dependence of First-Phase Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:988-1005. [PMID: 26061564 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
cAMP-elevating agents such as the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 potentiate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from pancreatic β-cells. However, a debate has existed since the 1970s concerning whether or not cAMP signaling is essential for glucose alone to stimulate insulin secretion. Here, we report that the first-phase kinetic component of GSIS is cAMP-dependent, as revealed through the use of a novel highly membrane permeable para-acetoxybenzyl (pAB) ester prodrug that is a bioactivatable derivative of the cAMP antagonist adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate, Rp-isomer (Rp-cAMPS). In dynamic perifusion assays of human or rat islets, a step-wise increase of glucose concentration leads to biphasic insulin secretion, and under these conditions, 8-bromoadenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate, Rp-isomer, 4-acetoxybenzyl ester (Rp-8-Br-cAMPS-pAB) inhibits first-phase GSIS by up to 80%. Surprisingly, second-phase GSIS is inhibited to a much smaller extent (≤20%). Using luciferase, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer assays performed in living cells, we validate that Rp-8-Br-cAMPS-pAB does in fact block cAMP-dependent protein kinase activation. Novel effects of Rp-8-Br-cAMPS-pAB to block the activation of cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factors (Epac1, Epac2) are also validated using genetically encoded Epac biosensors, and are independently confirmed in an in vitro Rap1 activation assay using Rp-cAMPS and Rp-8-Br-cAMPS. Thus, in addition to revealing the cAMP dependence of first-phase GSIS from human and rat islets, these findings establish a pAB-based chemistry for the synthesis of highly membrane permeable prodrug derivatives of Rp-cAMPS that act with micromolar or even nanomolar potency to inhibit cAMP signaling in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schwede
- BIOLOG Life Science Institute (F.S., H.-G.G.), 28199 Bremen, Germany; Departments of Medicine (O.G.C., C.A.L., G.G.H.) and Pharmacology (G.G.H.), State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210; Department of Biochemistry (M.K., D.B., F.W.H.), University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany; Eli Lilly and Company (O.C.), Indianapolis, Indiana 46225; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (Y.Z., F.M., X.C.), Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Pharmacology and the Alberta Diabetes Institute (J.E.M.F., P.E.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada AB T6G 2E1
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- BIOLOG Life Science Institute (F.S., H.-G.G.), 28199 Bremen, Germany; Departments of Medicine (O.G.C., C.A.L., G.G.H.) and Pharmacology (G.G.H.), State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210; Department of Biochemistry (M.K., D.B., F.W.H.), University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany; Eli Lilly and Company (O.C.), Indianapolis, Indiana 46225; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (Y.Z., F.M., X.C.), Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Pharmacology and the Alberta Diabetes Institute (J.E.M.F., P.E.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada AB T6G 2E1
| | - Melanie Kaufholz
- BIOLOG Life Science Institute (F.S., H.-G.G.), 28199 Bremen, Germany; Departments of Medicine (O.G.C., C.A.L., G.G.H.) and Pharmacology (G.G.H.), State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210; Department of Biochemistry (M.K., D.B., F.W.H.), University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany; Eli Lilly and Company (O.C.), Indianapolis, Indiana 46225; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (Y.Z., F.M., X.C.), Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Pharmacology and the Alberta Diabetes Institute (J.E.M.F., P.E.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada AB T6G 2E1
| | - Daniela Bertinetti
- BIOLOG Life Science Institute (F.S., H.-G.G.), 28199 Bremen, Germany; Departments of Medicine (O.G.C., C.A.L., G.G.H.) and Pharmacology (G.G.H.), State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210; Department of Biochemistry (M.K., D.B., F.W.H.), University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany; Eli Lilly and Company (O.C.), Indianapolis, Indiana 46225; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (Y.Z., F.M., X.C.), Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Pharmacology and the Alberta Diabetes Institute (J.E.M.F., P.E.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada AB T6G 2E1
| | - Colin A Leech
- BIOLOG Life Science Institute (F.S., H.-G.G.), 28199 Bremen, Germany; Departments of Medicine (O.G.C., C.A.L., G.G.H.) and Pharmacology (G.G.H.), State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210; Department of Biochemistry (M.K., D.B., F.W.H.), University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany; Eli Lilly and Company (O.C.), Indianapolis, Indiana 46225; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (Y.Z., F.M., X.C.), Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Pharmacology and the Alberta Diabetes Institute (J.E.M.F., P.E.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada AB T6G 2E1
| | - Over Cabrera
- BIOLOG Life Science Institute (F.S., H.-G.G.), 28199 Bremen, Germany; Departments of Medicine (O.G.C., C.A.L., G.G.H.) and Pharmacology (G.G.H.), State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210; Department of Biochemistry (M.K., D.B., F.W.H.), University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany; Eli Lilly and Company (O.C.), Indianapolis, Indiana 46225; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (Y.Z., F.M., X.C.), Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Pharmacology and the Alberta Diabetes Institute (J.E.M.F., P.E.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada AB T6G 2E1
| | - Yingmin Zhu
- BIOLOG Life Science Institute (F.S., H.-G.G.), 28199 Bremen, Germany; Departments of Medicine (O.G.C., C.A.L., G.G.H.) and Pharmacology (G.G.H.), State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210; Department of Biochemistry (M.K., D.B., F.W.H.), University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany; Eli Lilly and Company (O.C.), Indianapolis, Indiana 46225; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (Y.Z., F.M., X.C.), Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Pharmacology and the Alberta Diabetes Institute (J.E.M.F., P.E.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada AB T6G 2E1
| | - Fang Mei
- BIOLOG Life Science Institute (F.S., H.-G.G.), 28199 Bremen, Germany; Departments of Medicine (O.G.C., C.A.L., G.G.H.) and Pharmacology (G.G.H.), State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210; Department of Biochemistry (M.K., D.B., F.W.H.), University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany; Eli Lilly and Company (O.C.), Indianapolis, Indiana 46225; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (Y.Z., F.M., X.C.), Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Pharmacology and the Alberta Diabetes Institute (J.E.M.F., P.E.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada AB T6G 2E1
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- BIOLOG Life Science Institute (F.S., H.-G.G.), 28199 Bremen, Germany; Departments of Medicine (O.G.C., C.A.L., G.G.H.) and Pharmacology (G.G.H.), State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210; Department of Biochemistry (M.K., D.B., F.W.H.), University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany; Eli Lilly and Company (O.C.), Indianapolis, Indiana 46225; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (Y.Z., F.M., X.C.), Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Pharmacology and the Alberta Diabetes Institute (J.E.M.F., P.E.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada AB T6G 2E1
| | - Jocelyn E Manning Fox
- BIOLOG Life Science Institute (F.S., H.-G.G.), 28199 Bremen, Germany; Departments of Medicine (O.G.C., C.A.L., G.G.H.) and Pharmacology (G.G.H.), State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210; Department of Biochemistry (M.K., D.B., F.W.H.), University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany; Eli Lilly and Company (O.C.), Indianapolis, Indiana 46225; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (Y.Z., F.M., X.C.), Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Pharmacology and the Alberta Diabetes Institute (J.E.M.F., P.E.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada AB T6G 2E1
| | - Patrick E MacDonald
- BIOLOG Life Science Institute (F.S., H.-G.G.), 28199 Bremen, Germany; Departments of Medicine (O.G.C., C.A.L., G.G.H.) and Pharmacology (G.G.H.), State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210; Department of Biochemistry (M.K., D.B., F.W.H.), University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany; Eli Lilly and Company (O.C.), Indianapolis, Indiana 46225; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (Y.Z., F.M., X.C.), Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Pharmacology and the Alberta Diabetes Institute (J.E.M.F., P.E.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada AB T6G 2E1
| | - Hans-G Genieser
- BIOLOG Life Science Institute (F.S., H.-G.G.), 28199 Bremen, Germany; Departments of Medicine (O.G.C., C.A.L., G.G.H.) and Pharmacology (G.G.H.), State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210; Department of Biochemistry (M.K., D.B., F.W.H.), University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany; Eli Lilly and Company (O.C.), Indianapolis, Indiana 46225; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (Y.Z., F.M., X.C.), Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Pharmacology and the Alberta Diabetes Institute (J.E.M.F., P.E.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada AB T6G 2E1
| | - Friedrich W Herberg
- BIOLOG Life Science Institute (F.S., H.-G.G.), 28199 Bremen, Germany; Departments of Medicine (O.G.C., C.A.L., G.G.H.) and Pharmacology (G.G.H.), State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210; Department of Biochemistry (M.K., D.B., F.W.H.), University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany; Eli Lilly and Company (O.C.), Indianapolis, Indiana 46225; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (Y.Z., F.M., X.C.), Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Pharmacology and the Alberta Diabetes Institute (J.E.M.F., P.E.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada AB T6G 2E1
| | - George G Holz
- BIOLOG Life Science Institute (F.S., H.-G.G.), 28199 Bremen, Germany; Departments of Medicine (O.G.C., C.A.L., G.G.H.) and Pharmacology (G.G.H.), State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210; Department of Biochemistry (M.K., D.B., F.W.H.), University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany; Eli Lilly and Company (O.C.), Indianapolis, Indiana 46225; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (Y.Z., F.M., X.C.), Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Pharmacology and the Alberta Diabetes Institute (J.E.M.F., P.E.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada AB T6G 2E1
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Abstract
Epacs (exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP) act as guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors for the Ras-like small G-proteins Rap1 and Rap2, and are now recognized as incontrovertible factors leading to complex and diversified cAMP signalling pathways. Given the critical role of cAMP in the regulation of cardiac function, several studies have investigated the functional role of Epacs in the heart, providing evidence that Epacs modulate intracellular Ca2+ and are involved in several cardiac pathologies such as cardiac hypertrophy and arrhythmia. The present review summarizes recent data on the Epac signalling pathway and its role in cardiac pathophysiology. We also discuss recent advances in the discovery of novel pharmacological modulators of Epacs that were identified by high-throughput screening and their therapeutic potential for the treatment of cardiac disorders.
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