1
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Riley C, Phuoc NL, Linnolahti M, Romanov AS. Linear Gold(I) Halide Complexes with a Diamidocarbene Ligand: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Phosphorescence. Organometallics 2024; 43:1687-1697. [PMID: 39210989 PMCID: PMC11351423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.3c00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
A series of halide and pseudohalide gold complexes (DAC)Au(I)X (DAC = N,N'-diamidocarbene; X = Cl, Br, I, and SCN) were prepared in high yields. All complexes possess linear geometry around the gold atom with no aurophilic interactions between neighboring molecules. Reactivity studies for (DAC)Au(I)Cl revealed that the diamido backbone of the carbene ligand is vulnerable to nucleophilic attack by a strong base, potassium tert-butoxide, resulting in cleavage of the carbene backbone and formation of a neutral trigold cluster. Halide and pseudohalide complexes are bright phosphorescent emitters in the solid state, exhibiting photoluminescence quantum yields up to unity. Phosphorescence occurs in the range 480-520 nm with lifetimes as short as 1 μs, resulting in fast radiative rates up to 9.4 × 105 s-1 which is on par with the most efficient heavy metal emitters. Photophysical properties are explained by the intrinsic π-accepting nature of the DAC carbene and are supported by TDDFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Riley
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Nguyen Le Phuoc
- Department
of Chemistry University of Eastern Finland, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- Department
of Chemistry University of Eastern Finland, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Alexander S. Romanov
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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2
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Reponen APM, Londi G, Matthews CSB, Olivier Y, Romanov AS, Greenham NC, Gillett AJ. Understanding Spin-Triplet Excited States in Carbene-Metal-Amides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402052. [PMID: 38705856 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Carbene-metal-amides (CMAs) are emerging delayed fluorescence materials for organic light-emitting diode (OLED) applications. CMAs possess fast, efficient emission owing to rapid forward and reverse intersystem crossing (ISC) rates. The resulting dynamic equilibrium between singlet and triplet spin manifolds distinguishes CMAs from most purely organic thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters. However, direct experimental triplet characterization in CMAs is underutilized, limiting our detailed understanding of the ISC mechanism. In this work, we combine time-resolved spectroscopy with tuning of state energies through environmental polarity and metal substitution, focusing on the interplay between charge-transfer (3CT) and local exciton (3LE) triplets. Unlike previous photophysical work, we investigate evaporated host : guest films of CMAs and small-molecule hosts for increased device relevance. Transient absorption reveals an evolution in the triplet excited-state absorption (ESA) consistent with a change in orbital character between hosts with differing dielectric constants. Using quantum chemical calculations, we simulate ESAs of the lowest triplet states, highlighting the contribution of only 3CT and donor-moiety 3LE states to spectral features, with no strong evidence for a low-lying acceptor-centered 3LE. Thus, our work provides a blueprint for understanding the role of triplet excited states in CMAs which will enable further intelligent optimization of this promising class of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti-Pekka M Reponen
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Giacomo Londi
- Laboratory for Computational Modeling of Functional Materials Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Campbell S B Matthews
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Laboratory for Computational Modeling of Functional Materials Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | | | - Neil C Greenham
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Alexander J Gillett
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K
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3
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Kaplanai E, Tzouras NV, Tsoureas N, Bracho Pozsoni N, Bhandary S, Van Hecke K, Nolan SP, Vougioukalakis GC. Synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-Au/Ag/Cu benzotriazolyl complexes and their catalytic activity in propargylamide cycloisomerization and carbonyl hydrosilylation reactions. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:11001-11008. [PMID: 38874579 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01414f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Carbene-metal-amide (CMA) complexes of gold, silver, and copper have been studied extensively for their photochemical/photocatalytic properties and as potential (pre-)catalysts in organic synthesis. Herein, the design, synthesis, and characterization of five bench-stable Au-, Ag-, and Cu-NHC complexes bearing the benzotriazolyl anion as an amide donor, are reported. All complexes are synthesized in a facile and straightforward manner, using mild conditions. The catalytic activity of the Ag and Cu complexes was studied in propargylamide cycloisomerization and carbonyl hydrosilylation reactions. Both CMA-catalyzed transformations proceed under mild conditions and are highly efficient for a range of propargylamides and carbonyl compounds, respectively, affording the desired corresponding products in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Entzy Kaplanai
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos V Tzouras
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece.
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Nikolaos Tsoureas
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Nestor Bracho Pozsoni
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Subhrajyoti Bhandary
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Georgios C Vougioukalakis
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece.
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4
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Gu Q, Gorgon S, Romanov AS, Li F, Friend RH, Evans EW. Fast Transfer of Triplet to Doublet Excitons from Organometallic Host to Organic Radical Semiconductors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2402790. [PMID: 38819637 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Spin triplet exciton formation sets limits on technologies using organic semiconductors that are confined to singlet-triplet photophysics. In contrast, excitations in the spin doublet manifold in organic radical semiconductors can show efficient luminescence. Here the dynamics of the spin allowed process of intermolecular energy transfer from triplet to doublet excitons are explored. A carbene-metal-amide (CMA-CF3) is employed as a model triplet donor host, since following photoexcitation it undergoes extremely fast intersystem crossing to generate a population of triplet excitons within 4 ps. This enables a foundational study for tracking energy transfer from triplets to a model radical semiconductor, TTM-3PCz. Over 74% of all radical luminescence originates from the triplet channel in this system under photoexcitation. It is found that intermolecular triplet-to-doublet energy transfer can occur directly and rapidly, with 12% of triplet excitons transferring already on sub-ns timescales. This enhanced triplet harvesting mechanism is utilized in efficient near-infrared organic light-emitting diodes, which can be extended to other opto-electronic and -spintronic technologies by radical-based spin control in molecular semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinying Gu
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Shanghai, 200232, P. R. China
| | - Sebastian Gorgon
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Alexander S Romanov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Avenue 2699, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Richard H Friend
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Emrys W Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
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5
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Li R, Ying A, Tan Y, Ai Y, Gong S. Efficient Blue Photo- and Electroluminescence from CF 3-Decorated Cu(I) Complexes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400817. [PMID: 38654445 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Luminescent organometallic complexes of earth-abundant copper(I) have long been studied in organic light-emitting diodes (OLED). Particularly, Cu(I)-based carbene-metal-amide (CMA) complexes have recently emerged as promising organometallic emitters. However, blue-emitting Cu(I) CMA complexes have been rarely reported. Here we constructed two blue-emitting Cu(I) CMA emitters, MAC*-Cu-CF3Cz and MAC*-Cu-2CF3Cz, by introducing one or two CF3 substitutes into carbazole ligands. Both complexes exhibited high thermal stability and blue emission colors. Moreover, two complexes exhibited different emission origins rooting from different donor ligands: a distinct thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) from ligand-to-ligand charge transfer excited states for MAC*-Cu-CF3Cz or a dominant phosphorescence nature from local triplet excited state of the carbazole ligand for MAC*-Cu-2CF3Cz. Inspiringly, MAC*-Cu-CF3Cz had high photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 94 % and short emission lifetimes of down to 1.2 μs in doped films, accompanied by relatively high radiative rates in the 105 s-1 order. The resultant vacuum-deposited OLEDs based on MAC*-Cu-CF3Cz delivered pure-blue electroluminescence at 462 nm together with a high external quantum efficiency of 13.0 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyan Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ao Ying
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yao Tan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yuhan Ai
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shaolong Gong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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6
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Riethmann M, Föhrenbacher SA, Keiling H, Ignat'ev NV, Finze M, Radius U. Fluoride Abstraction Induced by Tris(pentafluoroethyl)difluorophosphorane: A Convenient Way to Synthesize Cationic N-Heterocyclic Carbene- and Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbene-Ligated Copper Alkyne and Arene Complexes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:8351-8365. [PMID: 38639397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
We herein report the convenient synthesis of different N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)- and cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (cAAC)-ligated copper cations using the weakly coordinating tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate counterion (FAP anion, [(C2F5)3PF3]-). The reaction of the fluorido complexes [(carbene)CuF] (carbene = NHC, cAACMe) 2a-2f and the tris(pentafluoroethyl)difluorophosphorane (C2F5)3PF2 in the presence of alkynes or arenes led to fluoride transfer from Cu to the phosphorane with formation of the cationic transition metal complexes [(carbene)Cu(L)]+ and the weakly coordinating counteranion [(C2F5)3PF3]- (FAP). Using this method, the complexes [(IDipp)Cu(L)]+FAP- (IDipp = 1,3-bis(2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl)-imidazolin-2-ylidene; L = PhC≡CPh, 4d; PhC≡CMe, 5d), [(cAACMe)Cu(L)]+FAP- (cAACMe = 1-(2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl)-3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-pyrrolidin-2-ylidene; L = PhC≡CPh, 4f; PhC≡CMe, 5f), [(SIDipp)Cu(C6Me6)]+FAP- (6e), (SIDipp = 1,3-bis(2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl)-imidazolidine-2-ylidene), and [(cAACMe)Cu(C6Me6)]+FAP- (6f) have been synthesized and characterized. The complexes [(IDipp)Cu(C6Me6)]+FAP- (6d) and [(cAACMe)Cu(C6Me6)]+FAP- (6f) have been used as catalysts for the copper(I)-catalyzed cycloaddition of benzyl azide to terminal alkynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Riethmann
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Steffen A Föhrenbacher
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Hannes Keiling
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Nikolai V Ignat'ev
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Consultant, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | - Maik Finze
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
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7
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Li TY, Zheng SJ, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME. Two-Coordinate Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Coinage Metal Complexes: Molecular Design, Photophysical Characters, and Device Application. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4332-4392. [PMID: 38546341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Since the emergence of the first green light emission from a fluorescent thin-film organic light emitting diode (OLED) in the mid-1980s, a global consumer market for OLED displays has flourished over the past few decades. This growth can primarily be attributed to the development of noble metal phosphorescent emitters that facilitated remarkable gains in electrical conversion efficiency, a broadened color gamut, and vibrant image quality for OLED displays. Despite these achievements, the limited abundance of noble metals in the Earth's crust has spurred ongoing efforts to discover cost-effective electroluminescent materials. One particularly promising avenue is the exploration of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), a mechanism with the potential to fully harness excitons in OLEDs. Recently, investigations have unveiled TADF in a series of two-coordinate coinage metal (Cu, Ag, and Au) complexes. These organometallic TADF materials exhibit distinctive behavior in comparison to their organic counterparts. They offer benefits such as tunable emissive colors, short TADF emission lifetimes, high luminescent quantum yields, and reasonable stability. Impressively, both vacuum-deposited and solution-processed OLEDs incorporating these materials have achieved outstanding performance. This review encompasses various facets on two-coordinate TADF coinage metal complexes, including molecular design, photophysical characterizations, elucidation of structure-property relationships, and OLED applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shu-Jia Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peter I Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mark E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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8
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Bakhoda A. Synthesis and crystal structure of [1,3-bis-(2,6-diiso-propyl-phen-yl)imidazol-2-yl-idene](iso-cyanato-κ N)gold(I). Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2024; 80:166-168. [PMID: 38333129 PMCID: PMC10848990 DOI: 10.1107/s205698902400046x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The title complex, [Au(NCO)(C27H36N2)], was synthesized by ligand metathesis from [1,3-bis-(2,6-diiso-propyl-phen-yl)imidazol-2-yl-idene]gold(I) chloride and sodium cyanate in anhydrous tetra-hydro-furan and crystallized from toluene at 233 K in the ortho-rhom-bic space group P212121, as a neutral complex with the central Au atom di-coordinated by an N-heterocyclic carbene [Au-C = 1.963 (2) Å] and an iso-cyanate [Au-N 1.999 (2) Å] ligands, with a linear CAuNCO moiety. The crystal packing is consolidated by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolghasem Bakhoda
- 1Department of Chemistry Towson University 8000 York Road Towson, MD 21252, USA
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9
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Avula S, Jhun BH, Jo U, Heo S, Lee JY, You Y. Achieving Long-Wavelength Electroluminescence Using Two-Coordinate Gold(I) Complexes: Overcoming the Energy Gap Law. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305745. [PMID: 37953418 PMCID: PMC10767458 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Two-coordinate coinage metal complexes have emerged as promising emitters for highly efficient organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). However, achieving efficient long-wavelength electroluminescence emission from these complexes remains as a daunting challenge. To address this challenge, molecular design strategies aimed at bolstering the photoluminescence quantum yield (Φ) of Au(I) complex emitters in low-energy emission regions are investigated. By varying amido ligands, a series of two-coordinate Au(I) complexes is developed that exhibit photoluminescence peak wavelengths over a broad range of 533-750 nm. These complexes, in particular, maintain Φ values up to 10% even in the near-infrared emission region, overcoming the constraints imposed by an energy gap. Quantum chemical calculations and photophysical analyses reveal the action of radiative control, which serves to overcome the energy gap law, becomes more pronounced as the overlap between hole and electron distributions (Sr (r)) in the excited state increases. It is further elucidated that Sr (r) increases with the distance between the hole-distribution centroid and the nitrogen atom in an amido ligand. Finally, multilayer OLEDs involving the Au(I) complex emitters exhibit performances beyond the borderline of the electroluminescence wavelength-external quantum efficiency space set by previous devices of coinage metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivas Avula
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hak Jhun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Unhyeok Jo
- School of Chemical EngineeringSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonGyeonggi‐do16419Republic of Korea
| | - Seunga Heo
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceEwha Womans UniversitySeoul03760Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yeob Lee
- School of Chemical EngineeringSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonGyeonggi‐do16419Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin You
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
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10
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Maiola ML, Buss JA. Accessing Ta/Cu Architectures via Metal-Metal Salt Metatheses: Heterobimetallic C-H Bond Activation Affords μ-Hydrides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311721. [PMID: 37831544 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
We employ a metal-metal salt metathesis strategy to access low-valent tantalum-copper heterometallic architectures (Ta-μ2 -H2 -Cu and Ta-μ3 -H2 -Cu3 ) that emulate structural elements proposed for surface alloyed nanomaterials. Whereas cluster assembly with carbonylmetalates is well precedented, the use of the corresponding polyarene transition metal anions is underexplored, despite recognition of these highly reactive fragments as storable sources of atomic Mn- . Our application of this strategy provides structurally unique early-late bimetallic species. These complexes incorporate bridging hydride ligands during their syntheses, the origin of which is elucidated via detailed isotopic labelling studies. Modification of ancillary ligand sterics and electronics alters the mechanism of bimetallic assembly; a trinuclear complex resulting from dinuclear C-H activation is demonstrated as an intermediate en route to formation of the bimetallic. Further validating the promise of this rational, bottom-up approach, a unique tetranuclear species was synthesized, featuring a Ta centre bearing three Ta-Cu interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela L Maiola
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Joshua A Buss
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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11
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Scattolin T, Tonon G, Botter E, Guillet SG, Tzouras NV, Nolan SP. Gold(I)-N-Heterocyclic Carbene Synthons in Organometallic Synthesis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301961. [PMID: 37463071 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The prominent role of gold-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes in numerous research areas such as homogeneous (photo)catalysis, medicinal chemistry and materials science has prompted organometallic chemists to design gold-based synthons that permit access to target complexes through simple synthetic steps under mild conditions. In this review, the main gold-NHC synthons employed in organometallic synthesis are discussed. Mechanistic aspects involved in their synthesis and reactivity as well as applications of gold-NHC synthons as efficient pre-catalysts, antitumor agents and/or photo-emissive materials are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Scattolin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli studi di Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tonon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca' Foscari Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155, 30174, Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Eleonora Botter
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca' Foscari Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155, 30174, Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Sebastien G Guillet
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nikolaos V Tzouras
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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12
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Powley SL, Riley C, Cho HH, Le Phuoc N, Linnolahti M, Greenham N, Romanov AS. Highly phosphorescent carbene-metal-carboranyl complexes of copper(I) and gold(I). Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12035-12038. [PMID: 37729393 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04091g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
New phosphorescent "carbene-metal-carboranyl" (CMC) Cu(I) and Au(I) complexes based on the diamidocarbene (DAC) ligand show up to 68% photoluminescence quantum yield and microsecond range lifetimes. CMC organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) emit sky-blue and warm white electroluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L Powley
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Charlotte Riley
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Hwan-Hee Cho
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.
| | - Nguyen Le Phuoc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu Campus, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu Campus, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Neil Greenham
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.
| | - Alexander S Romanov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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13
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Belyakov AV, Altova EP, Rykov AN, Sharanov PY, Shishkov IF, Romanov AS. The Equilibrium Molecular Structure of Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino) Carbene Copper(I) Chloride via Gas-Phase Electron Diffraction and Quantum Chemical Calculations. Molecules 2023; 28:6897. [PMID: 37836740 PMCID: PMC10574683 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper-centered carbene-metal-halides (CMHs) with cyclic (alkyl)(amino) carbenes (CAACs) are bright phosphorescent emitters and key precursors in the synthesis of the highly promising class of the materials carbene-metal-amides (CMAs) operating via thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Aiming to reveal the molecular geometry for CMH phosphors in the absence of the intermolecular contacts, we report here the equilibrium molecular structure of the (CAAC)Cu(I)Cl (1) molecule in the gas-phase. We demonstrate that linear geometry around a copper atom shows no distortions in the ground state. The structure of complex 1 has been determined using the electron diffraction method, supported by quantum chemical calculations with RI-MP2/def2-QZVPP level of theory and compared with the crystal structure determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. Mean vibrational amplitudes, uij,h1, and anharmonic vibrational corrections (rij,e • rij,a) were calculated for experimental temperature T = 20 °C, using quadratic and cubic force constants, respectively. The quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and natural bond order (NBO) analysis of wave function at MN15/def2TZVP level of theory revealed two Cu…H, three H…H, and one three-center H…H…H bond paths with bond critical points. NBO analysis also revealed three-center, four-electron hyperbonds, (3c4e), [π(N-C) nπ(Cu) ↔ nπ(N) π(N-Cu)], or [N-C: Cu ↔ N: C-Cu] and nπ(Cu) → π(C-N)* hyperconjugation, that is the delocalization of the lone electron pair of Cu atom into the antibonding orbital of C-N bond.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ekaterina P. Altova
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (E.P.A.); (P.Y.S.)
| | - Anatoliy N. Rykov
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (E.P.A.); (P.Y.S.)
| | - Pavel Yu. Sharanov
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (E.P.A.); (P.Y.S.)
| | - Igor F. Shishkov
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (E.P.A.); (P.Y.S.)
| | - Alexander S. Romanov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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14
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Beig N, Goyal V, Bansal RK. Application of N-heterocyclic carbene-Cu(I) complexes as catalysts in organic synthesis: a review. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1408-1442. [PMID: 37767335 PMCID: PMC10520485 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are a special type of carbenes in which the carbene carbon atom is part of the nitrogen heterocyclic ring. Due to the simplicity of their synthesis and the modularity of their stereoelectronic properties, NHCs have unquestionably emerged as one of the most fascinating and well-known species in chemical science. The remarkable stability of NHCs can be attributed to both kinetic as well as thermodynamic effects caused by its structural features. NHCs constitute a well-established class of new ligands in organometallic chemistry. Although initially NHCs were regarded as pure σ-donor ligands, later experimental and theoretical studies established the presence of a significant back donation from the d-orbital of the metal to the π* orbital of the NHC. Over the last two decades, NHC-metal complexes have been extensively used as efficient catalysts in different types of organic reactions. Of these, NHC-Cu(I) complexes found prominence for various reasons, such as ease of preparation, possibility of structural diversity, low cost, and versatile applications. This article overviews applications of NHC-Cu(I) complexes as catalysts in organic synthesis over the last 12 years, which include hydrosilylation reactions, conjugate addition, [3 + 2] cycloaddition, A3 reaction, boration and hydroboration, N-H and C(sp2)-H carboxylation, C(sp2)-H alkenylation and allylation, C(sp2)-H arylation, C(sp2)-H amidation, and C(sp2)-H thiolation. Preceding the section of applications, a brief description of the structure of NHCs, nature of NHC-metal bond, and methods of preparation of NHC-Cu complexes is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nosheen Beig
- Department of Chemistry, The IIS (deemed to be University), Jaipur, 302 020, India
| | - Varsha Goyal
- Department of Chemistry, The IIS (deemed to be University), Jaipur, 302 020, India
| | - Raj Kumar Bansal
- Department of Chemistry, The IIS (deemed to be University), Jaipur, 302 020, India
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15
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Ma J, Schaab J, Paul S, Forrest SR, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME. Luminescent Bimetallic Two-Coordinate Gold(I) Complexes Utilizing Janus Carbenes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20097-20108. [PMID: 37642694 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of bimetallic carbene-metal-amide (cMa) complexes have been prepared with bridging biscarbene ligands to serve as a model for the design of luminescent materials with large oscillator strengths and small energy differences between the singlet and triplet states (ΔEST). The complexes have a general structure (R2N)Au(:carbene─carbene:)Au(NR2). The bimetallic complexes show solvation-dependent absorption and emission that is analyzed in detail. It is found that the molar absorptivity of the bimetallic complexes is correlated with the energy barrier to rotation of the metal-ligand bond. The bimetallic cMa complexes also exhibit short emission lifetimes (τ = 200-300 ns) with high photoluminescence efficiencies (ΦPL > 95%). The radiative rates of bimetallic cMa complexes are 3-4 times faster than that of the corresponding monometallic complexes. Analysis of temperature-dependent luminescence data indicates that the lifetime for the singlet state (τS1) of bimetallic cMa complexes is near 12 ns with a ΔEST of 40-50 meV. The presented compounds provide a general design for cMa complexes to achieve small values for ΔEST while retaining high radiative rates. Solution-processed organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) made using two of the complexes as luminescent dopants show high efficiency and low roll-off at high luminance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jonas Schaab
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Sritoma Paul
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Stephen R Forrest
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Peter I Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mark E Thompson
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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16
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Singh J, Sharma S, Prakasham AP, Rajaraman G, Ghosh P. Accessing Bioactive Hydrazones by the Hydrohydrazination of Terminal Alkynes Catalyzed by Gold(I) Acyclic Aminooxy Carbene Complexes and Their Gold(I) Arylthiolato and Gold(III) Tribromo Derivatives: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:21042-21073. [PMID: 37323414 PMCID: PMC10268297 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydrohydrazination of terminal alkynes with hydrazides yielding hydrazones 5-14 were successfully catalyzed by a series of gold(I) acyclic aminooxy carbene complexes of the type [{(4-R2-2,6-t-Bu2-C6H2O)(N(R1)2)}methylidene]AuCl, where R2 = H, R1 = Me (1b); R2 = H, R1 = Cy (2b); R2 = t-Bu, R1 = Me (3b); R2 = t-Bu, R1 = Cy (4b). The mass spectrometric evidence corroborated the existence of the catalytically active solvent-coordinated [(AAOC)Au(CH3CN)]SbF6 (1-4)A species and the acetylene-bound [(AAOC)Au(HC≡CPhMe)]SbF6 (3B) species of the proposed catalysis cycle. The hydrohydrazination reaction was successfully employed in synthesizing several bioactive hydrazone compounds (15-18) with anticonvulsant properties using a representative precatalyst (2b). The DFT studies favored the 4-ethynyltoluene (HC≡CPhMe) coordination pathway over the p-toluenesulfonyl hydrazide (NH2NHSO2C6H4CH3) coordination pathway, and that proceeded by a crucial intermolecular hydrazide-assisted proton transfer step. The gold(I) complexes (1-4)b were synthesized from the {[(4-R2-2,6-t-Bu2-C6H2O)(N(R1)2)]CH}+OTf- (1-4)a by treatment with (Me2S)AuCl in the presence of NaH as a base. The reactivity studies of (1-4)b yielded the gold(III) [{(4-R2-2,6-t-Bu2-C6H2O)(N(R1)2)}methylidene]AuBr3 (1-4)c complexes upon reaction with molecular bromine and the gold(I) perfluorophenylthiolato derivatives, [{(4-R2-2,6-t-Bu2-C6H2O)(N(R1)2)}methylidene]AuSC6F5 (1-4)d, upon treatment with C6F5SH.
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17
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Phuoc NL, Brannan AC, Romanov AS, Linnolahti M. Tailoring Carbene-Metal-Amides for Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence: A Computationally Guided Study on the Effect of Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbenes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114398. [PMID: 37298874 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold-centered carbene-metal-amides (CMAs) containing cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAACs) are promising emitters for thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Aiming at the design and optimization of new TADF emitters, we report a density functional theory study of over 60 CMAs with various CAAC ligands, systematically evaluating computed parameters in relation to photoluminescence properties. The CMA structures were primarily selected based on experimental synthesis prospects. We demonstrate that TADF efficiency of the CMA materials originates from a compromise between oscillator strength coefficients and exchange energy (ΔEST). The latter is governed by the overlap of HOMO and LUMO orbitals, where HOMO is localized on the amide and LUMO over the Au-carbene bond. The S0 ground and excited T1 states of the CMAs adopt approximately coplanar geometry of carbene and amide ligands, but rotate perpendicular in the excited S1 states, resulting in degeneracy or near-degeneracy of S1 and T1, accompanied by a decrease in the S1-S0 oscillator strength from its maximum at coplanar geometries to near zero at rotated geometries. Based on the computations, promising new TADF emitters are proposed and synthesized. Bright CMA complex (Et2CAAC)Au(carbazolide) is obtained and fully characterized in order to demonstrate that excellent stability and high radiative rates up to 106 s-1 can be obtained for the gold-CMA complexes with small CAAC-carbene ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Le Phuoc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Alexander C Brannan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Alexander S Romanov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
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18
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Pander P, Gomes Franca L, Dias FB, Kozhevnikov VN. Electroluminescence of Tetradentate Pt(II) Complexes: O^N^N^O versus C^N^N^O Coordination. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:5772-5779. [PMID: 36996164 PMCID: PMC10091473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Alkylation of one of the phenolic hydroxyl groups in a salen-type tetradentate ligand changes the coordination mode from O^N^N^O to the cyclometallating C^N^N^O type. The ligand was used to synthesize a new cyclometalated luminescent Pt(II) complex 2. While in solution the complex is poorly luminescent, in the solid state the emission is reinstated, which allowed one to evaluate complex 2 as a phosphorescent emitter in organic light-emitting diodes. 2 displays external quantum efficiency (EQE) = 9.1% and a maximum luminance of 9000 cd m-2 in a vacuum-deposited device. We carried out comparative analysis of photo- and electroluminescence of complex 2 with O^N^N^O complex 1 and demonstrated that the similar luminescent properties of the O^N^N^O and C^N^N^O complexes are rather coincidental because they display different excited-state landscapes. Surprisingly, the two complexes display a dramatically different electrochemical behavior, with O^N^N^O coordination leading to the formation of a stable electropolymer but C^N^N^O coordination fully preventing electropolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Pander
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, Gliwice 44-100, Poland
- Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 22B, Gliwice 44-100, Poland
| | | | - Fernando B Dias
- Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Valery N Kozhevnikov
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE1 8ST, U.K
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19
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Amouri H. Luminescent Complexes of Platinum, Iridium, and Coinage Metals Containing N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands: Design, Structural Diversity, and Photophysical Properties. Chem Rev 2023; 123:230-270. [PMID: 36315851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The employment of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) to design luminescent metal compounds has been the focus of recent intense investigations because of the strong σ-donor properties, which bring stability to the whole system and tend to push the d-d dark states so high in energy that they are rendered thermally inaccessible, thereby generating highly emissive complexes for useful applications such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), or featuring chiroptical properties, a field that is still in its infancy. Among the NHC complexes, those containing organic chromophores such as naphthalimide, pyrene, and carbazole exhibit rich emission behavior and thus have attracted extensive interest in the past five years, especially carbene coinage metal complexes with carbazolate ligands. In this review, the design strategies of NHC-based luminescent platinum and iridium complexes with large spin-orbit-coupling (SOC) are described first. Subsequent paragraphs illustrate the recent advances of luminescent coinage metal complexes with nucleophilic- and electrophilic-based carbenes based on silver, gold, and copper metal complexes that have the ability to display rich excited state emissions in particular via thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). The luminescence mechanism and excited state dynamics are also described. We then summarize the advance of NHC-metal complexes in the aforementioned fields in recent years. Finally, we propose the development trend of this fast-growing field of luminescent NHC-metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Amouri
- CNRS, IPCM (UMR 8232), Sorbonne Université-Faculté des Sciences et Ingénerie Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, Cedex 05, France
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20
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Tyagi A, Mondal S, Anmol, Tiwari V, Karmakar T, Kundu S. Understanding cyclic(alkyl)(amino)carbene-copper complex catalysed N-H and O-H bond addition to electron deficient olefins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 59:110-113. [PMID: 36477167 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05613e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The hydroamination of electron-deficient olefins was carried out using the (CAAC)Cu-Cl (CAAC = cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene) catalyst with an excellent yield at room temperature and under an open atmosphere. Furthermore, the catalyst shows excellent efficiency in the hydroaryloxylation and hydroalkoxylation of alkenes under mild conditions. The efficiency of the catalyst was tested for a wide range of substrates with different electronic and steric functionalities. Detailed computational studies have been carried out to understand the mechanism of these Cu(I) catalyzed reactions, which revealed that the reaction proceeds via either a four-membered or a six-membered cyclic transition state containing the copper ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshi Tyagi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Sunita Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Anmol
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Vikas Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Tarak Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Subrata Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India.
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21
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Hossain J, Gopinath JS, Tothadi S, Parameswaran P, Khan S. NHSi/NHGe-Supported Copper Halide and Pseudohalide Complexes: Synthesis and Application. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jabed Hossain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pa-shan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Jishnu Sai Gopinath
- National Institute of Technology Calicut, NIT Campus P.O., Kozhikode 673601, Kerala, India
| | - Srinu Tothadi
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division and Centralized, Instrumentation Facility, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research, Institute, Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, India
| | - Pattiyil Parameswaran
- National Institute of Technology Calicut, NIT Campus P.O., Kozhikode 673601, Kerala, India
| | - Shabana Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pa-shan, Pune 411008, India
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22
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Beaudelot J, Oger S, Peruško S, Phan TA, Teunens T, Moucheron C, Evano G. Photoactive Copper Complexes: Properties and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:16365-16609. [PMID: 36350324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalyzed and photosensitized chemical processes have seen growing interest recently and have become among the most active areas of chemical research, notably due to their applications in fields such as medicine, chemical synthesis, material science or environmental chemistry. Among all homogeneous catalytic systems reported to date, photoactive copper(I) complexes have been shown to be especially attractive, not only as alternative to noble metal complexes, and have been extensively studied and utilized recently. They are at the core of this review article which is divided into two main sections. The first one focuses on an exhaustive and comprehensive overview of the structural, photophysical and electrochemical properties of mononuclear copper(I) complexes, typical examples highlighting the most critical structural parameters and their impact on the properties being presented to enlighten future design of photoactive copper(I) complexes. The second section is devoted to their main areas of application (photoredox catalysis of organic reactions and polymerization, hydrogen production, photoreduction of carbon dioxide and dye-sensitized solar cells), illustrating their progression from early systems to the current state-of-the-art and showcasing how some limitations of photoactive copper(I) complexes can be overcome with their high versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Beaudelot
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Samuel Oger
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefano Peruško
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tuan-Anh Phan
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Titouan Teunens
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000Mons, Belgium
| | - Cécile Moucheron
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gwilherm Evano
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium
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23
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Muthig AMT, Wieland J, Koop S, Lenczyk C, Kerner F, Hupp B, Steffen A. Synthesis and Photophysical Studies of Copper(I) CAAC Half-Sandwich Complexes as a Highly Modifiable Class of Emitters. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:17427-17437. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André M. T. Muthig
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227Dortmund, Germany
| | - Justin Wieland
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Koop
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Lenczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227Dortmund, Germany
| | - Florian Kerner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074Würzburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Hupp
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Steffen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227Dortmund, Germany
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24
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Wang R, Wu X, Wu Y, Wang J, Huang H, Wang Y, He H, Zhao F. A new class of deep blue emitting four-coordinate NHC-Cu(I) complexes bearing nonconjugated triazolyl-imidazolylidene-type ligand: Synthesis, photophysical properties and theoretical investigations. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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25
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Muniz CN, Schaab J, Razgoniaev A, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME. π-Extended Ligands in Two-Coordinate Coinage Metal Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17916-17928. [PMID: 36126274 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two-coordinate carbene-MI-amide (cMa, MI = Cu, Ag, Au) complexes have emerged as highly efficient luminescent materials for use in a variety of photonic applications due to their extremely fast radiative rates through thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) from an interligand charge transfer (ICT) process. A series of cMa derivatives was prepared to examine the variables that affect the radiative rate, with the goal of understanding the parameters that control the radiative TADF process in these materials. We find that blue-emissive complexes with high photoluminescence efficiencies (ΦPL > 0.95) and fast radiative rates (kr = 4 × 106 s-1) can be achieved by selectively extending the π-system of the carbene and amide ligands. Of note is the role played by the increased separation between the hole and electron in the ICT excited state. Analysis of temperature-dependent luminescence data and theoretical calculations indicate that the hole-electron separation exerts a primary effect on the energy gap between the lowest-energy singlet and triplet states (ΔEST) while keeping the radiative rate for the singlet state relatively unchanged. This interpretation provides guidelines for the design of new cMa derivatives with even faster radiative rates in addition to those with slower radiative rates and thus extended excited state lifetimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin N Muniz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jonas Schaab
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Anton Razgoniaev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Peter I Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mark E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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26
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Muthig AMT, Krumrein M, Wieland J, Gernert M, Kerner F, Pflaum J, Steffen A. Trigonal Copper(I) Complexes with Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbene Ligands for Single-Photon Near-IR Triplet Emission. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:14833-14844. [PMID: 36069727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular near-IR (NIR) triplet-state emitters are of importance for the development of new, organic-electronics-based telecommunication technologies as optical fibers operating in the corresponding spectral bands allow for data transfer over much longer distances due to the significantly lower attenuation. However, achieving such low-energy triplet excited states with good radiative rate constants is very challenging, and studies regarding the single-photon emission of organometallics in this energy range are scarce. We have prepared a series of trigonal CuI CAAC complexes bearing chelating ligands with O, N, S, and Se donor atoms and studied their photophysical properties in this context. The compounds show weak low-energy absorption in solution between 400 and 500 nm due to mixed Cu → CAAC 1MLCT/LLCT states, resulting in yellow-green to orange appearance, which we have also correlated to the 15N NMR resonances of the π-accepting carbene ligand. In the solid state, phosphorescence from dominant 3(Cu → CAAC) CT states is observed at room temperature. The emission of the complexes is bathochromically shifted in comparison to structurally related linearly coordinated copper(I) CAAC complexes due to structural reorganization in the excited state to a T-shape. For [Cu(dbm)(CAACMe)], the broad phosphorescence with outstanding λmax = 760 nm tailors out to ca. 1100 nm and leads to its proof-of-concept application as a nonclassical single-photon light source, constituting key functional units for the implementation of tap-proof data transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- André M T Muthig
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marcel Krumrein
- Experimental Physics, Experimental Physics VI, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Justin Wieland
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Markus Gernert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Florian Kerner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jens Pflaum
- Experimental Physics, Experimental Physics VI, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Steffen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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27
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Gu Q, Chotard F, Eng J, Reponen APM, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Woodward AW, Penfold TJ, Credgington D, Bochmann M, Romanov AS. Excited-State Lifetime Modulation by Twisted and Tilted Molecular Design in Carbene-Metal-Amide Photoemitters. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 34:7526-7542. [PMID: 36032551 PMCID: PMC9404540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c01938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbene-metal-amides (CMAs) are an emerging class of photoemitters based on a linear donor-linker-acceptor arrangement. They exhibit high flexibility about the carbene-metal and metal-amide bonds, leading to a conformational freedom which has a strong influence on their photophysical properties. Herein we report CMA complexes with (1) nearly coplanar, (2) twisted, (3) tilted, and (4) tilt-twisted orientations between donor and acceptor ligands and illustrate the influence of preferred ground-state conformations on both the luminescence quantum yields and excited-state lifetimes. The performance is found to be optimum for structures with partially twisted and/or tilted conformations, resulting in radiative rates exceeding 1 × 106 s-1. Although the metal atoms make only small contributions to HOMOs and LUMOs, they provide sufficient spin-orbit coupling between the low-lying excited states to reduce the excited-state lifetimes down to 500 ns. At the same time, high photoluminescence quantum yields are maintained for a strongly tilted emitter in a host matrix. Proof-of-concept organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on these new emitter designs were fabricated, with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 19.1% with low device roll-off efficiency. Transient electroluminescence studies indicate that molecular design concepts for new CMA emitters can be successfully translated into the OLED device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinying Gu
- Department
of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge
University, Cambridge CB3 0HF, U.K.
| | - Florian Chotard
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K.
| | - Julien Eng
- School
of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K.
| | - Antti-Pekka M. Reponen
- Department
of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge
University, Cambridge CB3 0HF, U.K.
| | | | - Adam W. Woodward
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Thomas J. Penfold
- School
of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K.
| | - Dan Credgington
- Department
of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge
University, Cambridge CB3 0HF, U.K.
| | - Manfred Bochmann
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K.
| | - Alexander S. Romanov
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
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28
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Ibni Hashim I, Tzouras NV, Janssens W, Scattolin T, Bourda L, Bhandary S, Van Hecke K, Nolan SP, Cazin CSJ. Synthesis of Carbene‐Metal‐Amido (CMA) Complexes and Their Use as Precatalysts for the Activator‐Free, Gold‐Catalyzed Addition of Carboxylic Acids to Alkynes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201224. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ishfaq Ibni Hashim
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281,S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Nikolaos V. Tzouras
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281,S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Wim Janssens
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281,S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università degli Studi di Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Laurens Bourda
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281,S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Subhrajyoti Bhandary
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281,S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281,S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Steven P. Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281,S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Catherine S. J. Cazin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281,S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
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29
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Nguyen VD, Trevino R, Greco SG, Arman HD, Larionov OV. Tricomponent Decarboxysulfonylative Cross-Coupling Facilitates Direct Construction of Aryl Sulfones and Reveals a Mechanistic Dualism in the Acridine/Copper Photocatalytic System. ACS Catal 2022; 12:8729-8739. [PMID: 36643936 PMCID: PMC9833479 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dual catalytic systems involving photocatalytic activation and transition metal-catalyzed steps have enabled innovative approaches to the construction of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. However, the mechanistic complexity of the dual catalytic processes presents multiple challenges for understanding of the roles of divergent catalytic species that can impede the development of future synthetic methods. Here, we report a dual catalytic process that enables the previously inaccessible, broad-scope, direct conversion of carboxylic acids to aromatic sulfones-centrally important carbonyl group bioisosteric replacements and synthetic intermediates-by a tricomponent decarboxysulfonylative cross-coupling with aryl halides. Detailed mechanistic and computational studies revealed the roles of the copper catalyst, base, and halide anions in channeling the acridine/copper system via a distinct dual catalytic manifold. In contrast to the halide-free decarboxylative conjugate addition that involves cooperative dual catalysis via low-valent copper species, the halide counteranions divert the decarboxysulfonylative cross-coupling with aryl halides through a two-phase, orthogonal relay catalytic manifold, comprising a kinetically coupled (via antithetical inhibitory and activating roles of the base in the two catalytic cycles), mechanistically discrete sequence of a photoinduced, acridine-catalyzed decarboxylative process and a thermal copper-catalyzed arylative coupling. The study underscores the importance of non-innocent roles of counteranions and key redox steps at the interface of catalytic cycles for enabling previously inaccessible dual catalytic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet D. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Ramon Trevino
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Samuel G. Greco
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Hadi D. Arman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Oleg V. Larionov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
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30
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Das A, Elvers BJ, Nayak MK, Chrysochos N, Anga S, Kumar A, Rao DK, Narayanan TN, Schulzke C, Yildiz CB, Jana A. Realizing 1,1-Dehydration of Secondary Alcohols to Carbenes: Pyrrolidin-2-ols as a Source of Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202637. [PMID: 35362643 PMCID: PMC9400972 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report secondary pyrrolidin-2-ols as a source of cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAAC) for the synthesis of CAAC-CuI -complexes and cyclic thiones when reacted with CuI -salts and elemental sulfur, respectively, under reductive elimination of water from the carbon(IV)-center. This result demonstrates a convenient and facile access to CAAC-based CuI -salts, which are well known catalysts for different organic transformations. It further establishes secondary alcohols to be a viable source of carbenes-realizing after 185 years Dumas' dream who tried to prepare the parent carbene (CH2 ) by 1,1-dehydration of methanol. Addressed is also the reactivity of water towards CAACs, which proceeds through an oxidative addition of the O-H bond to the carbon(II)-center. This emphasizes the ability of carbon-compounds to mimic the reactivity of transition-metal complexes: reversible oxidative addition and reductive elimination of the O-H bond to/from the C(II)/C(IV)-centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Das
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, GopanpallyHyderabad 500046TelanganaIndia
| | - Benedict J. Elvers
- Institut für BiochemieUniversität GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Straße 417489GreifswaldGermany
| | - Mithilesh Kumar Nayak
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, GopanpallyHyderabad 500046TelanganaIndia
| | - Nicolas Chrysochos
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, GopanpallyHyderabad 500046TelanganaIndia
| | - Srinivas Anga
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, GopanpallyHyderabad 500046TelanganaIndia
| | - Amar Kumar
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, GopanpallyHyderabad 500046TelanganaIndia
| | - D. Krishna Rao
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, GopanpallyHyderabad 500046TelanganaIndia
| | | | - Carola Schulzke
- Institut für BiochemieUniversität GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Straße 417489GreifswaldGermany
| | - Cem B. Yildiz
- Department of Aromatic and Medicinal PlantsAksaray UniversityAksaray68100Turkey
| | - Anukul Jana
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, GopanpallyHyderabad 500046TelanganaIndia
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31
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Spence KA, Chari JV, Di Niro M, Susick RB, Ukwitegetse N, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME, Garg NK. π-Extension of heterocycles via a Pd-catalyzed heterocyclic aryne annulation: π-extended donors for TADF emitters. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5884-5892. [PMID: 35685807 PMCID: PMC9132060 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01788a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the annulation of heterocyclic building blocks to access π-extended polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The method involves the trapping of short-lived hetarynes with catalytically-generated biaryl palladium intermediates and allows for the concise appendage of three or more fused aromatic rings about a central heterocyclic building block. Our studies focus on annulating the indole and carbazole heterocycles through the use of indolyne and carbazolyne chemistry, respectively, the latter of which required the synthesis of a new carbazolyne precursor. Notably, these represent rare examples of transition metal-catalyzed reactions of N-containing hetarynes. We demonstrate the utility of our methodology in the synthesis of heterocyclic π-extended PAHs, which were then applied as ligands in two-coordinate metal complexes. As a result of these studies, we identified a new thermally-activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter that displays up to 81% photoluminescence efficiency, along with insight into structure-property relationships. These studies underscore the utility of heterocyclic strained intermediates in the synthesis and study of organic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Spence
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles California 90095 USA
| | - Jason V Chari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles California 90095 USA
| | - Mattia Di Niro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California Los Angeles California 90089 USA
| | - Robert B Susick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles California 90095 USA
| | - Narcisse Ukwitegetse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California Los Angeles California 90089 USA
| | - Peter I Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California Los Angeles California 90089 USA
| | - Mark E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California Los Angeles California 90089 USA
| | - Neil K Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles California 90095 USA
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32
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Ma J, Kapper SC, Ponnekanti A, Schaab J, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME. Dynamics of rotation in two‐coordinate thiazolyl copper(I) carbazolyl complexes. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of Southern California Los Angeles California
| | - Savannah C. Kapper
- Department of Chemistry University of Southern California Los Angeles California
| | - Aamani Ponnekanti
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of Southern California Los Angeles California
| | - Jonas Schaab
- Department of Chemistry University of Southern California Los Angeles California
| | - Peter I. Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry University of Southern California Los Angeles California
| | - Mark E. Thompson
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of Southern California Los Angeles California
- Department of Chemistry University of Southern California Los Angeles California
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33
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Ruduss A, Turovska B, Belyakov S, Stucere KA, Vembris A, Baryshnikov G, Ågren H, Lu JC, Lin WH, Chang CH, Traskovskis K. Thiazoline Carbene-Cu(I)-Amide complexes: Efficient White Electroluminescence from Combined Monomer and Excimer Emission. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:15478-15493. [PMID: 35345881 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Luminescent carbene-metal-amide complexes bearing group 11 metals (Cu, Ag, Au) have recently attracted great attention due to their exceptional emission efficiency and high radiative decay rates (kr). These materials provide a less costly alternative to organic light-emitting diode (OLED) emitters based on more scarce metals, such as Ir and Pt. Herein, a series of eight Cu(I) complexes bearing as yet unexplored 1,3-thiazoline carbenes have been investigated and analyzed with respect to their light emission properties and OLED application. For the first time among the class of copper-based organometallic compounds the formation of efficient electroluminescent excimers is demonstrated. The prevalence of electroluminescence (EL) from either the monomer (bluish green) or the excimer (orange-red) can be adjusted in vacuum-deposited emissive layers by altering the extent of steric encumbrance of the emitter or its concentration. Optimized conditions in terms of the emitter structure and mass fraction allowed a simultaneous EL from the monomer and excimer, which laid the basis for a preparation of a single-emitter white OLED (WOLED) with external quantum efficiency of 16.5% and a maximum luminance of over 40000 cd m-2. Wide overlapping emission bands of the monomer and excimer ensure a device color rendering index (CRI) of above 80. In such a way the prospects of copper complexes as cost-effective materials for lighting devices are demonstrated, offering expense reduction through a cheaper emissive component and a simplified device architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armands Ruduss
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Str. 3, LV-1048, Riga, Latvia
| | - Baiba Turovska
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Sergey Belyakov
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Kitija A Stucere
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga Str. 8, LV-1063, Riga, Latvia
| | - Aivars Vembris
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga Str. 8, LV-1063, Riga, Latvia
| | - Glib Baryshnikov
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Hans Ågren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jhao-Cheng Lu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli 32003, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Han Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli 32003, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli 32003, Taiwan
| | - Kaspars Traskovskis
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Str. 3, LV-1048, Riga, Latvia
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34
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Kumar Kushvaha S, Mishra A, Roesky HW, Chandra Mondal K. Recent Advances in the Domain of Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino) Carbenes. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202101301. [PMID: 34989475 PMCID: PMC9307053 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Isolation of cyclic (alkyl) amino carbenes (cAACs) in 2005 has been a major achievement in the field of stable carbenes due to their better electronic properties. cAACs and bicyclic(alkyl)(amino)carbene (BicAAC) in essence are the most electrophilic as well as nucleophilic carbenes are known till date. Due to their excellent electronic properties in terms of nucleophilic and electrophilic character, cAACs have been utilized in different areas of chemistry, including stabilization of low valent main group and transition metal species, activation of small molecules, and catalysis. The applications of cAACs in catalysis have opened up new avenues of research in the field of cAAC chemistry. This review summarizes the major results of cAAC chemistry published until August 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ankush Mishra
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology MadrasChennai600036India
| | - Herbert W. Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryTammannstrasse 4D-37077GöttingenGermany
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35
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Das A, Elvers BJ, Nayak MK, Chrysochos N, Anga S, Kumar A, Rao DK, Narayanan TN, Schulzke C, Yildiz CB, Jana A. Realizing the 1,1‐Dehydration of Secondary Alcohols to Carbenes: Pyrrolidin‐2‐ols as a Source of Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Das
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Chemistry INDIA
| | | | | | | | - Srinivas Anga
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Chemistry INDIA
| | - Amar Kumar
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Chemistry INDIA
| | - D. Krishna Rao
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Chemistry INDIA
| | | | | | - Cem B. Yildiz
- Aksaray Universitesi Aromatic and Medicinal Plants TURKEY
| | - Anukul Jana
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences Chemical Science 21, Brundavan Colony, Narsingi 500075 Hyderabad INDIA
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36
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Alkorta I, Benito MT, Elguero J, Doyagüez EG, Patterson MR, Jimeno ML, Dias HVR, Reviriego F. The use of DOSY experiments to determine the solution structures of coinage metal pyrazolates: The case of {[3,5-(CF 3 ) 2 Pz]Ag} 3. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2022; 60:442-451. [PMID: 34935188 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A series of DOSY experiments have been carried out to determine the solution stoichiometry of silver(I) 3,5-bis (trifluoromethyl)pyrazolate species. This compound exists as a trimer in the solid state (n = 3) but in solutions of chlorinated solvents, the DOSY data suggest the presence of a mixture of solvent stabilized monomer (n = 1) and dimer (n = 2) in equilibrium. Different approximations have been used including the Stokes-Einstein and the Stokes-Einstein-Gierer-Wirtz equations. Some methodological problems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Benito
- Servicio de Resonancia Magnética Nuclear, Centro de Química Orgánica 'Lora-Tamayo', CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa García Doyagüez
- Servicio de Resonancia Magnética Nuclear, Centro de Química Orgánica 'Lora-Tamayo', CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Monika R Patterson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - María Luisa Jimeno
- Servicio de Resonancia Magnética Nuclear, Centro de Química Orgánica 'Lora-Tamayo', CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - H V Rasika Dias
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Felipe Reviriego
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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37
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Tzouras NV, Scattolin T, Gobbo A, Bhandary S, Rizzolio F, Cavarzerani E, Canzonieri V, Van Hecke K, Vougioukalakis GC, Cazin CSJ, Nolan SP. A Green Synthesis of Carbene-Metal-Amides (CMAs) and Carboline-Derived CMAs with Potent in vitro and ex vivo Anticancer Activity. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200135. [PMID: 35312174 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The modularity and ease of synthesis of carbene-metal-amide (CMA) complexes based on the coinage metals (Au, Ag, Cu) and N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) as ancillary ligands pave the way for the expansion of their applications beyond photochemistry and catalysis. Herein, we further improve the synthesis of such compounds by circumventing the use of toxic organic solvents which were previously required for their purification, and we expand their scope to include complexes incorporating carbolines as the amido fragments. The novel complexes are screened both in vitro and ex vivo, against several cancer cell lines and high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) tumoroids, respectively. Excellent cytotoxicity values are obtained for most complexes, while the structural variety of the CMA library screened thus far, provides promising leads for future developments. Variations of all three components (NHC, metal, amido ligand), enable the establishment of trends regarding cytotoxicity and selectivity towards cancerous over normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos V Tzouras
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Università Ca' Foscari, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, 30174, Venezia-Mestre, Italy.,Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, via Franco Gallini 2, 33081, Aviano, Italy
| | - Alberto Gobbo
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Subhrajyoti Bhandary
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Università Ca' Foscari, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, 30174, Venezia-Mestre, Italy.,Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, via Franco Gallini 2, 33081, Aviano, Italy
| | - Enrico Cavarzerani
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Università Ca' Foscari, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, 30174, Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Canzonieri
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, via Franco Gallini 2, 33081, Aviano, Italy.,Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Georgios C Vougioukalakis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Catherine S J Cazin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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38
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Martynova EA, Scattolin T, Cavarzerani E, Peng M, Van Hecke K, Rizzolio F, Nolan SP. A simple synthetic entryway into new families of NHC-gold-amido complexes and their in vitro antitumor activity. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:3462-3471. [PMID: 35142328 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00239f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
A simple synthetic pathway to Au-NHC amido complexes is described. Syntheses and isolation of [Au(NHC)(NR1R2)] complexes, bearing various NHC ligands and NH-containing heterocycles under mild conditions are reported. The in vitro anticancer activity of these gold-complexes was investigated on three human cancer cell lines. A number of these show comparable or even better antiproliferative activity than cisplatin. Noteworthy is the non-toxicity of most of the complexes on normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Martynova
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems Università Ca' Foscari, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, 30174, Venezia-Mestre, Italy.
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, via Franco Gallini 2, 33081, Aviano, Italy
| | - Enrico Cavarzerani
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems Università Ca' Foscari, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, 30174, Venezia-Mestre, Italy.
| | - Min Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems Università Ca' Foscari, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, 30174, Venezia-Mestre, Italy.
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, via Franco Gallini 2, 33081, Aviano, Italy
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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39
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Romanov AS, Linnolahti M, Bochmann M. Synthesis and photophysical properties of linear gold(I) complexes based on a CCC carbene. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17156-17164. [PMID: 34781337 PMCID: PMC8631002 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03393j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction between allenylpyridine (L1) and (Me2S)AuCl resulted in the quantitative formation of the (Indolizy)gold chloride complex 1 (Indolizy = indolizin-2-ylidene). The reaction of 1 with carbazole in the presence of KOtBu affords the corresponding (Indolizy)Au(Cz) complex 2. Both compounds show high air- and temperature stability. The crystal structure of 2 confirmed the linear co-planar geometry. Complex 1 shows an intense low energy absorption of mixed character in the UV-vis spectrum, ascribed to intraligand and (M + Hal)L charge transfer processes, and exhibits bright yellow phosphorescence with an excited state lifetime of 62.8 μs in the crystal and a luminescence quantum yield up to 65%. On the other hand, the carbazolate complex 2 in a polystyrene matrix shows bright red delayed fluorescence at 617 nm with a sub-microsecond excited state lifetime and a quantum yield of 21.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Romanov
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Earlham Road, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK. .,School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu Campus, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Manfred Bochmann
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Earlham Road, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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40
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Woodhouse SS, Buchanan JK, Dais TN, Ainscough EW, Brodie AM, Freeman GH, Plieger PG. Structural trends in a series of bulky dialkylbiarylphosphane complexes of Cu I. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2021; 77:513-521. [PMID: 34482294 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229621008159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
CuI complexes containing the bulky dialkylbiarylphosphane 2-(di-tert-butylphosphanyl)-2',4',6'-triisopropylbiphenyl (tBuXPhos, L) and an ancillary ligand (Cl-, Br-, I-, MeCN, ClO4- or SCN-) have been structurally characterized, namely, chlorido[2-(di-tert-butylphosphanyl)-2',4',6'-triisopropylbiphenyl-κP]copper(I), [CuCl(C29H45P)], 1, bromido[2-(di-tert-butylphosphanyl)-2',4',6'-triisopropylbiphenyl-κP]copper(I), [CuBr(C29H45P)], 2, [2-(di-tert-butylphosphanyl)-2',4',6'-triisopropylbiphenyl-κP]iodidocopper(I), [CuI(C29H45P)], 3, (acetonitrile-κN)[2-(di-tert-butylphosphanyl)-2',4',6'-triisopropylbiphenyl-κP]copper(I) hexafluoridophosphate, [Cu(CH3CN)(C29H45P)]PF6, 4, [2-(di-tert-butylphosphanyl)-2',4',6'-triisopropylbiphenyl-κP](perchlorato-κO)copper(I), [Cu(ClO4)(C29H45P)], 5, and di-μ-thiocyanato-κ2S:N;κ2N:S-bis{[2-(di-tert-butylphosphanyl)-2',4',6'-triisopropylbiphenyl-κP]copper(I)}, [Cu2(NCS)2(C29H45P)2], 6. Iodide complex 3 shows significant CuI-arene interactions, in contrast to its chloride 1 and bromide 2 counterparts, which is attributed to the weaker interaction between the iodide ion and the CuI centre. When replacing iodide with an acetonitrile (in 4) or perchlorate (in 5) ligand, the reduced interaction between the CuI atom and the ancillary ligand results in stronger CuI-arene interactions. No CuI-arene interactions are observed in dimer 6, due to the tricoordinated CuI centre having sufficient electron density from the coordinated ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney S Woodhouse
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jenna K Buchanan
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Tyson N Dais
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Eric W Ainscough
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Andrew M Brodie
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Graham H Freeman
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul G Plieger
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Abstract
In this contribution, we provide an overview of the main avenues that have emerged in gold coordination chemistry during the last years. The unique properties of gold have motivated research in gold chemistry, and especially regarding the properties and applications of gold compounds in catalysis, medicine, and materials chemistry. The advances in the synthesis and knowledge of gold coordination compounds have been possible with the design of novel ligands becoming relevant motifs that have allowed the preparation of elusive complexes in this area of research. Strong donor ligands with easily modulable electronic and steric properties, such as stable singlet carbenes or cyclometalated ligands, have been decisive in the stabilization of gold(0) species, gold fluoride complexes, gold hydrides, unprecedented π complexes, or cluster derivatives. These new ligands have been important not only from the fundamental structure and bonding studies but also for the synthesis of sophisticated catalysts to improve activity and selectivity of organic transformations. Moreover, they have enabled the facile oxidative addition from gold(I) to gold(III) and the design of a plethora of complexes with specific properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel P Herrera
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis Asimétrica Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M Concepción Gimeno
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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42
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Braker EE, Mukthar NFM, Schley ND, Ung G. Substituent Effect on the Circularly Polarized Luminescence of
C
1
‐Symmetric Carbene‐Copper(I) Complexes. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin E. Braker
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut 06269 USA
| | | | - Nathan D. Schley
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 37235 USA
| | - Gaël Ung
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut 06269 USA
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43
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Tzouras NV, Martynova EA, Ma X, Scattolin T, Hupp B, Busen H, Saab M, Zhang Z, Falivene L, Pisanò G, Van Hecke K, Cavallo L, Cazin CSJ, Steffen A, Nolan SP. Simple Synthetic Routes to Carbene-M-Amido (M=Cu, Ag, Au) Complexes for Luminescence and Photocatalysis Applications. Chemistry 2021; 27:11904-11911. [PMID: 34038002 PMCID: PMC8456869 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel and operationally simple synthetic routes to carbene‐metal‐amido (CMA) complexes of copper, silver and gold relevant for photonic applications are reported. A mild base and sustainable solvents allow all reactions to be conducted in air and at room temperature, leading to high yields of the targeted compounds even on multigram scales. The effect of various mild bases on the N−H metallation was studied in silico and experimentally, while a mechanochemical, solvent‐free synthetic approach was also developed. Our photophysical studies on [M(NHC)(Cbz)] (Cbz=carbazolyl) indicate that the occurrence of fluorescent or phosphorescent states is determined primarily by the metal, providing control over the excited state properties. Consequently, we demonstrate the potential of the new CMAs beyond luminescence applications by employing a selected CMA as a photocatalyst. The exemplified synthetic ease is expected to accelerate the applications of CMAs in photocatalysis and materials chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos V Tzouras
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ekaterina A Martynova
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xinyuan Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Hupp
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hendrik Busen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marina Saab
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ziyun Zhang
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laura Falivene
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gianmarco Pisanò
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Catherine S J Cazin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andreas Steffen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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44
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45
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Sandoval-Pauker C, Molina-Aguirre G, Pinter B. Status report on copper (I) complexes in photoredox catalysis; photophysical and electrochemical properties and future prospects. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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46
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Li TY, Shlian DG, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME. A Luminescent Two-Coordinate Au I Bimetallic Complex with a Tandem-Carbene Structure: A Molecular Design for the Enhancement of TADF Radiative Decay Rate. Chemistry 2021; 27:6191-6197. [PMID: 33561304 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A luminescent bimetallic AuI complex comprised of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and carbazole (Cz) ligands, that is, (NHC')Au(NHC)AuCz has been synthesized and studied. Both carbene ligands in the bimetallic complex act as electron acceptors in tandem to increase the energy separation between the ground and excited state, which is higher than those found in either monometallic analogue, (NHC)AuCz and (NHC')AuCz. A coplanar geometry designed into the tandem complex ensures sufficient electronic coupling between the π-orbitals of the ligands to impart a strong oscillator strength to the singlet intra-ligand charge-transfer (1 ICT) transition. Theoretical modelling indicates that the emissive ICT excited state involves both NHC ligands. The tandem complex gives blue luminescence (λmax =480 nm) with a high photoluminescent quantum yield (ΦPL =0.80) with a short decay lifetime (τ=0.52 μs). Temperature-dependent photophysical studies indicate that emission is via thermally assisted delayed fluorescence (TADF) and give a small singlet-triplet energy difference (ΔEST =50 meV, 400 cm-1 ) consistent with the short TADF lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
| | - Daniel G Shlian
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Peter I Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
| | - Mark E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
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47
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Hong G, Gan X, Leonhardt C, Zhang Z, Seibert J, Busch JM, Bräse S. A Brief History of OLEDs-Emitter Development and Industry Milestones. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005630. [PMID: 33458866 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have come a long way ever since their first introduction in 1987 at Eastman Kodak. Today, OLEDs are especially valued in the display and lighting industry for their promising features. As one of the research fields that equally inspires and drives development in academia and industry, OLED device technology has continuously evolved over more than 30 years. OLED devices have come forward based on three generations of emitter materials relying on fluorescence (first generation), phosphorescence (second generation), and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (third generation). Furthermore, research in academia and industry toward the fourth generation of OLEDs is in progress. Excerpts from the history of green, orange-red, and blue OLED emitter development on the side of academia and milestones achieved by key players in the industry are included in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Hong
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Xuemin Gan
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Céline Leonhardt
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Jasmin Seibert
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Jasmin M Busch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
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48
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Kim H, Kim M, Song H, Lee E. Indol‐2‐ylidene (IdY): Ambiphilic N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Derived from Indole**. Chemistry 2021; 27:3849-3854. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunho Kim
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 790-784 Republic of Korea
| | - Minseop Kim
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 790-784 Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Song
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 790-784 Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsung Lee
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 790-784 Republic of Korea
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49
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Lüdtke N, Föller J, Marian CM. Understanding the luminescence properties of Cu(i) complexes: a quantum chemical perusal. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:23530-23544. [PMID: 33074271 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04654j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Electronic structures and excited-state properties of Cu(i) complexes with varying coordination numbers have been investigated by means of advanced quantum chemical methods. The computational protocol employs density functional-based methods for geometry optimizations and vibrational analyses including solvent effects through continuum models. Excitation energies, spin-orbit couplings and luminescence properties are evaluated using multireference configuration interaction methods. Rate constants of spin-allowed and spin-forbidden transitions have been determined according to the Fermi golden rule. The computational results for the 4-coordinate (DPEPhos)Cu(PyrTet), the 3-coordinate [IPr-Cu-Py2]+, and the linear CAACMe2-Cu-Cl complexes agree well with experimental absorption and emission wavelengths, intersystem crossing (ISC) time constants, and radiative lifetimes in liquid solution. Spectral shifts on the ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (LLCT) and metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transitions caused by the polarity of the environment are well represented by the continuum models whereas the shifts caused by pseudo-Jahn-Teller distortions in the MLCT states are too pronounced in comparison to solid-state data. Systematic variation of the ligands in linear Cu(i) carbene complexes shows that only those complexes with S1 and T1 states of LLCT character possess sufficiently small singlet-triplet energy gaps ΔEST to enable thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Complexes whose S1 and T1 wavefunctions are dominated by MLCT excitations tend to emit phosphorescence instead. Unlike the situation in metal-free TADF emitters, the presence of low-lying locally excited triplet states does not promote ISC. These states rather hold the danger of trapping the excitation with nonradiative deactivation being the major deactivation channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Lüdtke
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Jelena Föller
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Christel M Marian
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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50
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Watt F, Dickmann N, Schoch R, Hohloch S. Isocyanate Insertion into a La-P Phosphide Bond: A Versatile Route to Phosphaureate-Bridged Heterobimetallic Lanthanide-Coinage-Metal Complexes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:13621-13631. [PMID: 32885972 PMCID: PMC7509844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A new route to heterobimetallic lanthanide-coinage-metal complexes is disclosed. The selective insertion of organic substrates such as phenyl iso(thio)cyanate into the La-P bond of the primary phosphido complex (PN)2La(PHMes) (1) (with PN- = (N-(2-(diisopropylphosphanyl)-4-methylphenyl)-2,4,6-trimethylanilide) yields the phospha(thio)ureate complexes (PN)2La(OC(NPh)(PHMes)) (2) and (PN)2La(SC(NPh)(PHMes)) (3) with retention of the PH protons. Subsequent deprotonation of the phosphaureate complex 2 with potassium hexamethyldisilazide (KHMDS, K[N(SiMe3)2]) leads to the polymeric complex [K{(PN)2La(OC(NPh)(PMes))}]n (4). Complex 4 was found to be an excellent precursor for salt metathesis reactions with copper(I) and gold(I) chlorides supported by an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC, 5 and 6) or a cyclic alkyl amino carbene (CAAC, 7 and 8). This resulted in the unprecedented formation of heterobimetallic lanthanum-coinage-metal complexes, containing the first example of a μ,κ2(O,N):κ1(P)-phosphaureate bridging ligand. For an alternative route to complex 8 a direct protonolysis protocol between a new basic gold(I) precursor, namely (MeCAAC)Au(HMDS), and 2 was also investigated. The complexes have been characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography (except for 8).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian
A. Watt
- Paderborn
University, Faculty of Science,
Department of Chemistry, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Nicole Dickmann
- Paderborn
University, Faculty of Science,
Department of Chemistry, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Roland Schoch
- Paderborn
University, Faculty of Science,
Department of Chemistry, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Stephan Hohloch
- University
of Innsbruck, Faculty of Chemistry
and Pharmacy, Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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