1
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Ma Y, Bendl J, Hartley BJ, Fullard JF, Abdelaal R, Ho SM, Kosoy R, Gochman P, Rapoport J, Hoffman GE, Brennand KJ, Roussos P. Activity-Dependent Transcriptional Program in NGN2+ Neurons Enriched for Genetic Risk for Brain-Related Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:187-198. [PMID: 37454787 PMCID: PMC10787819 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Converging evidence from large-scale genetic and postmortem studies highlights the role of aberrant neurotransmission and genetic regulation in brain-related disorders. However, identifying neuronal activity-regulated transcriptional programs in the human brain and understanding how changes contribute to disease remain challenging. METHODS To better understand how the activity-dependent regulome contributes to risk for brain-related disorders, we profiled the transcriptomic and epigenomic changes following neuronal depolarization in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived glutamatergic neurons (NGN2) from 6 patients with schizophrenia and 5 control participants. RESULTS Multiomic data integration associated global patterns of chromatin accessibility with gene expression and identified enhancer-promoter interactions in glutamatergic neurons. Within 1 hour of potassium chloride-induced depolarization, independent of diagnosis, glutamatergic neurons displayed substantial activity-dependent changes in the expression of genes regulating synaptic function. Depolarization-induced changes in the regulome revealed significant heritability enrichment for schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease, adding to mounting evidence that sequence variation within activation-dependent regulatory elements contributes to the genetic risk for brain-related disorders. Gene coexpression network analysis elucidated interactions among activity-dependent and disease-associated genes and pointed to a key driver (NAV3) that interacted with multiple genes involved in axon guidance. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we demonstrated that deciphering the activity-dependent regulome in glutamatergic neurons reveals novel targets for advanced diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Ma
- Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jaroslav Bendl
- Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Brigham J Hartley
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, New York, New York
| | - John F Fullard
- Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Rawan Abdelaal
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, New York, New York
| | - Seok-Man Ho
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, New York, New York
| | - Roman Kosoy
- Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Peter Gochman
- Childhood Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Judith Rapoport
- Childhood Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gabriel E Hoffman
- Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Kristen J Brennand
- Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, New York, New York.
| | - Panos Roussos
- Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York.
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2
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Sandeep P, Sharma P, Luhach K, Dhiman N, Kharkwal H, Sharma B. Neuron navigators: A novel frontier with physiological and pathological implications. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 127:103905. [PMID: 37972804 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuron navigators are microtubule plus-end tracking proteins containing basic and serine rich regions which are encoded by neuron navigator genes (NAVs). Neuron navigator proteins are essential for neurite outgrowth, neuronal migration, and overall neurodevelopment along with some other functions as well. The navigator proteins are substantially expressed in the developing brain and have been reported to be differentially expressed in various tissues at different ages. Over the years, the research has found neuron navigators to be implicated in a spectrum of pathological conditions such as developmental anomalies, neurodegenerative disorders, neuropathic pain, anxiety, cancers, and certain inflammatory conditions. The existing knowledge about neuron navigators remains sparse owing to their differential functions, undiscovered modulators, and unknown molecular mechanisms. Investigating the possible role of neuron navigators in various physiological processes and pathological conditions pose as a novel field that requires extensive research and might provide novel mechanistic insights and understanding of these aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth Sandeep
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Poonam Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Kanishk Luhach
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Neerupma Dhiman
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Harsha Kharkwal
- Amity Natural and Herbal Product Research, Amity Institute of Phytochemistry and Phytomedicine, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhupesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India.
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3
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Atkins M, Nicol X, Fassier C. Microtubule remodelling as a driving force of axon guidance and pruning. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 140:35-53. [PMID: 35710759 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of neuronal connectivity relies on the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton, which provides mechanical support, roads for axonal transport and mediates signalling events. Fine-tuned spatiotemporal regulation of MT functions by tubulin post-translational modifications and MT-associated proteins is critical for the coarse wiring and subsequent refinement of neuronal connectivity. The defective regulation of these processes causes a wide range of neurodevelopmental disorders associated with connectivity defects. This review focuses on recent studies unravelling how MT composition, post-translational modifications and associated proteins influence MT functions in axon guidance and/or pruning to build functional neuronal circuits. We here summarise experimental evidence supporting the key role of this network as a driving force for growth cone steering and branch-specific axon elimination. We further provide a global overview of the MT-interactors that tune developing axon behaviours, with a special emphasis on their emerging versatility in the regulation of MT dynamics/structure. Recent studies establishing the key and highly selective role of the tubulin code in the regulation of MT functions in axon pathfinding are also reported. Finally, our review highlights the emerging molecular links between these MT regulation processes and guidance signals that wire the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Atkins
- INSERM, UMR-S 1270, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Xavier Nicol
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Coralie Fassier
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, F-75012 Paris, France.
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4
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Bugaeva O, Maliniemi P, Prestvik WS, Leivo E, Kluger N, Salava A, Virtanen S, Jäntti K, Saksela O, Lehti K, Kujala P, Krohn K, Ranki A. Tumour Suppressor Neuron Navigator 3 and Matrix Metalloproteinase 14 are Co-expressed in Most Melanomas but Downregulated in Thick Tumours. Acta Derm Venereol 2023; 103:adv00883. [PMID: 36883877 PMCID: PMC10010123 DOI: 10.2340/actadv.v103.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly metastatic tumour originating from neural crest-derived melanocytes. The aim of this study was to analyse the expression of neuron navigator 3 (NAV3) in relation to membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase MMP14, a major regulator of invasion, in 40 primary melanomas, 15 benign naevi and 2 melanoma cell lines. NAV3 copy number changes were found in 18/27 (67%) primary melanomas, so that deletions dominated (16/27 of samples, 59%). NAV3 protein was found to be localized at the leading edge of migrating melanoma cells in vitro. Silencing of NAV3 reduced both melanoma cell migration in 2-dimensional conditions, as well as sprouting in 3-dimensional collagen I. NAV3 protein expression correlated with MMP14 in 26/37 (70%) primary melanomas. NAV3 and MMP14 were co-expressed in all tumours with Breslow thickness < 1 mm, in 11/23 of mid-thickness tumours (1-5 mm), but in only 1/6 samples of thick (> 5 mm) melanomas. Altogether, NAV3 number changes are frequent in melanomas, and NAV3 and MMP14, while expressed in all thin melanomas, are often downregulated in thicker tumours, suggesting that the lack of both NAV3 and MMP14 favours melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bugaeva
- 1Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Research Program Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Pilvi Maliniemi
- 1Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland,
| | - Wenche S Prestvik
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eeva Leivo
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nicolas Kluger
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alexander Salava
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Kirsi Jäntti
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Saksela
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaisa Lehti
- 1Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Research Program Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Kaj Krohn
- Clinical Research Institute HUCH, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annamari Ranki
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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5
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Legátová A, Pelantová M, Rösel D, Brábek J, Škarková A. The emerging role of microtubules in invasion plasticity. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1118171. [PMID: 36860323 PMCID: PMC9969133 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1118171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to switch between different invasive modes during metastasis, also known as invasion plasticity, is an important characteristic of tumor cells that makes them able to resist treatment targeted to a particular invasion mode. Due to the rapid changes in cell morphology during the transition between mesenchymal and amoeboid invasion, it is evident that this process requires remodeling of the cytoskeleton. Although the role of the actin cytoskeleton in cell invasion and plasticity is already quite well described, the contribution of microtubules is not yet fully clarified. It is not easy to infer whether destabilization of microtubules leads to higher invasiveness or the opposite since the complex microtubular network acts differently in diverse invasive modes. While mesenchymal migration typically requires microtubules at the leading edge of migrating cells to stabilize protrusions and form adhesive structures, amoeboid invasion is possible even in the absence of long, stable microtubules, albeit there are also cases of amoeboid cells where microtubules contribute to effective migration. Moreover, complex crosstalk of microtubules with other cytoskeletal networks participates in invasion regulation. Altogether, microtubules play an important role in tumor cell plasticity and can be therefore targeted to affect not only cell proliferation but also invasive properties of migrating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Legátová
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University (BIOCEV), Vestec u Prahy, Czechia
| | - Markéta Pelantová
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University (BIOCEV), Vestec u Prahy, Czechia
| | - Daniel Rösel
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University (BIOCEV), Vestec u Prahy, Czechia
| | - Jan Brábek
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University (BIOCEV), Vestec u Prahy, Czechia
| | - Aneta Škarková
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University (BIOCEV), Vestec u Prahy, Czechia,*Correspondence: Aneta Škarková,
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6
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Powers RM, Hevner RF, Halpain S. The Neuron Navigators: Structure, function, and evolutionary history. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 15:1099554. [PMID: 36710926 PMCID: PMC9877351 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1099554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuron navigators (Navigators) are cytoskeletal-associated proteins important for neuron migration, neurite growth, and axon guidance, but they also function more widely in other tissues. Recent studies have revealed novel cellular functions of Navigators such as macropinocytosis, and have implicated Navigators in human disorders of axon growth. Navigators are present in most or all bilaterian animals: vertebrates have three Navigators (NAV1-3), Drosophila has one (Sickie), and Caenorhabditis elegans has one (Unc-53). Structurally, Navigators have conserved N- and C-terminal regions each containing specific domains. The N-terminal region contains a calponin homology (CH) domain and one or more SxIP motifs, thought to interact with the actin cytoskeleton and mediate localization to microtubule plus-end binding proteins, respectively. The C-terminal region contains two coiled-coil domains, followed by a AAA+ family nucleoside triphosphatase domain of unknown activity. The Navigators appear to have evolved by fusion of N- and C-terminal region homologs present in simpler organisms. Overall, Navigators participate in the cytoskeletal response to extracellular cues via microtubules and actin filaments, in conjunction with membrane trafficking. We propose that uptake of fluid-phase cues and nutrients and/or downregulation of cell surface receptors could represent general mechanisms that explain Navigator functions. Future studies developing new models, such as conditional knockout mice or human cerebral organoids may reveal new insights into Navigator function. Importantly, further biochemical studies are needed to define the activities of the Navigator AAA+ domain, and to study potential interactions among different Navigators and their binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina M. Powers
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Robert F. Hevner
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States,Department of Pathology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Shelley Halpain
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Shelley Halpain, ✉
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7
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Powers RM, Daza R, Koehler AE, Courchet J, Calabrese B, Hevner RF, Halpain S. Growth cone macropinocytosis of neurotrophin receptor and neuritogenesis are regulated by neuron navigator 1. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar64. [PMID: 35352947 PMCID: PMC9561856 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-12-0623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuron navigator 1 (Nav1) is a cytoskeleton-associated protein expressed during brain development that is necessary for proper neuritogenesis, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we show that Nav1 is present in elongating axon tracts during mouse brain embryogenesis. We found that depletion of Nav1 in cultured neurons disrupts growth cone morphology and neurotrophin-stimulated neuritogenesis. In addition to regulating both F-actin and microtubule properties, Nav1 promotes actin-rich membrane ruffles in the growth cone and promotes macropinocytosis at those membrane ruffles, including internalization of the TrkB receptor for the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF). Growth cone macropinocytosis is important for downstream signaling, neurite targeting, and membrane recycling, implicating Nav1 in one or more of these processes. Depletion of Nav1 also induces transient membrane blebbing via disruption of signaling in the Rho GTPase signaling pathway, supporting the novel role of Nav1 in dynamic actin-based membrane regulation at the cell periphery. These data demonstrate that Nav1 works at the interface of microtubules, actin, and plasma membrane to organize the cell periphery and promote uptake of growth and guidance cues to facilitate neural morphogenesis during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina M. Powers
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ray Daza
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161
| | - Alanna E. Koehler
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161
| | - Julien Courchet
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Faculté de Médecine Rockefeller, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 69008 Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Barbara Calabrese
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Robert F. Hevner
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161
| | - Shelley Halpain
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037,*Address correspondence to: Shelley Halpain ()
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8
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Sánchez-Huertas C, Herrera E. With the Permission of Microtubules: An Updated Overview on Microtubule Function During Axon Pathfinding. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:759404. [PMID: 34924953 PMCID: PMC8675249 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.759404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During the establishment of neural circuitry axons often need to cover long distances to reach remote targets. The stereotyped navigation of these axons defines the connectivity between brain regions and cellular subtypes. This chemotrophic guidance process mostly relies on the spatio-temporal expression patterns of extracellular proteins and the selective expression of their receptors in projection neurons. Axon guidance is stimulated by guidance proteins and implemented by neuronal traction forces at the growth cones, which engage local cytoskeleton regulators and cell adhesion proteins. Different layers of guidance signaling regulation, such as the cleavage and processing of receptors, the expression of co-receptors and a wide variety of intracellular cascades downstream of receptors activation, have been progressively unveiled. Also, in the last decades, the regulation of microtubule (MT) assembly, stability and interactions with the submembranous actin network in the growth cone have emerged as crucial effector mechanisms in axon pathfinding. In this review, we will delve into the intracellular signaling cascades downstream of guidance receptors that converge on the MT cytoskeleton of the growing axon. In particular, we will focus on the microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) network responsible of MT dynamics in the axon and growth cone. Complementarily, we will discuss new evidences that connect defects in MT scaffold proteins, MAPs or MT-based motors and axon misrouting during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sánchez-Huertas
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Alicante, Spain
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9
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Soldan SS, Su C, Lamontagne RJ, Grams N, Lu F, Zhang Y, Gesualdi JD, Frase DM, Tolvinski LE, Martin K, Messick TE, Fingerut JT, Koltsova E, Kossenkov A, Lieberman PM. Epigenetic Plasticity Enables CNS-Trafficking of EBV-infected B Lymphocytes. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009618. [PMID: 34106998 PMCID: PMC8216538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Subpopulations of B-lymphocytes traffic to different sites and organs to provide diverse and tissue-specific functions. Here, we provide evidence that epigenetic differences confer a neuroinvasive phenotype. An EBV+ B cell lymphoma cell line (M14) with low frequency trafficking to the CNS was neuroadapted to generate a highly neuroinvasive B-cell population (MUN14). MUN14 B cells efficiently infiltrated the CNS within one week and produced neurological pathologies. We compared the gene expression profiles of viral and cellular genes using RNA-Seq and identified one viral (EBNA1) and several cellular gene candidates, including secreted phosphoprotein 1/osteopontin (SPP1/OPN), neuron navigator 3 (NAV3), CXCR4, and germinal center-associated signaling and motility protein (GCSAM) that were selectively upregulated in MUN14. ATAC-Seq and ChIP-qPCR revealed that these gene expression changes correlated with epigenetic changes at gene regulatory elements. The neuroinvasive phenotype could be attenuated with a neutralizing antibody to OPN, confirming the functional role of this protein in trafficking EBV+ B cells to the CNS. These studies indicate that B-cell trafficking to the CNS can be acquired by epigenetic adaptations and provide a new model to study B-cell neuroinvasion associated CNS lymphoma and autoimmune disease of the CNS, including multiple sclerosis (MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha S. Soldan
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chenhe Su
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Nicholas Grams
- The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Fang Lu
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yue Zhang
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James D. Gesualdi
- The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Drew M. Frase
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lois E. Tolvinski
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kayla Martin
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Troy E. Messick
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Ekaterina Koltsova
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew Kossenkov
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Lieberman
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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10
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Sánchez-Huertas C, Bonhomme M, Falco A, Fagotto-Kaufmann C, van Haren J, Jeanneteau F, Galjart N, Debant A, Boudeau J. The +TIP Navigator-1 is an actin-microtubule crosslinker that regulates axonal growth cone motility. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151835. [PMID: 32497170 PMCID: PMC7480110 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201905199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule (MT) plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs) are central players in the coordination between the MT and actin cytoskeletons in growth cones (GCs) during axon guidance. The +TIP Navigator-1 (NAV1) is expressed in the developing nervous system, yet its neuronal functions remain poorly elucidated. Here, we report that NAV1 controls the dynamics and motility of the axonal GCs of cortical neurons in an EB1-dependent manner and is required for axon turning toward a gradient of netrin-1. NAV1 accumulates in F-actin-rich domains of GCs and binds actin filaments in vitro. NAV1 can also bind MTs independently of EB1 in vitro and crosslinks nonpolymerizing MT plus ends to actin filaments in axonal GCs, preventing MT depolymerization in F-actin-rich areas. Together, our findings pinpoint NAV1 as a key player in the actin-MT crosstalk that promotes MT persistence at the GC periphery and regulates GC steering. Additionally, we present data assigning to NAV1 an important role in the radial migration of cortical projection neurons in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sánchez-Huertas
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Marion Bonhomme
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Amandine Falco
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Christine Fagotto-Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Jeffrey van Haren
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Freddy Jeanneteau
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France
| | - Niels Galjart
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anne Debant
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Boudeau
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
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11
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p73 - NAV3 axis plays a critical role in suppression of colon cancer metastasis. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:12. [PMID: 32029709 PMCID: PMC7005187 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-0193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
p73 is a member of the p53 tumor suppressor family, which transactivates p53-responsive genes and mediates DNA damage response. Recent evidences suggest that p73 exerts its tumor suppressor functions by suppressing metastasis, but the exact mechanism remains unknown. Here, we identify Navigator-3 (NAV3), a microtubule-binding protein, as a novel transcriptional target of p73, which gets upregulated by DNA damage in a p73-dependent manner and plays a vital role in p73-mediated inhibition of cancer cell invasion, migration, and metastasis. Induction of p73 in response to DNA damage leads to rapid increase in endogenous NAV3 mRNA and protein levels. Through bioinformatic analysis, we identified two p73-binding sites in NAV3 promoter. Consistent with this, p73 binding to NAV3 promoter was confirmed through luciferase, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation, and site-directed mutagenesis assays. Abrogation of NAV3 and p73 expression significantly increased the invasion and migration rate of colorectal cancer cells as confirmed by wound-healing, cell invasion, and cell migration assays. Also, knockdown of NAV3 decreased the expression of E-cadherin and increased the expression of other prominent mesenchymal markers such as N-cadherin, Snail, Vimentin, and Fibronectin. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed the downregulation of both NAV3 and p73 expression in metastatic colon cancer tissues as compared to non-metastatic cancer tissues. Additionally, the expression pattern of NAV3 and p73 showed extensively significant correlation in both non-metastatic and metastatic human colon cancer tissue samples. Taken together, our study provide conclusive evidence that Navigator-3 is a direct transcriptional target of p73 and plays crucial role in response to genotoxic stress in p73-mediated inhibition of cancer cell invasion, migration, and metastasis.
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12
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Clarkson-Townsend DA, Everson TM, Deyssenroth MA, Burt AA, Hermetz KE, Hao K, Chen J, Marsit CJ. Maternal circadian disruption is associated with variation in placental DNA methylation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215745. [PMID: 31026301 PMCID: PMC6485638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian disruption is a common environmental and occupational exposure with public health consequences, but not much is known about whether circadian disruption affects in utero development. We investigated whether maternal circadian disruption, using night shift work as a proxy, is associated with variations in DNA methylation patterns of placental tissue in an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) of night shift work. Here, we compared cytosine-guanosine dinucleotide (CpG) specific methylation genome-wide of placental tissue (measured with the Illumina 450K array) from participants (n = 237) in the Rhode Island Child Health Study (RICHS) who did (n = 53) and did not (n = 184) report working the night shift, using robust linear modeling and adjusting for maternal age, pre-pregnancy smoking, infant sex, maternal adversity, and putative cell mixture. Statistical analyses were adjusted for multiple comparisons and results presented with Bonferroni or Benjamini and Hochberg (BH) adjustment for false discovery rate. Night shift work was associated with differential methylation in placental tissue, including CpG sites in the genes NAV1, SMPD1, TAPBP, CLEC16A, DIP2C, FAM172A, and PLEKHG6 (Bonferroni-adjusted p<0.05). CpG sites within NAV1, MXRA8, GABRG1, PRDM16, WNT5A, and FOXG1 exhibited the most hypomethylation, while CpG sites within TDO2, ADAMTSL3, DLX2, and SERPINA1 exhibited the most hypermethylation (BH q<0.10). Functional analysis indicated GO-terms associated with cell-cell adhesion and enriched GWAS results for psoriasis. Night shift work was associated with differential methylation of the placenta, which may have implications for fetal health and development. This is the first study to examine the epigenetic impacts of night shift exposure, as a proxy for circadian disruption, on placental methylation in humans, and, while results should be interpreted with caution, suggests circadian disruption may have epigenetic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A. Clarkson-Townsend
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Todd M. Everson
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Maya A. Deyssenroth
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Amber A. Burt
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Karen E. Hermetz
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ke Hao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Carmen J. Marsit
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Chen X, Zhou X, Shi X, Xia X, Zhang Y, Fan D. MAP4 regulates Tctex-1 and promotes the migration of epidermal cells in hypoxia. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:1210-1215. [PMID: 30091292 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
After acute wound formation, the oxygen supply is reduced, which results in the formation of an acute hypoxic microenvironment; whether this hypoxic microenvironment enhances epidermal cell migration and the underlying regulatory molecular mechanism of this effect are unclear. In this study, HaCaT cells were maintained under hypoxic (1% oxygen) or normoxic conditions. Methods including immunofluorescence staining, wound scratch assays, transwell assays, Western blotting and high- and low-expression lentiviral vector transfection were utilized to observe the changes in cell migration, microtubule dynamics and the expression levels of microtubule-associated protein (MAP) 4 and the light chain protein DYNLT1 (Tctex-1). The possible mechanisms were studied and discussed. The results showed that epidermal cell migration was enhanced during early hypoxia. Further experiments revealed that MAP4 regulates microtubule dynamics and promotes epidermal cell migration through Tctex-1. MAP4 and Tctex-1 play important roles in regulating the migration of epidermal cells under hypoxia. This evidence will provide a basis for further revealing the cellular and molecular mechanisms of local wound hypoxia and for promoting wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohua Shi
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Xia
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongli Fan
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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15
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Pacheco A, Gallo G. Actin filament-microtubule interactions in axon initiation and branching. Brain Res Bull 2016; 126:300-310. [PMID: 27491623 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurons begin life as spherical cells. A major hallmark of neuronal development is the formation of elongating processes from the cell body which subsequently differentiate into dendrites and the axon. The formation and later development of neuronal processes is achieved through the concerted organization of actin filaments and microtubules. Here, we review the literature regarding recent advances in the understanding of cytoskeletal interactions in neurons focusing on the initiation of processes from neuronal cell bodies and the collateral branching of axons. The complex crosstalk between cytoskeletal elements is mediated by a cohort of proteins that either bind both cytoskeletal systems or allow one to regulate the other. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of microtubule plus-tip proteins in the regulation of the dynamics and organization of actin filaments, while also providing a mechanism for the subcellular capture and guidance of microtubule tips by actin filaments. Although the understanding of cytoskeletal crosstalk and interactions in neuronal morphogenesis has advanced significantly in recent years the appreciation of the neuron as an integrated cytoskeletal system remains a frontier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Pacheco
- Temple University, Lewis Kats School of Medicine, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Gianluca Gallo
- Temple University, Lewis Kats School of Medicine, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States.
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16
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Lamin A/C Is Required for ChAT-Dependent Neuroblastoma Differentiation. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3729-3744. [PMID: 27221609 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9902-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The mouse neuroblastoma N18TG2 clone is unable to differentiate and is defective for the enzymes of the biosynthesis of neurotransmitters. The forced expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in these cells results in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine (Ach) and hence in the expression of neurospecific features and markers. To understand how the expression of ChAT triggered neuronal differentiation, we studied the differences in genome-wide transcription profiles between the N18TG2 parental cells and its ChAT-expressing 2/4 derived clone. The engagement of the 2/4 cells in the neuronal developmental program was confirmed by the increase of the expression level of several differentiation-related genes and by the reduction of the amount of transcripts of cell cycle genes. At the same time, we observed a massive reorganization of cytoskeletal proteins in terms of gene expression, with the accumulation of the nucleoskeletal lamina component Lamin A/C in differentiating cells. The increase of the Lmna transcripts induced by ChAT expression in 2/4 cells was mimicked treating the parental N18TG2 cells with the acetylcholine receptor agonist carbachol, thus demonstrating the direct role played by this receptor in neuron nuclei maturation. Conversely, a treatment of 2/4 cells with the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine resulted in the reduction of the amount of Lmna RNA. Finally, the hypothesis that Lmna gene product might play a crucial role in the ChAT-dependent molecular differentiation cascade was strongly supported by Lmna knockdown in 2/4 cells leading to the downregulation of genes involved in differentiation and cytoskeleton formation and to the upregulation of genes known to regulate self-renewal and stemness.
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van de Willige D, Hoogenraad CC, Akhmanova A. Microtubule plus-end tracking proteins in neuronal development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2053-77. [PMID: 26969328 PMCID: PMC4834103 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of the microtubule cytoskeleton is of pivotal importance for neuronal development and function. One such regulatory mechanism centers on microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs): structurally and functionally diverse regulatory factors, which can form complex macromolecular assemblies at the growing microtubule plus-ends. +TIPs modulate important properties of microtubules including their dynamics and their ability to control cell polarity, membrane transport and signaling. Several neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases are associated with mutations in +TIPs or with misregulation of these proteins. In this review, we focus on the role and regulation of +TIPs in neuronal development and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieudonnée van de Willige
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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De Novo Interstitial Microdeletion at 1q32.1 in a 10-Year-Old Boy with Developmental Delay and Dysmorphism. Case Rep Genet 2016; 2016:2501741. [PMID: 26955491 PMCID: PMC4756132 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2501741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A 10-year-old boy was referred with developmental delay and dysmorphism. Genomewide aCGH microarray analysis detected a de novo 3.7 Mb deletion at 1q32.1: arr 1q32.1(199,985,888-203,690,832)x1 dn [build HG19]. This first report of a deletion in this region implies a critical role for dosage-sensitive genes within 1q32.1 in neurological development. This is consistent with previously reported duplications of this region in patients with a similar phenotype.
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Menon S, Gupton SL. Building Blocks of Functioning Brain: Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Neuronal Development. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 322:183-245. [PMID: 26940519 PMCID: PMC4809367 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural connectivity requires proper polarization of neurons, guidance to appropriate target locations, and establishment of synaptic connections. From when neurons are born to when they finally reach their synaptic partners, neurons undergo constant rearrangment of the cytoskeleton to achieve appropriate shape and polarity. Of particular importance to neuronal guidance to target locations is the growth cone at the tip of the axon. Growth-cone steering is also dictated by the underlying cytoskeleton. All these changes require spatiotemporal control of the cytoskeletal machinery. This review summarizes the proteins that are involved in modulating the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton during the various stages of neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Menon
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Stephanie L Gupton
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America; Neuroscience Center and Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America.
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20
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Chen X, Zhou X, Mao TC, Shi XH, Fan DL, Zhang YM. Effect of microtubule-associated protein-4 on epidermal cell migration under different oxygen concentrations. J Dermatol 2015; 43:674-81. [PMID: 26602869 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
After skin trauma, regional epidermal cell migration mediates the re-epithelialization of the wound surface, which is an important step for wound healing, yet the underlying molecular regulatory mechanism is unclear. In the current study, HaCaT cells were maintained under different oxygen concentrations (1%, 21%, 40% and 65%). Technologies including immunofluorescence staining, wound scratch, transwell invasion, western blot and low-expression lentiviral vector were utilized to observe the changes in microtubule dynamics and the microtubule-associated protein (MAP)4 expression. MAP4's effect on cell migration under different oxygen concentrations was also studied. The results showed that under hyperoxic (40% and 65%) and hypoxic (1%) conditions, HaCaT cells were able to regulate cell microtubule dynamics by MAP4, thus promoting cell migration. On the other hand, MAP4 silencing through targeted shRNA attenuated HaCaT cell migration under the above oxygen concentrations. These results imply that MAP4 plays an important role in epidermal cell migration under different oxygen concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tong-Chun Mao
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Shi
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong-Li Fan
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi-Ming Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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21
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Bofill-De Ros X, Santos M, Vila-Casadesús M, Villanueva E, Andreu N, Dierssen M, Fillat C. Genome-wide miR-155 and miR-802 target gene identification in the hippocampus of Ts65Dn Down syndrome mouse model by miRNA sponges. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:907. [PMID: 26546125 PMCID: PMC4636806 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2160-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Down syndrome (DS) or trisomy 21 is the result of a genetic dosage imbalance that translates in a broad clinical spectrum. A major challenge in the study of DS is the identification of functional genetic elements with wide impact on phenotypic alterations. Recently, miRNAs have been recognized as major contributors to several disease conditions by acting as post-transcriptional regulators of a plethora of genes. Five chromosome 21 (HSA21) miRNAs have been found overexpressed in DS individuals and could function as key elements in the pathophysiology. Interestingly, in the trisomic Ts65Dn DS mouse model two of these miRNAs (miR-155 and miR-802) are also triplicated and overexpressed in brain. RESULTS In the current work, we interrogated the impact of miR-155 and miR-802 upregulation on the transcriptome of Ts65Dn brains. We developed a lentiviral miRNA-sponge strategy (Lv-miR155-802T) to identify in vivo relevant miR-155 and miR-802 target mRNAs. Hippocampal injections of lentiviral sponges in Ts65Dn mice normalized the expression of miR-155 and miR-802 and rescued the levels of their targets methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 gene (Mecp2), SH2 (Src homology 2)-containing inositol phosphatase-1 (Ship1) and Forkhead box protein M1 (FoxM1). Transcriptomic data of Lv-miR155-802T miRNA-sponge treated hippocampi correlated with candidate targets highlighting miRNA dosage-sensitive genes. Significant associations were found in a subset of genes (Rufy2, Nova1, Nav1, Thoc1 and Sumo3) that could be experimentally validated. CONCLUSIONS The lentiviral miRNA-sponge strategy demonstrated the genome-wide regulatory effects of miR-155 and miR-802. Furthermore, the analysis combining predicted candidates and experimental transcriptomic data proved to retrieve genes with potential significance in DS-hippocampal phenotype bridging with DS other neurological-associated diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Bofill-De Ros
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Santos
- Bioinformatics Platform, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain.,Present address: Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Maria Vila-Casadesús
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Bioinformatics Platform, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eneko Villanueva
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Andreu
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain.,Bioinformatics Platform, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mara Dierssen
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain.,Cellular and Systems Neurobiology, Systems Biology Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Fillat
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain.
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22
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Zong Y, Yu P, Cheng H, Wang H, Wang X, Liang C, Zhu H, Qin Y, Qin C. miR-29c regulates NAV3 protein expression in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 2015. [PMID: 26212654 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The microRNA-29 family (miRNA-29s) has three mature members, miR-29a, miR-29b and miR-29c, which have been implicated in the regulation of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The miR-29 family members exhibit differential regulation in various diseases and different subcellular distribution. In the present study, we initially investigated differential expression of miR-29c in the hippocampus and the frontal cortex of the young APPswe/PSΔE9 mouse brain, accompanied by inverse expression of neurone navigator 3 (NAV3), a regulator of axon guidance. We observed that miR-29c directly mediated downregulation of NAV3 protein expression in vitro. The mouse NAV3 mRNA has a functional miR-29c binding site in the 3' UTR, which localized in the position between 830-836 bp of 3'UTR region, slightly different from human NAV3 mRNA binding site. These observations suggest that miR-29c may be involved in neurodegenerative processes by regulating NAV3 expression in the young AD mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zong
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, PR China
| | - Pin Yu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), No. 5 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 10021, PR China
| | - Hongxia Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, PR China
| | - Hailin Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), No. 5 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 10021, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), No. 5 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 10021, PR China
| | - Chunlian Liang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), No. 5 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 10021, PR China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), No. 5 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 10021, PR China
| | - Yejun Qin
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, PR China.
| | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), No. 5 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 10021, PR China.
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23
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Bearce EA, Erdogan B, Lowery LA. TIPsy tour guides: how microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs) facilitate axon guidance. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:241. [PMID: 26175669 PMCID: PMC4485311 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth cone is a dynamic cytoskeletal vehicle, which drives the end of a developing axon. It serves to interpret and navigate through the complex landscape and guidance cues of the early nervous system. The growth cone’s distinctive cytoskeletal organization offers a fascinating platform to study how extracellular cues can be translated into mechanical outgrowth and turning behaviors. While many studies of cell motility highlight the importance of actin networks in signaling, adhesion, and propulsion, both seminal and emerging works in the field have highlighted a unique and necessary role for microtubules (MTs) in growth cone navigation. Here, we focus on the role of singular pioneer MTs, which extend into the growth cone periphery and are regulated by a diverse family of microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs). These +TIPs accumulate at the dynamic ends of MTs, where they are well-positioned to encounter and respond to key signaling events downstream of guidance receptors, catalyzing immediate changes in microtubule stability and actin cross-talk, that facilitate both axonal outgrowth and turning events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Burcu Erdogan
- Department of Biology, Boston College Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
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Macheret M, Halazonetis TD. DNA replication stress as a hallmark of cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2015; 10:425-48. [PMID: 25621662 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 507] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human cancers share properties referred to as hallmarks, among which sustained proliferation, escape from apoptosis, and genomic instability are the most pervasive. The sustained proliferation hallmark can be explained by mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressors that regulate cell growth, whereas the escape from apoptosis hallmark can be explained by mutations in the TP53, ATM, or MDM2 genes. A model to explain the presence of the three hallmarks listed above, as well as the patterns of genomic instability observed in human cancers, proposes that the genes driving cell proliferation induce DNA replication stress, which, in turn, generates genomic instability and selects for escape from apoptosis. Here, we review the data that support this model, as well as the mechanisms by which oncogenes induce replication stress. Further, we argue that DNA replication stress should be considered as a hallmark of cancer because it likely drives cancer development and is very prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Macheret
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland;
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25
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Husi H, Skipworth RJE, Cronshaw A, Stephens NA, Wackerhage H, Greig C, Fearon KCH, Ross JA. Programmed cell death 6 interacting protein (PDCD6IP) and Rabenosyn-5 (ZFYVE20) are potential urinary biomarkers for upper gastrointestinal cancer. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:586-96. [PMID: 25644331 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer of the upper digestive tract (uGI) is a major contributor to cancer-related death worldwide. Due to a rise in occurrence, together with poor survival rates and a lack of diagnostic or prognostic clinical assays, there is a clear need to establish molecular biomarkers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Initial assessment was performed on urine samples from 60 control and 60 uGI cancer patients using MS to establish a peak pattern or fingerprint model, which was validated by a further set of 59 samples. RESULTS We detected 86 cluster peaks by MS above frequency and detection thresholds. Statistical testing and model building resulted in a peak profiling model of five relevant peaks with 88% overall sensitivity and 91% specificity, and overall correctness of 90%. High-resolution MS of 40 samples in the 2-10 kDa range resulted in 646 identified proteins, and pattern matching identified four of the five model peaks within significant parameters, namely programmed cell death 6 interacting protein (PDCD6IP/Alix/AIP1), Rabenosyn-5 (ZFYVE20), protein S100A8, and protein S100A9, of which the first two were validated by Western blotting. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE We demonstrate that MS analysis of human urine can identify lead biomarker candidates in uGI cancers, which makes this technique potentially useful in defining and consolidating biomarker patterns for uGI cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Husi
- Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Andrew Cronshaw
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Carolyn Greig
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - James A Ross
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Cohen-Dvashi H, Ben-Chetrit N, Russell R, Carvalho S, Lauriola M, Nisani S, Mancini M, Nataraj N, Kedmi M, Roth L, Köstler W, Zeisel A, Yitzhaky A, Zylberg J, Tarcic G, Eilam R, Wigelman Y, Will R, Lavi S, Porat Z, Wiemann S, Ricardo S, Schmitt F, Caldas C, Yarden Y. Navigator-3, a modulator of cell migration, may act as a suppressor of breast cancer progression. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 7:299-314. [PMID: 25678558 PMCID: PMC4364947 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissemination of primary tumor cells depends on migratory and invasive attributes. Here, we identify Navigator-3 (NAV3), a gene frequently mutated or deleted in human tumors, as a regulator of epithelial migration and invasion. Following induction by growth factors, NAV3 localizes to the plus ends of microtubules and enhances their polarized growth. Accordingly, NAV3 depletion trimmed microtubule growth, prolonged growth factor signaling, prevented apoptosis and enhanced random cell migration. Mathematical modeling suggested that NAV3-depleted cells acquire an advantage in terms of the way they explore their environment. In animal models, silencing NAV3 increased metastasis, whereas ectopic expression of the wild-type form, unlike expression of two, relatively unstable oncogenic mutants from human tumors, inhibited metastasis. Congruently, analyses of > 2,500 breast and lung cancer patients associated low NAV3 with shorter survival. We propose that NAV3 inhibits breast cancer progression by regulating microtubule dynamics, biasing directionally persistent rather than random migration, and inhibiting locomotion of initiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Cohen-Dvashi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nir Ben-Chetrit
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Roslin Russell
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Silvia Carvalho
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mattia Lauriola
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sophia Nisani
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maicol Mancini
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nishanth Nataraj
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Merav Kedmi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lee Roth
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Wolfgang Köstler
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amit Zeisel
- Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Assif Yitzhaky
- Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jacques Zylberg
- Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gabi Tarcic
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Raya Eilam
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoav Wigelman
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rainer Will
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sara Lavi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Porat
- Biological Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Stefan Wiemann
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sara Ricardo
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Schmitt
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yosef Yarden
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Pink RC, Samuel P, Massa D, Caley DP, Brooks SA, Carter DRF. The passenger strand, miR-21-3p, plays a role in mediating cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer cells. Gynecol Oncol 2015; 137:143-51. [PMID: 25579119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynaecological cancer. A major contributor to the poor survival rate is the development of chemoresistance to platinum-based therapies such as cisplatin and carboplatin. Here we aimed to test the role of miRNAs in the acquisition of drug resistance in ovarian cancer. METHODS We used microarrays to measure miRNA levels in the ovarian cancer cell line A2780 and its cisplatin-resistant derivative CP70. The role of miRNAs and the mRNA targets were tested using transfected miRNA mimics and siRNAs, respectively. Potential in vivo significance was investigated by analysing RNA levels in cohorts of ovarian cancer patients. RESULTS We identified several miRNAs that are increased in cisplatin-resistant cells. We show that most of these do not directly contribute to cisplatin resistance. Interestingly, miR-21-3p, the passenger strand of the known oncomiR, directed increased resistance to cisplatin in a range of ovarian cell lines. This effect was specific to the star strand, as miR-21-5p had the opposite effect and actually increased sensitivity of A2780 cells to cisplatin. We identify NAV3 as a potential target of miR-21-3p and show that knockdown of NAV3 increases resistance. Exosomes released by CP70 cells were also capable of increasing resistance in A2780 cells, although this was independent of miR-21-3p. Finally, we use publically available transcriptomic data to demonstrate that miR-21-3p is raised, while NAV3 is reduced, in ovarian tumours that are resistant to platinum treatment. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that miR-21-3p can induce cisplatin resistance in ovarian tumours, potentially by targeting the NAV3 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Charles Pink
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Priya Samuel
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Davide Massa
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Daniel Paul Caley
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Susan Ann Brooks
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - David Raul Francisco Carter
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
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28
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Abe T, Yamazaki D, Murakami S, Hiroi M, Nitta Y, Maeyama Y, Tabata T. The NAV2 homolog Sickie regulates F-actin-mediated axonal growth in Drosophila mushroom body neurons via the non-canonical Rac-Cofilin pathway. Development 2014; 141:4716-28. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.113308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Rac-Cofilin pathway is essential for cytoskeletal remodeling to control axonal development. Rac signals through the canonical Rac-Pak-LIMK pathway to suppress Cofilin-dependent axonal growth and through a Pak-independent non-canonical pathway to promote outgrowth. Whether this non-canonical pathway converges to promote Cofilin-dependent F-actin reorganization in axonal growth remains elusive. We demonstrate that Sickie, a homolog of the human microtubule-associated protein neuron navigator 2, cell-autonomously regulates axonal growth of Drosophila mushroom body (MB) neurons via the non-canonical pathway. Sickie was prominently expressed in the newborn F-actin-rich axons of MB neurons. A sickie mutant exhibited axonal growth defects, and its phenotypes were rescued by exogenous expression of Sickie. We observed phenotypic similarities and genetic interactions among sickie and Rac-Cofilin signaling components. Using the MARCM technique, distinct F-actin and phospho-Cofilin patterns were detected in developing axons mutant for sickie and Rac-Cofilin signaling regulators. The upregulation of Cofilin function alleviated the axonal defect of the sickie mutant. Epistasis analyses revealed that Sickie suppresses the LIMK overexpression phenotype and is required for Pak-independent Rac1 and Slingshot phosphatase to counteract LIMK. We propose that Sickie regulates F-actin-mediated axonal growth via the non-canonical Rac-Cofilin pathway in a Slingshot-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Abe
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
- Graduate Program in Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamazaki
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Satoshi Murakami
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Makoto Hiroi
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yohei Nitta
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yuko Maeyama
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tabata
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
- Graduate Program in Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Ferreira JG, Pereira AL, Maiato H. Microtubule plus-end tracking proteins and their roles in cell division. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 309:59-140. [PMID: 24529722 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800255-1.00002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are cellular components that are required for a variety of essential processes such as cell motility, mitosis, and intracellular transport. This is possible because of the inherent dynamic properties of microtubules. Many of these properties are tightly regulated by a number of microtubule plus-end-binding proteins or +TIPs. These proteins recognize the distal end of microtubules and are thus in the right context to control microtubule dynamics. In this review, we address how microtubule dynamics are regulated by different +TIP families, focusing on how functionally diverse +TIPs spatially and temporally regulate microtubule dynamics during animal cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge G Ferreira
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Cell Division Unit, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana L Pereira
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder Maiato
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Cell Division Unit, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Dynamic Microtubules Catalyze Formation of Navigator-TRIO Complexes to Regulate Neurite Extension. Curr Biol 2014; 24:1778-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Ruiz-Saenz A, van Haren J, Sayas CL, Rangel L, Demmers J, Millán J, Alonso MA, Galjart N, Correas I. Protein 4.1R binds to CLASP2 and regulates dynamics, organization and attachment of microtubules to the cell cortex. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:4589-601. [PMID: 23943871 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.120840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton is essential for many cellular processes, including cell polarity and migration. Cortical platforms, formed by a subset of MT plus-end-tracking proteins, such as CLASP2, and non-MT binding proteins such as LL5β, attach distal ends of MTs to the cell cortex. However, the mechanisms involved in organizing these platforms have not yet been described in detail. Here we show that 4.1R, a FERM-domain-containing protein, interacts and colocalizes with cortical CLASP2 and is required for the correct number and dynamics of CLASP2 cortical platforms. Protein 4.1R also controls binding of CLASP2 to MTs at the cell edge by locally altering GSK3 activity. Furthermore, in 4.1R-knockdown cells MT plus-ends were maintained for longer in the vicinity of cell edges, but instead of being tethered to the cell cortex, MTs continued to grow, bending at cell margins and losing their radial distribution. Our results suggest a previously unidentified role for the scaffolding protein 4.1R in locally controlling CLASP2 behavior, CLASP2 cortical platform turnover and GSK3 activity, enabling correct MT organization and dynamics essential for cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ruiz-Saenz
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa and Departamento de Biología Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC and UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Moughamian AJ, Osborn GE, Lazarus JE, Maday S, Holzbaur ELF. Ordered recruitment of dynactin to the microtubule plus-end is required for efficient initiation of retrograde axonal transport. J Neurosci 2013; 33:13190-203. [PMID: 23926272 PMCID: PMC3735891 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0935-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-range retrograde axonal transport in neurons is driven exclusively by the microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein. The efficient initiation of dynein-mediated transport from the distal axon is critical for normal neuronal function, and neurodegenerative disease-associated mutations have been shown to specifically disrupt this process. Here, we examine the role of dynamic microtubules and microtubule plus-end binding proteins (+TIPs) in the initiation of dynein-mediated retrograde axonal transport using live-cell imaging of cargo motility in primary mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons. We show that end-binding (EB)-positive dynamic microtubules are enriched in the distal axon. The +TIPs EB1, EB3, and cytoplasmic linker protein-170 (CLIP-170) interact with these dynamic microtubules, recruiting the dynein activator dynactin in an ordered pathway, leading to the initiation of retrograde transport by the motor dynein. Once transport has initiated, however, neither the EBs nor CLIP-170 are required to maintain transport flux along the mid-axon. In contrast, the +TIP Lis1 activates transport through a distinct mechanism and is required to maintain processive organelle transport along both the distal and mid-axon. Further, we show that the EB/CLIP-170/dynactin-dependent mechanism is required for the efficient initiation of transport from the distal axon for multiple distinct cargos, including mitochondria, Rab5-positive early endosomes, late endosomes/lysosomes, and TrkA-, TrkB-, and APP-positive organelles. Our observations indicate that there is an essential role for +TIPs in the regulation of retrograde transport initiation in the neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armen J Moughamian
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6085, USA
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Ludueña RF. A Hypothesis on the Origin and Evolution of Tubulin. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 302:41-185. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407699-0.00002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Tamura N, Draviam VM. Microtubule plus-ends within a mitotic cell are 'moving platforms' with anchoring, signalling and force-coupling roles. Open Biol 2012; 2:120132. [PMID: 23226599 PMCID: PMC3513837 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.120132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule polymer grows and shrinks predominantly from one of its ends called the 'plus-end'. Plus-end regulation during interphase is well understood. However, mitotic regulation of plus-ends is only beginning to be understood in mammalian cells. During mitosis, the plus-ends are tethered to specialized microtubule capture sites. At these sites, plus-end-binding proteins are loaded and unloaded in a regulated fashion. Proper tethering of plus-ends to specialized sites is important so that the microtubule is able to translate its growth and shrinkage into pushing and pulling forces that move bulky subcellular structures. We discuss recent advances on how mitotic plus-ends are tethered to distinct subcellular sites and how plus-end-bound proteins can modulate the forces that move subcellular structures. Using end binding 1 (EB1) as a prototype plus-end-binding protein, we highlight the complex network of plus-end-binding proteins and their regulation through phosphorylation. Finally, we develop a speculative 'moving platform' model that illustrates the plus-end's role in distinguishing correct versus incorrect microtubule interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viji M. Draviam
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
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Carlsson E, Krohn K, Ovaska K, Lindberg P, Häyry V, Maliniemi P, Lintulahti A, Korja M, Kivisaari R, Hussein S, Sarna S, Niiranen K, Hautaniemi S, Haapasalo H, Ranki A. Neuron navigator 3 alterations in nervous system tumors associate with tumor malignancy grade and prognosis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2012; 52:191-201. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Carlsson
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, HUS FI‐00029, Finland
| | - Kai Krohn
- Department of Pathology, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Tampere FI‐33521, Finland
- CliniXion Oy, Tampere FI‐33520, Finland
| | - Kristian Ovaska
- Computational Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine and Genome‐Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Valtteri Häyry
- Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI‐00014, Finland
| | - Pilvi Maliniemi
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, HUS FI‐00029, Finland
| | - Anu Lintulahti
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, HUS FI‐00029, Finland
| | - Miikka Korja
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki FI‐00029, Finland
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku FI‐20520, Finland
| | - Riku Kivisaari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki FI‐00029, Finland
| | - Samer Hussein
- Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI‐00014, Finland
| | - Seppo Sarna
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI‐00014, Finland
| | - Kirsi Niiranen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, HUS FI‐00029, Finland
| | - Sampsa Hautaniemi
- Computational Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine and Genome‐Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Haapasalo
- Department of Pathology, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Tampere FI‐33521, Finland
| | - Annamari Ranki
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, HUS FI‐00029, Finland
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Kumar P, Wittmann T. +TIPs: SxIPping along microtubule ends. Trends Cell Biol 2012; 22:418-28. [PMID: 22748381 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
+TIPs are a heterogeneous class of proteins that specifically bind to growing microtubule ends. Because dynamic microtubules are essential for many intracellular processes, +TIPs play important roles in regulating microtubule dynamics and microtubule interactions with other intracellular structures. End-binding proteins (EBs) recognize a structural cap at growing microtubule ends, and have emerged as central adaptors that mediate microtubule plus-end tracking of potentially all other +TIPs. The majority of these +TIPs bind to EBs through a short hydrophobic (S/T)x(I/L)P sequence motif (SxIP) and surrounding electrostatic interactions. These recent discoveries have resulted in a rapid expansion of the number of possible +TIPs. In this review, we outline our current understanding of the molecular mechanism of plus-end tracking and provide an overview of SxIP-recruited +TIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Maliniemi P, Carlsson E, Kaukola A, Ovaska K, Niiranen K, Saksela O, Jeskanen L, Hautaniemi S, Ranki A. NAV3 copy number changes and target genes in basal and squamous cell cancers. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:926-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01358.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Marzinke MA, Clagett-Dame M. The all-trans retinoic acid (atRA)-regulated gene Calmin (Clmn) regulates cell cycle exit and neurite outgrowth in murine neuroblastoma (Neuro2a) cells. Exp Cell Res 2011; 318:85-93. [PMID: 22001116 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin A metabolite all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) functions in nervous system development and regulates cell proliferation and differentiation. Neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y and Neuro2a or N2A) exposed to atRA undergo growth inhibition and neuronal differentiation, both of which are preceded by an increase in Clmn mRNA. Treatment of N2A cells with atRA produces a reduction in phosphohistone 3 immunostaining and BrdU incorporation, both indicators of a reduction in cell proliferation. These effects are nearly eliminated in atRA-treated shClmn knockdown cells. Loss of Clmn in the mouse N2A cell line also results in a significant reduction of atRA-mediated neurite outgrowth, a response that can be rescued by reintroduction of the Clmn sequence. In contrast, ectopic overexpression of Clmn produces an increase in the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor, p21(Cip1), a decrease in cyclin D1 protein and an increase in hypophosphorylated Rb, showing that Clmn participates in G(1)/S arrest. Clmn overexpression alone is sufficient to inhibit N2A cell proliferation, whereas both Clmn and atRA must be present to induce neurite outgrowth. This study shows that the atRA-responsive gene Clmn promotes exit from the cell cycle, a requisite event for neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Marzinke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA
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McNeill EM, Klöckner-Bormann M, Roesler EC, Talton LE, Moechars D, Clagett-Dame M. Nav2 hypomorphic mutant mice are ataxic and exhibit abnormalities in cerebellar development. Dev Biol 2011; 353:331-43. [PMID: 21419114 PMCID: PMC3250223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Development of the cerebellum involves a coordinated program of neuronal process outgrowth and migration resulting in a foliated structure that plays a key role in motor function. Neuron navigator 2 (Nav2) is a cytoskeletal-interacting protein that functions in neurite outgrowth and axonal elongation. Herein we show that hypomorphic mutant mice lacking the full-length Nav2 transcript exhibit ataxia and defects in cerebellar development. At embryonic day (E)17.5, the mutant cerebellum is reduced in size and exhibits defects in vermal foliation. Reduction in cell proliferation at early times (E12.5 and E14.5) may contribute to this size reduction. The full-length Nav2 transcript is expressed in the premigratory zone of the external granule layer (EGL). Granule cells in the germinal zone of the EGL appear to proliferate normally, however, due to the reduction in cerebellar circumference there are fewer total BrdU-labeled granule cells in the mutants, and these fail to migrate normally toward the interior of the cerebellum. In Nav2 hypomorphs, fewer granule cells migrate out of cerebellar EGL explants and neurite outgrowth from both explants and isolated external granule cell cultures is reduced. This suggests that the formation of parallel axon fibers and neuronal migration is disrupted in Nav2 mutants. This work supports an essential role for full-length Nav2 in cerebellar development, including axonal elongation and migration of the EGL neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. McNeill
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | | | | | - Lynn E. Talton
- Behavioral Testing Core Facility, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Dieder Moechars
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Margaret Clagett-Dame
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- Pharmaceutical Science Division, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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Fung SJ, Sivagnanasundaram S, Shannon Weickert C. Lack of change in markers of presynaptic terminal abundance alongside subtle reductions in markers of presynaptic terminal plasticity in prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia patients. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69:71-9. [PMID: 21145444 PMCID: PMC3001685 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced synaptic connectivity in frontal cortex may contribute to schizophrenia symptoms. While altered messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of various synaptic genes have been found, discrepancies between studies mean a generalizable synaptic pathology has not been identified. METHODS We determined if mRNAs encoding presynaptic proteins enriched in inhibitory (vesicular gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter [VGAT] and complexin 1) and/or excitatory (vesicular glutamate transporter 1 [VGluT1] and complexin 2) terminals are altered in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia (n = 37 patients, n = 37 control subjects). We also measured mRNA expression of markers associated with synaptic plasticity/neurite outgrowth (growth associated protein 43 [GAP43] and neuronal navigators [NAVs] 1 and 2) and mRNAs of other synaptic-associated proteins previously implicated in schizophrenia: dysbindin and vesicle-associated membrane protein 1 (VAMP1) mRNAs using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS No significant changes in complexin 1, VGAT, complexin 2, VGluT1, dysbindin, NAV2, or VAMP1 mRNA expression were found; however, expression of mRNAs associated with plasticity/cytoskeletal modification (GAP43 and NAV1) was reduced in schizophrenia. Although dysbindin mRNA did not differ in schizophrenia compared with control subjects, dysbindin mRNA positively correlated with GAP43 and NAV1 in schizophrenia but not in control subjects, suggesting low levels of dysbindin may be linked to reduced plasticity in the disease state. No relationships between three dysbindin genetic polymorphisms previously associated with dysbindin mRNA levels were found. CONCLUSIONS A reduction in the plasticity of synaptic terminals supports the hypothesis that their reduced modifiability may contribute to neuropathology and working memory deficits in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J. Fung
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia
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McNeill EM, Roos KP, Moechars D, Clagett-Dame M. Nav2 is necessary for cranial nerve development and blood pressure regulation. Neural Dev 2010; 5:6. [PMID: 20184720 PMCID: PMC2843687 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-5-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND All-trans retinoic acid (atRA) is required for nervous system development, including the developing hindbrain region. Neuron navigator 2 (Nav2) was first identified as an atRA-responsive gene in human neuroblastoma cells (retinoic acid-induced in neuroblastoma 1, Rainb1), and is required for atRA-mediated neurite outgrowth. In this paper, we explore the importance of Nav2 in nervous system development and function in vivo. RESULTS Nav2 hypomorphic homozygous mutants show decreased survival starting at birth. Nav2 mutant embryos show an overall reduction in nerve fiber density, as well as specific defects in cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal) and X (vagus). Nav2 hypomorphic mutant adult mice also display a blunted baroreceptor response compared to wild-type controls. CONCLUSIONS Nav2 functions in mammalian nervous system development, and is required for normal cranial nerve development and blood pressure regulation in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M McNeill
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Gouveia SM, Akhmanova A. Cell and Molecular Biology of Microtubule Plus End Tracking Proteins. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 285:1-74. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381047-2.00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Gupta KK, Joyce MV, Slabbekoorn AR, Zhu ZC, Paulson BA, Boggess B, Goodson HV. Probing interactions between CLIP-170, EB1, and microtubules. J Mol Biol 2009; 395:1049-62. [PMID: 19913027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic linker protein 170 (CLIP-170) is a microtubule (MT) plus-end tracking protein (+TIP) that dynamically localizes to the MT plus end and regulates MT dynamics. The mechanisms of these activities remain unclear because the CLIP-170-MT interaction is poorly understood, and even less is known about how CLIP-170 and other +TIPs act together as a network. CLIP-170 binds to the acidic C-terminal tail of alpha-tubulin. However, the observation that CLIP-170 has two CAP-Gly (cytoskeleton-associated protein glycine-rich) motifs and multiple serine-rich regions suggests that a single CLIP-170 molecule has multiple tubulin binding sites, and that these sites might bind to multiple parts of the tubulin dimer. Using a combination of chemical cross-linking and mass spectrometry, we find that CLIP-170 binds to both alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin, and that binding is not limited to the acidic C-terminal tails. We provide evidence that these additional binding sites include the H12 helices of both alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin and are significant for CLIP-170 activity. Previous work has shown that CLIP-170 binds to end-binding protein 1 (EB1) via the EB1 C-terminus, which mimics the acidic C-terminal tail of tubulin. We find that CLIP-170 can utilize its multiple tubulin binding sites to bind to EB1 and MT simultaneously. These observations help to explain how CLIP-170 can nucleate MTs and alter MT dynamics, and they contribute to understanding the significance and properties of the +TIP network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh K Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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Stringham EG, Schmidt KL. Navigating the cell: UNC-53 and the navigators, a family of cytoskeletal regulators with multiple roles in cell migration, outgrowth and trafficking. Cell Adh Migr 2009; 3:342-6. [PMID: 19684480 DOI: 10.4161/cam.3.4.9451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in cell shape are associated with a variety of processes including cell migration, axon outgrowth, cell division and vesicle trafficking. C. elegans UNC-53 and its vertebrate homologs, the Navigators, are required for the migration of cells and the outgrowth of neuronal processes. The identification of novel molecular interactions and live imaging studies have revealed that UNC-53/NAVs are signal transducers associated with actin filaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments. In addition to modulating cytoskeletal dynamics at the leading edge of migrating or outgrowing cells, both UNC-53 and the navigators are expressed in adult cells, conspicuously those with specialized roles in endocytosis or secretion. Collectively, these results suggest that UNC-53/NAVs may be a central regulator of cytoskeletal dynamics, responsible for integrating signaling cues to multiple components of the cytoskeleton to coordinate rearrangement during cell outgrowth or trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve G Stringham
- Department of Biology, Trinity Western University, Langley, BC, Canada.
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