1
|
Hayward D, Goddard ZR, Cominetti MMD, Searcey M, Beekman AM. Light-activated azobenzene peptide inhibitor of the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:8228-8231. [PMID: 39007209 PMCID: PMC11293026 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01249f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Inhibiting the PD-1/PD-L1 protein-protein interaction is a key immunotherapy for cancer. Antibodies dominate the clinical space but are costly, with limited applicability and immune side effects. We developed a photo-controlled azobenzene peptide that selectively inhibits the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction when in the cis isomer only. Activity is demonstrated in in vitro and cellular assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deanne Hayward
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR47TJ, UK.
| | - Zoë R Goddard
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR47TJ, UK.
| | - Marco M D Cominetti
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR47TJ, UK.
| | - Mark Searcey
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR47TJ, UK.
| | - Andrew M Beekman
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR47TJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Su K, Vázquez O. Enlightening epigenetics: optochemical tools illuminate the path. Trends Biochem Sci 2024; 49:290-304. [PMID: 38350805 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Optochemical tools have become potent instruments for understanding biological processes at the molecular level, and the past decade has witnessed their use in epigenetics and epitranscriptomics (also known as RNA epigenetics) for deciphering gene expression regulation. By using photoresponsive molecules such as photoswitches and photocages, researchers can achieve precise control over when and where specific events occur. Therefore, these are invaluable for studying both histone and nucleotide modifications and exploring disease-related mechanisms. We systematically report and assess current examples in the field, and identify open challenges and future directions. These outstanding proof-of-concept investigations will inspire other chemical biologists to participate in these emerging fields given the potential of photochromic molecules in research and biomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaijun Su
- Department of Chemistry, University of Marburg, Marburg D-35043, Germany
| | - Olalla Vázquez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Marburg, Marburg D-35043, Germany; Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), University of Marburg, Marburg D-35043, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kapun M, Pérez-Areales FJ, Ashman N, Rowling PJE, Schober T, Fowler E, Itzhaki LS, Spring DR. Red-light modulated ortho-chloro azobenzene photoswitch for peptide stapling via aromatic substitution. RSC Chem Biol 2024; 5:49-54. [PMID: 38179193 PMCID: PMC10763561 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00176h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The application of peptide stapling using photoswitchable linkers has gained notable interest for potential therapeutic applications. However, many existing methodologies of photoswitching still rely on the use of tissue-damaging and weakly skin-penetrating UV light. Herein, we describe the development of a tetra-ortho-chloro azobenzene linker that was successfully used for cysteine-selective peptide stapling via SNAr. This linker facilitates precise photocontrol of peptide structure via trans to cis isomerisation under red light irradiation. As a proof-of-concept, we applied the developed peptide stapling platform to a modified PMI peptide, targeting the inhibition of MDM2/p53 protein-protein interaction (PPI). Biophysical characterisation of the photoswitchable peptide by competitive fluorescence polarisation showed a significant difference in affinity between the trans and cis isomer for the p53-interacting domain of the human MDM2. Remarkably, the cis isomer displayed a >240-fold higher potency. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest reported difference in binding affinity between isoforms of a photoswitchable therapeutic peptide. Overall, our findings demonstrate the potential of this novel photoswitchable peptide stapling system for tuneable, selective modulation of PPIs via visible-light isomerisation with deeply-tissue penetrating red light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mia Kapun
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | | | - Nicola Ashman
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Pamela J E Rowling
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge Tennis Court Road CB2 1PD Cambridge UK
| | - Tim Schober
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Elaine Fowler
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Laura S Itzhaki
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge Tennis Court Road CB2 1PD Cambridge UK
| | - David R Spring
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lāce I, Bazzi S, Uranga J, Schirmacher A, Diederichsen U, Mata RA, Simeth NA. Modulating Secondary Structure Motifs Through Photo-Labile Peptide Staples. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300270. [PMID: 37216330 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Peptide-protein interactions (PPIs) are facilitated by the well-defined three-dimensional structure of bioactive peptides, interesting compounds for the development of new therapeutic agents. Their secondary structure and thus their propensity to engage in PPIs can be influenced by the introduction of peptide staples on the side chains. In particular, light-controlled staples based on azobenzene photoswitches and their structural influence on helical peptides have been studied extensively. In contrast, photolabile staples bearing photocages as a structural key motif, have mainly been used to block supramolecular interactions. Their influence on the secondary structure of the target peptide is under-investigated. Thus, in this study we use a combination of spectroscopic techniques and in silico simulations to systematically study a series of helical peptides with varying length of the photo-labile staple to obtain a detailed insight into the structure-property relationship in such photoresponsive biomolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilze Lāce
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sophia Bazzi
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jon Uranga
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anastasiya Schirmacher
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulf Diederichsen
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ricardo A Mata
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nadja A Simeth
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Volarić J, Buter J, Schulte AM, van den Berg KO, Santamaría-Aranda E, Szymanski W, Feringa BL. Design and Synthesis of Visible-Light-Responsive Azobenzene Building Blocks for Chemical Biology. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14319-14333. [PMID: 36285612 PMCID: PMC9639001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tetra-ortho-fluoro-azobenzenes are a class of photoswitches useful for the construction of visible-light-controlled molecular systems. They can be used to achieve spatio-temporal control over the properties of a chosen bioactive molecule. However, the introduction of different substituents to the tetra-fluoro-azobenzene core can significantly affect the photochemical properties of the switch and compromise biocompatibility. Herein, we explored the effect of useful substituents, such as functionalization points, attachment handles, and water-solubilizing groups, on the photochemical properties of this photochromic system. In general, all the tested fluorinated azobenzenes exhibited favorable photochemical properties, such as high photostationary state distribution and long half-lives, both in organic solvents and in water. One of the azobenzene building blocks was functionalized with a trehalose group to enable the uptake of the photoswitch into mycobacteria. Following metabolic uptake and incorporation of the trehalose-based azobenzene in the mycobacterial cell wall, we demonstrated photoswitching of the azobenzene in the isolated total lipid extract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Volarić
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Buter
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert M. Schulte
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eduardo Santamaría-Aranda
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands,Departamento
de Química, Universidad de la Rioja, Centro de investigación en Síntesis Química, Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands,Department
of Radiology, Medical Imaging, Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands,
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ewert J, Heintze L, Jordà-Redondo M, von Glasenapp JS, Nonell S, Bucher G, Peifer C, Herges R. Photoswitchable Diazocine-Based Estrogen Receptor Agonists: Stabilization of the Active Form inside the Receptor. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15059-15071. [PMID: 35952371 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photopharmacology is an emerging approach in drug design and pharmacological therapy. Light is used to switch a pharmacophore between a biologically inactive and an active isomer with high spatiotemporal resolution at the site of illness, thus potentially avoiding side effects in neighboring healthy tissue. The most frequently used strategy to design a photoswitchable drug is to replace a suitable functional group in a known bioactive molecule with azobenzene. Our strategy is different in that the photoswitch moiety is closer to the drug's scaffold. Docking studies reveal a very high structural similarity of natural 17β-estradiol and the E isomers of dihydroxy diazocines, but not their Z isomers, respectively. Seven dihydroxy diazocines were synthesized and subjected to a biological estrogen reporter gene assay. Four derivatives exhibit distinct estrogenic activity after irradiation with violet light, which can be shut off with green light. Most remarkably, the photogenerated, active E form of one of the active compounds isomerizes back to the inactive Z form with a half-life of merely several milliseconds in water, but nevertheless is active for more than 3 h in the presence of the estrogen receptor. The results suggest a significant local impact of the ligand-receptor complex toward back-isomerization. Thus, drugs that are active when bound but lose their activity immediately after leaving the receptor could be of great pharmacological value because they strongly increase target specificity. Moreover, the drugs are released into the environment in their inactive form. The latter argument is particularly important for drugs that act as endocrine disruptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ewert
- Otto-Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Linda Heintze
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Jan-Simon von Glasenapp
- Otto-Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Santi Nonell
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Götz Bucher
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U. K
| | - Christian Peifer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Paschold A, Voigt B, Hause G, Kohlmann T, Rothemund S, Binder WH. Modulating the Fibrillization of Parathyroid-Hormone (PTH) Peptides: Azo-Switches as Reversible and Catalytic Entities. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071512. [PMID: 35884817 PMCID: PMC9313110 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We here report a novel strategy to control the bioavailability of the fibrillizing parathyroid hormone (PTH)-derived peptides, where the concentration of the bioactive form is controlled by an reversible, photoswitchable peptide. PTH1–84, a human hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands, is important for the maintenance of extracellular fluid calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Controlling fibrillization of PTH1–84 represents an important approach for in vivo applications, in view of the pharmaceutical applications for this protein. We embed the azobenzene derivate 3-{[(4-aminomethyl)phenyl]diazenyl}benzoic acid (3,4′-AMPB) into the PTH-derived peptide PTH25–37 to generate the artificial peptide AzoPTH25–37 via solid-phase synthesis. AzoPTH25–37 shows excellent photostability (more than 20 h in the dark) and can be reversibly photoswitched between its cis/trans forms. As investigated by ThT-monitored fibrillization assays, the trans-form of AzoPTH25–37 fibrillizes similar to PTH25–37, while the cis-form of AzoPTH25–37 generates only amorphous aggregates. Additionally, cis-AzoPTH25–37 catalytically inhibits the fibrillization of PTH25–37 in ratios of up to one-fifth. The approach reported here is designed to control the concentration of PTH-peptides, where the bioactive form can be catalytically controlled by an added photoswitchable peptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André Paschold
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (A.P.); (T.K.)
| | - Bruno Voigt
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences II, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Gerd Hause
- Biozentrum, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Tim Kohlmann
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (A.P.); (T.K.)
| | - Sven Rothemund
- Core Unit Peptide—Technologies, University Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (A.P.); (T.K.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Johnson TG, Sadeghi-Kelishadi A, Langton MJ. A Photo-responsive Transmembrane Anion Transporter Relay. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:10455-10461. [PMID: 35652660 PMCID: PMC9204766 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ion transport across lipid membranes in biology is controlled by stimuli-responsive membrane channels and molecular machine ion pumps such as ATPases. Here, we report a synthetic molecular machine-like ion transport relay, in which transporters on opposite sides of a lipid bilayer membrane facilitate transport by passing ions between them. By incorporating a photo-responsive telescopic arm into the relay design, this process is reversibly controlled in response to irradiation with blue and green light. Transport occurs only in the extended state when the length of the arm is sufficient to pass the anion between transporters located on opposite sides of the membrane. In contrast, the contracted state of the telescopic arm is too short to mediate effective transport. The system acts as a stimuli-responsive ensemble of machine-like components, reminiscent of robotic arms in a factory assembly line, working cooperatively to mediate ion transport. This work points to new prospects for using lipid bilayer membranes as scaffolds for confining, orientating, and controlling the relative positions of molecular machines, thus enabling multiple components to work in concert and opening up new applications in biological contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toby G. Johnson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Amir Sadeghi-Kelishadi
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Matthew J. Langton
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Albert L, Nagpal J, Steinchen W, Zhang L, Werel L, Djokovic N, Ruzic D, Hoffarth M, Xu J, Kaspareit J, Abendroth F, Royant A, Bange G, Nikolic K, Ryu S, Dou Y, Essen LO, Vázquez O. Bistable Photoswitch Allows in Vivo Control of Hematopoiesis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:57-66. [PMID: 35106373 PMCID: PMC8796299 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Optical control has enabled functional modulation in cell culture with unparalleled spatiotemporal resolution. However, current tools for in vivo manipulation are scarce. Here, we design and implement a genuine on-off optochemical probe capable of achieving hematopoietic control in zebrafish. Our photopharmacological approach first developed conformationally strained visible light photoswitches (CS-VIPs) as inhibitors of the histone methyltransferase MLL1 (KMT2A). In blood homeostasis MLL1 plays a crucial yet controversial role. CS-VIP 8 optimally fulfils the requirements of a true bistable functional system in vivo under visible-light irradiation, and with unprecedented stability. These properties are exemplified via hematopoiesis photoinhibition with a single isomer in zebrafish. The present interdisciplinary study uncovers the mechanism of action of CS-VIPs. Upon WDR5 binding, CS-VIP 8 causes MLL1 release with concomitant allosteric rearrangements in the WDR5/RbBP5 interface. Since our tool provides on-demand reversible control without genetic intervention or continuous irradiation, it will foster hematopathology and epigenetic investigations. Furthermore, our workflow will enable exquisite photocontrol over other targets inhibited by macrocycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Albert
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jatin Nagpal
- APC Microbiome
Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Wieland Steinchen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
- Center
for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), University
of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Laura Werel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Nemanja Djokovic
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dusan Ruzic
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Malte Hoffarth
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jing Xu
- Department
of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Johanna Kaspareit
- University
Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frank Abendroth
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Antoine Royant
- Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38044 Grenoble, France
- European
Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Gert Bange
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
- Center
for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), University
of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Katarina Nikolic
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Soojin Ryu
- University
Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany
- College
of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PY, U.K.
- Living
Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 QD, U.K.
| | - Yali Dou
- Norris
Comprehensive Cancer Center, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
| | - Lars-Oliver Essen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
- Center
for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), University
of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Olalla Vázquez
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
- Center
for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), University
of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang H, Bisoyi H, Zhang X, Hassan F, Li Q. Visible Light-Driven Molecular Switches and Motors: Recent Developments and Applications. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103906. [PMID: 34964995 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by human vision, a diverse range of light-driven molecular switches and motors has been developed for fundamental understanding and application in material science and biology. Recently, the design and synthesis of visible light-driven molecular switches and motors have been actively pursued. This emerging trend is partly motivated to avoid the harmful effects of ultraviolet light, which was necessary to drive the classical molecular switches and motors at least in one direction, impeding their employment in biomedical and photopharmacology applications. Moreover, visible light-driven molecular switches and motors are demonstrated to enable benign optical materials for advanced photonic devices. Therefore, during the past several years, visible light-driven molecular switches based on azobenzene derivatives, diarylethenes, 1,2-dicyanodithienylethenes, hemithioindigo derivatives, iminothioindoxyls, donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts, and overcrowded alkene based molecular motors have been judiciously designed, synthesized, and used in the development of functional materials and systems for a wide range of applications. In this Review, we present the recent developments toward the design of visible light-driven molecular switches and motors, with their applications in the fabrication of functional materials and systems in material science, bioscience, pharmacology, etc . The visible light-driven molecular switches and motors realized so far undoubtedly widen the scope of these interesting compounds for technological and biological applications. We hope this Review article could provide additional impetus and inspire further research interests for future exploration of visible light-driven advanced materials, systems, and devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Kent State University, Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, UNITED STATES
| | - Hari Bisoyi
- Kent State University, Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, UNITED STATES
| | - Xinfang Zhang
- Kent State University, Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institue, UNITED STATES
| | - Fathy Hassan
- Kent State University, Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, UNITED STATES
| | - Quan Li
- Kent State University, Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdiscinplary Program, 3273 Crown Pointe Drive, 44224, Stow, UNITED STATES
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bozovic O, Jankovic B, Hamm P. Using azobenzene photocontrol to set proteins in motion. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 6:112-124. [PMID: 37117294 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the activity of proteins with azobenzene photoswitches is a potent tool for manipulating their biological function. With the help of light, it is possible to change binding affinities, control allostery or manipulate complex biological processes, for example. Additionally, owing to their intrinsically fast photoisomerization, azobenzene photoswitches can serve as triggers that initiate out-of-equilibrium processes. Such switching of the activity initiates a cascade of conformational events that can be accessed with time-resolved methods. In this Review, we show how the potency of azobenzene photoswitching can be combined with transient spectroscopic techniques to disclose the order of events and experimentally observe biomolecular interactions in real time. This strategy will further our understanding of how a protein can accommodate, adapt and readjust its structure to answer an incoming signal, revealing more of the dynamical character of proteins.
Collapse
|
12
|
Volarić J, Szymanski W, Simeth NA, Feringa BL. Molecular photoswitches in aqueous environments. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12377-12449. [PMID: 34590636 PMCID: PMC8591629 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00547a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches enable dynamic control of processes with high spatiotemporal precision, using light as external stimulus, and hence are ideal tools for different research areas spanning from chemical biology to smart materials. Photoswitches are typically organic molecules that feature extended aromatic systems to make them responsive to (visible) light. However, this renders them inherently lipophilic, while water-solubility is of crucial importance to apply photoswitchable organic molecules in biological systems, like in the rapidly emerging field of photopharmacology. Several strategies for solubilizing organic molecules in water are known, but there are not yet clear rules for applying them to photoswitchable molecules. Importantly, rendering photoswitches water-soluble has a serious impact on both their photophysical and biological properties, which must be taken into consideration when designing new systems. Altogether, these aspects pose considerable challenges for successfully applying molecular photoswitches in aqueous systems, and in particular in biologically relevant media. In this review, we focus on fully water-soluble photoswitches, such as those used in biological environments, in both in vitro and in vivo studies. We discuss the design principles and prospects for water-soluble photoswitches to inspire and enable their future applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Volarić
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nadja A Simeth
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lechner VM, Nappi M, Deneny PJ, Folliet S, Chu JCK, Gaunt MJ. Visible-Light-Mediated Modification and Manipulation of Biomacromolecules. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1752-1829. [PMID: 34546740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemically modified biomacromolecules-i.e., proteins, nucleic acids, glycans, and lipids-have become crucial tools in chemical biology. They are extensively used not only to elucidate cellular processes but also in industrial applications, particularly in the context of biopharmaceuticals. In order to enable maximum scope for optimization, it is pivotal to have a diverse array of biomacromolecule modification methods at one's disposal. Chemistry has driven many significant advances in this area, and especially recently, numerous novel visible-light-induced photochemical approaches have emerged. In these reactions, light serves as an external source of energy, enabling access to highly reactive intermediates under exceedingly mild conditions and with exquisite spatiotemporal control. While UV-induced transformations on biomacromolecules date back decades, visible light has the unmistakable advantage of being considerably more biocompatible, and a spectrum of visible-light-driven methods is now available, chiefly for proteins and nucleic acids. This review will discuss modifications of native functional groups (FGs), including functionalization, labeling, and cross-linking techniques as well as the utility of oxidative degradation mediated by photochemically generated reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, transformations at non-native, bioorthogonal FGs on biomacromolecules will be addressed, including photoclick chemistry and DNA-encoded library synthesis as well as methods that allow manipulation of the activity of a biomacromolecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian M Lechner
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Nappi
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick J Deneny
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Folliet
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - John C K Chu
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Gaunt
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Just‐Baringo X, Yeste‐Vázquez A, Moreno‐Morales J, Ballesté‐Delpierre C, Vila J, Giralt E. Controlling Antibacterial Activity Exclusively with Visible Light: Introducing a Tetra-ortho-Chloro-Azobenzene Amino Acid. Chemistry 2021; 27:12987-12991. [PMID: 34227716 PMCID: PMC8518743 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of a novel tetra-ortho-chloroazobenzene amino acid (CEBA) has enabled photoswitching of the antimicrobial activity of tyrocidine A analogues by using exclusively visible light, granting spatiotemporal control under benign conditions. Compounds bearing this photoswitchable amino acid become active upon irradiation with red light, but quickly turn-off upon exposure to other visible light wavelengths. Critically, sunlight quickly triggers isomerisation of the red light-activated compounds into their original trans form, offering an ideal platform for self-deactivation upon release into the environment. Linear analogues of tyrocidine A were found to provide the best photocontrol of their antimicrobial activity, leading to compounds active against Acinetobacter baumannii upon isomerisation. Exploration of their N- and C-termini has provided insights into key elements of their structure and has allowed obtaining new antimicrobials displaying excellent strain selectivity and photocontrol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Just‐Baringo
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona)Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Baldiri Reixac 1008028BarcelonaSpain
- Laboratori de Química OrgànicaFacultat de FarmàciaIBUBUniversitat de Barcelona08028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Alejandro Yeste‐Vázquez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona)Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Baldiri Reixac 1008028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Javier Moreno‐Morales
- Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal)Hospital Clínic - Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Jordi Vila
- Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal)Hospital Clínic - Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Department of Clinical Microbiology – CDBHospital Clínic - University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Ernest Giralt
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona)Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Baldiri Reixac 1008028BarcelonaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ryazantsev MN, Strashkov DM, Nikolaev DM, Shtyrov AA, Panov MS. Photopharmacological compounds based on azobenzenes and azoheteroarenes: principles of molecular design, molecular modelling, and synthesis. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
16
|
Lentes P, Frühwirt P, Freißmuth H, Moormann W, Kruse F, Gescheidt G, Herges R. Photoswitching of Diazocines in Aqueous Media. J Org Chem 2021; 86:4355-4360. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Lentes
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Otto Hahn Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Philipp Frühwirt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Hilde Freißmuth
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Widukind Moormann
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Otto Hahn Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Fabian Kruse
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Otto Hahn Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Otto Hahn Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chu W, Prodromou R, Day KN, Schneible JD, Bacon KB, Bowen JD, Kilgore RE, Catella CM, Moore BD, Mabe MD, Alashoor K, Xu Y, Xiao Y, Menegatti S. Peptides and pseudopeptide ligands: a powerful toolbox for the affinity purification of current and next-generation biotherapeutics. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1635:461632. [PMID: 33333349 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Following the consolidation of therapeutic proteins in the fight against cancer, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative diseases, recent advancements in biochemistry and biotechnology have introduced a host of next-generation biotherapeutics, such as CRISPR-Cas nucleases, stem and car-T cells, and viral vectors for gene therapy. With these drugs entering the clinical pipeline, a new challenge lies ahead: how to manufacture large quantities of high-purity biotherapeutics that meet the growing demand by clinics and biotech companies worldwide. The protein ligands employed by the industry are inadequate to confront this challenge: while featuring high binding affinity and selectivity, these ligands require laborious engineering and expensive manufacturing, are prone to biochemical degradation, and pose safety concerns related to their bacterial origin. Peptides and pseudopeptides make excellent candidates to form a new cohort of ligands for the purification of next-generation biotherapeutics. Peptide-based ligands feature excellent target biorecognition, low or no toxicity and immunogenicity, and can be manufactured affordably at large scale. This work presents a comprehensive and systematic review of the literature on peptide-based ligands and their use in the affinity purification of established and upcoming biological drugs. A comparative analysis is first presented on peptide engineering principles, the development of ligands targeting different biomolecular targets, and the promises and challenges connected to the industrial implementation of peptide ligands. The reviewed literature is organized in (i) conventional (α-)peptides targeting antibodies and other therapeutic proteins, gene therapy products, and therapeutic cells; (ii) cyclic peptides and pseudo-peptides for protein purification and capture of viral and bacterial pathogens; and (iii) the forefront of peptide mimetics, such as β-/γ-peptides, peptoids, foldamers, and stimuli-responsive peptides for advanced processing of biologics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenning Chu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way room 2-009, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - Raphael Prodromou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way room 2-009, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - Kevin N Day
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way room 2-009, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - John D Schneible
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way room 2-009, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - Kaitlyn B Bacon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way room 2-009, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - John D Bowen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way room 2-009, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - Ryan E Kilgore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way room 2-009, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - Carly M Catella
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way room 2-009, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - Brandyn D Moore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way room 2-009, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - Matthew D Mabe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way room 2-009, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - Kawthar Alashoor
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Yiman Xu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 201620 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanxin Xiao
- College of Textile, Donghua University, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Stefano Menegatti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way room 2-009, Raleigh, NC 27606.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
GEQB‐Nachwuchspreis: O. Vázquez / Whistler‐Preis für Kohlenhydratchemie: Y. Kajihara / Barry‐Cohen‐Preis: D. Rauh. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
19
|
GEQB Young Group Leader Prize: O. Vázquez / Whistler Award in Carbohydrate Chemistry: Y. Kajihara / Barry Cohen Award: D. Rauh. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7647. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
20
|
Preußke N, Moormann W, Bamberg K, Lipfert M, Herges R, Sönnichsen FD. Visible-light-driven photocontrol of the Trp-cage protein fold by a diazocine cross-linker. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:2650-2660. [PMID: 32207764 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02442e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Diazocines are characterized by extraordinary photochemical properties rendering them of particular interest for switching the conformation of biomolecules with visible light. Current developments afford synthetic access to unprecedented diazocine derivatives promising particular opportunities in photocontrol of proteins and biological systems. In this work, the well-established approach of photocontrolling the secondary structure of α-helices was exploited using a diazocine to reversibly fold and unfold the tertiary structure of a small protein. The protein of choice was the globulary folded Trp-cage, a widely used model system for the elucidation of protein folding pathways. A specifically designed, short and rigid dicarboxy-functionalized diazocine-based cross-linker was attached to two solvent-exposed side chains at the α-helix of the miniprotein through the use of a primary amine-selective active ester. This cross-linking strategy is orthogonal to the common cysteine-based chemistry. The cross-linked Trp-cage was successfully photoisomerized and exhibited a strong correlation between protein fold and diazocine isomeric state. As determined by NMR spectroscopy, the cis-isomer stabilized the fold, while the trans-isomer led to complete protein unfolding. The successful switching of the protein fold in principle demonstrates the ability to control protein function, as the activity depends on their structural integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Preußke
- Otto-Diels-Institute for Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gagic Z, Ruzic D, Djokovic N, Djikic T, Nikolic K. In silico Methods for Design of Kinase Inhibitors as Anticancer Drugs. Front Chem 2020; 7:873. [PMID: 31970149 PMCID: PMC6960140 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rational drug design implies usage of molecular modeling techniques such as pharmacophore modeling, molecular dynamics, virtual screening, and molecular docking to explain the activity of biomolecules, define molecular determinants for interaction with the drug target, and design more efficient drug candidates. Kinases play an essential role in cell function and therefore are extensively studied targets in drug design and discovery. Kinase inhibitors are clinically very important and widely used antineoplastic drugs. In this review, computational methods used in rational drug design of kinase inhibitors are discussed and compared, considering some representative case studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zarko Gagic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Dusan Ruzic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nemanja Djokovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Teodora Djikic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Nikolic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Heinrich B, Vázquez O. 4-Methyltrityl-Protected Pyrrole and Imidazole Building Blocks for Solid Phase Synthesis of DNA-Binding Polyamides. Org Lett 2020; 22:533-536. [PMID: 31904984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
DNA-binding polyamides are synthetic oligomers of pyrrole/imidazole units with high specificity and affinity for double-stranded DNA. To increase their synthetic diversity, we report a mild methodology based on 4-methyltrityl (Mtt) solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), whose building blocks are more accessible than the standard Fmoc and Boc SPPS ones. We demonstrate the robustness of the approach by preparing and studying a hairpin with all precursors. Importantly, our strategy is orthogonal and compatible with sensitive molecules and could be readily automated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Heinrich
- Fachbereich Chemie , Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 , 35043 Marburg , Germany
| | - Olalla Vázquez
- Fachbereich Chemie , Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 , 35043 Marburg , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wagner N, Schuhmacher M, Lohmann A, Nadler A. A Coumarin Triflate Reagent Enables One-Step Synthesis of Photo-Caged Lipid Metabolites for Studying Cell Signaling. Chemistry 2019; 25:15483-15487. [PMID: 31461184 PMCID: PMC6916161 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photorelease of caged compounds is among the most powerful experimental approaches for studying cellular functions on fast timescales. However, its full potential has yet to be exploited, as the number of caged small molecules available for cell biological studies has been limited by synthetic challenges. Addressing this problem, a straightforward, one-step procedure for efficiently synthesizing caged compounds was developed. An in situ generated benzylic coumarin triflate reagent was used to specifically functionalize carboxylate and phosphate moieties in the presence of free hydroxy groups, generating various caged lipid metabolites, including a number of GPCR ligands. By combining the photo-caged ligands with the respective receptors, an easily implementable experimental platform for the optical control and analysis of GPCR-mediated signal transduction in living cells was developed. Ultimately, the described synthetic strategy allows rapid generation of photo-caged small molecules and thus greatly facilitates the analysis of their biological roles in live cell microscopy assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Wagner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsPfotenhauerstraße 10801307DresdenGermany
| | - Milena Schuhmacher
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsPfotenhauerstraße 10801307DresdenGermany
| | - Annett Lohmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsPfotenhauerstraße 10801307DresdenGermany
| | - André Nadler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsPfotenhauerstraße 10801307DresdenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Maier MS, Hüll K, Reynders M, Matsuura BS, Leippe P, Ko T, Schäffer L, Trauner D. Oxidative Approach Enables Efficient Access to Cyclic Azobenzenes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:17295-17304. [PMID: 31584272 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Azobenzenes are versatile photoswitches that have found widespread use in a variety of fields, ranging from photopharmacology to the material sciences. In addition to regular azobenzenes, the cyclic diazocines have recently emerged. Although diazocines have fascinating conformational and photophysical properties, their use has been limited by their synthetic accessibility. Herein, we present a general, high-yielding protocol that relies on the oxidative cyclization of dianilines. In combination with a modular substrate synthesis, it allows for rapid access to diversely functionalized diazocines on gram scales. Our work systematically explores substituent effects on the photoisomerization and thermal relaxation of diazocines. It will enable their incorporation into a wide variety of functional molecules, unlocking the full potential of these emerging photoswitches. The method can be applied to the synthesis of a new cyclic azobenzene with a nine-membered central ring and distinct properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Maier
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) , Ludwig Maximilian University Munich , 81377 Munich , Germany
- Department of Chemistry , New York University , New York , New York 10003 , United States
| | - Katharina Hüll
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) , Ludwig Maximilian University Munich , 81377 Munich , Germany
- Department of Chemistry , New York University , New York , New York 10003 , United States
| | - Martin Reynders
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) , Ludwig Maximilian University Munich , 81377 Munich , Germany
- Department of Chemistry , New York University , New York , New York 10003 , United States
| | - Bryan S Matsuura
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) , Ludwig Maximilian University Munich , 81377 Munich , Germany
- Department of Chemistry , New York University , New York , New York 10003 , United States
| | - Philipp Leippe
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) , Ludwig Maximilian University Munich , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Tongil Ko
- Department of Chemistry , New York University , New York , New York 10003 , United States
| | - Lukas Schäffer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) , Ludwig Maximilian University Munich , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) , Ludwig Maximilian University Munich , 81377 Munich , Germany
- Department of Chemistry , New York University , New York , New York 10003 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang L, Linden G, Vázquez O. In search of visible-light photoresponsive peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) for reversible control of DNA hybridization. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:2500-2508. [PMID: 31728164 PMCID: PMC6839558 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoswitchable oligonucleotides can determine specific biological outcomes by light-induced conformational changes. In particular, artificial probes activated by visible-light irradiation are highly desired in biological applications. Here, we report two novel types of visible-light photoswitchable peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) based on the molecular transducers: hemithioindigo and tetra-ortho-fluoroazobenzene. Our study reveals that the tetra-ortho-fluoroazobenzene-PNA conjugates have promising properties (fast reversible isomerization, exceptional thermal stability, high isomer conversions and sensitivity to visible-light irradiation) as reversible modulators to control oligonucleotide hybridization in biological contexts. Furthermore, we verified that this switchable modification delivers a slightly different hybridization behavior in the PNA. Thus, both melting experiments and strand-displacement assays showed that in all the cases the trans-isomer is the one with superior binding affinities. Alternative versions, inspired by our first compounds here reported, may find applications in different fields such as chemical biology, nanotechnology and materials science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Greta Linden
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Olalla Vázquez
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Albert L, Vázquez O. Photoswitchable peptides for spatiotemporal control of biological functions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:10192-10213. [PMID: 31411602 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03346g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Light is unsurpassed in its ability to modulate biological interactions. Since their discovery, chemists have been fascinated by photosensitive molecules capable of switching between isomeric forms, known as photoswitches. Photoswitchable peptides have been recognized for many years; however, their functional implementation in biological systems has only recently been achieved. Peptides are now acknowledged as excellent protein-protein interaction modulators and have been important in the emergence of photopharmacology. In this review, we briefly explain the different classes of photoswitches and summarize structural studies when they are incorporated into peptides. Importantly, we provide a detailed overview of the rapidly increasing number of examples, where biological modulation is driven by the structural changes. Furthermore, we discuss some of the remaining challenges faced in this field. These exciting proof-of-principle studies highlight the tremendous potential of photocontrollable peptides as optochemical tools for chemical biology and biomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Albert
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mabonga L, Kappo AP. Protein-protein interaction modulators: advances, successes and remaining challenges. Biophys Rev 2019; 11:559-581. [PMID: 31301019 PMCID: PMC6682198 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-019-00570-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulating disease-relevant protein-protein interactions (PPIs) using small-molecule inhibitors is a quite indispensable diagnostic and therapeutic strategy in averting pathophysiological cues and disease progression. Over the years, targeting intracellular PPIs as drug design targets has been a challenging task owing to their highly dynamic and expansive interfacial areas (flat, featureless and relatively large). However, advances in PPI-focused drug discovery technology have been reported and a few drugs are already on the market, with some potential drug-like candidates already in clinical trials. In this article, we review the advances, successes and remaining challenges in the application of small molecules as valuable PPI modulators in disease diagnosis and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Mabonga
- Biotechnology and Structural Biology (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa
| | - Abidemi Paul Kappo
- Biotechnology and Structural Biology (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|