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Grizzi F, Bax C, Farina FM, Tidu L, Hegazi MAAA, Chiriva-Internati M, Capelli L, Robbiani S, Dellacà R, Taverna G. Recapitulating COVID-19 detection methods: RT-PCR, sniffer dogs and electronic nose. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 110:116430. [PMID: 38996774 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
In December 2019, a number of subjects presenting with an unexplained pneumonia-like illness were suspected to have a link to a seafood market in Wuhan, China. Subsequently, this illness was identified as the 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the World Committee on Virus Classification. Since its initial identification, the virus has rapidly sperad across the globe, posing an extraordinary challenge for the medical community. Currently, the Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is considered the most reliable method for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2. This procedure involves collecting oro-pharyngeal or nasopharyngeal swabs from individuals. Nevertheless, for the early detection of low viral loads, a more sensitive technique, such as droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), has been suggested. Despite the high effectiveness of RT-PCR, there is increasing interest in utilizing highly trained dogs and electronic noses (eNoses) as alternative methods for screening asymptomatic individuals for SARS-CoV-2. These dogs and eNoses have demonstrated high sensitivity and can detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs), enabling them to distinguish between COVID-19 positive and negative individuals. This manuscript recapitulates the potential, advantages, and limitations of employing trained dogs and eNoses for the screening and control of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Grizzi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.
| | - Carmen Bax
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Milan, Italy
| | - Floriana Maria Farina
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Tidu
- Italian Ministry of Defenses, "Vittorio Veneto" Division, Firenze, Italy
| | - Mohamed A A A Hegazi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Laura Capelli
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Robbiani
- Politecnico di Milano, TechRes Lab, Department of Electronics Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele Dellacà
- Politecnico di Milano, TechRes Lab, Department of Electronics Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Taverna
- Department of Urology, Humanitas Mater Domini, Castellanza, Varese, Italy
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Filaire F, Sécula A, Bessière P, Pagès-Homs M, Guérin JL, Violleau F, Till U. High and low pathogenicity avian influenza virus discrimination and prediction based on volatile organic compounds signature by SIFT-MS: a proof-of-concept study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17051. [PMID: 39048690 PMCID: PMC11269574 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67219-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
High and low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIV, LPAIV) are the primary causes of poultry diseases worldwide. HPAIV and LPAIV constitute a major threat to the global poultry industry. Therefore, early detection and well-adapted surveillance strategies are of the utmost importance to control the spread of these viruses. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) released from living organisms have been investigated over the last decades as a diagnostic strategy. Mass spectrometry instruments can analyze VOCs emitted upon viral infection. Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) enables direct analysis of cell headspace in less than 20 min. As a proof-of-concept study, we investigated the ability of a SIFT-MS coupled sparse Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis analytical workflow to discriminate IAV-infected cells. Supernatants of HPAIV, LPAIV, and control cells were collected from 1 to 72 h post-infection and analyzed using our analytical workflow. At each collection point, VOCs' signatures were first identified based on four independent experiments and then used to discriminate the infectious status of external samples. Our results indicate that the identified VOCs signatures successfully discriminate, as early as 1-h post-infection, infected cells from the control cells and differentiated the HPAIV from the LPAIV infection. These results suggest a virus-dependent VOCs signature. Overall, the external samples' status was identified with 96.67% sensitivity, 100% specificity, and 97.78% general accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Filaire
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France.
- Physiologie, Pathologie et Génétique Végétales PPGV, INP-PURPAN, Toulouse, France.
- THESEO France, Lanxess Biosecurity, LanXess Group, Laval, France.
| | - Aurélie Sécula
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Marielle Pagès-Homs
- Physiologie, Pathologie et Génétique Végétales PPGV, INP-PURPAN, Toulouse, France.
| | | | - Frederic Violleau
- Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-industrielle, LCA, Université de Toulouse, INP-PURPAN, Toulouse, France
| | - Ugo Till
- THESEO France, Lanxess Biosecurity, LanXess Group, Laval, France
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Long GA, Xu Q, Sunkara J, Woodbury R, Brown K, Huang JJ, Xie Z, Chen X, Fu XA, Huang J. A comprehensive meta-analysis and systematic review of breath analysis in detection of COVID-19 through Volatile organic compounds. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 109:116309. [PMID: 38692202 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic had profound global impacts on daily lives, economic stability, and healthcare systems. Diagnosis of COVID-19 infection via RT-PCR was crucial in reducing spread of disease and informing treatment management. While RT-PCR is a key diagnostic test, there is room for improvement in the development of diagnostic criteria. Identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath provides a fast, reliable, and economically favorable alternative for disease detection. METHODS This meta-analysis analyzed the diagnostic performance of VOC-based breath analysis in detection of COVID-19 infection. A systematic review of twenty-nine papers using the grading criteria from Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and PRISMA guidelines was conducted. RESULTS The cumulative results showed a sensitivity of 0.92 (95 % CI, 90 %-95 %) and a specificity of 0.90 (95 % CI 87 %-93 %). Subgroup analysis by variant demonstrated strong sensitivity to the original strain compared to the Omicron and Delta variant in detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection. An additional subgroup analysis of detection methods showed eNose technology had the highest sensitivity when compared to GC-MS, GC-IMS, and high sensitivity-MS. CONCLUSION Overall, these results support the use of breath analysis as a new detection method of COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Long
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Qian Xu
- Biometrics and Data Science, Fosun Pharma, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jahnavi Sunkara
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Reagan Woodbury
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Katherine Brown
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | - Zhenzhen Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Xiao-An Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Jiapeng Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA..
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4
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Allosh A, Pantis-Simut CA, Filipoiu N, Preda AT, Necula G, Ghitiu I, Anghel DV, Dulea MA, Nemnes GA. Tuning phosphorene and MoS 2 2D materials for detecting volatile organic compounds associated with respiratory diseases. RSC Adv 2024; 14:1803-1812. [PMID: 38192312 PMCID: PMC10772541 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07685g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Efficient identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is essential for the rapid diagnostication of respiratory diseases. By detecting specific biomarkers associated with different pathologies one may distinguish between tuberculosis, nosocomial pneumonia, Aspergillus fumigatus, influenza and SARS-CoV-2 virus infections. Phosphorene and MoS2 are potential candidates from the class of 2D graphene-like materials, which can be used as active layers for sensing elements. However, as the target molecules poorly adhere to the pristine layers, binding centers are created by introducing substitutional impurities. The adsorbed VOCs induce modifications in the electrical properties of the customized active layers. For each biomarker and a sequence of substitutional impurities, a pattern of conductivities is obtained, which enables the detection of an unknown test specimen. Exploring multiple biosensor configurations we find an optimal design yielding a considerable selectivity for the five biomarker compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Allosh
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering Magurele-Ilfov 077126 Romania
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Physics Magurele-Ilfov 077125 Romania
| | - Calin-Andrei Pantis-Simut
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering Magurele-Ilfov 077126 Romania
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Physics Magurele-Ilfov 077125 Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB) 90 Panduri Street Bucharest 050663 Romania
| | - Nicolae Filipoiu
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering Magurele-Ilfov 077126 Romania
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Physics Magurele-Ilfov 077125 Romania
| | - Amanda Teodora Preda
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering Magurele-Ilfov 077126 Romania
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Physics Magurele-Ilfov 077125 Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB) 90 Panduri Street Bucharest 050663 Romania
| | - George Necula
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering Magurele-Ilfov 077126 Romania
| | - Ioan Ghitiu
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Physics Magurele-Ilfov 077125 Romania
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics Magurele-Ilfov 077125 Romania
| | - Dragos-Victor Anghel
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering Magurele-Ilfov 077126 Romania
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Physics Magurele-Ilfov 077125 Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB) 90 Panduri Street Bucharest 050663 Romania
| | - Mihnea Alexandru Dulea
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering Magurele-Ilfov 077126 Romania
| | - George Alexandru Nemnes
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering Magurele-Ilfov 077126 Romania
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Physics Magurele-Ilfov 077125 Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB) 90 Panduri Street Bucharest 050663 Romania
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Sutaria SR, Morris JD, Xie Z, Cooke EA, Silvers SM, Long GA, Balcom D, Marimuthu S, Parrish LW, Aliesky H, Arnold FW, Huang J, Fu XA, Nantz MH. A feasibility study on exhaled breath analysis using UV spectroscopy to detect COVID-19. J Breath Res 2023; 18:016004. [PMID: 37875100 PMCID: PMC10620812 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ad0646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
A 23-subject feasibility study is reported to assess how UV absorbance measurements on exhaled breath samples collected from silicon microreactors can be used to detect COVID-19. The silicon microreactor technology chemoselectively preconcentrates exhaled carbonyl volatile organic compounds and subsequent methanol elution provides samples for analysis. The underlying scientific rationale that viral infection will induce an increase in exhaled carbonyls appears to be supported by the results of the feasibility study. The data indicate statistically significant differences in measured UV absorbance values between healthy and symptomatic COVID-19 positive subjects in the wavelength range from 235 nm to 305 nm. Factors such as subject age were noted as potential confounding variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurin R Sutaria
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America
| | - James D Morris
- Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America
| | - Zhenzhen Xie
- Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A Cooke
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America
| | - Shavonne M Silvers
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America
| | - Grace A Long
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America
| | - Dawn Balcom
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America
| | - Subathra Marimuthu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America
| | - Leslie W Parrish
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America
| | - Holly Aliesky
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America
| | - Forest W Arnold
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America
| | - Jiapeng Huang
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America
| | - Xiao-An Fu
- Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America
| | - Michael H Nantz
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America
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6
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Voit F, Erber J, Feuerherd M, Fries H, Bitterlich N, Diehl-Wiesenecker E, Gladis S, Lieb J, Protzer U, Schneider J, Geisler F, Somasundaram R, Schmid RM, Bauer W, Spinner CD. Rapid point-of-care detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in exhaled breath using ion mobility spectrometry: a pilot study. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:318. [PMID: 37660038 PMCID: PMC10474630 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01284-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An effective testing strategy is essential for pandemic control of the novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Breath gas analysis can expand the available toolbox for diagnostic tests by using a rapid, cost-beneficial, high-throughput point-of-care test. We conducted a bi-center clinical pilot study in Germany to evaluate breath gas analysis using multi-capillary column ion mobility spectrometry (MCC-IMS) to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS Between September 23, 2020, and June 11, 2021, breath gas measurements were performed on 380 patients (SARS-CoV-2 real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive: 186; PCR negative: 194) presenting to the emergency department (ED) with respiratory symptoms. RESULTS Breath gas analysis using MCC-IMS identified 110 peaks; 54 showed statistically significant differences in peak intensity between the SARS-CoV-2 PCR-negative and PCR-positive groups. A decision tree analysis classification resulted in a sensitivity of 83% and specificity of 86%, but limited robustness to dataset changes. Modest values for the sensitivity (74%) and specificity (52%) were obtained using linear discriminant analysis. A systematic search for peaks led to a sensitivity of 77% and specificity of 67%; however, validation by transferability to other data is questionable. CONCLUSIONS Despite identifying several peaks by MCC-IMS with significant differences in peak intensity between PCR-negative and PCR-positive samples, finding a classification system that allows reliable differentiation between the two groups proved to be difficult. However, with some modifications to the setup, breath gas analysis using MCC-IMS may be a useful diagnostic toolbox for SARS-CoV-2 infection. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov on September 21, 2020 (NCT04556318; Study-ID: HC-N-H-2004).
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Voit
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts Der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - J Erber
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts Der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - M Feuerherd
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Center Munich, TUM, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - H Fries
- B. Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany
| | - N Bitterlich
- ABX-CRO Advanced Pharmaceutical Services Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Dresden, Germany
| | - E Diehl-Wiesenecker
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Gladis
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts Der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - J Lieb
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts Der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - U Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Center Munich, TUM, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - J Schneider
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts Der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - F Geisler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts Der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - R Somasundaram
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - R M Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts Der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - W Bauer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - C D Spinner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts Der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany
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7
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Osinaga FO, Chen YC, Kharel MK, Waguespack Y, Li S, Hsia SV. Early Events after Herpes Simplex Virus-Type 1 Entry Are Necessary for the Release of Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate upon Acute Infection. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1104. [PMID: 37631019 PMCID: PMC10458611 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We reported that gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is released upon Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 (HSV-1) acute infection. However, the cellular biochemical processes involved in the production of GHB in infected cells are unclear. This study aims to shed light on the biochemical pathway and the stage within the viral life cycle responsible for the release of GHB in infected cells. UV-inactivation, acyclovir (ACV), and cycloheximide (CHX) treatments were used to inhibit HSV-1 replication at various stages. Vero cells treated with UV-inactivated HSV-1 significantly decreased GHB production. However, ACV or CHX treatments did not affect GHB production. We also showed that inhibition of glycolytic enzyme enolase by sodium fluoride (NaF) significantly reduces GHB production upon infection. This finding suggests that suppression of glycolytic activity negatively affects cellular GHB production. Our data also indicated that succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the shunt of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to generate succinic acid, was decreased upon infection, suggesting that infection may trigger the accumulation of succinic semialdehyde, causing the production of GHB. Although the precise mechanism has yet to be defined, our results suggest that early events following infection modulates the release of GHB, which is generated through the metabolic pathways of glycolysis and TCA cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith O. Osinaga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Yu-Chih Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Madan K. Kharel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Yan Waguespack
- Department of Natural Science, School of Agriculture and Natural Science, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Sichu Li
- Knowledge Bridge, LLC, Fairfax, VA 22032, USA
| | - Shaochung Victor Hsia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
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8
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Shukla S, Nakano-Baker O, Godin D, MacKenzie D, Sarikaya M. iOBPdb A Database for Experimentally Determined Functional Characterization of Insect Odorant Binding Proteins. Sci Data 2023; 10:295. [PMID: 37208471 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02195-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Odorant binding proteins (OBPs) are extra-cellular proteins that solubilize and transport volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Thousands of OBPs have been identified through genome sequencing, and hundreds have been characterized by fluorescence ligand binding assays in individual studies. There is a limited understanding of the comparative structure-function relations of OBPs, primarily due to a lack of a centralized database that relates OBP binding affinity and structure. Combining 181 functional studies containing 382 unique OBPs from 91 insect species, we present a database, iOBPdb, of OBP binding affinities for 622 individual VOC targets. This initial database provides powerful search and associative capabilities for retrieving and analyzing OBP-VOC binding interaction data. We have validated this dataset using phylogenetic mapping to determine the authenticity of the collected sequences and whether they cluster according to their assigned subfamilies. Potential applications include developing molecular probes for biosensors, novel bioassays and drugs, targeted pesticides that inhibit VOC/OBP interactions, and understanding odor sensing and perception in the brain.
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9
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McCartney MM, Borras E, Rojas DE, Hicks TL, Hamera KL, Tran NK, Tham T, Juarez MM, Lopez E, Kenyon NJ, Davis CE. Predominant SARS-CoV-2 variant impacts accuracy when screening for infection using exhaled breath vapor. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2022; 2:158. [PMID: 36482179 PMCID: PMC9731983 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-022-00221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New technologies with novel and ambitious approaches are being developed to diagnose or screen for SARS-CoV-2, including breath tests. The US FDA approved the first breath test for COVID-19 under emergency use authorization in April 2022. Most breath-based assays measure volatile metabolites exhaled by persons to identify a host response to infection. We hypothesized that the breathprint of COVID-19 fluctuated after Omicron became the primary variant of transmission over the Delta variant. METHODS We collected breath samples from 142 persons with and without a confirmed COVID-19 infection during the Delta and Omicron waves. Breath samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Here we show that based on 63 exhaled compounds, a general COVID-19 model had an accuracy of 0.73 ± 0.06, which improved to 0.82 ± 0.12 when modeling only the Delta wave, and 0.84 ± 0.06 for the Omicron wave. The specificity improved for the Delta and Omicron models (0.79 ± 0.21 and 0.74 ± 0.12, respectively) relative to the general model (0.61 ± 0.13). CONCLUSIONS We report that the volatile signature of COVID-19 in breath differs between the Delta-predominant and Omicron-predominant variant waves, and accuracies improve when samples from these waves are modeled separately rather than as one universal approach. Our findings have important implications for groups developing breath-based assays for COVID-19 and other respiratory pathogens, as the host response to infection may significantly differ depending on variants or subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell M McCartney
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- UC Davis Lung Center, Davis, CA, USA
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, USA
| | - Eva Borras
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- UC Davis Lung Center, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dante E Rojas
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- UC Davis Lung Center, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Tristan L Hicks
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- UC Davis Lung Center, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Katherine L Hamera
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- UC Davis Lung Center, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nam K Tran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Tina Tham
- Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Maya M Juarez
- Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | - Nicholas J Kenyon
- UC Davis Lung Center, Davis, CA, USA
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Cristina E Davis
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- UC Davis Lung Center, Davis, CA, USA.
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, USA.
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10
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Meller S, Al Khatri MSA, Alhammadi HK, Álvarez G, Alvergnat G, Alves LC, Callewaert C, Caraguel CGB, Carancci P, Chaber AL, Charalambous M, Desquilbet L, Ebbers H, Ebbers J, Grandjean D, Guest C, Guyot H, Hielm-Björkman A, Hopkins A, Kreienbrock L, Logan JG, Lorenzo H, Maia RDCC, Mancilla-Tapia JM, Mardones FO, Mutesa L, Nsanzimana S, Otto CM, Salgado-Caxito M, de los Santos F, da Silva JES, Schalke E, Schoneberg C, Soares AF, Twele F, Vidal-Martínez VM, Zapata A, Zimin-Veselkoff N, Volk HA. Expert considerations and consensus for using dogs to detect human SARS-CoV-2-infections. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1015620. [PMID: 36569156 PMCID: PMC9773891 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1015620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Meller
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany,*Correspondence: Sebastian Meller,
| | | | - Hamad Khatir Alhammadi
- International Operations Department, Ministry of Interior of the United Arab Emirates, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Guadalupe Álvarez
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillaume Alvergnat
- International Operations Department, Ministry of Interior of the United Arab Emirates, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lêucio Câmara Alves
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Chris Callewaert
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charles G. B. Caraguel
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Paula Carancci
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anne-Lise Chaber
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Marios Charalambous
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Loïc Desquilbet
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, IMRB, Université Paris Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | - Dominique Grandjean
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Claire Guest
- Medical Detection Dogs, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Hugues Guyot
- Clinical Department of Production Animals, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anna Hielm-Björkman
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Amy Hopkins
- Medical Detection Dogs, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - James G. Logan
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom,Arctech Innovation, The Cube, Dagenham, United Kingdom
| | - Hector Lorenzo
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Fernando O. Mardones
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal and Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leon Mutesa
- Center for Human Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda,Rwanda National Joint Task Force COVID-19, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Cynthia M. Otto
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Marília Salgado-Caxito
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal and Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Esther Schalke
- Bundeswehr Medical Service Headquarters, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Clara Schoneberg
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Anísio Francisco Soares
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Friederike Twele
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Victor Manuel Vidal-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Patología Acuática, Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Unidad Mérida, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ariel Zapata
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Zimin-Veselkoff
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal and Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Holger A. Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany,Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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11
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Kwiatkowski A, Borys S, Sikorska K, Drozdowska K, Smulko JM. Clinical studies of detecting COVID-19 from exhaled breath with electronic nose. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15990. [PMID: 36163492 PMCID: PMC9512806 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20534-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has attracted numerous research studies because of its impact on society and the economy. The pandemic has led to progress in the development of diagnostic methods, utilizing the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as the gold standard for coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 detection. Numerous tests can be used at home within 15 min or so but of with lower accuracy than PCR. There is still a need for point-of-care tests available for mass daily screening of large crowds in airports, schools, and stadiums. The same problem exists with fast and continuous monitoring of patients during their medical treatment. The rapid methods can use exhaled breath analysis which is non-invasive and delivers the result quite fast. Electronic nose can detect a cocktail of volatile organic com-pounds (VOCs) induced by virus infection and disturbed metabolism in the human body. In our exploratory studies, we present the results of COVID-19 detection in a local hospital by applying the developed electronic setup utilising commercial VOC gas sensors. We consider the technical problems noticed during the reported studies and affecting the detection results. We believe that our studies help to advance the proposed technique to limit the spread of COVID-19 and similar viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kwiatkowski
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sebastian Borys
- University Center of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Powstania Styczniowego 9B, 81-519, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sikorska
- University Center of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Powstania Styczniowego 9B, 81-519, Gdynia, Poland.,Division of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Powstania Styczniowego 9B, 81-519, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Drozdowska
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Janusz M Smulko
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
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12
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Diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection by canine olfaction. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268382. [PMID: 35648737 PMCID: PMC9159600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, testing individuals remains a key action. One approach to rapid testing is to consider the olfactory capacities of trained detection dogs. Methods Prospective cohort study in two community COVID-19 screening centers. Two nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS), one saliva and one sweat samples were simultaneously collected. The dog handlers (and the dogs…) were blinded with regards to the Covid status. The diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection by canine olfaction was assessed as compared to nasopharyngeal RT-PCR as the reference standard, saliva RT-PCR and nasopharyngeal antigen testing. Results 335 ambulatory adults (143 symptomatic and 192 asymptomatic) were included. Overall, 109/335 participants tested positive on nasopharyngeal RT-PCR either in symptomatic (78/143) or in asymptomatic participants (31/192). The overall sensitivity of canine detection was 97% (95% CI, 92 to 99) and even reached 100% (95% CI, 89 to 100) in asymptomatic individuals compared to NPS RT-PCR. The specificity was 91% (95% CI, 72 to 91), reaching 94% (95% CI, 90 to 97) for asymptomatic individuals. The sensitivity of canine detection was higher than that of nasopharyngeal antigen testing (97% CI: 91 to 99 versus 84% CI: 74 to 90, p = 0.006), but the specificity was lower (90% CI: 84 to 95 versus 97% CI: 93 to 99, p = 0.016). Conclusions Non-invasive detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection by canine olfaction could be one alternative to NPS RT-PCR when it is necessary to obtain a result very quickly according to the same indications as antigenic tests in the context of mass screening.
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13
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Woollam M, Angarita-Rivera P, Siegel AP, Kalra V, Kapoor R, Agarwal M. Exhaled VOCs can discriminate subjects with COVID-19 from healthy controls. J Breath Res 2022; 16. [PMID: 35453137 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac696a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 detection currently relies on testing by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or antigen testing. However, SARS-CoV-2 is expected to cause significant metabolic changes in infected subjects due to both metabolic requirements for rapid viral replication and host immune responses. Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from human breath can detect these metabolic changes and is therefore an alternative to RT-PCR or antigen assays. To identify VOC biomarkers of COVID-19, exhaled breath samples were collected from two sample groups into Tedlar bags: negative COVID-19 (n= 12) and positive COVID-19 symptomatic (n= 14). Next, VOCs were analyzed by headspace solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Subjects with COVID-19 displayed a larger number of VOCs as well as overall higher total concentration of VOCs (p< 0.05). Univariate analyses of qualified endogenous VOCs showed approximately 18% of the VOCs were significantly differentially expressed between the two classes (p< 0.05), with most VOCs upregulated. Machine learning multivariate classification algorithms distinguished COVID-19 subjects with over 95% accuracy. The COVID-19 positive subjects could be differentiated into two distinct subgroups by machine learning classification, but these did not correspond with significant differences in number of symptoms. Next, samples were collected from subjects who had previously donated breath bags while experiencing COVID-19, and subsequently recovered (COVID Recovered subjects (n= 11)). Univariate and multivariate results showed >90% accuracy at identifying these new samples as Control (COVID-19 negative), thereby validating the classification model and demonstrating VOCs dysregulated by COVID are restored to baseline levels upon recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Woollam
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America
| | - Paula Angarita-Rivera
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America.,Department of Mechanical & Energy Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America
| | - Amanda P Siegel
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America
| | - Vikas Kalra
- Indiana Health Ball Memorial Hospital, Muncie, IN 47303, United States of America
| | - Rajat Kapoor
- Department of Respiratory Care, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN 47303, United States of America
| | - Mangilal Agarwal
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America.,Department of Mechanical & Energy Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America
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14
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Grandjean D, Gallet C, Julien C, Sarkis R, Muzzin Q, Roger V, Roisse D, Dirn N, Levert C, Breton E, Galtat A, Forget A, Charreaudeau S, Gasmi F, Jean-Baptiste C, Petitjean S, Hamon K, Duquesne JM, Coudert C, Tourtier JP, Billy C, Wurtz JM, Chauvin A, Eyer X, Ziani S, Prevel L, Cherubini I, Khelili-Houas E, Hausfater P, Devillier P, Desquilbet L. Identifying SARS-COV-2 infected patients through canine olfactive detection on axillary sweat samples; study of observed sensitivities and specificities within a group of trained dogs. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262631. [PMID: 35157716 PMCID: PMC8843128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing need for rapid, reliable, non-invasive, and inexpensive mass testing methods as the global COVID-19 pandemic continues. Detection dogs could be a possible solution to identify individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2. Previous studies have shown that dogs can detect SARS-CoV-2 on sweat samples. This study aims to establish the dogs’ sensitivity (true positive rate) which measures the proportion of people with COVID-19 that are correctly identified, and specificity (true negative rate) which measures the proportion of people without COVID-19 that are correctly identified. Seven search and rescue dogs were tested using a total of 218 axillary sweat samples (62 positive and 156 negative) in olfaction cones following a randomised and double-blind protocol. Sensitivity ranged from 87% to 94%, and specificity ranged from 78% to 92%, with four dogs over 90%. These results were used to calculate the positive predictive value and negative predictive value for each dog for different infection probabilities (how likely it is for an individual to be SARS-CoV-2 positive), ranging from 10–50%. These results were compared with a reference diagnostic tool which has 95% specificity and sensitivity. Negative predictive values for six dogs ranged from ≥98% at 10% infection probability to ≥88% at 50% infection probability compared with the reference tool which ranged from 99% to 95%. Positive predictive values ranged from ≥40% at 10% infection probability to ≥80% at 50% infection probability compared with the reference tool which ranged from 68% to 95%. This study confirms previous results, suggesting that dogs could play an important role in mass-testing situations. Future challenges include optimal training methods and standardisation for large numbers of detection dogs and infrastructure supporting their deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Grandjean
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort (Alfort School of Veterinary Medicine), University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Capucine Gallet
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort (Alfort School of Veterinary Medicine), University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Clothilde Julien
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort (Alfort School of Veterinary Medicine), University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Riad Sarkis
- Université Franco-Libanaise St Joseph (Saint Joseph University of Beirut), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Quentin Muzzin
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort (Alfort School of Veterinary Medicine), University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Vinciane Roger
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort (Alfort School of Veterinary Medicine), University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Didier Roisse
- Service Départemental d’Incendie et de Secours de l’Oise (Fire and Rescue Service), Tillé, France
| | - Nicolas Dirn
- Service Départemental d’Incendie et de Secours de l’Oise (Fire and Rescue Service), Tillé, France
| | - Clement Levert
- Service Départemental d’Incendie et de Secours des Yvelines (Fire and Rescue Service), Versailles, France
| | - Erwan Breton
- Service Départemental d’Incendie et de Secours des Yvelines (Fire and Rescue Service), Versailles, France
| | - Arnaud Galtat
- Service Départemental d’Incendie et de Secours des Yvelines (Fire and Rescue Service), Versailles, France
| | - Alexandre Forget
- Service Départemental d’Incendie et de Secours des Yvelines (Fire and Rescue Service), Versailles, France
| | - Sebastien Charreaudeau
- Service Départemental d’Incendie et de Secours des Yvelines (Fire and Rescue Service), Versailles, France
| | - Fabien Gasmi
- Service Départemental d’Incendie et de Secours des Yvelines (Fire and Rescue Service), Versailles, France
| | - Caroline Jean-Baptiste
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort (Alfort School of Veterinary Medicine), University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sebastien Petitjean
- Service Départemental d’Incendie et de Secours des Yvelines (Fire and Rescue Service), Versailles, France
| | - Katia Hamon
- Service Départemental d’Incendie et de Secours des Yvelines (Fire and Rescue Service), Versailles, France
| | - Jean-Michel Duquesne
- Service Départemental d’Incendie et de Secours des Yvelines (Fire and Rescue Service), Versailles, France
| | - Chantal Coudert
- Service Départemental d’Incendie et de Secours des Yvelines (Fire and Rescue Service), Versailles, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Tourtier
- Hôpital d’Instruction des Armées Begin (Begin Military Hospital), Saint-Mandé, France
| | - Christophe Billy
- Centre Hospitalier François Quesnay (François Quesnay Hospital Centre), GHT Yvelines, Mantes-la-Jolie, France
| | - Jean-Marc Wurtz
- Site d’Altkirch GHRMSA (Groupement Hospitalier Mulhouse Sud Alsace), Altkirch, France
| | - Anthony Chauvin
- Hôpital Lariboisière APHP (Lariboisière Hospital, APHP Great Paris Hospitals), Paris, France
| | - Xavier Eyer
- Hôpital Lariboisière APHP (Lariboisière Hospital, APHP Great Paris Hospitals), Paris, France
| | - Sabrina Ziani
- Hôpitaux de Saint-Maurice (Saint-Maurice Hospital), Saint-Maurice, France
| | | | - Ilaria Cherubini
- Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière APHP (Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP Great Paris Hospitals), Paris, France
| | - Enfel Khelili-Houas
- Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière APHP (Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP Great Paris Hospitals), Paris, France
| | - Pierre Hausfater
- Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière APHP (Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP Great Paris Hospitals), Paris, France
| | | | - Loic Desquilbet
- Ecole nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Maisons-Alfort, France
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15
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Liangou A, Tasoglou A, Huber HJ, Wistrom C, Brody K, Menon PG, Bebekoski T, Menschel K, Davidson-Fiedler M, DeMarco K, Salphale H, Wistrom J, Wistrom S, Lee RJ. A method for the identification of COVID-19 biomarkers in human breath using Proton Transfer Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 42:101207. [PMID: 34841237 PMCID: PMC8604657 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 has caused a worldwide pandemic, making the early detection of the virus crucial. We present an approach for the determination of COVID-19 infection based on breath analysis. METHODS A high sensitivity mass spectrometer was combined with artificial intelligence and used to develop a method for the identification of COVID-19 in human breath within seconds. A set of 1137 positive and negative subjects from different age groups, collected in two periods from two hospitals in the USA, from 26 August, 2020 until 15 September, 2020 and from 11 September, 2020 until 11 November, 2020, was used for the method development. The subjects exhaled in a Tedlar bag, and the exhaled breath samples were subsequently analyzed using a Proton Transfer Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS). The produced mass spectra were introduced to a series of machine learning models. 70% of the data was used for these sub-models' training and 30% was used for testing. FINDINGS A set of 340 samples, 95 positives and 245 negatives, was used for the testing. The combined models successfully predicted 77 out of the 95 samples as positives and 199 out of the 245 samples as negatives. The overall accuracy of the model was 81.2%. Since over 50% of the total positive samples belonged to the age group of over 55 years old, the performance of the model in this category was also separately evaluated on 339 subjects (170 negative and 169 positive). The model correctly identified 166 out of the 170 negatives and 164 out of the 169 positives. The model accuracy in this case was 97.3%. INTERPRETATION The results showed that this method for the identification of COVID-19 infection is a promising tool, which can give fast and accurate results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonios Tasoglou
- RJ Lee Group Inc., Monroeville, PA, USA
- Corresponding author: Antonios Tasoglou, PhD, 5031 Somerville St, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 15201
| | | | | | | | - Prahlad G Menon
- QuantMD, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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16
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ten Hagen NA, Twele F, Meller S, Jendrny P, Schulz C, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Osterhaus A, Ebbers H, Pink I, Welte T, Manns MP, Illig T, Fathi A, Addo MM, Nitsche A, Puyskens A, Michel J, Krause E, Ehmann R, von Brunn A, Ernst C, Zwirglmaier K, Wölfel R, Nau A, Philipp E, Engels M, Schalke E, Volk HA. Discrimination of SARS-CoV-2 Infections From Other Viral Respiratory Infections by Scent Detection Dogs. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:749588. [PMID: 34869443 PMCID: PMC8636992 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.749588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Testing of possibly infected individuals remains cornerstone of containing the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Detection dogs could contribute to mass screening. Previous research demonstrated canines' ability to detect SARS-CoV-2-infections but has not investigated if dogs can differentiate between COVID-19 and other virus infections. Methods: Twelve dogs were trained to detect SARS-CoV-2 positive samples. Three test scenarios were performed to evaluate their ability to discriminate SARS-CoV-2-infections from viral infections of a different aetiology. Naso- and oropharyngeal swab samples from individuals and samples from cell culture both infected with one of 15 viruses that may cause COVID-19-like symptoms were presented as distractors in a randomised, double-blind study. Dogs were either trained with SARS-CoV-2 positive saliva samples (test scenario I and II) or with supernatant from cell cultures (test scenario III). Results: When using swab samples from individuals infected with viruses other than SARS-CoV-2 as distractors (test scenario I), dogs detected swab samples from SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals with a mean diagnostic sensitivity of 73.8% (95% CI: 66.0-81.7%) and a specificity of 95.1% (95% CI: 92.6-97.7%). In test scenario II and III cell culture supernatant from cells infected with SARS-CoV-2, cells infected with other coronaviruses and non-infected cells were presented. Dogs achieved mean diagnostic sensitivities of 61.2% (95% CI: 50.7-71.6%, test scenario II) and 75.8% (95% CI: 53.0-98.5%, test scenario III), respectively. The diagnostic specificities were 90.9% (95% CI: 87.3-94.6%, test scenario II) and 90.2% (95% CI: 81.1-99.4%, test scenario III), respectively. Conclusion: In all three test scenarios the mean specificities were above 90% which indicates that dogs can distinguish SARS-CoV-2-infections from other viral infections. However, compared to earlier studies our scent dogs achieved lower diagnostic sensitivities. To deploy COVID-19 detection dogs as a reliable screening method it is therefore mandatory to include a variety of samples from different viral respiratory tract infections in dog training to ensure a successful discrimination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Alexandra ten Hagen
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Friederike Twele
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian Meller
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Paula Jendrny
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Schulz
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ab Osterhaus
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans Ebbers
- KynoScience Unternehmergesellschaft, Hörstel, Germany
| | - Isabell Pink
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Welte
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Illig
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anahita Fathi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical-Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck- Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marylyn Martina Addo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical-Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck- Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Nitsche
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens (ZBS) 1, Highly Pathogenic Viruses, World Health Organisation Reference Laboratory for SARS-CoV-2 and World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Emerging Infections and Biological Threats, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Puyskens
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens (ZBS) 1, Highly Pathogenic Viruses, World Health Organisation Reference Laboratory for SARS-CoV-2 and World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Emerging Infections and Biological Threats, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Michel
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens (ZBS) 1, Highly Pathogenic Viruses, World Health Organisation Reference Laboratory for SARS-CoV-2 and World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Emerging Infections and Biological Threats, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Krause
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens (ZBS) 1, Highly Pathogenic Viruses, World Health Organisation Reference Laboratory for SARS-CoV-2 and World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Emerging Infections and Biological Threats, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rosina Ehmann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Albrecht von Brunn
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Virology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Roman Wölfel
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandra Nau
- Bundeswehr Medical Service Headquarters, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Eva Philipp
- Military Medical Center, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany
| | - Michael Engels
- Bundeswehr School of Dog Handling, Gräfin-Maltzan-Kaserne, Ulmen, Germany
| | - Esther Schalke
- Bundeswehr School of Dog Handling, Gräfin-Maltzan-Kaserne, Ulmen, Germany
| | - Holger Andreas Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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17
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Zemánková K, Pavelicová K, Pompeiano A, Mravcová L, Černý M, Bendíčková K, Hortová Kohoutková M, Dryahina K, Vaculovičová M, Frič J, Vaníčková L. Targeted volatolomics of human monocytes: Comparison of 2D-GC/TOF-MS and 1D-GC/Orbitrap-MS methods. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1184:122975. [PMID: 34655893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Blood is a complex biological matrix providing valuable information on nutritional, metabolic, and immune status. The detection of blood biomarkers requires sensitive analytical methods because analytes are at very low concentrations. Peripheral blood monocytes play a crucial role in inflammatory processes, and the metabolites released by monocytes during these processes might serve as important signalling molecules and biomarkers of particular physiological states. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with two different mass spectrometric platforms, two-dimensional (2D) gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (2D-GC/TOF-MS) and one-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to Orbitrap mass spectrometry (GC/Orbitrap-MS), were applied for the investigation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by human peripheral blood monocytes. An optimized method was subsequently applied for the characterization of changes in VOCs induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and zymosan (ZYM) stimulation. Overall, the 2D-GC/TOF-MS and the 1D-GC/Orbitrap-MS analyses each yielded about 4000 and 400 peaks per sample, respectively. In total, 91 VOCs belonging to eight different chemical classes were identified. The samples were collected in two fractions, conditioned media for monitoring extracellularly secreted molecules and cell pellet samples to determine the intracellular composition of VOCs. Alcohols, ketones, and hydrocarbons were the main chemical classes of the metabolic profile identified in cell fractions. Aldehydes, acids and cyclic compounds were characteristic of the conditioned media fraction. Here we demonstrate that HS-SPME-2D-GC/TOF-MS is more suitable for the identification of specific VOC profiles produced by human monocytes than 1D-GC/Orbitrap-MS. We define the signature of VOCs occurring early after monocyte activation and characterise the signalling compounds released by immune cells into media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Zemánková
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, CZ-61200 Brno, Czech
| | - Kristýna Pavelicová
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, CZ-61200 Brno, Czech
| | - Antonio Pompeiano
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, CZ-61200 Brno, Czech; Departmentof Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocenology, Faculty of Forest and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1 CZ-61300, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Mravcová
- Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, CZ-61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Černý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Phytophthora Research Centre, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Bendíčková
- International Clinical Research Centre of St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 53, CZ-656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Hortová Kohoutková
- International Clinical Research Centre of St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 53, CZ-656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kseniya Dryahina
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, CZ-18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Vaculovičová
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, CZ-61200 Brno, Czech
| | - Jan Frič
- International Clinical Research Centre of St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 53, CZ-656 91 Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 2094/1, CZ-128 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Vaníčková
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, CZ-61200 Brno, Czech; Departmentof Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocenology, Faculty of Forest and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1 CZ-61300, Czech Republic.
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18
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Feuerherd M, Sippel AK, Erber J, Baumbach JI, Schmid RM, Protzer U, Voit F, Spinner CD. A proof of concept study for the differentiation of SARS-CoV-2, hCoV-NL63, and IAV-H1N1 in vitro cultures using ion mobility spectrometry. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20143. [PMID: 34635788 PMCID: PMC8505652 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99742-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid, high-throughput diagnostic tests are essential to decelerate the spread of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. While RT-PCR tests performed in centralized laboratories remain the gold standard, rapid point-of-care antigen tests might provide faster results. However, they are associated with markedly reduced sensitivity. Bedside breath gas analysis of volatile organic compounds detected by ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) may enable a quick and sensitive point-of-care testing alternative. In this proof-of-concept study, we investigated whether gas analysis by IMS can discriminate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from other respiratory viruses in an experimental set-up. Repeated gas analyses of air samples collected from the headspace of virus-infected in vitro cultures were performed for 5 days. A three-step decision tree using the intensities of four spectrometry peaks correlating to unidentified volatile organic compounds allowed the correct classification of SARS-CoV-2, human coronavirus-NL63, and influenza A virus H1N1 without misassignment when the calculation was performed with data 3 days post infection. The forward selection assignment model allowed the identification of SARS-CoV-2 with high sensitivity and specificity, with only one of 231 measurements (0.43%) being misclassified. Thus, volatile organic compound analysis by IMS allows highly accurate differentiation of SARS-CoV-2 from other respiratory viruses in an experimental set-up, supporting further research and evaluation in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Feuerherd
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.
| | - A-K Sippel
- B. Braun Melsungen AG, Branch Dortmund, Center of Competence Breath Analysis, BioMedicalCenter, Dortmund, Germany
| | - J Erber
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts Der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - J I Baumbach
- B. Braun Melsungen AG, Branch Dortmund, Center of Competence Breath Analysis, BioMedicalCenter, Dortmund, Germany
| | - R M Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts Der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - U Protzer
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - F Voit
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts Der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C D Spinner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts Der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany
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19
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Berna AZ, Akaho EH, Harris RM, Congdon M, Korn E, Neher S, M’Farrej M, Burns J, Odom John AR. Reproducible Breath Metabolite Changes in Children with SARS-CoV-2 Infection. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2596-2603. [PMID: 34319698 PMCID: PMC8353987 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
![]()
SARS-CoV-2
infection is diagnosed through detection of specific viral nucleic
acid or antigens from respiratory samples. These techniques are relatively
expensive, slow, and susceptible to false-negative results. A rapid
noninvasive method to detect infection would be highly advantageous.
Compelling evidence from canine biosensors and studies of adults with
COVID-19 suggests that infection reproducibly alters human volatile
organic compound (VOC) profiles. To determine whether pediatric infection
is associated with VOC changes, we enrolled SARS-CoV-2 infected and
uninfected children admitted to a major pediatric academic medical
center. Breath samples were collected from children and analyzed through
state-of-the-art GCxGC-ToFMS. Isolated features included 84 targeted
VOCs. Candidate biomarkers that were correlated with infection status
were subsequently validated in a second, independent cohort of children.
We thus find that six volatile organic compounds are significantly
and reproducibly increased in the breath of SARS-CoV-2 infected children.
Three aldehydes (octanal, nonanal, and heptanal) drew special attention,
as aldehydes are also elevated in the breath of adults with COVID-19.
Together, these biomarkers demonstrate high accuracy for distinguishing
pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection and support the ongoing development
of novel breath-based diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Z. Berna
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Elikplim H. Akaho
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Rebecca M. Harris
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Morgan Congdon
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Emilie Korn
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Samuel Neher
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Mirna M’Farrej
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Julianne Burns
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Audrey R. Odom John
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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20
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Kokocińska-Kusiak A, Woszczyło M, Zybala M, Maciocha J, Barłowska K, Dzięcioł M. Canine Olfaction: Physiology, Behavior, and Possibilities for Practical Applications. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082463. [PMID: 34438920 PMCID: PMC8388720 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dogs have an extraordinary olfactory capability, which far exceeds that of humans. Dogs’ sense of smell seems to be the main sense, allowing them to not only gather both current and historical information about their surrounding environment, but also to find the source of the smell, which is crucial for locating food, danger, or partners for reproduction. Dogs can be trained by humans to use their olfactory abilities in a variety of fields, with a detection limit often much lower than that of sophisticated laboratory instruments. The specific anatomical and physiological features of dog olfaction allow humans to achieve outstanding results in the detection of drugs, explosives, and different illnesses, such as cancer, diabetes, or infectious disease. This article provides an overview of the anatomical features and physiological mechanisms involved in the process of odor detection and identification, as well as behavioral aspects of canine olfaction and its use in the service of humans in many fields. Abstract Olfaction in dogs is crucial for gathering important information about the environment, recognizing individuals, making decisions, and learning. It is far more specialized and sensitive than humans’ sense of smell. Using the strength of dogs’ sense of smell, humans work with dogs for the recognition of different odors, with a precision far exceeding the analytical capabilities of most modern instruments. Due to their extremely sensitive sense of smell, dogs could be used as modern, super-sensitive mobile area scanners, detecting specific chemical signals in real time in various environments outside the laboratory, and then tracking the odor of dynamic targets to their source, also in crowded places. Recent studies show that dogs can detect not only specific scents of drugs or explosives, but also changes in emotions as well as in human cell metabolism during various illnesses, including COVID-19 infection. Here, we provide an overview of canine olfaction, discussing aspects connected with anatomy, physiology, behavioral aspects of sniffing, and factors influencing the olfactory abilities of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris).
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kokocińska-Kusiak
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, ul. Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warszawa, Poland; (A.K.-K.); (J.M.)
| | - Martyna Woszczyło
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Mikołaj Zybala
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Doctoral School, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, ul. Konarskiego 2, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland;
| | - Julia Maciocha
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, ul. Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warszawa, Poland; (A.K.-K.); (J.M.)
| | - Katarzyna Barłowska
- Department of Biotechnology and Nutrigenomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland;
| | - Michał Dzięcioł
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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21
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Borras E, McCartney MM, Thompson CH, Meagher RJ, Kenyon NJ, Schivo M, Davis CE. Exhaled breath biomarkers of influenza infection and influenza vaccination. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 34343985 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac1a61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are considered a major public health threat, and breath metabolomics can provide new ways to detect and understand how specific viruses affect the human pulmonary system. In this pilot study, we characterized the metabolic composition of human breath for an early diagnosis and differentiation of influenza viral infection, as well as other types of upper respiratory viral infections. We first studied the non-specific effects of planned seasonal influenza vaccines on breath metabolites in healthy subjects after receiving the immunization. We then investigated changes in breath content from hospitalized patients with flu-like symptoms and confirmed upper respiratory viral infection. The exhaled breath was sampled using a custom-made breath condenser, and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples were analysed using liquid chromatography coupled to quadruplole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer (LC-qTOF). All metabolomic data was analysed using both targeted and untargeted approaches to detect specific known biomarkers from inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers, as well as new molecules associated with specific infections. We were able to find clear differences between breath samples collected before and after flu vaccine administration, together with potential biomarkers that are related to inflammatory processes and oxidative stress. Moreover, we were also able to discriminate samples from patients with flu-related symptoms that were diagnosed with confirmatory respiratory viral panels (RVP). RVP positive and negative differences were identified, as well as differences between specific viruses defined. These results provide very promising information for the further study of the effect of influenza A and other viruses in human systems by using a simple and non-invasive specimen like breath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Borras
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Davis, California, 95616, UNITED STATES
| | - Mitchell M McCartney
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California - Davis, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Davis, California, 95616, UNITED STATES
| | - Cai Hugo Thompson
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, UC Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, UNITED STATES
| | - Robert J Meagher
- Sandia National Laboratories California, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California, 94551-0969, UNITED STATES
| | - Nicholas J Kenyon
- Sacramento Medical Center, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, CA 795187, USA, Sacramento, California, 95616, UNITED STATES
| | - Michael Schivo
- Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis Health System, 4150 V Street, Suite 3100, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA, Sacramento, 95616, UNITED STATES
| | - Cristina E Davis
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California - Davis, Davis, USA, Davis, California, 95616, UNITED STATES
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22
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Rodríguez-Aguilar M, Díaz de León-Martínez L, Zamora-Mendoza BN, Comas-García A, Guerra Palomares SE, García-Sepúlveda CA, Alcántara-Quintana LE, Díaz-Barriga F, Flores-Ramírez R. Comparative analysis of chemical breath-prints through olfactory technology for the discrimination between SARS-CoV-2 infected patients and controls. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 519:126-132. [PMID: 33901429 PMCID: PMC8064814 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We identified a global chemical pattern of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath capable of discriminating between COVID-19 patients and controls (without infection) using an electronic nose. METHODS The study focused on 42 SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR positive subjects as well as 42 negative subjects. Principal component analysis indicated a separation of the study groups and provides a cumulative percentage of explanation of the variation of 98.3%. RESULTS The canonical analysis of principal coordinates model shows a separation by the first canonical axis CAP1 (r2 = 0.939 and 95.23% of correct classification rate), the cut-off point of 0.0089; 100% sensitivity (CI 95%:91.5-100%) and 97.6% specificity (CI 95%:87.4-99.9%). The predictive model usefulness was tested on 30 open population subjects without prior knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR status. Of these 3 subjects exhibited COVID-19 suggestive breath profiles, all asymptomatic at the time, two of which were later shown to be SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR positive. An additional subject had a borderline breath profile and SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR positive. The remaining 27 subjects exhibited healthy breath profiles as well as SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR test results. CONCLUSIONS In all, the use of olfactory technologies in communities with high transmission rates as well as in resource-limited settings where targeted sampling is not viable represents a practical COVID-19 screening approach capable of promptly identifying COVID-19 suspect patients and providing useful epidemiological information to guide community health strategies in the context of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorena Díaz de León-Martínez
- Faculty of Medicine-Center for Applied Research on Environment and Health (CIAAS), Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Blanca Nohemí Zamora-Mendoza
- Faculty of Medicine-Center for Applied Research on Environment and Health (CIAAS), Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Andreu Comas-García
- Center for Research in Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico
| | | | | | - Luz Eugenia Alcántara-Quintana
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Coordination for Innovation and Application of Science and Technology (CIACYT), Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Fernando Díaz-Barriga
- Faculty of Medicine-Center for Applied Research on Environment and Health (CIAAS), Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Flores-Ramírez
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Coordination for Innovation and Application of Science and Technology (CIACYT), Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico,Corresponding author at: Av. Venustiano Carranza 2405, CP 78210 San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
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23
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Jendrny P, Twele F, Meller S, Schulz C, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Osterhaus ADME, Ebbers H, Ebbers J, Pilchová V, Pink I, Welte T, Manns MP, Fathi A, Addo MM, Ernst C, Schäfer W, Engels M, Petrov A, Marquart K, Schotte U, Schalke E, Volk HA. Scent dog identification of SARS-CoV-2 infections in different body fluids. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:707. [PMID: 34315418 PMCID: PMC8313882 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06411-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main strategy to contain the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic remains to implement a comprehensive testing, tracing and quarantining strategy until vaccination of the population is adequate. Scent dogs could support current testing strategies. METHODS Ten dogs were trained for 8 days to detect SARS-CoV-2 infections in beta-propiolactone inactivated saliva samples. The subsequent cognitive transfer performance for the recognition of non-inactivated samples were tested on three different body fluids (saliva, urine, and sweat) in a randomised, double-blind controlled study. RESULTS Dogs were tested on a total of 5242 randomised sample presentations. Dogs detected non-inactivated saliva samples with a diagnostic sensitivity of 84% (95% CI: 62.5-94.44%) and specificity of 95% (95% CI: 93.4-96%). In a subsequent experiment to compare the scent recognition between the three non-inactivated body fluids, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 95% (95% CI: 66.67-100%) and 98% (95% CI: 94.87-100%) for urine, 91% (95% CI: 71.43-100%) and 94% (95% CI: 90.91-97.78%) for sweat, 82% (95% CI: 64.29-95.24%), and 96% (95% CI: 94.95-98.9%) for saliva respectively. CONCLUSIONS The scent cognitive transfer performance between inactivated and non-inactivated samples as well as between different sample materials indicates that global, specific SARS-CoV-2-associated volatile compounds are released across different body secretions, independently from the patient's symptoms. All tested body fluids appear to be similarly suited for reliable detection of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Jendrny
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Friederike Twele
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian Meller
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Schulz
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Hans Ebbers
- KynoScience UG, Am Teutohang 51, 48477, Hörstel, Germany
| | - Janek Ebbers
- KynoScience UG, Am Teutohang 51, 48477, Hörstel, Germany
| | - Veronika Pilchová
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Isabell Pink
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Welte
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Anahita Fathi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical-Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Marylyn Martina Addo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical-Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | | | - Wencke Schäfer
- Bundeswehr School of Dog handling, Gräfin-Maltzan-Kaserne, Hochstraße, 56766, Ulmen, Germany
| | - Michael Engels
- Bundeswehr School of Dog handling, Gräfin-Maltzan-Kaserne, Hochstraße, 56766, Ulmen, Germany
| | - Anja Petrov
- Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service Kiel, Kronshagen, Germany
| | - Katharina Marquart
- Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service Kiel, Kronshagen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schotte
- Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service Kiel, Kronshagen, Germany
| | - Esther Schalke
- Bundeswehr School of Dog handling, Gräfin-Maltzan-Kaserne, Hochstraße, 56766, Ulmen, Germany
| | - Holger Andreas Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
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24
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Pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Upper Respiratory Tract and Its Relation to Breath Volatile Organic Compounds. mSystems 2021; 6:e0010421. [PMID: 34313463 PMCID: PMC8407219 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00104-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the many products of metabolic processes are volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In the airways, these volatile metabolites are emitted through breathing and thus are easily sampled for analysis. Recent work has connected the functions and structure of the human microbiome with health and disease. Alteration in microbial function in this context can result in differences in metabolite composition, including that of VOCs, presenting the possibility of a new noninvasive method for clinical diagnosis. Screening methods that assess VOCs arising from changes in the airway microbiome could be highly useful in diagnosing viral upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), e.g., COVID-19, which are highly contagious and have an enormous public health impact worldwide. A rapid noninvasive screening test for URTIs would pose major advantages in containing the disease. As early evidence shows that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection alters the human microbiome (both in the gut and the respiratory tract), we propose that detection of a VOC signature of an altered nasal microbiome could be fruitful as a rapid noninvasive measure of URTI in general and of SARS-CoV-2 in particular.
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25
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Hasan MR, Suleiman M, Pérez-López A. Metabolomics in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of COVID-19. Front Genet 2021; 12:721556. [PMID: 34367265 PMCID: PMC8343128 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.721556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic triggered an unprecedented global effort in developing rapid and inexpensive diagnostic and prognostic tools. Since the genome of SARS-CoV-2 was uncovered, detection of viral RNA by RT-qPCR has played the most significant role in preventing the spread of the virus through early detection and tracing of suspected COVID-19 cases and through screening of at-risk population. However, a large number of alternative test methods based on SARS-CoV-2 RNA or proteins or host factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection have been developed and evaluated. The application of metabolomics in infectious disease diagnostics is an evolving area of science that was boosted by the urgency of COVID-19 pandemic. Metabolomics approaches that rely on the analysis of volatile organic compounds exhaled by COVID-19 patients hold promise for applications in a large-scale screening of population in point-of-care (POC) setting. On the other hand, successful application of mass-spectrometry to detect specific spectral signatures associated with COVID-19 in nasopharyngeal swab specimens may significantly save the cost and turnaround time of COVID-19 testing in the diagnostic microbiology and virology laboratories. Active research is also ongoing on the discovery of potential metabolomics-based prognostic markers for the disease that can be applied to serum or plasma specimens. Several metabolic pathways related to amino acid, lipid and energy metabolism were found to be affected by severe disease with COVID-19. In particular, tryptophan metabolism via the kynurenine pathway were persistently dysregulated in several independent studies, suggesting the roles of several metabolites of this pathway such as tryptophan, kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine as potential prognostic markers of the disease. However, standardization of the test methods and large-scale clinical validation are necessary before these tests can be applied in a clinical setting. With rapidly expanding data on the metabolic profiles of COVID-19 patients with varying degrees of severity, it is likely that metabolomics will play an important role in near future in predicting the outcome of the disease with a greater degree of certainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rubayet Hasan
- Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Andrés Pérez-López
- Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
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26
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D'Aniello B, Pinelli C, Varcamonti M, Rendine M, Lombardi P, Scandurra A. COVID Sniffer Dogs: Technical and Ethical Concerns. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:669712. [PMID: 34235201 PMCID: PMC8255683 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.669712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Biagio D'Aniello
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Pinelli
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Mario Varcamonti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marcello Rendine
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Pietro Lombardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Scandurra
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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27
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The Promise of Disease Detection Dogs in Pandemic Response: Lessons Learned From COVID-19. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2021; 17:e20. [PMID: 34099088 PMCID: PMC8460421 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2021.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
One of the lessons learned from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is the utility of an early, flexible, and rapidly deployable disease screening and detection response. The largely uncontrolled spread of the pandemic in the United States exposed a range of planning and implementation shortcomings, which, if they had been in place before the pandemic emerged, may have changed the trajectory. Disease screening by detection dogs show great promise as a noninvasive, efficient, and cost-effective screening method for COVID-19 infection. We explore evidence of their use in infectious and chronic diseases; the training, oversight, and resources required for implementation; and potential uses in various settings. Disease detection dogs may contribute to the current and future public health pandemics; however, further research is needed to extend our knowledge and measurement of their effectiveness and feasibility as a public health intervention tool, and efforts are needed to ensure public and political support.
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28
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Snitz K, Andelman-Gur M, Pinchover L, Weissgross R, Weissbrod A, Mishor E, Zoller R, Linetsky V, Medhanie A, Shushan S, Jaffe E, Sobel N. Proof of concept for real-time detection of SARS CoV-2 infection with an electronic nose. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252121. [PMID: 34077435 PMCID: PMC8172018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid diagnosis is key to curtailing the Covid-19 pandemic. One path to such rapid diagnosis may rely on identifying volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by the infected body, or in other words, identifying the smell of the infection. Consistent with this rationale, dogs can use their nose to identify Covid-19 patients. Given the scale of the pandemic, however, animal deployment is a challenging solution. In contrast, electronic noses (eNoses) are machines aimed at mimicking animal olfaction, and these can be deployed at scale. To test the hypothesis that SARS CoV-2 infection is associated with a body-odor detectable by an eNose, we placed a generic eNose in-line at a drive-through testing station. We applied a deep learning classifier to the eNose measurements, and achieved real-time detection of SARS CoV-2 infection at a level significantly better than chance, for both symptomatic and non-symptomatic participants. This proof of concept with a generic eNose implies that an optimized eNose may allow effective real-time diagnosis, which would provide for extensive relief in the Covid-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobi Snitz
- Department of Neurobiology and Azrieli Center for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail: (NS); (KS)
| | - Michal Andelman-Gur
- Department of Neurobiology and Azrieli Center for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Liron Pinchover
- Department of Neurobiology and Azrieli Center for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Reut Weissgross
- Department of Neurobiology and Azrieli Center for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aharon Weissbrod
- Department of Neurobiology and Azrieli Center for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eva Mishor
- Department of Neurobiology and Azrieli Center for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Roni Zoller
- Department of Neurobiology and Azrieli Center for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vera Linetsky
- Department of Neurobiology and Azrieli Center for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Abebe Medhanie
- Department of Neurobiology and Azrieli Center for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sagit Shushan
- Department of Neurobiology and Azrieli Center for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Eli Jaffe
- Magen David Adom in Israel and Department of Emergency Medicine, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Noam Sobel
- Department of Neurobiology and Azrieli Center for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail: (NS); (KS)
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29
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Berna AZ, Akaho EH, Harris RM, Congdon M, Korn E, Neher S, M’Farrej M, Burns J, John ARO. Reproducible breath metabolite changes in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2020.12.04.20230755. [PMID: 33330891 PMCID: PMC7743102 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.04.20230755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection is diagnosed through detection of specific viral nucleic acid or antigens from respiratory samples. These techniques are relatively expensive, slow, and susceptible to false-negative results. A rapid non-invasive method to detect infection would be highly advantageous. Compelling evidence from canine biosensors and studies of adults with COVID-19 suggests that infection reproducibly alters human volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profiles. To determine whether pediatric infection is associated with VOC changes, we enrolled SARS-CoV-2-infected and -uninfected children admitted to a major pediatric academic medical center. Breath samples were collected from children and analyzed through state-of-the-art GCxGC-ToFMS. Isolated features included 84 targeted VOCs. Candidate biomarkers that were correlated with infection status were subsequently validated in a second, independent cohort of children. We thus find that six volatile organic compounds are significantly and reproducibly increased in the breath of SARS-CoV-2-infected children. Three aldehydes (octanal, nonanal, and heptanal) drew special attention, as aldehydes are also elevated in the breath of adults with COVID-19. Together, these biomarkers demonstrate high accuracy for distinguishing pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection and support the ongoing development of novel breath-based diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Z. Berna
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elikplim H. Akaho
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Harris
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Morgan Congdon
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emilie Korn
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Samuel Neher
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mirna M’Farrej
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julianne Burns
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Audrey R. Odom John
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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30
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Giovannini G, Haick H, Garoli D. Detecting COVID-19 from Breath: A Game Changer for a Big Challenge. ACS Sens 2021; 6:1408-1417. [PMID: 33825440 PMCID: PMC8043202 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is probably the most commonly heard word of the last 12 months. The outbreak of this virus (SARS-CoV-2) is strongly compromising worldwide healthcare systems, social behavior, and everyone's lives. The early diagnosis of COVID-19 and isolation of positive cases has proven to be fundamental in containing the spread of the infection. Even though the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based methods remain the gold standard for SARS-CoV-2 detection, the urgent demand for rapid and wide-scale diagnosis precipitated the development of alternative diagnostic approaches. The millions of tests performed every day worldwide are still insufficient to achieve the desired goal, that of screening the population during daily life. Probably the most appealing approach to consistently monitor COVID-19 spread is the direct detection of SARS-CoV-2 from exhaled breath. For instance, the challenging incorporation of reliable, highly sensitive, and cost-efficient detection methods in masks could represent a breakthrough in the development of portable and noninvasive point-of-care diagnosis for COVID-19. In this perspective paper, we discuss the critical technical aspects related to the application of breath analysis in the diagnosis of viral infection. We believe that, if achieved, it could represent a game-changer in containing the pandemic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Giovannini
- Empa,
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering
& The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute (RBNI) Technion
− Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000003, Israel
| | - Denis Garoli
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, I-16163, Genova, Italy
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Free University
of Bozen, Piazza Università
5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
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31
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Lomonaco T, Salvo P, Ghimenti S, Biagini D, Vivaldi F, Bonini A, Fuoco R, Di Francesco F. Stability of volatile organic compounds in sorbent tubes following SARS-CoV-2 inactivation procedures. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 33752195 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abf0b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a highly transmissible respiratory illness that has rapidly spread all over the world causing more than 115 million cases and 2.5 million deaths. Most epidemiological projections estimate that the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus causing the infection will circulate in the next few years and raise enormous economic and social issues. COVID-19 has a dramatic impact on health care systems and patient management, and is delaying or stopping breath research activities due to the risk of infection to the operators following contact with patients, potentially infected samples or contaminated equipment. In this scenario, we investigated whether virus inactivation procedures, based on a thermal treatment (60 °C for 1 h) or storage of tubes at room temperature for 72 h, could be used to allow the routine breath analysis workflow to carry on with an optimal level of safety during the pandemic. Tests were carried out using dry and humid gaseous samples containing about 100 representative chemicals found in exhaled breath and ambient air. Samples were collected in commercially available sorbent tubes, i.e. Tenax GR and a combination of Tenax TA, Carbograph 1TD and Carboxen 1003. Our results showed that all compounds were stable at room temperature up to 72 h and that sample humidity was the key factor affecting the stability of the compounds upon thermal treatment. Tenax GR-based sorbent tubes were less impacted by the thermal treatment, showing variations in the range 20%-30% for most target analytes. A significant loss of aldehydes and sulphur compounds was observed using carbon molecular sieve-based tubes. In this case, a dry purge step before inactivation at 60 °C significantly reduced the loss of the target analytes, whose variations were comparable to the method variability. Finally, a breath analysis workflow including a SARS-CoV-2 inactivation treatment is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Lomonaco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pietro Salvo
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Ghimenti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Denise Biagini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Vivaldi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Bonini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roger Fuoco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Francesco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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32
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McCartney MM, Linderholm AL, Yamaguchi MS, Falcon AK, Harper RW, Thompson GR, Ebeler SE, Kenyon NJ, Davis CE, Schivo M. Predicting influenza and rhinovirus infections in airway cells utilizing volatile emissions. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:1742-1750. [PMID: 33858010 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory viral infections are common and potentially devastating to patients with underlying lung disease. Diagnosing viral infections often requires invasive sampling, and interpretation often requires specialized laboratory equipment. Here, we test the hypothesis that a breath test could diagnose influenza and rhinovirus infections using an in vitro model of the human airway. METHODS Cultured primary human tracheobronchial epithelial cells were infected with either Influenza A H1N1 or Rhinovirus 1B and compared with healthy control cells. Headspace volatile metabolite measurements of cell cultures were made at 12 h timepoints post-infection using a thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. RESULTS Based on 54 compounds, statistical models distinguished VOC profiles of influenza- and rhinovirus-infected cells from healthy counterparts. Area under the curve values were 0.94 for influenza, 0.90 for rhinovirus, and 0.75 for controls. A regression analysis predicted how many hours prior cells became infected with a root mean square error of 6.35 h for influenza- and 3.32 h for rhinovirus-infected cells. CONCLUSIONS Volatile biomarkers released by bronchial epithelial cells could not only be used to diagnose whether cells were infected, but also the timing of infection. Our model supports the hypothesis that a breath test could serve to diagnose viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell M McCartney
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, One Shields Avenue, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America.,VA Northern California Health Care System, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA, United States of America
| | - Angela L Linderholm
- VA Northern California Health Care System, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA, United States of America.,Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, One Shields Avenue, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Mei S Yamaguchi
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, One Shields Avenue, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Alexandria K Falcon
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, One Shields Avenue, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Richart W Harper
- VA Northern California Health Care System, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA, United States of America.,Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, One Shields Avenue, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America.,Department of Internal Medicine, 4150 V Street, Suite 3400, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - George R Thompson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, One Shields Avenue, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Susan E Ebeler
- Viticulture and Enology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J Kenyon
- VA Northern California Health Care System, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA, United States of America.,Department of Internal Medicine, 4150 V Street, Suite 3400, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - Cristina E Davis
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, One Shields Avenue, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America.,VA Northern California Health Care System, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael Schivo
- VA Northern California Health Care System, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA, United States of America.,Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, One Shields Avenue, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America.,Department of Internal Medicine, 4150 V Street, Suite 3400, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
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33
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Discrimination of SARS-CoV-2 infected patient samples by detection dogs: A proof of concept study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250158. [PMID: 33852639 PMCID: PMC8046346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While the world awaits a widely available COVID-19 vaccine, availability of testing is limited in many regions and can be further compounded by shortages of reagents, prolonged processing time and delayed results. One approach to rapid testing is to leverage the volatile organic compound (VOC) signature of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Detection dogs, a biological sensor of VOCs, were utilized to investigate whether SARS-CoV-2 positive urine and saliva patient samples had a unique odor signature. The virus was inactivated in all training samples with either detergent or heat treatment. Using detergent-inactivated urine samples, dogs were initially trained to find samples collected from hospitalized patients confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 infection, while ignoring samples collected from controls. Dogs were then tested on their ability to spontaneously recognize heat-treated urine samples as well as heat-treated saliva from hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 positive patients. Dogs successfully discriminated between infected and uninfected urine samples, regardless of the inactivation protocol, as well as heat-treated saliva samples. Generalization to novel samples was limited, particularly after intensive training with a restricted sample set. A unique odor associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection present in human urine as well as saliva, provides impetus for the development of odor-based screening, either by electronic, chemical, or biological sensing methods. The use of dogs for screening in an operational setting will require training with a large number of novel SARS-CoV-2 positive and confirmed negative samples.
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34
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Steppert C, Steppert I, Sterlacci W, Bollinger T. Rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection by multicapillary column coupled ion mobility spectrometry (MCC-IMS) of breath. A proof of concept study. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 33578396 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abe5ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for screening of patients having a communicable viral disease to cut infection chains. Recently we could demonstrate that ion mobility spectrometry coupled with a multicapillary column (MCC-IMS) is able to identify Influenza-A infections in patients' breath. With decreasing Influenza epidemic and upcoming SARS-CoV-2 infections we proceeded further and analysed patients with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infections. In this study, nasal breath of 75 patients (34m, 41f, aged 64.4 ± 15.4 years) was investgated by MCC-IMS for viral infections. 14 were positively diagnosed for Influenza-A infection and 16 for SARS-CoV-2 by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of nasopharyngeal swabs. In one patient RT-PCR was highly suspicious of SARS-CoV-2 but initially inconclusive. The remaining 44 patients served as controls. Breath fingerprints for specific infections were assessed by a combination of cluster analysis and multivariate statistics. There was no significant difference in gender or age according to the groups. In the cross validation of the discriminant analysis 72 of the 74 patients could be correctly classified to the respective group. Even the inconclusive patient could be mapped to the SARS-CoV-2 group applying the discrimination functions. Conclusion: MCC-IMS is able to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection and Influenza-A infection in breath in this pilot study. As this method provides a fast non-invasive diagnosis it should be further developed in a larger cohort for screening of communicable viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Steppert
- Pulmonology, Thoracic Oncology, regiomed Hospital Group, Ketschendorfer Str. 33, Coburg, Coburg, Bayern, 96450, GERMANY
| | - Isabel Steppert
- Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl Liebknecht Straße 24-25, Potsdam, Brandenburg, 14476, GERMANY
| | - William Sterlacci
- Pathology, Klinikum Bayreuth GmbH, Preuschwitzer Straße 101, Bayreuth, 95445, GERMANY
| | - Thomas Bollinger
- Microbiology, Laboratory Medicine, , Klinikum Bayreuth GmbH, Preuschwitzer Straße 101, Bayreuth, 95445, GERMANY
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35
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Sakr R, Ghsoub C, Rbeiz C, Lattouf V, Riachy R, Haddad C, Zoghbi M. COVID-19 detection by dogs: from physiology to field application-a review article. Postgrad Med J 2021; 98:212-218. [PMID: 33574179 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-139410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For years, the dog, man's best friend, was the most widely employed scent-detector tool for civilian and military purposes. Recently, many studies highlighted the role of canine olfactory ability in the medical field, specifically in detecting different infectious, metabolic and neoplastic conditions. The objective of this literature review is to clarify the rationale behind dog's ability to detect diseases, to assess the possible application for COVID-19 detection and to discuss the evidence available on the matter. Available evidence shows that properly trained disease-detector dogs are an efficient tool for identification of specific disease-associated volatile organic compounds marker profiles for a particular disease. And since COVID-19 positive persons have a specific volatilome different from non-infected persons, they can be recognised by the dogs, by sniffing different body fluids consequently aiding in the diagnosis of COVID-19. Possible applications of dogs as COVID-19 detectors will be an easy real-time mobile diagnostic aid with low cost and good performance. More evidence is needed to be able to describe standardised measures concerning the best fluid to test, testing procedure, time of possible detection according to disease evolution, risks associated with the dog exposure and to translate the good results in study setting into the real-life operational one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Sakr
- Family Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Cedra Ghsoub
- Family Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | | | - Rachelle Riachy
- Family Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Chadia Haddad
- Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal el Dib, Mont-Liban, Lebanon.,CH Esquirol, Limoges, Limousin, France
| | - Marouan Zoghbi
- Family Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Davis CE, Schivo M, Kenyon NJ. A breath of fresh air - the potential for COVID-19 breath diagnostics. EBioMedicine 2021; 63:103183. [PMID: 33418507 PMCID: PMC7785417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina E Davis
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States; VA Northern California Health Care System, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA 95655, United States; UC Davis Lung Center, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | - Michael Schivo
- VA Northern California Health Care System, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA 95655, United States; UC Davis Lung Center, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, University of California-Davis, 4150V Street, Suite 3400, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
| | - Nicholas J Kenyon
- VA Northern California Health Care System, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA 95655, United States; UC Davis Lung Center, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, University of California-Davis, 4150V Street, Suite 3400, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
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Jones RT, Guest C, Lindsay SW, Kleinschmidt I, Bradley J, Dewhirst S, Last A, Logan JG. Could bio-detection dogs be used to limit the spread of COVID-19 by travellers? J Travel Med 2020; 27:taaa131. [PMID: 32789466 PMCID: PMC7454791 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taaa131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 epidemic has had an unprecedented impact on the tourism sector. Trained disease detection dogs could be used for non-invasive screening at border entry points to reduce the likelihood of re-introduction of SARS-CoV-2 and limit the need for the self-isolation of all passengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Jones
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
| | | | | | - Immo Kleinschmidt
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
| | - John Bradley
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
| | | | - Anna Last
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
| | - James G Logan
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
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Steppert C, Steppert I, Bollinger T, Sterlacci W. Rapid non-invasive detection of Influenza-A-infection by multicapillary column coupled ion mobility spectrometry. J Breath Res 2020. [PMID: 33089824 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.04.20099259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Infectious pathogens are a global issue. Global air travel offers an easy and fast opportunity not only for people but also for infectious diseases to spread around the world within a few days. Also, large public events facilitate increasing infection numbers. Therefore, rapid on-site screening for infected people is urgently needed. Due to the small size and easy handling, ion mobility spectrometry coupled with a multicapillary column (MCC-IMS) is a very promising, sensitive method for the on-site identification of infectious pathogens based on scents, representing volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The purpose of this study was to prospectively assess whether identification of Influenza-A-infection based on VOCs by MCC-IMS is possible in breath. Nasal breath was investigated in 24 consecutive persons with and without Influenza-A-infection by MCC-IMS. In 14 Influenza-A-infected patients, infection was proven by PCR of nasopharyngeal swabs. Four healthy staff members and six patients with negative PCR result served as controls. For picking up relevant VOCs in MCC-IMS spectra, software based on cluster analysis followed by multivariate statistical analysis was applied. With only four VOCs canonical discriminant analysis was able to distinguish Influenza-A-infected patients from those not infected with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. This present proof-of-concept-study yields encouraging results showing a rapid diagnosis of viral infections in nasal breath within 5 min by MCC-IMS. The next step is to validate the results with a greater number of patients with Influenza-A-infection as well as other viral diseases, especially COVID-19. Registration number at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04282135.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Steppert
- Department of Pulmonology and Thoracic Oncology, Bayreuth General Hospital, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Isabel Steppert
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Bollinger
- Institute for Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Bayreuth General Hospital, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - William Sterlacci
- Institute for Pathology, Bayreuth General Hospital, Bayreuth, Germany
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Steppert C, Steppert I, Bollinger T, Sterlacci W. Rapid non-invasive detection of Influenza-A-infection by multicapillary column coupled ion mobility spectrometry. J Breath Res 2020; 15:011001. [PMID: 33089824 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abb762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Infectious pathogens are a global issue. Global air travel offers an easy and fast opportunity not only for people but also for infectious diseases to spread around the world within a few days. Also, large public events facilitate increasing infection numbers. Therefore, rapid on-site screening for infected people is urgently needed. Due to the small size and easy handling, ion mobility spectrometry coupled with a multicapillary column (MCC-IMS) is a very promising, sensitive method for the on-site identification of infectious pathogens based on scents, representing volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The purpose of this study was to prospectively assess whether identification of Influenza-A-infection based on VOCs by MCC-IMS is possible in breath. Nasal breath was investigated in 24 consecutive persons with and without Influenza-A-infection by MCC-IMS. In 14 Influenza-A-infected patients, infection was proven by PCR of nasopharyngeal swabs. Four healthy staff members and six patients with negative PCR result served as controls. For picking up relevant VOCs in MCC-IMS spectra, software based on cluster analysis followed by multivariate statistical analysis was applied. With only four VOCs canonical discriminant analysis was able to distinguish Influenza-A-infected patients from those not infected with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. This present proof-of-concept-study yields encouraging results showing a rapid diagnosis of viral infections in nasal breath within 5 min by MCC-IMS. The next step is to validate the results with a greater number of patients with Influenza-A-infection as well as other viral diseases, especially COVID-19. Registration number at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04282135.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Steppert
- Department of Pulmonology and Thoracic Oncology, Bayreuth General Hospital, Bayreuth, Germany
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40
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Lamote K, Janssens E, Schillebeeckx E, Lapperre TS, De Winter BY, van Meerbeeck JP. The scent of COVID-19: viral (semi-)volatiles as fast diagnostic biomarkers? J Breath Res 2020; 14:042001. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aba105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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41
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Kumar R, Ghosh M, Kumar S, Prasad M. Single Cell Metabolomics: A Future Tool to Unmask Cellular Heterogeneity and Virus-Host Interaction in Context of Emerging Viral Diseases. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1152. [PMID: 32582094 PMCID: PMC7286130 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral emergence is an unpredictable but obvious event, particularly in the era of climate change and globalization. Efficient management of viral outbreaks depends on pre-existing knowledge and alertness. The potential hotspots of viral emergence often remain neglected and the information related to them is insufficient, particularly for emerging viruses. Viral replication and transmission rely upon usurping the host metabolic machineries. So altered host metabolic pathways can be exploited for containment of these viruses. Metabolomics provides the insight for tracing out such checkpoints. Consequently introspection of metabolic alteration at virus-host interface has evolved as prime area in current virology research. Chromatographic separation followed by mass spectrometry has been used as the predominant analytical platform in bulk of the analyses followed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and fluorescence based techniques. Although valuable information regarding viral replication and modulation of host metabolic pathways have been extracted but ambiguity often superseded the real events due to population effect over the infected cells. Exploration of cellular heterogeneity and differentiation of infected cells from the nearby healthy ones has become essential. Single cell metabolomics (SCM) emerges as necessity to explore such minute details. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) coupled with several soft ionization techniques such as electrospray ionization (ESI), laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI), matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), matrix-free laser desorption ionization (LDI) have evolved as the best suited platforms for SCM analyses. The potential of SCM has already been exploited to resolve several biological conundrums. Thus SCM is knocking at the door of virus-host interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Mayukh Ghosh
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, RGSC, Banaras Hindu University, Mirzapur, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Minakshi Prasad
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
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Abstract
One of the most logical applications of modern breath analysis techniques is to provide information on respiratory infections. Ongoing work in various types of pulmonary infections has begun to denote candidate breath biomarkers of bacterial, viral, and fungal lung infections. Groundbreaking studies have been performed in naturally occurring cases with humans and with animal models of the disease. This has been coupled with cell culture work to understand the nature of the origins of breath biomarkers generated from the pathogen itself as it proliferates. Much work remains to be done, and the published studies described in this chapter are helping to set a foundation for this research area.
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Volatile scents of influenza A and S. pyogenes (co-)infected cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18894. [PMID: 31827195 PMCID: PMC6906285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A is a serious pathogen itself, but often leads to dangerous co-infections in combination with bacterial species such as Streptococcus pyogenes. In comparison to classical biochemical methods, analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in headspace above cultures can enable destruction free monitoring of metabolic processes in vitro. Thus, volatile biomarkers emitted from biological cell cultures and pathogens could serve for monitoring of infection processes in vitro. In this study we analysed VOCs from headspace above (co)-infected human cells by using a customized sampling system. For investigating the influenza A mono-infection and the viral-bacterial co-infection in vitro, we analysed VOCs from Detroit cells inoculated with influenza A virus and S. pyogenes by means of needle-trap micro-extraction (NTME) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Besides the determination of microbiological data such as cell count, cytokines, virus load and bacterial load, emissions from cell medium, uninfected cells and bacteria mono-infected cells were analysed. Significant differences in emitted VOC concentrations were identified between non-infected and infected cells. After inoculation with S. pyogenes, bacterial infection was mirrored by increased emissions of acetaldehyde and propanal. N-propyl acetate was linked to viral infection. Non-destructive monitoring of infections by means of VOC analysis may open a new window for infection research and clinical applications. VOC analysis could enable early recognition of pathogen presence and in-depth understanding of their etiopathology.
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McCartney MM, Yamaguchi MS, Bowles PA, Gratch YS, Iyer RK, Linderholm AL, Ebeler SE, Kenyon NJ, Schivo M, Harper RW, Goodwin P, Davis CE. Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions of CHO and T cells correlate to their expansion in bioreactors. J Breath Res 2019; 14:016002. [PMID: 31430743 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab3d23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions were measured from Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell and T cell bioreactor gas exhaust lines with the goal of non-invasively metabolically profiling the expansion process. Measurements of cellular 'breath' were made directly from the gas exhaust lines using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-coated magnetic stir bars, which underwent subsequent thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) analysis. Baseline VOC profiles were observed from bioreactors filled with only liquid media. After inoculation, unique VOC profiles correlated to cell expansion over the course of 8 d. Partial least squares (PLS) regression models were built to predict cell culture density based on VOC profiles of CHO and T cells (R 2 = 0.671 and R 2 = 0.769, respectively, based on a validation data set). T cell runs resulted in 47 compounds relevant to expansion while CHO cell runs resulted in 45 compounds; the 20 most relevant compounds of each cell type were putatively identified. On the final experimental days, sorbent-covered stir bars were placed directly into cell-inoculated media and into media controls. Liquid-based measurements from spent media containing cells could be distinguished from media-only controls, indicating soluble VOCs excreted by the cells during expansion. A PLS-discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) was performed, and 96 compounds differed between T cell-inoculated media and media controls with 72 compounds for CHO cells; the 20 most relevant compounds of each cell line were putatively identified. This work demonstrates that the volatilome of cell cultures can be exploited by chemical detectors in bioreactor gas and liquid waste lines to non-invasively monitor cellular health and could possibly be used to optimize cell expansion conditions 'on-the-fly' with appropriate control loop systems. Although the basis for statistical models included compounds without certain identification, this work provides a foundation for future research of bioreactor emissions. Future studies must move towards identifying relevant compounds for understanding of underlying biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell M McCartney
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, One Shields Avenue, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
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Chau-Etchepare F, Hoerger JL, Kuhn BT, Zeki AA, Haczku A, Louie S, Kenyon NJ, Davis CE, Schivo M. Viruses and non-allergen environmental triggers in asthma. J Investig Med 2019; 67:1029-1041. [PMID: 31352362 PMCID: PMC7428149 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2019-001000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a complex inflammatory disease with many triggers. The best understood asthma inflammatory pathways involve signals characterized by peripheral eosinophilia and elevated immunoglobulin E levels (called T2-high or allergic asthma), though other asthma phenotypes exist (eg, T2-low or non-allergic asthma, eosinophilic or neutrophilic-predominant). Common triggers that lead to poor asthma control and exacerbations include respiratory viruses, aeroallergens, house dust, molds, and other organic and inorganic substances. Increasingly recognized non-allergen triggers include tobacco smoke, small particulate matter (eg, PM2.5), and volatile organic compounds. The interaction between respiratory viruses and non-allergen asthma triggers is not well understood, though it is likely a connection exists which may lead to asthma development and/or exacerbations. In this paper we describe common respiratory viruses and non-allergen triggers associated with asthma. In addition, we aim to show the possible interactions, and potential synergy, between viruses and non-allergen triggers. Finally, we introduce a new clinical approach that collects exhaled breath condensates to identify metabolomics associated with viruses and non-allergen triggers that may promote the early management of asthma symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Chau-Etchepare
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Joshua L Hoerger
- Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Brooks T Kuhn
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Amir A Zeki
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Angela Haczku
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Samuel Louie
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Nicholas J Kenyon
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Cristina E Davis
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Michael Schivo
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Yamaguchi MS, McCartney MM, Falcon AK, Linderholm AL, Ebeler SE, Kenyon NJ, Harper RH, Schivo M, Davis CE. Modeling cellular metabolomic effects of oxidative stress impacts from hydrogen peroxide and cigarette smoke on human lung epithelial cells. J Breath Res 2019; 13:036014. [PMID: 31063985 PMCID: PMC9798928 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab1fc4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory system is continuously exposed to variety of biological and chemical irritants that contain reactive oxygen species, and these are well known to cause oxidative stress responses in lung epithelial cells. There is a clinical need to identify biomarkers of oxidative stress which could potentially support early indicators of disease and health management. To identify volatile biomarkers of oxidative stress, we analyzed the headspace above human bronchial epithelial cell cultures (HBE1) before and after hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and cigarette smoke extract (CSE) exposure. Using stir bar and headspace sorptive extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we searched for volatile organic compounds (VOC) of these oxidative measures. In the H2O2 cell peroxidation experiments, four different H2O2 concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 10, 50 mM) were applied to the HBE1 cells, and VOCs were collected every 12 h over the time course of 48 h. In the CSE cell peroxidation experiments, four different smoke extract concentrations (0%, 10%, 30%, 60%) were applied to the cells, and VOCs were collected every 12 h over the time course of 48 h. We used partial-least squares (PLS) analysis to identify putative compounds from the mass spectrometry results that highly correlated with the known applied oxidative stress. We observed chemical emissions from the cells that related to both the intensity of the oxidative stress and followed distinct time courses. Additionally, some of these chemicals are aldehydes, which are thought to be non-invasive indicators of oxidative stress in exhaled human breath. Together, these results illustrate a powerful in situ cell culture model of oxidative stress that can be used to explore the putative biological genesis of exhaled breath biomarkers that are often observed in human clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei S. Yamaguchi
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mitchell M. McCartney
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alexandria K. Falcon
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Angela L. Linderholm
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, UC Davis Medical School, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Susan E. Ebeler
- Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Kenyon
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, UC Davis Medical School, Davis, CA 95616, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, 4150 V Street, Suite 3400, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA,VA Northern California Health Care System, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA 95655, USA
| | - Richart H. Harper
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, UC Davis Medical School, Davis, CA 95616, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, 4150 V Street, Suite 3400, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA,VA Northern California Health Care System, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA 95655, USA
| | - Michael Schivo
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, UC Davis Medical School, Davis, CA 95616, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, 4150 V Street, Suite 3400, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA,VA Northern California Health Care System, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA 95655, USA
| | - Cristina E. Davis
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA,Corresponding author: Prof. Cristina E. Davis ()
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Wang X, Tian Y. Microbiological and chest X-ray studies on influenza B virus-associated pneumonia. Indian J Med Microbiol 2019; 36:401-407. [PMID: 30429395 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_18_66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The signs and symptoms of influenza B are commonly ignored. Therefore, very few clinical reports are available. This study is an attempt to evaluate the clinical features and characteristics of influenza B virus-associated pneumonia patients. Objective The aim of this study is to investigate the microbiological and characteristics of influenza B virus-associated pneumonia patients. Methodology Patients with <16 years old with a clinical diagnosis of influenza B virus infection and who had chest radiography within 2 days were enrolled. A total of 49 patients were categorised as the pneumonia group by clinical symptoms and chest X-ray (CXR) findings, whereas 107 patients were categorised as the non-pneumonia group based on the laboratory data and normal CXR findings. Results The study observed that the age of the patients in the pneumonia group was significantly younger than the non-pneumonia group. The white blood cell (WBC) count of the pneumonia group was also higher. However, the haemoglobin (Hgb) level was lower in the pneumonia group. The C-reactive protein (CRP) level of the pneumonia group was also significantly high. The CXR findings revealed that 28.57% of patients had alveolar consolidation, 32.65% had interstitial infiltration and 40.82% had ground glass opacity. Conclusions High clinical suspicion is required to detect pneumonia in influenza B virus patients. Based on the CXR findings, the study also suggests that patients with pleural effusion and positive bacterial culture need more attention for the severity of clinical outcome. Moreover, critical care should be given to paediatric patients having higher WBC count, higher CRP level and lower Hgb. These parameters would be helpful to differentiate primary pneumonia from non-pneumonic influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Tian
- Department of Neonatology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
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Traxler S, Bischoff AC, Saß R, Trefz P, Gierschner P, Brock B, Schwaiger T, Karte C, Blohm U, Schröder C, Miekisch W, Schubert JK. VOC breath profile in spontaneously breathing awake swine during Influenza A infection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14857. [PMID: 30291257 PMCID: PMC6173698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is one of the most common causes of virus diseases worldwide. Virus detection requires determination of Influenza RNA in the upper respiratory tract. Efficient screening is not possible in this way. Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath holds promise for non-invasive and fast monitoring of disease progression. Breath VOC profiles of 14 (3 controls and 11 infected animals) swine were repeatedly analyzed during a complete infection cycle of Influenza A under high safety conditions. Breath VOCs were pre-concentrated by means of needle trap micro-extraction and analysed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry before infection, during virus presence in the nasal cavity, and after recovery. Six VOCs could be related to disease progression: acetaldehyde, propanal, n-propyl acetate, methyl methacrylate, styrene and 1,1-dipropoxypropane. As early as on day four after inoculation, when animals were tested positive for Influenza A, differentiation between control and infected animals was possible. VOC based information on virus infection could enable early detection of Influenza A. As VOC analysis is completely non-invasive it has potential for large scale screening purposes. In a perspective, breath analysis may offer a novel tool for Influenza monitoring in human medicine, animal health control or border protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Traxler
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Rostock University Medical Center, ROMBAT, Schillingallee 35, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Bischoff
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Rostock University Medical Center, ROMBAT, Schillingallee 35, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Radost Saß
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Rostock University Medical Center, ROMBAT, Schillingallee 35, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Phillip Trefz
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Rostock University Medical Center, ROMBAT, Schillingallee 35, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Gierschner
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Rostock University Medical Center, ROMBAT, Schillingallee 35, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Beate Brock
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Rostock University Medical Center, ROMBAT, Schillingallee 35, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Theresa Schwaiger
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald- Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Claudia Karte
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Charlotte Schröder
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald- Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Wolfram Miekisch
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Rostock University Medical Center, ROMBAT, Schillingallee 35, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Jochen K Schubert
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Rostock University Medical Center, ROMBAT, Schillingallee 35, 18057, Rostock, Germany
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49
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Yamaguchi MS, McCartney MM, Linderholm AL, Ebeler SE, Schivo M, Davis CE. Headspace sorptive extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method to measure volatile emissions from human airway cell cultures. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1090:36-42. [PMID: 29783172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The human respiratory tract releases volatile metabolites into exhaled breath that can be utilized for noninvasive health diagnostics. To understand the origin of this metabolic process, our group has previously analyzed the headspace above human epithelial cell cultures using solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). In the present work, we improve our model by employing sorbent-covered magnetic stir bars for headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE). Sorbent-coated stir bar analyte recovery increased by 52 times and captured 97 more compounds than SPME. Our data show that HSSE is preferred over liquid extraction via stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), which failed to distinguish volatiles unique to the cell samples compared against media controls. Two different cellular media were also compared, and we found that Opti-MEM® is preferred for volatile analysis. We optimized HSSE analytical parameters such as extraction time (24 h), desorption temperature (300 °C) and desorption time (7 min). Finally, we developed an internal standard for cell culture VOC studies by introducing 842 ng of deuterated decane per 5 mL of cell medium to account for error from extraction, desorption, chromatography and detection. This improved model will serve as a platform for future metabolic cell culture studies to examine changes in epithelial VOCs caused by perturbations such as viral or bacterial infections, opening opportunities for improved, noninvasive pulmonary diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei S Yamaguchi
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mitchell M McCartney
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Angela L Linderholm
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, UC Davis Medical School, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Susan E Ebeler
- Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michael Schivo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Cristina E Davis
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Purcaro G, Stefanuto PH, Franchina FA, Beccaria M, Wieland-Alter WF, Wright PF, Hill JE. SPME-GC×GC-TOF MS fingerprint of virally-infected cell culture: Sample preparation optimization and data processing evaluation. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1027:158-167. [PMID: 29866265 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Untargeted metabolomics study of volatile organic compounds produced by different cell cultures is a field that has gained increasing attention over the years. Solid-phase microextraction has been the sampling technique of choice for most of the applications mainly due to its simplicity to implement. However, a careful optimization of the analytical conditions is necessary to obtain the best performances, which are highly matrix-dependent. In this work, five different solid-phase microextraction fibers were compared for the analysis of the volatiles produced by cell culture infected with the human respiratory syncytial virus. A central composite design was applied to determine the best time-temperature combination to maximize the extraction efficiency and the salting-out effect was evaluated as well. The linearity of the optimized method, along with limits of detection and quantification and repeatability was assessed. Finally, the effect of i) different normalization techniques (i.e. z-score and probabilistic quotient normalization), ii) data transformation (i.e. in logarithmic scale), and iii) different feature selection algorithms (i.e. Fisher ratio and random forest) on the capability of discriminating between infected and not-infected cell culture was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Purcaro
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, United States.
| | | | - Flavio A Franchina
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, United States
| | - Marco Beccaria
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, United States
| | | | - Peter F Wright
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, United States; Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, United States
| | - Jane E Hill
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, United States; Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, United States
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