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Levenson JS, Harris DA. The Ripple Effects of Post-Conviction Traumatic Stress in People Required to Register as Sex Offenders and their Families. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2024; 36:572-602. [PMID: 37487051 DOI: 10.1177/10790632231191116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Post-Conviction Traumatic Stress (PCTS) describes the cognitive, psychological, and physiological symptoms of trauma that result from a range of experiences with the criminal justice system. This pilot study aimed to empirically validate the construct of PCTS utilizing the Post-Traumatic Checklist (PCL-5), an existing measure of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) according to DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. Using mixed methods, the survey asked about the traumagenic impact of arrests, court proceedings, incarceration, probation/parole supervision, and sex offender registration requirements in a sample of people required to register as sexual offenders (RSOs; n = 290) and their family members (n = 126). The PCL-5 was used to estimate the prevalence of PTSD and to explore the unique presentation of symptoms. Findings indicated that 69% of registrants and 62% of family members reported clinically significant indicators of PTSD. Examples of specific symptom presentations are illustrated through qualitative responses. Implications for clinical treatment, policy, and future research related to PCTS are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill S Levenson
- School of Social Work, Barry University, Miami Shores, FL, USA
| | - Danielle Arlanda Harris
- Griffith Youth Forensic Service | Griffith Criminology Institute, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, QLD, Australia
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Eck M, Da Costa J, Wathelet M, Beunas C, D'Ovidio K, Moncany AH, Thomas P, Fovet T. [Prevalence of mental disorders in French prisons: A systematic review]. L'ENCEPHALE 2024; 50:446-464. [PMID: 38378405 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2023.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of psychiatric disorders among prisoners remains a major public health issue worldwide. In France, despite the increasing number of persons who are incarcerated (+30% between 1992 and 2002 with a 120% prison overcrowding), and a historical concern about the mental health of persons in detention and its management, no systematic review has been published on this subject. The aim of this article is to present the results of a systematic review of the literature on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in French prisons. METHOD The reporting of this systematic review conforms to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) checklist. We searched the PubMed and Web of Science databases. We used combinations of keywords relating to prison (prison*, jail*, inmate*), to psychiatry ("mental health", psychiatr*), and to France (France, French). This work was completed with a search through the digital libraries of the École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique (EHESP) and of the Système Universitaire de Documentation (Sudoc) to obtain data from academic works and the gray literature. References cited in studies included in this review were also examined. All references published up to September 2022, written in English or French, presenting the results of original quantitative studies on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in correctional settings were included. Two researchers independently extracted data from included references according to a pre-established protocol. RESULTS Among 501 records identified, a total of 35 papers based on 24 epidemiological studies met the eligibility criteria for inclusion in this review: 16 were cross-sectional, 7 retrospective and 1 both cross-sectional and retrospective. All papers were published between 1999 and 2022. We found one European study, 5 international studies, 18 regional or local studies. Of these, 21 studies had all-male or mixed gender samples (but when the sample was mixed gender, it was always at least 92% male). Almost half of the studies (n=11) involved a small sample of fewer than 500 persons. Half of the studies involved a sample of recently incarcerated persons: 6 involved a random sample of persons in detention, and 1 involved a sample of people incarcerated for more than 5 years. The last 5 studies focused on persons aged over 50 years and incarcerated for more than one year (n=1), incarcerated for sexual offences (n=2), placed in disciplinary cells (n=1) or in a special wing for radicalized or suspected radicalized individuals (n=1). Nine studies used standardized and validated diagnostic tools. According to the 4 studies involving representative samples and using standardized and validated diagnostic tools, the prevalence of the following psychiatric disorders was: 29.4-44.4% for anxiety disorders, 5-14.2% for PTSD, 28-31.2% for mood disorders, 6.9-17% for psychotic disorders, 32% for personality disorders and 11% for ADHD. CONCLUSION This systematic review of the literature highlights the high prevalence of psychiatric disorders in French prisons. The data collected are in line with international studies. The great methodological heterogeneity of the papers included in this review calls for further rigorous research to better understand the rates of mental disorders in French prisons and to explore their determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Eck
- Pôle de psychiatrie légale et de conduites addictives en milieu pénitentiaire, centre hospitalier Gérard Marchant, 31057 Toulouse, France; Inserm, U1172 - Lille neuroscience & cognition, université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Julien Da Costa
- Pôle de psychiatrie légale et de conduites addictives en milieu pénitentiaire, centre hospitalier Gérard Marchant, 31057 Toulouse, France
| | - Marielle Wathelet
- Pôle de psychiatrie, médecine légale et médecine en milieu pénitentiaire, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Fédération régionale de recherche en psychiatrie et santé mentale Hauts-de-France (F2RSM Psy), Saint-André-lez-Lille, France
| | - Clément Beunas
- Fédération régionale de recherche en psychiatrie et santé mentale Hauts-de-France (F2RSM Psy), Saint-André-lez-Lille, France
| | - Kevin D'Ovidio
- Fédération régionale de recherche en psychiatrie et santé mentale Hauts-de-France (F2RSM Psy), Saint-André-lez-Lille, France
| | - Anne-Hélène Moncany
- Pôle de psychiatrie légale et de conduites addictives en milieu pénitentiaire, centre hospitalier Gérard Marchant, 31057 Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Thomas
- Inserm, U1172 - Lille neuroscience & cognition, université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Pôle de psychiatrie, médecine légale et médecine en milieu pénitentiaire, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Thomas Fovet
- Inserm, U1172 - Lille neuroscience & cognition, université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Pôle de psychiatrie, médecine légale et médecine en milieu pénitentiaire, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
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Jang SJ, Johnson BR, Bradshaw M, Na C. Assessing a Faith-Based Program for Trauma Healing Among Jail Inmates: A Quasi-Experimental Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2024; 68:936-962. [PMID: 35833446 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x221110804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper assesses a faith-based, short-term program for trauma healing among incarcerated individuals, "Correctional Trauma Healing Program" (CTHP). We hypothesized that participation in the CTHP would reduce negative consequences of lifetime trauma: symptoms of PTSD, state depression, state anger, suicidal ideation, and the risk of interpersonal aggression. We also hypothesized that the reduction, if found, would be partly attributable to anticipated program outcomes (a decrease in vengefulness and an increase in religiosity, forgiveness, perceived forgiveness of God, gratitude to God, and perceived positive impact of the Bible). To test our hypotheses, we conducted a quasi-experimental study of 349 jail inmates in Virginia. Manifest-variable structural equation modeling was applied to analyze data from pretest and posttest surveys. As hypothesized, the CTHP reduced the negative consequences of trauma by increasing religiosity and other positive attributes and decreasing vengefulness directly and/or indirectly via increased religiosity. Implications and limitations of our study are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chongmin Na
- Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
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Bensimon M. Creating a Benevolent World: Exploration of a Music-Based Rehabilitation Program for Formerly Incarcerated Individuals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2024; 68:317-335. [PMID: 35670201 PMCID: PMC10868146 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x221102829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many studies discuss the impact of music programs on prison inmates. However, few studies have investigated the impact of music programs on formerly incarcerated individuals (FIIs), and none of them have focused on the programs' characteristics. This phenomenological study explores the characteristics of a music-based rehabilitation program for FIIs. Five FIIs and three staff members who participated in a group music program were interviewed. The following four themes emerged: Continuity-the importance of the FIIs' previous positive acquaintance with the program while still being in prison. Egalitarian approach-the importance of the staff treating the FIIs with understanding, tolerance, non-judgmentalism, and the use of an eye-level approach. Cultural sensitivity-the staff members' sensitivity to the FIIs' different backgrounds to form a connection. Playfulness-the program's ability to break free from a "fight-or-flight" mode and experience a counter mode of playfulness. The findings are discussed through the perspective of positive criminology.
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Kremyar AJ, Ben-Porath YS, Sellbom M, Gervais RO. Assessing posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3 in a forensic disability sample. J Clin Psychol 2023; 79:2798-2822. [PMID: 37597252 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous evidence indicates that scales from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) family of instruments can measure self-reported posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomology and differentiate symptom clusters, including in forensic disability assessments. However, limited research has examined assessment of PTSD symptoms with the MMPI-3, the most recent MMPI instrument. The goal of the current study was to identify the strongest MMPI-3 scale predictors of individual PTSD symptom clusters, measured via self-report. METHODS Using a sample of 716 disability claimants (54.2% men; Mage = 42.98, SD = 10.87; 81.8% White), correlation, regression, and dominance analyses were performed to examine associations between scores on MMPI-3 scales and latent PTSD symptom cluster factors derived using confirmatory factor analyses from items of the Detailed Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress (DAPS), and to identify the strongest predictor of each symptom cluster when MMPI-3 scales were concurrently considered. RESULTS Results indicate that conceptually expected MMPI-3 scale scores were meaningfully associated with PTSD symptom cluster factors, with the MMPI-3 Anxiety-Related Experiences (ARX) scale demonstrating the strongest and most consistent associations across symptom clusters. CONCLUSIONS Results of the current study largely converge with previous empirical studies of self-reported PTSD symptoms in disability claimant settings with the MMPI instruments. Interpretive implications for the MMPI-3, limitations, and future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Kremyar
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Yossef S Ben-Porath
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Martin Sellbom
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Roger O Gervais
- Neurobehavioural Associates Inc., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Soins psychiatriques en détention : quelles spécificités ? ANNALES MÉDICO-PSYCHOLOGIQUES, REVUE PSYCHIATRIQUE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2022.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Stijelja S, Mishara BL. Preventing suicidal and self-Injurious behavior in correctional facilities: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 51:101560. [PMID: 35898320 PMCID: PMC9309412 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rates of suicide and self-harm are elevated in carceral institutions. Inmates are a vulnerable group since they are exposed to multiple risk factors. This paper critically reviews empirical research on programs to prevent suicidal and self-harmful behaviors in correctional facilities and summarizes effect sizes across studies. METHODS We searched PsychINFO, PubMed, IEEEXPLORE and the CRISE Documentation Centre Database to identify relevant articles published before June 2022. Inclusion criteria were: peer-reviewed and with outcome data on effectiveness of prevention activities. Two reviewers independently assessed 905 articles to determine inclusion eligibility. Quality was assessed by two independent reviewers using the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. Meta-analyses using random-effect models were used to pool effect sizes for each outcome. This review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. FINDINGS Twenty-four of the 905 articles, published between 1980 and 2022, were included. Studies were frequently conducted in the United States (n=13; 54%) and used varying study designs; most frequently pre-post with no control group (n=9; 38%). Sample sizes and interventions varied considerably. Most were of moderate quality (n=21; 88%). On average, prevention programs in correctional facilities were effective in decreasing suicide deaths (pooled rate ratio of 0·35 [95% CI 0·23 to 0·55; p<0·001]; I2=68·01%), incidents of self-harm (pooled Hedges'g of -0·54 (95% CI: -1·03 to -0·05; p=0·031]; I2=81·34%), and suicidal ideation (pooled Hedges'g of -0·39 [95% CI: -0·65 to -0·14; p=0·003]; I2=47·09%). INTERPRETATION Prevention activities are effective in reducing suicide death, self-harm and suicidal ideation in correctional settings. Multicomponent programs, which include several preventive activities, seem to be most effective in reducing suicide deaths. Future evaluation studies should control for confounding variables by including control groups, having larger samples and limiting attrition. Standards for suicide prevention in jails and prisons should be included in National suicide prevention strategies. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Stijelja
- Centre for Research and Intervention on Suicide, Ethical Issues and End of Life Practices, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brian L. Mishara
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Corresponding author at: CRISE-UQAM, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
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Caravaca-Sánchez F, Vidovic KR, Fearn NE, Vaughn MG. Incarcerated Women in Spain: The Salience of Traumatic Exposure. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP10126-NP10147. [PMID: 33435810 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520985483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Incarcerated women are at high risk of exposure to traumatic events with subsequent development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The present study builds on prior research by adding new findings from Spain on the association between childhood and prison victimization, and negative emotional states with PTSD symptoms during incarceration among women. The study sample (N = 174) included female prison inmates enrolled from two prisons located in Southeast Spain. Participants completed self-report questionnaires including demographic and criminal variables, childhood and prison victimization (including emotional, physical and sexual victimization), negative emotional states (including depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms) and PTSD symptoms. Logistic regression analysis revealed that women screening positive for trauma had significantly greater odds for the assortment of childhood victimization, prison victimization (specifically physical victimization) and depression, anxiety, and stress. Current findings suggest a need to include these construct assessments in the screening and identification of PTSD among incarcerated women in Spain.
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Lahav Y, Allende S, Talmon A, Ginzburg K, Spiegel D. Identification With the Aggressor and Inward and Outward Aggression in Abuse Survivors. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:2705-2728. [PMID: 32659159 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520938516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Childhood abuse survivors may display both inward and outward aggression manifested in self-injurious behavior (SIB) and violent acts toward others. Scrutinizing the literature reveals that the relational dynamics between victims and their perpetrators might be involved in these phenomena. Yet, research on this subject matter has been sparse. Filling this gap, this study investigated the contribution of the singular bonds between victims and their perpetrators, known as identification with the aggressor, in explaining survivors' aggression. The study was conducted among 306 Israeli college/university students who reported a history of childhood abuse. Results revealed that levels of adopting the perpetrator's experience, identifying with the perpetrator's aggression, and replacing one's agency with that of the perpetrator were significantly associated with survivors' inward and outward aggression. Moreover, profile type-that is, having high versus low levels of identification with the aggressor-was implicated in participants' SIBs, urge to harm others, and violent acts toward others, above and beyond the effects of gender and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. The present findings suggest that identification with the aggressor might make survivors prone to the re-enactment of past abusive dynamics, which, in turn, could eventuate in aggression toward themselves and others.
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Lattimore PK, Richardson NJ, Ferguson PL, Pickelsimer EE. The Association of Traumatic Brain Injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, and criminal recidivism. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2022; 10:7. [PMID: 35175451 PMCID: PMC8851722 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-022-00169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and to determine whether TBI or PTSD is associated with an increase in general or violent criminal recidivism among a representative sample of released prisoners. In-person interviews were conducted with a stratified random sample of individuals incarcerated with the South Carolina Department of Corrections approximately 90 days prior to the prisoners' releases. In addition to a variety of items and scales, respondents were screened for TBI and were asked whether they had received a current diagnosis of PTSD. Data were merged with arrest data that provided measures of past criminal involvement and indicators of post-release recidivism (arrest). Arrests were coded as "general" for any arrest charge and "violent" for any violent offense charge. RESULTS Survival analyses indicate that neither TBI nor PTSD predicts time to general recidivism. PTSD (p < 0.01) and age at first arrest (p < 0.01) are significant predictors for violent recidivism and TBI is non-significant at p = 0.09. Results from the negative binomial models indicate that TBI (p < 0.05) and PTSD (p < 0.05) are significantly associated with more post-release violent arrests, but not general arrests. CONCLUSIONS TBI and PTSD were found to predict violent offending but not general criminal behavior. These findings demonstrate the need for prison officials to identify individuals with a history of TBI and PTSD and to develop appropriate interventions that could be provided during incarceration to reduce the post-release likelihood of violence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pamela L Ferguson
- Medical University of South Carolina, South Carolina, Charleston, USA
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Naidoo S, Subramaney U, Paruk S, Ferreira L. Mental illness and HIV amongst female inmates in Durban, South Africa. S Afr J Psychiatr 2022; 28:1628. [PMID: 35169507 PMCID: PMC8832006 DOI: 10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v28i0.1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited data regarding the prevalence of mental illness and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) amongst female inmates in South Africa. Rehabilitation programmes can only be formulated once the needs of this population have been identified. AIM This study aimed to measure the prevalence of mental illnesses, borderline and antisocial personality disorders and HIV amongst female inmates. SETTING The study was based at a correctional centre in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. METHODS This study forms part of a larger two-phased, mixed methods, sequential, explanatory design study. In phase one, 126 female inmates were interviewed using a clinical questionnaire and the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostics and Statistical Manual (DSM)-5 diagnoses - Research Version. RESULTS The following lifetime prevalence rates were found: depressive disorder 70.6%, alcohol use disorder 48.4%, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 46.8%, borderline personality disorder 33.3%, substance use disorder 31.7%, antisocial personality disorder 15.1% and psychotic disorder 4.8%. The prevalence of current adult attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder was 9.5%. A total of 39% of the participants admitted to past suicide attempts, whilst 64.3% reported past suicidal ideation and 36.5% had a current episode of a psychiatric disorder. A total of 64.3% of the participants were living with HIV. Although 90.4% had a lifetime psychiatric disorder, only 16.7% were previously diagnosed with a mental illness. The majority of inmates with lifetime disorders had psychiatric comorbidities. CONCLUSION The high prevalence of mental illness and HIV amongst female inmates, and the fact that most with mental illness remain undiagnosed, is concerning. Improved screening, identification and treatment of mental illnesses in this population is needed to ensure optimal mental health outcomes and decreased recidivism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Naidoo
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ugasvaree Subramaney
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Saeeda Paruk
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Liezel Ferreira
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Tadros E, Ansell A. Romantic attachment, childhood stability, depression, and PTSD in couples with an incarcerated partner. J Forensic Sci 2022; 67:619-629. [PMID: 34985138 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Incarceration has a multitude of effects on prisoners' finances, health, education, employment, and family relationships. Incarceration complicates the maintenance of attachment bonds between romantic partners. Data from the Multi-site Family Study on Incarceration, Parenting, and Partnering were analyzed to examine the effects of childhood stability on adult romantic attachment while controlling for the effects of PTSD and depression within the carceral population. Findings indicate that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression have statistically significant effects on adult romantic attachment. PTSD on romantic attachment for men is statistically significant (p < 0.05) at -0.193 with an overall standardized effect of -0.086. For women, the effect is statistically significant (p < 0.01) at -0.235 with an overall standardized effect of -0.1. Effects of depression on romantic attachment for men is statistically significant (p < 0.001) -0.129 with an overall standardized effect of -0.229. For women, depression is also statistically significant (p < 0.001) at -0.153 with a standardized effect of -0.265. We examined the effects of childhood stability on adult romantic attachment while controlling for the effects of PTSD and depression within the carceral population. Findings supported our hypothesis that individuals with better childhood stability will experience better romantic attachments. Findings related to our hypothesis that having a partner with better childhood stability is positively associated with better romantic attachment produced mixed results. Clinical implications are discussed, and future directions call for research, practice, and training to improve outcomes for justice-involved romantic partners, their attachment, and consideration of covariates of depression and PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Tadros
- Governors State University, University Park, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew Ansell
- Governors State University, University Park, Illinois, USA
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Fovet T, Wathelet M, Amad A, Horn M, Belet B, Benradia I, Roelandt JL, Thomas P, Vaiva G, D'Hondt F. Trauma exposure and PTSD among men entering jail: A comparative study with the general population. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 145:205-212. [PMID: 34929470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Research has consistently shown high levels of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in correctional settings. We aimed to compare the prevalences of trauma exposure, subthreshold PTSD, and full PTSD in incarcerated people with those observed in the general population. We used the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview to screen for psychiatric disorders among men upon admission to jail (N = 630) and non-incarcerated men living in the same geographic area (the northern district of France; N = 5793). We utilized a multinomial regression model to assess the association between admission to jail and the prevalences of trauma exposure, subthreshold PTSD, and full PTSD. We employed logistic regression models to verify the interaction between admission to jail and PTSD status on the presence of psychiatric comorbidities. Full PTSD was overrepresented among men in jail after adjustment for all covariates (OR [95% CI] = 3.49 [1.55-7.85], p = 0.002). The association between PTSD status and the presence of at least one psychiatric comorbidity was also more important upon admission to jail than in the general population. Admission to jail was not associated with a higher prevalence of trauma exposure (OR [95% CI] = 1.12 [0.85-1.46], p = 0.419) or subthreshold PTSD (OR [95% CI] = 1.17 [0.81-1.68], p = 0.413). These results suggest higher prevalence rates of full PTSD and psychiatric comorbidities associated with PTSD symptoms in incarcerated people than in the general population. The provision of trauma-focused interventions tailored to these clinical specificities should be considered for the jail population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fovet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; Centre national de ressources et de résilience Lille-Paris (CN2R), F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Marielle Wathelet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; Centre national de ressources et de résilience Lille-Paris (CN2R), F-59000 Lille, France; Fédération régionale de recherche en psychiatrie et santé mentale, Hauts-de, France
| | - Ali Amad
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; Fédération régionale de recherche en psychiatrie et santé mentale, Hauts-de, France
| | - Mathilde Horn
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bettina Belet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; Centre national de ressources et de résilience Lille-Paris (CN2R), F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Imane Benradia
- EPSM Lille Métropole, Centre Collaborateur de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé pour la recherche et la formation en santé mentale, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Luc Roelandt
- EPSM Lille Métropole, Centre Collaborateur de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé pour la recherche et la formation en santé mentale, Lille, France; ECEVE, UMRS 1123, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Thomas
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; Fédération régionale de recherche en psychiatrie et santé mentale, Hauts-de, France
| | - Guillaume Vaiva
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; Centre national de ressources et de résilience Lille-Paris (CN2R), F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Fabien D'Hondt
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; Centre national de ressources et de résilience Lille-Paris (CN2R), F-59000 Lille, France
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14
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Givens A, Cuddeback GS. Traumatic experiences among individuals with severe mental illnesses on probation. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2021; 31:310-320. [PMID: 34498309 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The large and growing number of individuals with severe mental illnesses who are on probation presents challenges to both mental health and criminal justice authorities. The clinical and mental health service needs of probationers with severe mental illnesses have however, been insufficiently researched, particularly with respect to trauma and the need for trauma-informed services. AIMS To explore the lifetime prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among people on probation who also have other serious mental illnesses and their demographic characteristics. METHODS Individuals on probation in six counties in one southeastern state who had been diagnosed with severe mental illnesses were assessed for PTSD; they were also asked whether they had experienced any of 14 traumatic events of interest over their lifetimes. RESULTS Of 207 participants, about half had clinically diagnosable PTSD. Nearly two-thirds had experienced more than five traumatic events during their lifetimes: 86% experienced at least one non-interpersonal traumatic event, such as a car accident, and 90% experienced at least one interpersonal traumatic event, such as a physical assault. The latter was the single most frequently reported traumatic event (80%, n = 160). PTSD was, on average, associated with a higher number of prior traumatic experiences overall. CONCLUSIONS In one state in the USA, rates of trauma experiences and PTSD among probationers with other mental illnesses are high. Relative to prisoners, little is known about the mental health needs among probationers, so replication in a larger sample across jurisdictions would be useful. Findings are likely to have implications for form of service delivery as well as treatment needs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary S Cuddeback
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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15
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Badenes-Ribera L, Molla-Esparza C, Longobardi C, Sánchez-Meca J, Fabris MA. Homicide as a Source of Posttraumatic Stress?: A Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After Committing Homicide. J Trauma Stress 2021; 34:345-356. [PMID: 33241619 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing body of literature on the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after committing homicide that has examined the prevalence of this phenomenon among individuals who have been convicted, but these studies considerably vary. The present study was the first meta-analysis to synthesize scientific evidence regarding the prevalence of offense-related PTSD among convicted killers. A total of 691 articles were identified through an initial screening process, and the final analysis included 11 studies that met the analysis criteria. We examined the prevalence of PTSD after committing homicide and explored how these rates varied by sample type, offender type, diagnosis timeframe, and diagnosis type. Among adult offenders, the pooled prevalence was 42.6%, 95% CI [38.0%, 47.4%], for current full-criteria homicide-related PTSD and 13.1%, 95% CI [9.9%, 17.2%], for current partial-criteria homicide-related PTSD. For mixed offenders (i.e., killers and violent offenders), the pooled prevalence of current full-criteria offense-related PTSD was 33.1% (95% CI [14.1, 59.8]). Thus, we found that PTSD prevalence was higher in killers than mixed offenders, although this difference was not statistically significant. Finally, among youth mixed offenders, the pooled prevalence for current full-criteria offense-related PTSD was 5.3%, 95% CI [2.9%, 9.5%]. These findings provide evidence of the high rate of this phenomenon, especially among convicted adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Badenes-Ribera
- Department of Methodology and Behavioral Science, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristian Molla-Esparza
- Department of Research Methods and Educational Diagnosis, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Julio Sánchez-Meca
- Department of Basic Psychology and Methodology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Jackson V, Sullivan DH, Mawren D, Freiberg A, Kulkarni J, Darjee R. Trauma-informed sentencing of serious violent offenders: an exploration of judicial dispositions with a gendered perspective. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2021; 28:748-773. [PMID: 35571601 PMCID: PMC9103359 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2020.1855267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Experience of psychological trauma is correlated with violent offending, with exposure reported for most offenders entering the criminal justice system. The practice of trauma-informed sentencing recognises this complex and consistent relationship, and endeavours to respond in a way that avoids re-traumatisation and reduces harm to offenders and victims. Trauma-informed approaches to offenders improve safety in custodial settings, enhance prospects of correctional rehabilitation and recovery from mental illness and promote the health and welfare of staff working with offenders. This quantitative pilot study examines the identification and impact of trauma - as recorded in sentencing decisions - for homicide perpetrators in Victoria, with particular attention to trauma-informed sentencing and whether or not gender makes a difference. Traumatic experiences were described in a high proportion of cases but only explicitly recognised in a minority. Trauma-informed sentencing recommendations were rare. Collaboration between clinical and legal professionals to inform and enhance trauma-informed procedures is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Jackson
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health (Forensicare), Fairfield, Australia
| | - Danny H. Sullivan
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health (Forensicare), Fairfield, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Daveena Mawren
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Arie Freiberg
- Faculty of Law, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jayashri Kulkarni
- Psychiatry Department, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Rajan Darjee
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health (Forensicare), Fairfield, Australia
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
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17
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Hearn N, Joseph S, Fitzpatrick S. Post-traumatic growth in prisoners and its association with the quality of staff-prisoner relationships. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2021; 31:49-59. [PMID: 33112437 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Being sentenced to imprisonment can be traumatic. This may lead to further negative effects, including reoffending or disorders of mental health. Emerging research, however, has suggested that traumatic events can, at times, also lead to post-traumatic growth, leading us to question whether prisoners could experience this. AIMS Our aims were to explore the prevalence of post-traumatic growth in prisoners and any association between this and prisoners' perceptions of the quality of their relationships with staff. Our primary hypothesis was that there would be a positive association between perceptions of the quality of relationships with staff members and post-traumatic growth. We also hypothesised an interaction between staff-prisoner relationships and the extent to which sentencing was experienced as traumatic. METHOD The Post-traumatic Growth Inventory and the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory were distributed to all 762 prisoners in a high-security prison for adult men in England. First, one-tailed correlations between variables were run, then a hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to test for an interaction between staff-prisoner relationship ratings, trauma of sentencing and post-traumatic growth. RESULTS Just over one fifth of the men (n = 160) returned questionnaires; 76 (48%) had scores indicative of moderate-to-high post-traumatic growth. There was a significant positive association between perceptions of the relationships with staff members and the post-traumatic growth reported. There was no significant interaction between the staff-prisoner relationships and the experience of trauma of imprisonment. CONCLUSIONS Our study extends understanding of prisoners through finding that higher levels of self-rated post-traumatic growth were associated with experiencing empathy, positive regard, acceptance and genuineness from prison staff. This highlights the need for high-quality relationships to be adopted in all aspects of prison setting and culture and offers further direction for research into such relationships and their role in promoting positive psychological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen Joseph
- School of Education, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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18
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Kerig PK, Mozley MM, Mendez L. Forensic Assessment of PTSD Via DSM-5 Versus ICD-11 Criteria: Implications for Current Practice and Future Research. PSYCHOLOGICAL INJURY & LAW 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12207-020-09397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Effects of Dog-Based Animal-Assisted Interventions in Prison Population: A Systematic Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10112129. [PMID: 33207818 PMCID: PMC7697666 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal-assisted interventions, in concrete dog-assisted intervention, have been introduced in prisons to reduce recidivism as well as to improve the well-being of prisoners. Therefore, the aim of the present systematic review is to provide an up-to-date analysis of the research on the effects of dog-based animal-assisted therapy in prison population. METHODS An electronic search of the literature was performed, and 20 articles were included. The PRISMA guideline methodology was employed. RESULTS Included studies involved a total of 1577 participants. The vast majority of protocols included activities related with dog training, dog caring, or activities, which included vocational or educational components. Duration of dog-based therapies ranged between 60 and 120 min, with the frequency being between 1 and 3 days/week. Statistically significant improvements in prisoners were observed in 13 studies. CONCLUSIONS Dog-based animal-assisted therapy may improve anxiety, stress, recidivism, and other social variables in male or female inmates.
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20
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Worthington MA, Mandavia A, Richardson-Vejlgaard R. Prospective prediction of PTSD diagnosis in a nationally representative sample using machine learning. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:532. [PMID: 33172436 PMCID: PMC7653804 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02933-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research has identified a number of pre-traumatic, peri-traumatic and post-traumatic psychological and ecological factors that put an individual at increased risk for developing PTSD following a life-threatening event. While these factors have been found to be associated with PTSD in univariate analyses, the complex interactions of these risk factors and how they contribute to individual trajectories of the illness are not yet well understood. In this study, we examine the impact of prior trauma, psychopathology, sociodemographic characteristics, community and environmental information, on PTSD onset in a nationally representative sample of adults in the United States, using machine learning methods to establish the relative contributions of each variable. METHODS Individual risk factors identified in Waves 1 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) were combined with community-level data for the years concurrent to the NESARC Wave 1 (n = 43,093) and 2 (n = 34,653) surveys. Machine learning feature selection and classification analyses were used at the national level to create models using individual- and community-level variables that would best predict the new onset of PTSD at Wave 2. RESULTS Our classification algorithms yielded 89.7 to 95.6% accuracy for predicting new onset of PTSD at Wave 2. A prior diagnosis of DSM-IV-TR Borderline Personality Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder or Anxiety Disorder conferred the greatest relative influence in new diagnosis of PTSD. Distal risk factors such as prior psychiatric diagnosis accounted for significantly greater relative risk than proximal factors (such as adverse event exposure). CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that a machine learning classification approach can successfully integrate large numbers of known risk factors for PTSD into stronger models that account for high-dimensional interactions and collinearity between variables. We discuss the implications of these findings as pertaining to the targeted mobilization emergency mental health resources. These findings also inform the creation of a more comprehensive risk assessment profile to the likelihood of developing PTSD following an extremely adverse event.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amar Mandavia
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, USA
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21
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Dias de Castro Bins H, Dotta Panichi RM, Vernet Taborda JG, Arzeno Ferrão Y. Childhood trauma, psychiatric disorders, and criminality in women: Associations with serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2020; 71:101574. [PMID: 32768114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders and childhood trauma are highly prevalent in female inmates. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a number of roles in neuronal survival, structure, and function. Data in the literature suggest that it is a neurobiological substrate that moderates the impact of childhood adversities on the late expression of psychiatric disorders. The aim of this study was to determine whether five childhood trauma subtypes-physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect-are associated with adult psychiatric disorders, BDNF levels, and criminality among incarcerated women. This was a cross-sectional study involving a consecutive sample of 110 women, divided into three groups of women (forensic - mentally ill who committed crimes, clinical psychiatric inpatients and healthy controls). The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview-Plus were applied in the whole sample, and BDNF levels were measured in a sub-sample of 54 women. The rates of mental illness and childhood trauma were high in the forensic group. Emotional abuse was higher in the clinical and forensic groups than in the healthy control group. Lower BDNF levels were associated with emotional abuse in the forensic group as well as with sexual abuse in the healthy control group. After multinomial logistic regression, lower levels of BDNF, higher levels of emotional abuse and the presence of familial offense were considered factors related to clinical psychiatric group. The results of this study underscore the idea that BDNF may be an important factor related to the development of diseases and criminality in women who are victims of childhood trauma, becoming a possible biological marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Dias de Castro Bins
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Renata Maria Dotta Panichi
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Geraldo Vernet Taborda
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ygor Arzeno Ferrão
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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22
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Peltonen K, Ellonen N, Pitkänen J, Aaltonen M, Martikainen P. Trauma and violent offending among adolescents: a birth cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2020; 74:845-850. [PMID: 32611692 PMCID: PMC7577100 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2020-214188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Earlier studies, based on data collected among juvenile court clients or prisoners, suggest that there is an association between trauma and adolescent-onset offending. However, there is a lack of large-scale data on juvenile violence and clinical mental health observations with unselected participants, and a risk-factor-oriented research combining multiple variables affecting violent behaviour. METHODS We analyse the effect of trauma on violent offending using longitudinal register-linkage population data. The study is based on administrative data on all Finnish children born between 1986 and 2000, linked with their biological and adoptive parents (N=913 675). The data include annually updated demographic and socioeconomic information from Statistics Finland, hospital discharge and specialised outpatient service records as well as the data from all suspected criminal offences known to the police (1996-2017). We measured trauma diagnosis at age 12-14 and followed participants for subsequent violent criminality from age 15 to 17. RESULTS The population average estimates, taking into account observed substance abuse and other mental health diagnoses, shows that trauma-related disorders (adjustment problems, post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder) were associated with violent offending. The same was true in sibling fixed effect models, which take into account genetic and environmental confounding shared by siblings. DISCUSSION These results suggest that severe stress related to traumatic or strong negative life changes in adolescence is a risk factor for violent behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Peltonen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Noora Ellonen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Joonas Pitkänen
- Population Research Unit, Faculty of Social Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Aaltonen
- Institute of Criminology and Legal Policy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Martikainen
- Population Research Unit, Faculty of Social Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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23
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Stanton AE, Rose SJ. The Mental Health of Mothers Currently and Formerly Incarcerated in Jails and Prisons: An Integrative Review on Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, and Traumatic Experiences. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING 2020; 16:224-231. [PMID: 32947439 DOI: 10.1097/jfn.0000000000000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Most incarcerated women in the United States are mothers who report high rates of mental health issues and traumatic experiences, yet their needs are often overlooked because they comprise a smaller proportion of the incarcerated population compared with men. OBJECTIVE This integrative review aimed to synthesize the literature on the mental health, mental health treatment, and traumatic experiences of currently and formerly incarcerated mothers. METHODS We searched PsychINFO, CINAHL, and Criminal Justice Abstracts for all research articles that were written in English; included adult mothers who were incarcerated or incarcerated and released; and contained findings related to mental health, mental health treatment, or traumatic experiences. RESULTS Thirty-four articles met the inclusion criteria. Mothers had high rates of moderate-to-severe mental health problems and high childhood and adult trauma rates, especially intimate partner violence. Mothers faced barriers to treatment yet showed psychological resilience and active coping skills. IMPLICATIONS Nurses can recognize risk factors for women's incarceration and assess mental health symptoms and trauma, especially interpersonal violence. Nurses can use assessment findings to refer mothers to treatment and community resources and support their reuniting with their children. Nurses can also provide trauma-informed care and education about mental health topics and advocate for mental health treatment prerelease and postrelease. Staff education and organizational interventions to reduce burnout may remove additional barriers to care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Stanton
- Author Affiliations: Adult Crisis Mobile Team, Milwaukee County Behavioral Health Division
| | - Susan J Rose
- Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
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24
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Gibbons RD, Smith JD, Brown CH, Sajdak M, Tapia NJ, Kulik A, Epperson MW, Csernansky J. Improving the Evaluation of Adult Mental Disorders in the Criminal Justice System With Computerized Adaptive Testing. Psychiatr Serv 2019; 70:1040-1043. [PMID: 31337321 PMCID: PMC6874828 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.201900038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors sought to develop and validate a suite of dimensional measures of psychiatric syndromes for use in a criminal justice population. METHODS The previously validated Computerized Adaptive Test-Mental Health (CAT-MH) was administered to a sample of 475 defendants in the Cook County Bond Court. Item-level data were used to determine which test items exhibited differential item functioning in this population compared with the population used for the original calibration. RESULTS After removal of nine items that exhibited differential item functioning from the CAT-MH, correlations between scores based on the original calibration from a nonjustice-involved population and the newly computed scores based on a sample of bond court defendants showed a correlation coefficient of r=0.96 to r=0.99. CONCLUSIONS With a slight modification of the original CAT-MH, the tool was successfully used to measure severity of depression, anxiety, mania and/or hypomania, suicidality, and substance use disorder in an English- and Spanish-speaking criminal justice population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Gibbons
- Center for Health Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago (Gibbons); Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois (Smith, Brown, Csernansky); Cook County Health and Hospital System, Chicago (Sajdak, Kulik); Chicago Beyond, Chicago (Tapia); Social Service Administration, University of Chicago, Chicago (Epperson)
| | - Justin D Smith
- Center for Health Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago (Gibbons); Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois (Smith, Brown, Csernansky); Cook County Health and Hospital System, Chicago (Sajdak, Kulik); Chicago Beyond, Chicago (Tapia); Social Service Administration, University of Chicago, Chicago (Epperson)
| | - C Hendricks Brown
- Center for Health Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago (Gibbons); Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois (Smith, Brown, Csernansky); Cook County Health and Hospital System, Chicago (Sajdak, Kulik); Chicago Beyond, Chicago (Tapia); Social Service Administration, University of Chicago, Chicago (Epperson)
| | - Mary Sajdak
- Center for Health Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago (Gibbons); Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois (Smith, Brown, Csernansky); Cook County Health and Hospital System, Chicago (Sajdak, Kulik); Chicago Beyond, Chicago (Tapia); Social Service Administration, University of Chicago, Chicago (Epperson)
| | - Nneka Jones Tapia
- Center for Health Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago (Gibbons); Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois (Smith, Brown, Csernansky); Cook County Health and Hospital System, Chicago (Sajdak, Kulik); Chicago Beyond, Chicago (Tapia); Social Service Administration, University of Chicago, Chicago (Epperson)
| | - Andrew Kulik
- Center for Health Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago (Gibbons); Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois (Smith, Brown, Csernansky); Cook County Health and Hospital System, Chicago (Sajdak, Kulik); Chicago Beyond, Chicago (Tapia); Social Service Administration, University of Chicago, Chicago (Epperson)
| | - Matthew W Epperson
- Center for Health Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago (Gibbons); Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois (Smith, Brown, Csernansky); Cook County Health and Hospital System, Chicago (Sajdak, Kulik); Chicago Beyond, Chicago (Tapia); Social Service Administration, University of Chicago, Chicago (Epperson)
| | - John Csernansky
- Center for Health Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago (Gibbons); Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois (Smith, Brown, Csernansky); Cook County Health and Hospital System, Chicago (Sajdak, Kulik); Chicago Beyond, Chicago (Tapia); Social Service Administration, University of Chicago, Chicago (Epperson)
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Bouw N, Huijbregts SCJ, Scholte E, Swaab H. Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction in Prison: Experiences of Inmates, Instructors, and Prison Staff. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2019; 63:2550-2571. [PMID: 31189428 PMCID: PMC6745607 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x19856232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mindfulness intervention aims to reduce stress and to improve physical and mental health. The present study investigated feasibility and effectiveness of mindfulness intervention in a prison context, in both a qualitative and quantitative fashion. Specifically, the mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) intervention was investigated, in a retrospective pre-post design, in five Dutch prisons. Twenty-two inmates (out of 25 approached, mean age: 40.1 years (SD = 11.1), convicted of murder, manslaughter, sexual offenses, drug offenses, robbery with violence, and/or illegal restraint/kidnap, and sentenced to incarceration between 15 and 209 months (M = 5.5 years; SD = 3.8) took part in a semistructured interview after completion of the MBSR intervention. The interviews addressed level of satisfaction and challenges regarding the MBSR intervention as well as potential effects on stress responsivity, coping style, impulse control, aggression, and self-esteem. Ten staff members and four MBSR instructors were interviewed about their own practical issues experienced while providing or facilitating the MBSR intervention, and about the effects or changes they observed in the inmates who underwent the intervention. Both participants and instructors/prison staff reported improvements in all of the addressed domains and expressed satisfaction with the intervention. Challenges were mainly identified in practical issues regarding the organization of the intervention sessions. Future studies should investigate mindfulness in longitudinal randomly controlled designs, should strive for a multi-method approach, and distinguish inmates according to personality characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Bouw
- Leiden University, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, The
Netherlands
| | - S. C. J. Huijbregts
- Leiden University, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, The
Netherlands
| | | | - H. Swaab
- Leiden University, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, The
Netherlands
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Combs E, Guston K, Kopak A, Raggio A, Hoffmann NG. Posttraumatic stress, panic disorder, violence, and recidivism among local jail detainees. Int J Prison Health 2019; 15:366-375. [PMID: 31532342 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-06-2018-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Most research on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and offending has been conducted with special populations (e.g. veterans and female inmates) and generally overlooks the additive effect of panic disorder (PD) in offending patterns. The purpose of this paper is to assess the prevalence of PTSD and PD among jail inmates, while simultaneously examining the relationships between these disorders, offending types and frequency. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH A random sample of adults recently booked into a local county jail participated in the Comprehensive Addictions and Psychological Evaluation-5 (CAAPE-5), a structured psychological assessment. The study sample was comprised of 200 male and 83 female inmates. FINDINGS Indications of PTSD were observed among 44.0 percent of male inmates and 57.8 percent of female inmates. Most male inmates (78.4 percent) with positive PTSD indications also met criteria for PD, with a similar proportion (78.1 percent) of female inmates also meeting criteria for both. The combination of PTSD and PD was not associated with offending frequency, but inmates presenting indications of both PTSD and PD were more likely to be charged with a violent offense relative to those with only PTSD. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Inmates with PTSD who also have panic attacks may have a more severe condition with possible implications for other risks. Observations of these conditions among adults recently booked into local jails should coincide with each other. ORIGINALITY/VALUE Few studies have examined mental health conditions among local jail detainees, despite the ever-present need to address them. The current study considers this important population and investigates the prevalence of co-occurring conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Combs
- Department of Psychology, Western Carolina University , Cullowhee, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kaitlin Guston
- Department of Psychology, Western Carolina University , Cullowhee, North Carolina, USA
| | - Albert Kopak
- Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, Western Carolina University , Cullowhee, North Carolina, USA
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Charles P, Muentner L, Kjellstrand J. Parenting and Incarceration: Perspectives on Father-Child Involvement during Reentry from Prison. THE SOCIAL SERVICE REVIEW 2019; 93:218-261. [PMID: 33867590 PMCID: PMC8048373 DOI: 10.1086/703446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Large numbers of the more than 2 million people incarcerated in the United States are fathers who, upon exiting prison, return to their families and communities. Nevertheless, fathers' experiences of parenting from prison, their reentry process as a parent, and their involvement with their children after prison is not well understood. This qualitative study examines the experiences of 19 fathers recently released from prison to understand how incarceration shapes parenting and facilitates or presents barriers to father-child relationships. Our findings indicate that, despite the substantial challenges to parenting from prison, fathers remain deeply committed. Fathers identify individuals and systems that promote or hinder father-child involvement. The voices of the fathers help demonstrate that, despite personal and contextual challenges, their resilience and perseverance to parent motivates them to "perfect" themselves as fathers. These perspectives can inform the design and implementation of services to promote father-child involvement among fathers returning from prison.
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Caravaca Sánchez F, Ignatyev Y, Mundt AP. Associations between childhood abuse, mental health problems, and suicide risk among male prison populations in Spain. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2019; 29:18-30. [PMID: 30561144 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few studies exploring associations between different types of childhood abuse and mental health problems among adult prisoners. AIMS To explore associations between history of childhood abuse, depression or anxiety, and near-lethal suicide attempts among adult prisoners, and test the hypothesis that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be a mediator between childhood abuse and adult disorder among prisoners. METHOD We enrolled 943 men from three prisons in Spain. Childhood abuse was assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire at interview and current symptoms were assessed using the 21-item Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Self-reported histories of near-lethal suicide attempts were recorded. RESULTS Overall, 360 (40%) of the men reported at least one type of childhood abuse; 231 (24.5%) described exposure to emotional abuse, 236 (25%) to physical abuse, and 97 (10%) to sexual abuse. Survivors of all types of childhood abuse had over twice the prevalence of severe depression, anxiety, stress disorder, and near-lethal suicide attempts than men who had not been exposed. Survivors of sexual and emotional violence during childhood had more symptoms of PTSD than survivors of physical abuse. Statistically, PTSD had a mediating effect, but it was very small. CONCLUSIONS Although other studies have shown high rates of childhood abuse histories among prisoners, this is the first to link such a history to near-lethal suicide attempts in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuriy Ignatyev
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Immanuel Klinik, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Rüdersdorf, Germany
| | - Adrian P Mundt
- Medical Faculty, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
- Medical School, San Sebastián University, Puerto Montt, Chile
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The mental health of foreign national prisoners. J Forensic Leg Med 2019; 62:14-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Baranyi G, Cassidy M, Fazel S, Priebe S, Mundt AP. Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Prisoners. Epidemiol Rev 2018; 40:134-145. [PMID: 29596582 PMCID: PMC5982805 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxx015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
People involved with criminal justice frequently are exposed to violence and traumatic experiences. This may lead to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, no review, to our knowledge, has synthetized findings in this setting. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate prevalence rates of PTSD in prison populations. Original studies in which prevalence rates of PTSD in unselected samples of incarcerated people were reported were systematically searched between 1980 and June 2017. Data were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis, and sources of heterogeneity for prespecified characteristics were assessed by meta-regression. We identified 56 samples comprising 21,099 imprisoned men and women from 20 countries. Point prevalence of PTSD ranged from 0.1% to 27% for male, and from 12% to 38% for female prisoner populations. The random-effects pooled point prevalence was 6.2% (95% confidence interval: 3.9, 9.0) in male prisoners and 21.1% (95% confidence interval: 16.9, 25.6) in female prisoners. The heterogeneity between the included studies was very high. Higher prevalence was reported in samples of female prisoners, smaller studies (n < 100), and for investigations based in high-income countries. Existing evidence shows high levels of PTSD among imprisoned people, especially women. Psychosocial interventions to prevent violence, especially against children and women, and to mitigate its consequences in marginalized communities must be improved. Trauma-informed approaches for correctional programs and scalable PTSD treatments in prisons require further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergõ Baranyi
- Center for Research on Environment Society and Health, School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Cassidy
- Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, WHO Collaborating Center for Mental Health Services Development, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Seena Fazel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Priebe
- Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, WHO Collaborating Center for Mental Health Services Development, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian P Mundt
- Medical Faculty, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile.,Medical School, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
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Motz RT, Tanksley P, Liu H, Mersha TB, Barnes JC. Every contact leaves a trace: contact with the criminal justice system, life outcomes, and the intersection with genetics. Curr Opin Psychol 2018; 27:82-87. [PMID: 30347286 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Contact with the criminal justice (CJ) system is a relatively common occurrence in the United States. Criminologists and sociologists have long considered the impact of contact with the CJ system on later-in-life outcomes. This body of work has revealed a great deal of heterogeneity in life outcomes, suggesting individual differences are important to consider. At the same time, recent advances in the genomic sciences have allowed researchers to gather information from across the entire genome and to summarize that information into polygenic scores. In the present review, we consider how polygenic scores might be used to advance research into the impact of CJ system contact on life outcomes. In particular, we emphasize the importance of gene-environment interaction (G × E). We suggest that contact with the CJ system might represent a substantively important environmental moderator of polygenic risks. But we caution that studying the moderating role of contact with the CJ system will have its own complications-points that scholars must begin to consider and discuss now that the genomic era has reached the social sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Motz
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Peter Tanksley
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Hexuan Liu
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA; Institute for Analytics Innovation, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Tesfaye B Mersha
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - J C Barnes
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA.
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Shepherd SM, Spivak B, Arabena K, Paradies Y. Identifying the prevalence and predictors of suicidal behaviours for indigenous males in custody. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:1159. [PMID: 30286743 PMCID: PMC6172717 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High rates of suicidal behaviours among Indigenous Australians have been documented. Justice-involved individuals are also at a higher risk for engaging in suicidal behaviours. This study sought to ascertain the prevalence and correlates of suicidal behaviours for 107 Indigenous adult males in custody in Victoria, Australia. METHODS Participants undertook a structured interview comprising a psychiatric assessment. Information on suicidal behaviours (ideation and attempts), socio-demographics, environmental stressors, negative life events and mental health was obtained. RESULTS A high proportion of Indigenous males in custody experienced lifetime suicidal ideation (63.7%) and over one-half had attempted suicide (54.5%). A smaller, yet significant number of participants experienced ideation over the past 12 months (27.9%). Having a loved one pass away within the past 12 months predicted recent ideation; lifetime ideation and a diagnosis of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder predicted a lifetime suicide attempt. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of suicidal behaviours among Indigenous people in custody is remarkably high. Correlates of suicidal behaviours for Indigenous people in custody in this study likely manifest in the community, denoting an urgent public health response. Prevention must begin in communities at-risk for suicidal behaviours. The development of low intensity mental health service infrastructure in communities to promote awareness and provide accessible, least restrictive support and treatment is necessary. Correctional institutions must also continue to improve custodial suicide prevention and management initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane M Shepherd
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology, 505 Hoddle Street, Clifton Hill 3068, Melbourne, VIC, 9947 2600, Australia. .,National Centre for Cultural Competence, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Benjamin Spivak
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology, 505 Hoddle Street, Clifton Hill 3068, Melbourne, VIC, 9947 2600, Australia
| | - Kerry Arabena
- Indigenous Health Equity Unit, Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yin Paradies
- Alfred Deakin Research Institute for Citizenship and Globalisation, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Fazel S. Editorial: Synthesizing the Evidence on Prisoner Health-Taking Stock and Moving Forward. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:1137-1139. [PMID: 29718088 PMCID: PMC5982786 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seena Fazel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford United Kingdom
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Drakeford L. Correctional Policy and Attempted Suicide Among Transgender Individuals. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2018; 24:171-182. [PMID: 29609484 DOI: 10.1177/1078345818764110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Little research has examined the link between incarceration and suicide among transgender individuals. Transgender inmates face unique circumstances within the correctional setting that expose them to potentially harmful conditions, including correctional policies that limit access to proper medical care and expose them to threats of harassment and violence. Using data from the 2011 National Transgender Discrimination Survey, this article examines the link between incarceration and suicide among transgender individuals by focusing on the link between correctional policies and attempted suicide among transgender individuals who have been incarcerated. Multivariate results suggest that correctional policies regarding health care and housing may deleteriously impact transgender inmates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Drakeford
- Department of Sociology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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History of Solitary Confinement Is Associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms among Individuals Recently Released from Prison. J Urban Health 2018; 95:141-148. [PMID: 28281161 PMCID: PMC5906377 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-017-0138-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the relationship between solitary confinement and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a cohort of recently released former prisoners. The cross-sectional design utilized baseline data from the Transitions Clinic Network, a multi-site prospective longitudinal cohort study of post-incarceration medical care. Our main independent variable was self-reported solitary confinement during the participants' most recent incarceration; the dependent variable was the presence of PTSD symptoms determined by primary care (PC)-PTSD screening when participants initiated primary care in the community. We used multivariable logistic regression to adjust for potential confounders, such as prior mental health conditions, age, and gender. Among 119 participants, 43% had a history of solitary confinement and 28% screened positive for PTSD symptoms. Those who reported a history of solitary confinement were more likely to report PTSD symptoms than those without solitary confinement (43 vs. 16%, p < 0.01). In multivariable logistic regression, a history of solitary confinement (OR = 3.93, 95% CI 1.57-9.83) and chronic mental health conditions (OR = 4.04, 95% CI 1.52-10.68) were significantly associated with a positive PTSD screen after adjustment for the potential confounders. Experiencing solitary confinement was significantly associated with PTSD symptoms among individuals accessing primary care following release from prison. Larger studies should confirm these findings.
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Flatt JD, Williams BA, Barnes D, Goldenson J, Ahalt C. Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and associated health and social vulnerabilities in older jail inmates. Aging Ment Health 2017; 21:1106-1112. [PMID: 27367335 PMCID: PMC5580931 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2016.1201042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in older jail inmates, and to determine whether adverse social and health-related characteristics were associated with having PTSD symptoms. METHOD We performed an exploratory cross-sectional study of 238 older (age ≥55 years) jail inmates from a county jail. PTSD symptoms were determined using the Primary Care PTSD (PC-PTSD) screen. Reporting three or more PTSD symptoms was defined as a positive screen. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analyses were used to examine the prevalence of a positive PTSD screen and associations with social and health-related characteristics. RESULTS The mean age was 59 years, 64% were Black, and 82% reported an annual income ≤$15,000. Nearly 40% of older jail inmates had a positive PTSD screen and 10% reported a prior PTSD diagnosis by a physician. Older jail inmates with a positive PTSD screen were significantly more likely than those with a negative PTSD screen to report medication insecurity in the past year, impairment in two or more activities of daily living, traumatic brain injury, pain in the past week, and poor self-rated health. CONCLUSION Over one in three of the older jail inmates in this study had a positive PTSD screen, though only one in five of those with a positive screen reported a prior PTSD diagnosis. Screening for PTSD in jails may help identify older inmates who would benefit from additional mental health treatment and reentry planning to improve health in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Flatt
- Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA,San Francisco Veteran Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brie A. Williams
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA,San Francisco Veteran Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Deborah Barnes
- San Francisco Veteran Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joe Goldenson
- Jail Health Services, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cyrus Ahalt
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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de Labrouhe D, Plancke L, Amad A, Charrel CL, Touitou D, Bodon-Bruzel M, Thomas P, Fovet T. Hospitalisation en unité hospitalière spécialement aménagée : enquête de satisfaction auprès des patients. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2017; 65:285-294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.respe.2017.03.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Yoon IA, Slade K, Fazel S. Outcomes of psychological therapies for prisoners with mental health problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol 2017; 85:783-802. [PMID: 28569518 PMCID: PMC5518650 DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prisoners worldwide have substantial mental health needs, but the efficacy of psychological therapy in prisons is unknown. We aimed to systematically review psychological therapies with mental health outcomes in prisoners and qualitatively summarize difficulties in conducting randomized clinical trials (RCTs). METHOD We systematically identified RCTs of psychological therapies with mental health outcomes in prisoners (37 studies). Effect sizes were calculated and meta-analyzed. Eligible studies were assessed for quality. Subgroup and metaregression analyses were conducted to examine sources of between-study heterogeneity. Thematic analysis reviewed difficulties in conducting prison RCTs. RESULTS In 37 identified studies, psychological therapies showed a medium effect size (0.50, 95% CI [0.34, 0.66]) with high levels of heterogeneity with the most evidence for CBT and mindfulness-based trials. Studies that used no treatment (0.77, 95% CI [0.50, 1.03]) or waitlist controls (0.71, 95% CI [0.43, 1.00]) had larger effect sizes than those that had treatment-as-usual or other psychological therapies as controls (0.21, 95% CI [0.01, 0.41]). Effects were not sustained on follow-up at 3 and 6 months. No differences were found between group and individual therapy, or different treatment types. The use of a fidelity measure was associated with lower effect sizes. Qualitative analysis identified difficulties with follow-up and institutional constraints on scheduling and implementation of trials. CONCLUSIONS CBT and mindfulness-based therapies are modestly effective in prisoners for depression and anxiety outcomes. In prisons with existing psychological therapies, more evidence is required before additional therapies can be recommended. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Slade
- Division of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University
| | - Seena Fazel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford
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Woodfield R, Dhingra K, Boduszek D, Debowska A. Facets of psychopathy in relation to trauma-exposure and posttraumatic stress symptomology in a sample of incarcerated male offenders. Int J Prison Health 2016; 12:244-252. [PMID: 27921637 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-06-2016-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the moderating role of psychopathy facets on the relationship between traumatic exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomology. Design/methodology/approach Participants were male prisoners incarcerated in the UK. Findings The analysis revealed differential associations between the two facets of psychopathy, with potentially traumatic events and symptoms of PTSD. Specifically, neither primary psychopathy nor trauma exposure were significantly related to PTSD, while secondary psychopathy was positively and significantly related with PTSD symptoms. Furthermore, the effect of trauma exposure on PTSD was found to depend on the level of secondary psychopathy. More specifically, trauma exposure was strongly and positively associated with PTSD symptoms for low levels of secondary psychopathy and negatively associated with PTSD symptomology for individuals with high levels of secondary psychopathy. Originality/value The findings clarify linkages among psychopathy facets, trauma, and PTSD, and extend the understanding of the presentation of PTSD in male prisoners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Woodfield
- Department of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield , Huddersfield, UK
| | - Katie Dhingra
- Department of Criminology, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK
| | - Daniel Boduszek
- Department of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Huddersfield , Huddersfield, UK
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Goossens I, Nicholls TL, Torchalla I, Brink J, de Ruiter C. The Perceived Impact of Trauma-Focused Research on Forensic Psychiatric Patients With Lifetime Victimization Histories. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2016; 11:334-345. [PMID: 27887006 DOI: 10.1177/1556264616670769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the perceived costs, benefits, and motivations for participating in individual trauma-focused interviews among forensic psychiatric patients ( N = 74). The majority of our participants were male, and 100% endorsed adverse childhood experiences (e.g., abuse, neglect) or exposure to potentially traumatic events (e.g., assault). Levels of posttraumatic avoidance (41.9%), reexperiencing (59.5%), and increased arousal (51.3%) were high. In line with previous studies, our findings suggest an overall positive research experience in this sample. In spite of extensive histories of lifetime victimization we did not find an association between victimization, posttraumatic symptomatology, and a negative research experience. Our findings suggest that participation in trauma-focused research is not only possible with, but also potentially beneficial for forensic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilvy Goossens
- 1 The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,2 BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Coquitlam, Canada
| | - Tonia L Nicholls
- 1 The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,2 BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Coquitlam, Canada
| | - Iris Torchalla
- 3 Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Johann Brink
- 1 The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,2 BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Coquitlam, Canada
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Arnal R, Ayhan G, Pinganaud É, Basurko C, Jehel L. Le trouble de stress post-traumatique parmi les détenus en centre pénitentiaire en Guyane française. SANTE MENTALE AU QUEBEC 2016. [DOI: 10.7202/1036974ar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Soumis à des mouvements de population importants, la Guyane française et son centre pénitentiaire abritent une population métissée chez qui l’histoire récente a laissé une empreinte forte (tremblement de terre en Haïti, guerre civile au Suriname, violence liée à l’orpaillage et au trafic de stupéfiants). Ces événements de vie négatifs apparaissent comme autant de vecteurs potentiels de psychotraumatismes. Dans ces conditions, il nous a paru essentiel de mettre l’accent sur le repérage du trouble de stress post-traumatique (TSPT) dans cette population sensible. À l’aide d’entretiens d’accueil dédiés, nous nous sommes proposé de repérer les TSPT, de décrire sur un plan sociodémographique la population étudiée et de rechercher les comorbidités psychiatriques. Le résultat principal de cette étude était une prévalence du TSPT de 17 % chez les arrivants en détention. Le MINI 5.0 a montré une prévalence plus élevée des pathologies psychiatriques dans le groupe présentant un TSPT avec un lien très fort (p < 0,005) pour l’épisode dépressif majeur actuel, l’épisode maniaque ou hypomaniaque actuel et le risque suicidaire. Cette étude appuie la nécessité d’avoir un dépistage systématique du TSPT chez les arrivants en détention. Cette pathologie est à la fois fréquente dans cette population et invalidante, mais ce sont ses comorbidités, dont le potentiel suicidaire, qui font tout l’enjeu d’un repérage précoce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Arnal
- Interne en psychiatrie, CHU de Martinique, service de psychiatrie et psychologie médicale et addictologie
| | - Gülen Ayhan
- Interne en santé publique, Centre d’investigation clinique CIC 1424 INSERM/DGOS, Centre hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, France
| | - Éric Pinganaud
- Infirmier de secteur psychiatrique, UFPI, Centre hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, France
| | - Célia Basurko
- M.D. (santé publique), Centre d’investigation clinique CIC 1424 INSERM/DGOS, Centre hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, France
| | - Louis Jehel
- M.D. (psychiatrie), Ph. D., Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Villejuif, France – CHU de Martinique, service de psychiatrie et psychologie médicale et addictologie – Université des Antilles
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Collier S, Friedman SH. Mental Illness Among Women Referred for Psychiatric Services in a New Zealand Women's Prison. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2016; 34:539-550. [PMID: 27061421 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This naturalistic exploratory study describes the characteristics of women prisoners referred to the forensic psychiatry service of the largest women's prison in New Zealand. Forensic psychiatrists diagnosed more than one-third of the referred female inmates with psychotic disorders, and they diagnosed post-traumatic stress disorder in one-fifth. The majority of the women reported substance use prior to incarceration, as well as a history of personal victimization by family violence. Of the women prisoners referred to community mental health services at release, two-thirds attended the arranged outpatient mental health follow-up appointment. This study highlights the need for secondary prevention and rehabilitation for female inmates, and it provides suggestions for intervention. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Collier
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Durham, NC, U.S.A
| | - Susan Hatters Friedman
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Durham, NC, U.S.A
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Allison M, Ramaswamy M. Adapting Animal-Assisted Therapy Trials to Prison-Based Animal Programs. Public Health Nurs 2016; 33:472-80. [PMID: 27302852 DOI: 10.1111/phn.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prison-based animal programs have shown promise when it comes to increased sociability, responsibility, and levels of patience for inmates who participate in these programs. Yet there remains a dearth of scientific research that demonstrates the impact of prison-based animal programs on inmates' physical and mental health. Trials of animal-assisted therapy interventions, a form of human-animal interaction therapy most often used with populations affected by depression/anxiety, mental illness, and trauma, may provide models of how prison-based animal program research can have widespread implementation in jail and prison settings, whose populations have high rates of mental health problems. This paper reviews the components of prison-based animal programs most commonly practiced in prisons today, presents five animal-assisted therapy case studies, evaluates them based on their adaptability to prison-based animal programs, and discusses the institutional constraints that act as barriers for rigorous prison-based animal program research implementation. This paper can serve to inform the development of a research approach to animal-assisted therapy that nurses and other public health researchers can use in working with correctional populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Allison
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Public Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
| | - Megha Ramaswamy
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Public Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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Rasche K, Dudeck M, Otte S, Klingner S, Vasic N, Streb J. Factors influencing the pathway from trauma to aggression: A current review of behavioral studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.npbr.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Anderson RE, Geier TJ, Cahill SP. Epidemiological associations between posttraumatic stress disorder and incarceration in the National Survey of American Life. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2016; 26:110-123. [PMID: 25732512 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In spite of an elevated prevalence of trauma histories among prisoners, there has been little research examining the relationship between incarceration and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); this is especially true for Black Americans. AIMS To examine relationships between PTSD and incarceration in a nationally representative sample of Black Americans. METHODS We conducted analysis of data from the National Survey of American Life sample of 5008 Black American adults in the USA. Multivariate logistic regression analyses controlling for demographic factors including age, gender, home region and education were conducted to examine whether incarceration status was independently associated with PTSD. RESULTS Incarceration was significantly associated with trauma exposure, PTSD in the 12 months prior to interview and lifetime PTSD, even while controlling for demographic covariates. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Incarceration, trauma exposure and PTSD share a significant number of risk factors and co-vary frequently in some populations, including the one of Black Americans investigated in this study. Interventions that can reduce shared risk factors for incarceration and PTSD and/or facilitate successful treatment of the established condition have the potential to make a large positive impact among incarcerated and formerly incarcerated people.
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Affiliation(s)
- RaeAnn E Anderson
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Timothy J Geier
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Shawn P Cahill
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Heffernan E, Andersen K, Davidson F, Kinner SA. PTSD Among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People in Custody in Australia: Prevalence and Correlates. J Trauma Stress 2015; 28:523-30. [PMID: 26584243 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mental disorder and trauma experiences are highly prevalent among individuals in custody; however, the impact of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on functioning is rarely considered. Indigenous Australians are incarcerated at 13 times the rate of nonindigenous Australians and report high levels of trauma exposure and psychological distress. In analysis of the largest systematic study of mental disorder among indigenous Australians in custody (N = 396), we found that the 12-month prevalence of PTSD was high in both men (12.1%) and women (32.3%). Having PTSD was also associated with high rates of co-occurring mental disorders (anxiety 31.2%, depression 32.8%, psychosis 24.6%, and substance use, 75.4%), lifetime suicidal ideation (50.1%), and suicide attempts (34.4%). Individuals with PTSD, compared to those without, were more likely to experience other mental disorders, OR = 2.42, 95% CI [1.12, 5.80], p = .022; lifetime suicide thoughts, OR = 2.43, 95% CI [1.34, 4.39], p = .001, and attempts, OR = 2.56, 95% CI [1.33, 4.83], p = .002; and high rates of intoxication at the time of arrest. Despite this, most (58.9%) had not accessed any form of mental health care prior to incarceration. These findings highlight the need to identify and manage PTSD in community and custodial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Heffernan
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kimina Andersen
- Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fiona Davidson
- Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Morse DS, Silverstein J, Thomas K, Bedel P, Cerulli C. Finding the loopholes: a cross-sectional qualitative study of systemic barriers to treatment access for women drug court participants. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2015; 3:12. [PMID: 26478853 PMCID: PMC4607061 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-015-0026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic diversion courts seek to address justice-involved participants' underlying problems leading to their legal system involvement, including substance use disorder, psychiatric illness, and intimate partner violence. The courts have not addressed systemic hurdles, which can contribute to a cycle of substance use disorder and recidivism, which in turn hinder health and wellness. The study purpose is to explore the systemic issues faced by women participants in drug treatment court from multiple perspectives to understand how these issues may relate to health and wellness in their lives. METHODS Qualitative thematic framework analysis of five separate focus groups consisting of female drug treatment court participants, community providers, and court staff (n = 25). Themes were mapped across the socio-ecological framework and contextualized according to social determinants of health. RESULTS Numerous systemic factors impacted women's access to treatment. Laws and legal policies (governance) excluded those who could potentially have benefitted from therapeutic court and did not allow consideration of parenting issues. Macroeconomic policies limit housing options for those with convictions. Social policies limited transportation, education, and employment options. Public policies limited healthcare and social protection and ability to access available resources. Culture and societal values, including stigma, limited treatment options. CONCLUSIONS By understanding the social determinant of health for women in drug treatment court and stakeholder's perceptions, the legal system can implement public policy to better address the health needs of women drug court participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane S. Morse
- University of Rochester School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 300 Crittenden Blvd., Rochester, NY 14642 USA
- University of Rochester School of Medicine, Women’s Initiative Supporting Health Center for Community Health, 300 Crittenden Blvd., Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Jennifer Silverstein
- University of Rochester School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 300 Crittenden Blvd., Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Katherine Thomas
- University of Rochester School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 300 Crittenden Blvd., Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Precious Bedel
- University of Rochester School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 300 Crittenden Blvd., Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Catherine Cerulli
- University of Rochester School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 300 Crittenden Blvd., Rochester, NY 14642 USA
- University of Rochester School of Medicine, LIVV and Susan B. Anthony Center for Women’s Leadership, 300 Crittenden Blvd., Rochester, NY 14642 USA
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Caraballo JN, Pérez-Pedrogo C, Albizu-García CE. Assessing post-traumatic stress symptoms in a Latino prison population. Int J Prison Health 2015; 9:196-207. [PMID: 25763455 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-02-2013-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this paper is to assess the reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the Davidson trauma scale (DTS-S) and to determine the prevalence and correlates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a non-clinical random sample of prison inmates. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH Probabilistic samples of 1,179 inmates from 26 penal institutions in Puerto Rico were selected using a multistage sampling design. Population estimates and correlations were obtained for PTSD, generalized anxiety and depression. The reliability, factor structure, and convergent validity of the DTS-S were assessed. Cross-validation was employed to confirm the results of the factor analyses. FINDINGS Using the cut-offs adopted by the scale's author, 136 (13.4 percent) of the inmates are likely to have current PTSD and 117 (11.6 percent) reach the cut-off for sub-threshold PTSD. Confirmatory factor analysis generated two factors explaining 53 percent of the variance. High reliabilities were obtained for the total scale (α=0.95) and for the frequency and severity scales (α=0.90 and 0.91). Significantly higher DTS-S scores were found for females (t=2.26, p<0.025), for inmates diagnosed with depression or anxiety (t=2.02, p<0.05), and those reporting suicide attempts (t=4.47, p<0.0001). ORIGINALITY/VALUE Findings support that the DTS-S is a reliable and valid measure to assess PTSD symptoms in Latino inmate populations and to identify individuals at risk for the disorder that require confirmatory diagnosis and clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José N Caraballo
- Professor, based at Department of Mathematics-Physics, University of Puerto Rico, Cayey, Puerto Rico
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Treating Multiple Incident Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in an Inner City London Prison: The Need for an Evidence Base. Behav Cogn Psychother 2015; 44:112-7. [PMID: 25697197 DOI: 10.1017/s135246581500003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health problems have been found to be more prevalent in prison populations, and higher rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been found in sentenced populations compared to the general population. Evidence-based treatment in the general population however has not been transferred and empirically supported into the prison system. AIMS The aim of this manuscript is to illustrate how trauma focused work can be applied in a prison setting. METHOD This report describes a two-phased approach to treating PTSD, starting with stabilization, followed by an integration of culturally appropriate ideas from narrative exposure therapy (NET), given that the traumas were during war and conflict, and trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (TF-CBT). RESULTS PTSD and scores on paranoia scales improved between start and end of treatment; these improvements were maintained at a 6-month follow-up. CONCLUSION This case report 1 illustrates successful treatment of multiple incident PTSD in a prison setting using adaptations to TF-CBT during a window of opportunity when individuals are more likely to be free from substances and live in relative stability. Current service provision and evidence-based practice for PTSD is urgently required in UK prisons to allow individuals to engage in opportunities to reduce re-offending, free from mental health symptoms.
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