The relationship between area poverty rate and site-specific cancer incidence in the United States

Medicaid expansion in California and breast cancer incidence across neighborhoods with varying social vulnerabilities

PURPOSE

To investigate changes in breast cancer incidence rates associated with Medicaid expansion in California.

METHODS

We extracted yearly census tract-level population counts and cases of breast cancer diagnosed among women aged between 20 and 64 years in California during years 2010-2017. Census tracts were classified into low, medium and high groups according to their social vulnerability index (SVI). Using a difference-in-difference (DID) approach with Poisson regression models, we estimated the incidence rate, incidence rate ratio (IRR) during the pre- (2010-2013) and post-expansion periods (2014-2017), and the relative IRR (DID estimates) across three groups of neighborhoods.

RESULTS

Prior to the Medicaid expansion, the overall incidence rate was 93.61, 122.03, and 151.12 cases per 100,000 persons among tracts with high, medium, and low-SVI, respectively; and was 96.49, 122.07, and 151.66 cases per 100,000 persons during the post-expansion period, respectively. The IRR between high and low vulnerability neighborhoods was 0.62 and 0.64 in the pre- and post-expansion period, respectively, and the relative IRR was 1.03 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.06, p = 0.026). In addition, significant DID estimate was only found for localized breast cancer (relative IRR = 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.09, p = 0.049) between high and low-SVI neighborhoods, not for regional and distant cancer stage.

CONCLUSIONS

The Medicaid expansion had differential impact on breast cancer incidence across neighborhoods in California, with the most pronounced increase found for localized cancer stage in high-SVI neighborhoods. Significant pre-post change was only found for localized breast cancer between high and low-SVI neighborhoods.

Patterns of Cancer-Related Healthcare Access across Pennsylvania: Analysis of Novel Census Tract-Level Indicators of Persistent Poverty

BACKGROUND

Persistent poverty census tracts have had ≥20% of the population living below the federal poverty line for 30+ years. We assessed the relationship between persistent poverty and cancer-related healthcare access across census tracts in Pennsylvania.

METHODS

We gathered publicly available census tract-level data on persistent poverty, rurality, and sociodemographic variables, as well as potential access to healthcare (i.e., prevalence of health insurance, last-year check-up), realized access to healthcare (i.e., prevalence of screening for cervical, breast, and colorectal cancers), and self-reported cancer diagnosis. We used multivariable spatial regression models to assess the relationships between persistent poverty and each healthcare access indicator.

RESULTS

Among Pennsylvania's census tracts, 2,789 (89.8%) were classified as non-persistent poverty, and 316 (10.2%) were classified as persistent poverty (113 did not have valid data on persistent poverty). Persistent poverty tracts had lower prevalence of health insurance [estimate = -1.70, standard error (SE) = 0.10], screening for cervical cancer (estimate = -4.00, SE = 0.17) and colorectal cancer (estimate = -3.13, SE = 0.20), and cancer diagnosis (estimate = -0.34, SE = 0.05), compared with non-persistent poverty tracts (all P < 0.001). However, persistent poverty tracts had higher prevalence of last-year check-up (estimate = 0.22, SE = 0.08) and screening for breast cancer (estimate = 0.56, SE = 0.15; both P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Relationships between persistent poverty and cancer-related healthcare access outcomes differed in direction and magnitude. Health promotion interventions should leverage data at fine-grained geographic units (e.g., census tracts) to motivate focus on communities or outcomes.

IMPACT

Future studies should extend these analyses to other states and outcomes to inform public health research and interventions to reduce geographic disparities.

Structural enrichment attenuates colitis-associated colon cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major public health concern and disproportionately impacts racial/ethnic minority populations in the US. Animal models are helpful in examining human health disparities because many stress-induced human health conditions can be recapitulated using mouse models. Azoxymethane (AOM)/ dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) treatment can be used to model colitis-associated cancers. While colitis-associated cancers account for only 2% of colon cancers, the AOM/DSS model is useful for examining links between inflammation, immunity, and colon cancer. Mice were housed in enriched and impoverished environments for 1-month prior to behavioral testing. Following behavioral testing the mice were subjected to the AOM/DSS model. While our analysis revealed no significant behavioral variances between the impoverished and enriched housing conditions, we found significant effects in tumorigenesis. Enriched mice had fewer tumors and smaller tumor volumes compared to impoverished mice. African Americans are at higher risk for early onset colorectal cancers in part due to social economic status. Furthermore, housing conditions and environment may reflect social economic status. Research aimed at understanding links between social economic status and colorectal cancer progression is important for eliminating disparities in health outcomes.

Human papillomavirus-associated anal squamous cell carcinoma: sociodemographic, geographic, and county-level economic trends in incidence rates-United States, 2001-2019

BACKGROUND

Incidence of anal squamous cell carcinoma is increasing, but vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) and removal of precancerous anal lesions could prevent new cases. The overall HPV-associated cancer incidence is reported to be higher in rural populations and in counties with lower economic status. We assessed these differences specifically for HPV-associated anal squamous cell carcinoma and described the geographic, county-level economic, and sociodemographic variations in incidence rates and trends.

METHODS

We analyzed data from the US Cancer Statistics to assess age-standardized incidence rates of HPV-associated squamous cell carcinomas among adults aged 18 years and older from 2001 to 2019. We calculated rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals to examine differences in incidence rates. We also quantified changes in incidence rates over time using joinpoint regression.

RESULTS

From 2001 to 2019, 72 421 new cases of HPV-associated anal squamous cell carcinoma were diagnosed among women (2.8 per 100 000) and 37 147 among men (1.7 per 100 000). Age-standardized incidence rates were higher in the South compared with other census regions and in counties ranked in the bottom 25% and 25%-75% economically than in the top 25%. The overall incidence rate increased in women but remained stable in men during 2009-2019. Incidence rates increased in adults aged 50 years and older but decreased among those aged 40-44 years from 2001 to 2019 in women and from 2007 to 2019 in men.

CONCLUSIONS

There were inequities in HPV-associated anal squamous cell carcinoma incidence by geographic and county-level economic characteristics. Failure to improve vaccine and treatment equity may widen existing disparities.

Racial and ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in childhood cancer incidence trends in the United States, 2000-2019

BACKGROUND

Population-based surveillance of pediatric cancer incidence trends is critical to determine high-risk populations, drive hypothesis generation, and uncover etiologic heterogeneity. We provide a comprehensive update to the current understanding of pediatric cancer incidence trends by sex, race and ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES).

METHODS

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 22 data (2000-2019) was used to summarize age-adjusted incidence rates for children and adolescents aged 0-19 years at diagnosis. The annual percentage change (APC) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated to evaluate incidence trends by sex, race and ethnicity, and SES overall and for cancer subtypes. Tests of statistical significance were 2-sided.

RESULTS

Substantial variation was observed overall and for several histologic types in race and ethnicity- and SES-specific rates. Overall, we observed a statistically significant increase in incidence rates (APC = 0.8%, 95% CI = 0.6% to 1.1%). All race and ethnic groups saw an increase in incidence rates, with the largest occurring among non-Hispanic American Indian and Alaska Native children and adolescents (APC = 1.7%, 95% CI = 0.5% to 2.8%) and the smallest increase occurring among non-Hispanic White children and adolescents (APC = 0.7%, 95% CI = 0.5% to 1.0%). The lowest SES quintiles saw statistically significant increasing trends, while the highest quintile remained relatively stable (quintile 1 [Q1] APC = 1.6%, 95% CI = 0.6% to 2.6%; quintile 5 [Q5] APC = 0.3%, 95% CI = -0.1% to 0.7%).

CONCLUSIONS

Childhood cancer incidence is increasing overall and among every race and ethnic group. Variation by race and ethnicity and SES may enable hypothesis generation on drivers of disparities observed.

Systemic Therapy for Melanoma: ASCO Guideline Update

PURPOSE

To provide guidance to clinicians regarding the use of systemic therapy for melanoma.

METHODS

American Society of Clinical Oncology convened an Expert Panel and conducted an updated systematic review of the literature.

RESULTS

The updated review identified 21 additional randomized trials.

UPDATED RECOMMENDATIONS

Neoadjuvant pembrolizumab was newly recommended for patients with resectable stage IIIB to IV cutaneous melanoma. For patients with resected cutaneous melanoma, adjuvant nivolumab or pembrolizumab was newly recommended for stage IIB-C disease and adjuvant nivolumab plus ipilimumab was added as a potential option for stage IV disease. For patients with unresectable or metastatic cutaneous melanoma, nivolumab plus relatlimab was added as a potential option regardless of BRAF mutation status and nivolumab plus ipilimumab followed by nivolumab was preferred over BRAF/MEK inhibitor therapy. Talimogene laherparepvec is no longer recommended as an option for patients with BRAF wild-type disease who have progressed on anti-PD-1 therapy. Ipilimumab- and ipilimumab-containing regimens are no longer recommended for patients with BRAF-mutated disease after progression on other therapies.This full update incorporates the new recommendations for uveal melanoma published in the 2022 Rapid Recommendation Update.Additional information is available at www.asco.org/melanoma-guidelines.

Association of Socioeconomic Status Assessed by Areal Deprivation With Cancer Incidence and Detection by Screening in Miyagi, Japan Between 2005 and 2010

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have shown that socioeconomic factors are associated with cancer incidence and stage at diagnosis; however, relevant findings in Japan are limited. We examined the association between socioeconomic status and cancer incidence, stage at diagnosis, and detection status by screening, as assessed using the areal deprivation index (ADI), in population-based cancer registry data.

METHODS

A total of 79,816 cases, including stomach, colorectal, lung, female breast, and cervical cancer diagnosed in Miyagi Prefecture between 2005 and 2010, were analyzed. After calculating the ADI at the place of residence in each case, we examined the association between quintiles of ADI and age-adjusted incidence rates of all stages and advanced stages by sex and site using Poisson regression analysis. The association between the ADI and the proportion of screen-detected cancers was also examined using logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

The age-adjusted incidence rates of all sites and lung cancer in men and lung cancer and cervical cancer in women tended to increase significantly in areas with a higher ADI. The age-adjusted incidence rates of advanced-stage cancers were significantly higher for all sites and lung cancer in both sexes, and for stomach and colorectal cancer in men. The proportion of screen-detected cancer tended to be significantly lower in areas with a higher ADI for stomach and colorectal cancer in men.

CONCLUSION

Our results indicate that socioeconomic disparities may affect cancer incidence and early diagnosis in Japan. These results suggest the importance of cancer control measures targeting people with low socioeconomic status in Japan.

Persistent poverty impacts access to minimally invasive surgery among patients with hepatopancreatobiliary cancer

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has been successfully adopted in hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) cancer, and has been associated with improved perioperative and comparable oncological outcomes. We sought to define the impact of county-level duration of poverty on access to MIS and clinical outcomes among patients with HPB cancer undergoing surgical treatment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Data on patients diagnosed with HPB cancer were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare data (2010-2016). County-level poverty data were obtained from the American Community Survey and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and categorized into three groups: never high poverty (NHP), intermittent high poverty (IHP), and persistent poverty (PP). Multivariable regression was used to assess the relationship between PP and MIS.

RESULTS

Among 8098 patients, 82% (n = 664) resided in regions with NHP, 13.6% (n = 1104) resided in regions with IHP, and 4.4% (n = 350) resided in regions with PP. Median age at the diagnosis was 71 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 67-77). Patients from IHP and PP counties had lower odds of undergoing MIS (IHP/PP vs. NHP, odds ratio [OR]: 0.59, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.36-0.96, p = 0.034) and being discharged home (IHP/PP vs. NHP, OR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.43-0.99, p = 0.043), as well as a higher risk of 1-year mortality (IHP/PP vs. NHP, HR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.036-2.209, p = 0.032) compared with patients residing in NHP counties.

CONCLUSIONS

Duration of county-level poverty was associated with lower receipt of MIS and unfavorable clinical and survival outcomes among patients with HPB cancer. There is a need to improve access to modern surgical treatment options among vulnerable, PP populations.

Effects of ranitidine and nizatidine on the risk of gastrointestinal cancer

Purpose

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer occurs in digestive organs such as the stomach, colon, liver, esophagus, and pancreas. About 83,034 cases occurred in Korea alone in 2020. Dietary factors, alcohol consumption, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), and lifestyle factors increase the incidence of diseases such as gastritis, peptic ulcer, pancreatitis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which can develop into GI cancer. However, in 2019, the US Food and Drug Administration announced that the drugs ranitidine and nizatidine, which are used for digestive disorders, contain carcinogens. In this study, we investigated the effects of ranitidine and nizatidine on the development of GI cancer.

Materials and methods

In this study, using National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC) version 2.5 (updated from 2002 to 2019), subjects who developed GI cancer were enrolled in the case group, and those who were at risk of, but did not develop, cancer were enrolled in the control group. Thereafter, risk-set matching was performed (1:3 ratio) by sex and age at the time of diagnosis of cancer in the case group. Through this procedure, 22,931 cases and 68,793 controls were identified. The associations of ranitidine and/or nizatidine with GI cancer were confirmed by adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) calculated through conditional logistic regression analysis.

Results

The aORs of ranitidine and/or nizatidine users were lower than those of nonusers in all average prescription days groups (< 30 days/year: aOR [95% CI] = 0.79 [0.75-0.82]; 30-59 days/year: aOR [95% CI] = 0.66 [0.59-0.73]; 60-89 days/year: aOR [95% CI] = 0.69 [0.59-0.81]; ≥ 90 days/year: aOR [95% CI] = 0.69 [0.59-0.79]). Sensitivity analyses were conducted with different lag periods for the onset of GI cancer after drug administration, and these analyses yielded consistent results. Additional analyses were also performed by dividing subjects into groups based on cancer types and CCI scores, and these analyses produced the same results.

Conclusion

Our study, using nationwide retrospective cohort data, did not find evidence suggesting that ranitidine and nizatidine increase the risk of GI cancer. In fact, we observed that the incidence of GI cancer was lower in individuals who used the drugs compared to nonusers. These findings suggest a potential beneficial effect of these drugs on cancer risk, likely attributed to their ability to improve digestive function.

Investigation of the Incidence and Geographic Distribution of Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas in Canada: A National Population-Based Study

Sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of mesenchymal malignancies with various genetic and environmental risk factors. This study analyzed the epidemiology of sarcomas to gain insight into the incidence and mortality rates of these cancers in Canada, as well as to elucidate their potential environmental risk factors. Data for this study were obtained from le Registre Québécois du Cancer (LRQC) and from the Canadian Cancer Registry (CCR) for the period from 1992 to 2010. Mortality data were obtained from the Canadian Vital Statistics (CVS) database for the period from 1992 to 2010 using the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, ICD-O-3, ICD-9, or ICD-10 codes, for all subtypes of sarcomas. We found that the overall sarcoma incidence in Canada decreased during the study period. However, there were select subtypes with increasing incidence. Peripherally located sarcomas were found to have lower mortality rates compared to axially located sarcomas, as expected. Clustering of Kaposi sarcoma cases in self-identified LGBTQ+ communities and in postal codes with a higher proportion of African-Canadian and Hispanic populations was observed. Forward Sortation Area (FSA) postal codes with a lower socioeconomic status also had higher Kaposi sarcoma incidence rates.

Association of unmet basic resource needs with frailty and quality of life among older adults with cancer-Results from the CARE registry

BACKGROUND

Basic resource needs related to transportation, housing, food, and medications are important social determinants of health and modifiable indicators of poverty, but their role in modifying the risk of frailty and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) remains unknown. The goal of our study was to examine the prevalence of unmet basic needs and their association with frailty and HRQoL in a cohort of older adults with cancer.

METHODS

The CARE registry prospectively enrolls older adults (≥60 years) with cancer. Assessments of transportation, housing, and material hardship were added to the CARE tool in 8/2020. The 44-item CARE Frailty Index was used to define frailty, and subdomains of physical and mental HRQoL were assessed using the PROMIS® 10-global. Multivariable analysis examined the association between unmet needs with frailty and HRQoL subdomains, adjusting for covariates.

RESULTS

The cohort included 494 participants. Median age of 69 years, 63.6% were male and 20.2% were Non-Hispanic (NH) Black. Unmet basic needs were reported in 17.8% (transportation 11.5%, housing 2.8%, and material hardship 7.5%). Those with unmet needs were more often NH Black (33.0% vs. 17.8%, p = 0.006) and less educated (

CONCLUSIONS

Unmet basic needs represent a novel exposure that is independently associated with frailty and low HRQoL and warrants the development of targeted interventions.

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Key Words

• aging
• basic resource needs
• cancer
• concrete resource needs
• frailty
• geriatric oncology

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MESH Headings

• Humans
• Male
• Aged
• Female
• Quality of Life
• Frailty/epidemiology
• Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Neoplasms/therapy
• Ethnicity
• Registries

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Grants

• K08 CA234225 NCI NIH HHS
• T32 HS013852 AHRQ HHS
• Doris Duke Charitable Foundation
• National Cancer Institute

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Affiliation(s)

Grant R. Williams Institute for Cancer Outcomes & SurvivorshipUniversity of AlabamaBirminghamAlabamaUSA O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of AlabamaBirminghamAlabamaUSA
Mackenzie Fowler Institute for Cancer Outcomes & SurvivorshipUniversity of AlabamaBirminghamAlabamaUSA
Smith Giri Institute for Cancer Outcomes & SurvivorshipUniversity of AlabamaBirminghamAlabamaUSA O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of AlabamaBirminghamAlabamaUSA
Chen Dai Institute for Cancer Outcomes & SurvivorshipUniversity of AlabamaBirminghamAlabamaUSA
Christian Harmon Institute for Cancer Outcomes & SurvivorshipUniversity of AlabamaBirminghamAlabamaUSA
Mustafa Al‐Obaidi Institute for Cancer Outcomes & SurvivorshipUniversity of AlabamaBirminghamAlabamaUSA
Coryn Stephenson University of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
Kira Bona Division of Population SciencesDana‐Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMassachusettsUSA
Wendy Landier Institute for Cancer Outcomes & SurvivorshipUniversity of AlabamaBirminghamAlabamaUSA O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of AlabamaBirminghamAlabamaUSA
Smita Bhatia Institute for Cancer Outcomes & SurvivorshipUniversity of AlabamaBirminghamAlabamaUSA O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of AlabamaBirminghamAlabamaUSA
Julie Wolfson Institute for Cancer Outcomes & SurvivorshipUniversity of AlabamaBirminghamAlabamaUSA O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of AlabamaBirminghamAlabamaUSA

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Area-level socioeconomic status is positively correlated with glioblastoma incidence and prognosis in the United States

In the United States, an individual’s access to resources, insurance status, and wealth are critical social determinants that affect both the risk and outcomes of many diseases. One disease for which the correlation with socioeconomic status (SES) is less well-characterized is glioblastoma (GBM), a devastating brain malignancy. The aim of this study was to review the current literature characterizing the relationship between area-level SES and both GBM incidence and prognosis in the United States. A query of multiple databases was performed to identify the existing data on SES and GBM incidence or prognosis. Papers were filtered by relevant terms and topics. A narrative review was then constructed to summarize the current body of knowledge on this topic. We obtained a total of three papers that analyze SES and GBM incidence, which all report a positive correlation between area-level SES and GBM incidence. In addition, we found 14 papers that focus on SES and GBM prognosis, either overall survival or GBM-specific survival. Those studies that analyze data from greater than 1,530 patients report a positive correlation between area-level SES and individual prognosis, while those with smaller study populations report no significant relationship. Our report underlines the strong association between SES and GBM incidence and highlights the need for large study populations to assess SES and GBM prognosis to ideally guide interventions that improve outcomes. Further studies are needed to determine underlying socio-economic stresses on GBM risk and outcomes to identify opportunities for intervention.

Hepatopancreaticobiliary cancer outcomes are associated with county-level duration of poverty

BACKGROUND

Socioeconomic status can often dictate access to timely surgical care and postoperative outcomes. We sought to analyze the impact of county-level poverty duration on hepatopancreaticobiliary cancer outcomes.

METHODS

Patients diagnosed with hepatopancreaticobiliary cancer were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare 2010 to 2015 database linked with county-level poverty from the American Community Survey and the US Department of Agriculture between 1980 to 2010. Counties were categorized as never high-poverty, intermittent high-poverty, and persistent poverty. Hierarchical generalized linear models and accelerated failure time models with Weibull distribution were used to assess diagnosis, treatment, textbook outcomes, and survival.

RESULTS

Among 41,077 patients, 1,758 (4.3%) lived in persistent poverty. Counties exposed to greater durations of poverty had increased proportions of non-Hispanic Black patients (never high-poverty: 7.6%, intermittent high-poverty: 20.4%, persistent poverty: 23.2%), uninsured patients (never high-poverty: 0.5%, intermittent high-poverty: 0.5%, persistent poverty: 0.9%), and patients with a rural residence (never high-poverty: 0.6%, intermittent high-poverty: 2.4%, persistent poverty: 11.5%). Individuals residing in persistent poverty had lower odds of undergoing resection (odds ratio 0.82, 95% confidence interval 0.66-0.98), achieving textbook outcomes (odds ratio 0.54, 95% confidence interval 0.34-0.84), and increased cancer-specific mortality (hazard ratio 1.07, 95% CI 1.00-1.15) (all P < .05). Non-Hispanic Black patients were less likely to present with early-stage disease (odds ratio 0.86, 95% confidence interval 0.79-0.95) and undergo surgical treatment (odds ratio 0.58, 95% confidence interval 0.52-0.66) compared to non-Hispanic White patients (both P < .01). Notably, non-Hispanic White patients in persistent poverty were more likely to present with early-stage disease (odds ratio 1.30, 95% confidence interval 1.12-1.52) and undergo surgery for localized disease (odds ratio 1.36, 95% confidence interval 1.06-1.74) compared to non-Hispanic Black patients in never high-poverty (both P < .05).

CONCLUSION

Duration of poverty was associated with lower odds of receipt of surgical treatment, achievement of textbook outcomes, and worse cancer-specific survival. Non-Hispanic Black patients were at particular risk of suboptimal outcomes, highlighting the impact of structural racism independent of socioeconomic status.

The sociological basis of the skin cancer epidemic

Given the precipitous rise in its incidence in recent decades, skin cancer has been recognized as a growing epidemic. We explore the sociological underpinnings of this epidemic, including: (1) aging of the demographic; (2) human ecologic factors (residing in areas with high ambient ultraviolet levels and a depleted ozone layer); (3) large-scale European migration to more equatorial latitudes; (4) social structures that for centuries minimized miscegenation and maximized segregation; (5) gender-based differences in sunbathing, tanning, sunscreen use, and clothing choice; (6) occupational ultraviolet exposure; (7) the complex interplay of socioeconomic status, race, and urbanization on skin cancer incidence and mortality; (8) the effects of war on skin cancer incidence; (9) cultural shifts in clothing, travel, outdoor sports, recreation, and attitudes towards being tan; and (10) the indirect effects of religion. We show that without these sociological factors, the most common type of cancer would not be nearly as common.

Global Epidemiological Patterns in the Burden of Main Non-Communicable Diseases, 1990-2019: Relationships With Socio-Demographic Index

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze spatio-temporal patterns of the global burden caused by main NCDs along the socio-economic development. Methods: We extracted relevant data from GBD 2019. The estimated annual percentage changes, quantile regression and limited cubic splines were adopted to estimate temporal trends and relationships with socio-demographic index. Results: NCDs accounted for 74.36% of global all-cause deaths in 2019. The main NCDs diseases were estimated for cardiovascular diseases, neoplasms, and chronic respiratory diseases, with deaths of 18.56 (17.08-19.72) million, 10.08 (9.41-10.66) million and 3.97 (3.58-4.30) million, respectively. The death burden of three diseases gradually decreased globally over time. Regional and sex variations existed worldwide. Besides, the death burden of CVD showed the inverted U-shaped associations with SDI, while neoplasms were positively correlated with SDI, and CRD showed the negative association. Conclusion: NCDs remain a crucial public health issue worldwide, though several favorable trends of CVD, neoplasms and CRD were observed. Regional and sex disparities still existed. Public health managers should execute more targeted programs to lessen NCDs burden, predominantly among lower SDI countries.

Demographic profile, management, and survival of primary Gastrointestinal Kaposi Sarcoma: A USA Nationwide SEER-based study

Kaposi Sarcoma (KS) is a Human Herpes Virus-8 (HHV-8) associated angio-proliferative disorder commonly seen in patients with HIV. It most commonly involves the skin as classic purple lesions but occasionally involves the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. To date, published data is scarce on primary GI KS. Using a national database, this study analyzes the incidence, demographics, and survival of primary GI KS. We conducted a retrospective analysis (1975-2019) on biopsy-proven primary GI KS cases from 17 registries from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. A total of 685 patients with GI KS were identified. Female gender, Non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander (NHAPI), married marital status, and large bowel site-specific primary KS to have better overall survival. Luminal gastrointestinal KS was more frequent (84.96%) than solid organ involvement (3.07% of all cases). This study is the most extensive population-based study about the epidemiological and survival data of patients with primary GI KS, revealing GI KS to be a young male disease with best outcomes in the large bowel and anal canal KS while inferior outcomes in extraintestinal GI KS.

Spatio-Temporal Variation of Lung Cancer in Crete, 1992-2013. Economic or Health Crisis?

(1) Background: This is the first population-based study in Greece, with the aim to measure the changing trends of lung cancer (LC) and the associated risk factors before and after the economic crisis. Among the main objectives were the identification of LC hot spots and high-risk areas; (2) Methods: The study was conducted in Crete, the biggest island in Greece. Data (5057 LC cases) were collected from the Cancer Registry of Crete (CRC). The age-standardized incidence and mortality rates (ASIR, ASMR/100,000/year) were estimated, while additional indexes were used, including the adjusted Charlson's comorbidity index (CCI%), the deprivation index (HPI-2), and the exposure to outdoor air pollution (OAP). The analysis was performed for two time periods (Period A: 1992-2008; Period B: 2009-2013); (3) Results: ASIR presented a significant increase during the economic crisis, while an even higher increase was observed in ASMR (Period A: ASMR = 30.5/100,000/year; Period B: ASMR = 43.8/100,000/year; p < 0.001). After 2009, a significant increase in the observed LC hot spots was identified in several sub-regions in Crete (p = 0.04). The risk of LC mortality increased even more for smokers (RR = 5.7; 95%CI = 5.2-6.3) and those living in highly deprived geographical regions (RR = 5.4; 95%CI = 5.1-5.8) during the austerity period. The multiple effect of LC predictors resulted in adjusted RRs ranging from 0.7 to 5.7 within the island (p < 0.05); (4) Conclusions: The increased LC burden after the onset of the economic crisis, along with a changing pattern of LC predictors stressed the urgent need of geographically oriented interventions and cancer control programs focusing on the most deprived or vulnerable population groups.

Exocrine pancreatic cancer and living near to waste sites containing hazardous organic chemicals, New York State, USA - an 18-year population-based study

OBJECTIVES

The etiology of exocrine pancreatic cancer (EPC) remains unknown except for family history and smoking. Despite recent medical advances, rates of pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality are increasing. Although existing evidence suggests a potentially causal relationship between environmental chemical exposures and pancreatic cancer, whether residential exposure impacts pancreatic cancer rates remains unknown.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The authors identified 28 941 patients diagnosed with exocrine pancreatic cancer in New York State exclusive of New York City for the years 1996-2013. Descriptive statistics and negative binomial regression were used in this ecological study to compare pancreatic cancer hospitalization rates among patients who lived in zip codes with hazardous waste sites (HWSs) containing persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and volatile organic pollutants (VOCs) compared with clean zip codes with no identified hazardous waste sites. The authors assessed the effect of selected known and suspected human carcinogens on the EPC hospitalization rates by subgroup analyses.

RESULTS

Compared with the clean sites, the pancreatic cancer hospital discharge rate in the "VOCs without POPs" and "VOCs and POPs" sites, after adjustment for potential confounders were 1.06 (95% CI: 1.03-1.09) and 1.05 (95% CI: 1.01-1.08), respectively. In the analysis by specific chemicals, rate ratios (RR) for the benzene (RR = 1.12) and ethylbenzene (RR = 1.34) in the non-chlorinated VOCs group, trichloroethylene (RR = 1.07) and tetrachloroethylene (RR = 1.11) in the chlorinated VOCs group, chlorinated pesticides (RR = 1.11) and PCBs (RR = 1.05) in the POPs groups were statistically significant (p-values <0.05) compared with clean sites.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with the clean sites, the pancreatic cancer hospital discharge rate in the "VOCs without POPs" and "VOCs and POPs" sites, after adjustment for potential confounders were 1.06 (95% CI: 1.03-1.09) and 1.05 (95% CI: 1.01-1.08), respectively. In the analysis by specific chemicals, rate ratios (RR) for the benzene (RR = 1.12) and ethylbenzene (RR = 1.34) in the non-chlorinated VOCs group, trichloroethylene (RR = 1.07) and tetrachloroethylene (RR = 1.11) in the chlorinated VOCs group, chlorinated pesticides (RR = 1.11) and PCBs (RR = 1.05) in the POPs groups were statistically significant (p-values <0.05) compared with clean sites. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2022;35(4):459-71.

Mortality disparities among patients with HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma in the southern United States

OBJECTIVE

To describe risk factors for mortality in HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma in an urban population in Dallas, Texas.

DESIGN

Retrospective electronic medical record review of patients with HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma.

METHODS

Electronic medical records were reviewed from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2018 for patients with a diagnosis of HIV and Kaposi's sarcoma by ICD-9 or ICD-10 codes. Demographics, HIV history, Kaposi's sarcoma history, treatment, and mortality data were collected. Mortality data was supplemented by an inquiry from the National Death Index (NDI). Survival analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazards analysis to determine independent predictors of mortality.

RESULTS

Black patients had higher mortality than white or Hispanic patients (hazard ratio 2.07, 95% confidence interval 1.12-3.82), even after adjusting for covariates. This mortality difference correlates with higher rates of advanced Kaposi's sarcoma disease and KS-IRIS in black patients compared with other groups and is not explained by differences in CD4+ cell count, HIV viral load, engagement in care, or ART adherence at the time of cancer diagnosis.

CONCLUSION

Despite nationwide trends showing decreased incidence and decreased mortality in Kaposi's sarcoma in the ART era, a high number of Kaposi's sarcoma cases and disparities in Kaposi's sarcoma outcomes persist in certain populations in the United States.

Socioeconomic status and risk of lung cancer by histological subtype in the Nordic countries

BACKGROUND

While the excess in lung cancer risk among lower socioeconomic status individuals has been widely described, the magnitude of this association across lung cancer subtypes, as well as histotype-related long-term incidence trends, are inconclusively reported.

AIMS

We explored the variation in the incidence of the three main lung cancer histotypes (i.e. squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma) by socioeconomic status (SES, i.e. upper and lower white collar, upper and lower blue collar, and farming/forestry/fishing) in the adult population of four Nordic countries (i.e. Sweden, Norway, Finland and Denmark).

MATERIALS & METHODS

We have used data from the Nordic Occupational Cancer Study (NOCCA), computing age-standardized incidence rates per 100,000 person-years truncated at ages 50-69 years, by sex, histotype, country and SES, for the period 1971-2005. We estimated relative risks and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals through Poisson regression models, including terms for SES, age, sex and country, as indicated.

RESULTS

A clear socioeconomic gradient, with a progressive increase in lung cancer risk as SES level decreases, was observed in all subtypes and in both sexes. Favourable lung cancer incidence trends were seen among men for squamous cell and small cell carcinomas, although for adenocarcinomas rates were increasing everywhere except for Finland. Among women, upward temporal trends were seen in all SES groups and for all subtypes, although rates increased to a greater extent for low, compared to high, SES, especially in Denmark and Norway. Farmers showed comparatively lower risks compared to other SES categories.

DISCUSSION

This prospective cohort study shows that substantial socioeconomic inequalities in the incidence of the most important lung cancer histotypes exist in the Nordic Countries, and that these inequalities are on the rise, especially among women.

CONCLUSION

Smoking habits are likely to largely explain the observed social gradient for lung cancer histotypes in both sexes.

Oncologic Treatment of HIV-Associated Kaposi Sarcoma 40 Years on

The observation in 1981 of the emergence of Kaposi sarcoma (KS) among young men who had sex with men was one of the first harbingers of the HIV epidemic. With advances in HIV care, the incidence of HIV-associated KS (HIV⁺KS) has decreased over time in the United States. However, it remains a persistent malignancy among some HIV-infected populations and is one of the most common tumors in sub-Saharan Africa. Because of the relapsing and remitting nature of this cancer, patients with HIV⁺KS can experience significant, long-term, morbidity. Patients with severe HIV⁺KS may also have concurrent lymphoproliferative syndromes, malignancies, and/or infections that can contribute to mortality. Several chemotherapy agents were explored in clinical trials for HIV⁺KS during the early stage of the epidemic. As HIV⁺KS emerges with CD4 lymphopenia and immunodysregulation, T-cell-sparing options are important to consider. Here, we explore the pathogenesis of HIV⁺KS and the current evidence for immunotherapy and therapies that potentially target KS pathogenesis. This review provides the current landscape of therapies for HIV⁺KS and highlights management issues for patients with HIV and cancer.

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) for exploring spatial variability of lung and bronchus cancer (LBC) mortality rates in the contiguous USA

Machine learning (ML) has demonstrated promise in predicting mortality; however, understanding spatial variation in risk factor contributions to mortality rate requires explainability. We applied explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) on a stack-ensemble machine learning model framework to explore and visualize the spatial distribution of the contributions of known risk factors to lung and bronchus cancer (LBC) mortality rates in the conterminous United States. We used five base-learners-generalized linear model (GLM), random forest (RF), Gradient boosting machine (GBM), extreme Gradient boosting machine (XGBoost), and Deep Neural Network (DNN) for developing stack-ensemble models. Then we applied several model-agnostic approaches to interpret and visualize the stack ensemble model's output in global and local scales (at the county level). The stack ensemble generally performs better than all the base learners and three spatial regression models. A permutation-based feature importance technique ranked smoking prevalence as the most important predictor, followed by poverty and elevation. However, the impact of these risk factors on LBC mortality rates varies spatially. This is the first study to use ensemble machine learning with explainable algorithms to explore and visualize the spatial heterogeneity of the relationships between LBC mortality and risk factors in the contiguous USA.

Targets for improving disparate head and neck cancer outcomes in the low-income population

Low-income patients have worse head and neck cancer outcomes than those with high-income. Yet, few targets have been identified to specifically improve outcomes in the low-income population. Here, we conduct a review on the current literature on head and neck cancer outcomes in the low-income population and identify targets for intervention. The degree of disparity is in the range of 20%-90% worse overall survival in the low-income population. Eliminating smoking would have the greatest effect on head and neck cancer mortality rates in the low-income population. Additionally, access to oral cancer exams, assistance with transportation, and continued expansion of telemedicine would facilitate early diagnosis and timely treatment in patients who develop head and neck cancer.

Reducing Poverty-Related Disparities in Cervical Cancer: The Role of HPV Vaccination

BACKGROUND

Near elimination of cervical cancer in the United States is possible in coming decades, yet inequities will delay this achievement for some populations. We sought to explore the effects of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination on disparities in cervical cancer incidence between high- and low-poverty U.S. counties.

METHODS

We calibrated a dynamic simulation model of HPV infection to reflect average counties in the highest and lowest quartile of poverty (percent of population below federal poverty level), incorporating data on HPV prevalence, cervical cancer screening, and HPV vaccination. We projected cervical cancer incidence through 2070, estimated absolute and relative disparities in incident cervical cancer for high- versus low-poverty counties, and compared incidence with the near-elimination target (4 cases/100,000 women annually).

RESULTS

We estimated that, on average, low-poverty counties will achieve near-elimination targets 14 years earlier than high-poverty counties (2029 vs. 2043). Absolute disparities by county poverty will decrease, but relative differences are estimated to increase. We estimate 21,604 cumulative excess cervical cancer cases in high-poverty counties over the next 50 years. Increasing HPV vaccine coverage nationally to the Healthy People 2020 goal (80%) would reduce excess cancer cases, but not alter estimated time to reach the near-elimination threshold.

CONCLUSIONS

High-poverty U.S. counties will likely be delayed in achieving near-elimination targets for cervical cancer and as a result will experience thousands of potentially preventable cancers.

IMPACT

Alongside vaccination efforts, it is important to address the role of social determinants and health care access in driving persistent inequities by area poverty.

Persistent Disparity: Socioeconomic Deprivation and Cancer Outcomes in Patients Treated in Clinical Trials

Patients with cancer living in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas have worse cancer outcomes. The association between socioeconomic deprivation and outcomes among patients with cancer participating in clinical trials has not been systematically examined.

Evaluation of an Inpatient Postpartum Human Papillomavirus Immunization Program

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the result of an inpatient postpartum human papillomavirus (HPV) immunization pilot program in a diverse, low-income patient population from an urban, hospital-based obstetrics and gynecology clinic.

METHODS

In this cohort study, we present results from the first 2 years of the inpatient postpartum HPV immunization program, in which vaccine-eligible postpartum women were identified and immunized during their hospital stays. The program was implemented after educational outreach with prenatal and postpartum clinicians and nurses. Associations between receipt of the HPV vaccine as an inpatient and the characteristics of patients, and the likelihood of and missed opportunities for receiving a subsequent dose of the HPV vaccine as an outpatient were determined using logistic regression, time-to-event analyses, chi-squared tests and t-tests.

RESULTS

From April 11, 2017, to April 10, 2019, 394 (59.2%) of 666 postpartum women were eligible for the inpatient postpartum HPV immunization program. The majority (265/394, 67.3%) received the immunization pilot program HPV dose; 36 of those 265 (13.6%) completed the series with that dose. Among women due for additional doses after hospital discharge, those who received the inpatient dose were more likely to receive a subsequent outpatient dose (138/229) than were those who did not receive an inpatient dose (39/129; hazard ratio 2.51, 95% CI 1.76-3.58). On average, there were 30.7 fewer (95% CI 5.8-55.6, P<.02) missed opportunities for subsequent outpatient doses for every 100 eligible visits among women who received the inpatient dose, compared with women who did not. By the end of the study, the proportion of women who had completed the vaccine series was higher among women who received the inpatient dose (95/265, 35.8%) than in those who did not (12 out 129, 9.3%; odds ratio 5.45, 95% CI 2.86-10.38).

CONCLUSION

The inpatient postpartum HPV immunization program was associated with increased rates of immunization and addressed a previously missed opportunity. Inpatient immunization programs can serve as a critical way to address gaps in vaccine uptake.

Systemic Therapy for Melanoma: ASCO Guideline

PURPOSE

To provide guidance to clinicians regarding the use of systemic therapy for melanoma.

METHODS

ASCO convened an Expert Panel and conducted a systematic review of the literature.

RESULTS

A systematic review, one meta-analysis, and 34 additional randomized trials were identified. The published studies included a wide range of systemic therapies in cutaneous and noncutaneous melanoma.

RECOMMENDATIONS

In the adjuvant setting, nivolumab or pembrolizumab should be offered to patients with resected stage IIIA/B/C/D BRAF wild-type cutaneous melanoma, while either of those two agents or the combination of dabrafenib and trametinib should be offered in BRAF-mutant disease. No recommendation could be made for or against the use of neoadjuvant therapy in cutaneous melanoma. In the unresectable/metastatic setting, ipilimumab plus nivolumab, nivolumab alone, or pembrolizumab alone should be offered to patients with BRAF wild-type cutaneous melanoma, while those three regimens or combination BRAF/MEK inhibitor therapy with dabrafenib/trametinib, encorafenib/binimetinib, or vemurafenib/cobimetinib should be offered in BRAF-mutant disease. Patients with mucosal melanoma may be offered the same therapies recommended for cutaneous melanoma. No recommendation could be made for or against specific therapy for uveal melanoma. Additional information is available at www.asco.org/melanoma-guidelines.

Area-level deprivation and oral cancer in England 2012-2016

BACKGROUND

The relationship between deprivation and oral cancer is complex. We examined magnitude and shape of deprivation-related inequalities in oral cancer in England 2012-2016.

METHODS

Oral cancer was indicated by cancers of the lip and oral cavity (ICD10 C00-C06) and lip, oral cavity and pharynx (C00-C14) and deprivation by the Index of Multiple Deprivation. Deprivation inequality in incidence and mortality rates of oral cancer outcomes was measured using the Relative Index of Inequality (RII). Fractional polynomial regression was used to explore the shape of the relationships between deprivation and oral cancer outcomes. Multivariate regression models were fitted with the appropriate functions to examine the independent effect of deprivation on cancer adjusting for smoking, alcohol and ethnicity.

RESULTS

Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and mortality rate ratios (MRRs) were greater for more deprived areas. The RII values indicated significant inequalities for oral cancer outcomes but the magnitude of inequalities were greater for mortality. The relationships between deprivation and oral cancer outcomes were curvilinear. Deprivation, Asian ethnicity and alcohol consumption were associated with higher incidence and mortality rates of oral cancer.

CONCLUSION

This is the first study, to our knowledge, exploring the shape of socioeconomic inequalities in oral cancer at neighbourhood level. Deprivation-related inequalities were present for all oral cancer outcomes with a steeper rise at the more deprived end of the deprivation spectrum. Deprivation predicted oral cancer even after accounting for other risk factors.

Persistent Poverty and Cancer Mortality Rates: An Analysis of County-Level Poverty Designations

BACKGROUND

Cancer mortality is higher in counties with high levels of (current) poverty, but less is known about associations with persistent poverty. Persistent poverty counties (with ≥20% of residents in poverty since 1980) face social, structural, and behavioral challenges that may make their residents more vulnerable to cancer.

METHODS

We calculated 2007 to 2011 county-level, age-adjusted, and overall and type-specific cancer mortality rates (deaths/100,000 people/year) by persistent poverty classifications, which we contrasted with mortality in counties experiencing current poverty (≥20% of residents in poverty according to 2007-2011 American Community Survey). We used two-sample t tests and multivariate linear regression to assess mortality by persistent poverty, and compared mortality rates across current and persistent poverty levels.

RESULTS

Overall cancer mortality was 179.3 [standard error (SE) = 0.55] deaths/100,000 people/year in nonpersistent poverty counties and 201.3 (SE = 1.80) in persistent poverty counties (12.3% higher, P < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, cancer mortality was higher in persistent poverty versus nonpersistent poverty counties for overall cancer mortality as well as for several type-specific mortality rates: lung and bronchus, colorectal, stomach, and liver and intrahepatic bile duct (all P < 0.05). Among counties experiencing current poverty, those counties that were also experiencing persistent poverty had elevated mortality rates for all cancer types as well as lung and bronchus, colorectal, breast, stomach, and liver and intrahepatic bile duct (all P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Cancer mortality was higher in persistent poverty counties than other counties, including those experiencing current poverty.

IMPACT

Etiologic research and interventions, including policies, are needed to address multilevel determinants of cancer disparities in persistent poverty counties.

Elderly Black Non-Hispanic Patients With Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancer Have the Worst Survival Outcomes

BACKGROUND

In this population study, we compared head and neck cancer (HNC) prognosis and risk factors in 2 underserved minority groups (Hispanic and Black non-Hispanic patients) with those in other racial/ethnicity groups.

METHODS

In this SEER-Medicare database study in patients with HNC diagnosed in 2006 through 2015, we evaluated cancer-specific survival (CSS) between different racial/ethnic cohorts as the main outcome. Patient demographics, tumor factors, socioeconomic status, and treatments were analyzed in relation to the primary outcomes between racial/ethnic groups.

RESULTS

Black non-Hispanic patients had significantly worse CSS than all other racial/ethnic groups, including Hispanic patients, in unadjusted univariate analysis (Black non-Hispanic patients: hazard ratio, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.33-1.65; Hispanic patients: hazard ratio, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.99-1.28). To investigate the association of several variables with CSS, data were stratified for multivariate analysis using forward Cox regression. This identified socioeconomic status, cancer stage, and receipt of treatment as predictive factors for the survival differences. Black non-Hispanic patients were most likely to present at a later stage (odds ratio, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.38-1.90) and to receive less treatment (odds ratio, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.55-0.81). Unmarried status, high poverty areas, increased emergency department visits, and receipt of healthcare at non-NCI/nonteaching hospitals also significantly impacted stage and treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Black non-Hispanic patients have a worse HNC prognosis than patients in all other racial/ethnic groups, including Hispanic patients. Modifiable risk factors include access to nonemergent care and prevention measures, such as tobacco cessation; presence of social support; communication barriers; and access to tertiary centers for appropriate treatment of their cancers.

Patterns of HIV testing among women diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer in the New Jersey Medicaid Program

PURPOSE

Practice-based guidelines recommend HIV testing during initial invasive cervical cancer (ICC) workup. Determinants of HIV testing during diagnosis of AIDS-defining cancers in vulnerable populations, where risk for HIV infection is higher, are under-explored.

METHODS

We examine factors associated with patterns of HIV testing among Medicaid enrollees diagnosed with ICC. Using linked data from the New Jersey State Cancer Registry and New Jersey Medicaid claims and enrollment files, we evaluated HIV testing among 242 ICC cases diagnosed from 2012 to 2014 in ages 21-64 at (a) any point during Medicaid enrollment (2011-2014) and (b) during cancer workup 6 months pre ICC diagnosis to 6 months post ICC diagnosis. Logistic regression models identified factors associated with HIV testing.

RESULTS

Overall, 13% of women had a claim for HIV testing during ICC workup. Two-thirds (68%) of women did not have a claim for HIV testing (non-receipt of HIV testing) while enrolled in Medicaid. Hispanic/NH-API/Other women had lower odds of non-receipt of HIV testing compared with NH-Whites (OR: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.17-0.94). Higher odds of non-receipt of HIV testing were observed among cases with no STI testing (OR: 4.92; 95% CI 2.27-10.67) and < 1 year of Medicaid enrollment (OR: 3.07; 95% CI 1.14- 8.26) after adjusting for other factors.

CONCLUSIONS

Few women had HIV testing claims during ICC workup. Opportunities for optimal ICC care are informed by knowledge of HIV status. Further research should explore if lack of HIV testing claims during ICC workup is an accurate indicator of ICC care, and if so, to assess testing barriers during workup.

Towards precision public health: Geospatial analytics and sensitivity/specificity assessments to inform liver cancer prevention

Objectives

Liver cancer (LC) continues to rise, partially due to limited resources for prevention. To test the precision public health (PPH) hypothesis that fewer areas in need of LC prevention could be identified by combining existing surveillance data, we compared the sensitivity/specificity of standard recommendations to target geographic areas using U.S. Census demographic data only (percent (%) Hispanic, Black, and those born 1950–1959) to an alternative approach that couples additional geospatial data, including neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES), with LC disease statistics.

Methods

Pennsylvania Cancer Registry data from 2007-2014 were linked to 2010 U.S. Census data at the Census tract (CT) level. CTs in the top 80th percentile for 3 standard demographic variables, %Hispanic, %Black, %born 1950–1959, were identified. Spatial scan statistics (SatScan) identified CTs with significantly elevated incident LC rates (p-value<0.05), adjusting for age, gender, diagnosis year. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV) of a CT being located in an elevated risk cluster and/or testing positive/negative for at least one standard variable were calculated. nSES variables (deprivation, stability, segregation) significantly associated with LC in regression models (p < 0.05) were systematically evaluated for improvements in sensitivity/specificity.

Results

9,460 LC cases were diagnosed across 3,217 CTs. 1,596 CTs were positive for at least one of 3 standard variables. 5 significant elevated risk clusters (CTs = 402) were identified. 324 CTs were positive for a high risk cluster AND standard variable (sensitivity = 92%; specificity = 37%; PPV = 17.4%). Incorporation of 3 new nSES variables with one standard variable (%Black) further improved sensitivity (93%), specificity (62.9%), and PPV (26.3%).

Conclusions

We introduce a quantitative assessment of PPH by applying established sensitivity/specificity assessments to geospatial data. Coupling existing disease cluster and nSES data can more precisely identify intervention targets with a liver cancer burden than standard demographic variables. Thus, this approach may inform prioritization of limited resources for liver cancer prevention.

•

Precision Public Health calls for linking surveillance data to identify fewer neighborhoods for intervention.

•

Sensitivity/specificity methods can measure the utility of Precision Public Health by identifying optimal data combinations.

•

Select combinations of linked Census and liver cancer registry data reduced neighborhood targets more than Census data alone.

•

Precision Public Health improves the prioritization of liver cancer prevention efforts.

Associations of Socioeconomic Status, Public vs Private Insurance, and Race/Ethnicity With Metastatic Sarcoma at Diagnosis

IMPORTANCE

Approximately 10% to 30% of patients with sarcoma present with detectable metastases at diagnosis. However, the extent to which presentation with metastases is due to delayed diagnosis vs other factors remains unclear.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate whether socioeconomic status, insurance status, or race/ethnicity were associated with the presence of metastases at diagnosis of sarcoma.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

This cross-sectional study used data from the population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. Adult and pediatric patients with an initial diagnosis of soft-tissue and bone sarcoma between 2001 and 2015 were stratified by age group (pediatric, <20 years; adult, 20-65 years; older adult, >65 years) and sarcoma subtype. Statistical analyses were performed between August 2019 and January 2020.

EXPOSURES

Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Census tract-level socioeconomic status index, insurance status, and race/ethnicity.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

The odds of presenting with metastases at diagnosis were calculated.

RESULTS

A total of 47 337 patients with first primary malignant sarcoma were included (24 343 male patients [51.4%]), with 29 975 non-Hispanic White patients (63.3%), 5673 non-Hispanic Black patients (12.0%), 7504 Hispanic patients (15.8%), and 4185 American Indian-Alaskan Native and Asian Pacific Islander patients (8.8%). Liposarcoma in adults was the only subtype and age group combination that demonstrated a significant trend in incidence across socioeconomic status levels (odds ratio, 0.85; 99% CI, 0.76-0.96; P = .001). However, compared with having non-Medicaid insurance, having Medicaid or no insurance in adults was associated with an increased odds of metastases at diagnosis for 6 of the 8 sarcoma subtypes evaluated; osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma were the only 2 subtypes in adults for which metastases were not associated with insurance status. In addition, there was an increased risk of presenting with metastases among non-Hispanic Black adults diagnosed with leiomyosarcoma (odds ratio, 1.87; 99% CI, 1.41-2.48) and unclassified sarcomas (odds ratio, 1.65; 99% CI, 1.01-2.67) compared with non-Hispanic White adults that was independent of socioeconomic and insurance status.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

These findings suggest that delayed access to care is associated with advanced stage at diagnosis for several soft-tissue sarcoma subtypes in adults, whereas other factors may be associated with the metastatic progression of osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma, as well as the racial disparities observed with metastatic leiomyosarcoma and unclassified sarcomas.

Development and Validation of a County-Level Social Determinants of Health Risk Assessment Tool for Cardiovascular Disease

PURPOSE

Social determinants of health (SDoH) have been linked to a variety of health conditions, but there are no multivariate measures of these determinants to estimate the risk of morbidity or mortality in a community. We developed a score derived from multivariate measures of SDoH that predicts county-level cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality.

METHODS

Using county-level data from 3,026 US counties, we developed a score considering variables of neighborhood socioeconomic status, food/lifestyle environment, and health care resource availability and accessibility to predict the 3-year average (2015-2017) age-adjusted county-level mortality rate for all CVD. We used one 50% random sample to develop the score and the other to validate the score. A Poisson regression model was developed to estimate parameters of variables while accounting for intrastate correlation.

RESULTS

The index score was based on 7 SDoH factors: percentage of the population of minority (nonwhite) race, poverty rate, percentage of the population without a high school diploma, grocery store ratio, fast-food restaurant ratio, after-tax soda price, and primary care physician supply. The area under the curve for the development and validation groups was similar, 0.851 (95% CI, 0.829-0.872) and 0.840 (95% CI, 0.817-0.863), respectively, indicating excellent discriminative ability. The index had better predictive performance for CVD burden than other area-level indexes: poverty only (area under the curve= 0.808, P <.001); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Social Vulnerability Index (CDC-SVI) (area under the curve =0.786, P <.001); and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's Socioeconomic Status (AHRQ-SES) index (area under the curve =0.835, P = .03).

CONCLUSIONS

Our validated multivariate SDoH index score accurately classifies counties with high CVD burden and therefore has the potential to improve CVD risk prediction for vulnerable populations and interventions for CVD at the county level.

A Comparative Study of Spatial Distribution of Gastrointestinal Cancers in Poverty and Affluent Strata (Kermanshah Metropolis, Iran)

INTRODUCTION

The trend of cancers has witnessed a twofold rise in the last three decades, which is expected to be fivefold by 2030. On the other hand, gastrointestinal cancers have turned into one of the health issues in many societies. Given the presence of gastrointestinal cancer hot spots and evidence of health inequalities across Kermanshah Metropolis and the results of studies signaling the association between gastrointestinal cancers and socioeconomic status of individuals as well as evidence of unequal socioeconomic opportunities in this metropolis, the present study aimed to investigate the spatial distribution of gastrointestinal cancers in the poverty and affluent strata of Kermanshah Metropolis, Iran.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this descriptive-analytical study, the recorded data of patients, suffering from gastrointestinal cancers, in Kermanshah-based Pathology Centers and Vice Chancellery of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (2007-2012) were used. Moreover, to examine the status of gastrointestinal cancers in socioeconomic classes based on the census data collected during 2007-2012, 33 social, cultural, and structural indexes were extracted from the statistical blocks. Additionally, for data analysis and factor analysis, Kruskal-Wallis Test in the environment of SPSS and kernel density estimation (KDE) and Moran's I tests in the GIS environment were employed.

FINDINGS

The results of the present study revealed that the distribution of poverty (Z score = 48.916518, p value = 0.000000) and affluent strata (Z score = 14.345028, p value = 0.000000) followed clustered patterns (p < 0.01). Additionally, the results indicated that the spatial distribution pattern of the upper gastrointestinal cancer was clustered (Z score = 1.896996, p value = 0.007828), whereas the spatial distribution pattern of the lower gastrointestinal cancer was inclined to a randomized clustered pattern (Z score = 1.338121, p value = 0.000857) (p < 0.01). Finally, seven main hot spots were identified from the poverty stratum in Kermanshah, which perfectly overlapped the hot spots of upper gastrointestinal cancer. Similarly, four main hot spots were identified from the affluent stratum in Kermanshah, which overlapped the hot spots of lower gastrointestinal cancer. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis Test demonstrated that the poverty and affluent strata were significantly different from each other in terms of gastrointestinal cancer: upper gastrointestinal cancer (p < 0.05 and X²=10.064) and lower gastrointestinal cancer (p < 0.05 and X²=10.253).

CONCLUSION

The results of the present study showed that the ratio of patients with lower gastrointestinal cancers was higher than the incidence of upper gastrointestinal cancers over the 5-year period under study. Moreover, in Kermanshah Metropolis, there was a significant difference between the upper gastrointestinal cancer in the poverty stratum and the lower gastrointestinal cancer in the affluent stratum. Hence, it is suggested that GIS be applied as a tool for identifying the patterns of effective factors of this type of cancer in each social class, and it is recommended that some effective policies be presented and adopted by health managers according to the role and importance of socioeconomic, environmental, and nutritional factors in the poverty and affluent strata of society, and people at risk be equipped with preventive training programs in this respect.

Incidence of AIDS-Related Kaposi Sarcoma in All 50 United States From 2000 to 2014

BACKGROUND

Although declining rates of incident AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma (KS) have been reported, KS incidence rates have noted race/ethnic, age, and geographic diversity. We performed a comprehensive assessment of recent secular trends in AIDS-related KS incidence in the United States.

METHODS

We identified incident KS diagnosed in men aged 20-54 years (who comprise most AIDS-related KS in the United States) using the US Cancer Statistics registry data. Joinpoint analysis assessed for trends in age-adjusted incidence rates between 2000 and 2014 calculating average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) with 95% confidence intervals. Heat maps were generated to compare age-adjusted HIV incidence rates with KS incidence rates.

RESULTS

Age-adjusted KS incidence rates nationwide decreased from 1.44/100,000 to 0.95/100,000 between 2000 and 2014. Observed rate changes varied across subgroups; eg, there were significant decreases in 30-44 years (AAPC = -5.4%), particularly in Whites and Blacks, significant increases among 20-29 years (AAPC = 2.7), primarily in Blacks, and stable rates among 45-54 years (AAPC = -0.03). In Southern United States, the incidence rates among Blacks did not significantly change. The states with highest average age-adjusted rates over the study period were Georgia (2.71/100,000), New York (2.16/100,000), California (2.02/100,000), Florida (1.90/100,000), and Texas (1.39/100,000), with significantly decreasing trends over time, except Georgia where rates increased (AAPC = 1.8).

CONCLUSIONS

Although KS incidence rates have decreased nationally, age, racial, and geographic disparities persist, including increasing risk among younger Black men and particularly elevated rates in some southern states and urban areas. Further research is needed to address racial and geographic AIDS-related KS disparities.

Epidemiology of breast cancer, a paradigm of the "common soil" hypothesis

Breast cancer is the leading cause of death in women aged 20-50 years, with some geographical difference. The yearly incidence of the disease is increasing while the related mortality is steadily decreasing. Breast cancer is associated not only with specific hormones or factors related with reproduction, but mostly to more general environmental factors, linked to socioeconomic conditions and lifestyles (smoking, stress, physical exercise and particularly dietary habits). The latter, indeed, are risk factors or conditions common to hormone-dependent tumors and other chronic degenerative disorders, such as ischemic cardio cerebro-vascular and neuro-degenerative disease. Breast cancer can indeed be considered as a paradigm of the so-called "common soil" concept, according to which the above mentioned conditions, although having different clinical manifestations, share some pathogenetic mechanisms and risk factors and intermediate predisposing phenotypes (see Type2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome or obesity). In an epidemiological perspective, evidence has been accumulated on the common response of breast cancer and cardiovascular disorders to healthy lifestyles and in particular to the beneficial effects of a close adhesion to the Mediterranean dietary model. The latter would mainly be effective thanks to its anti-inflammatory properties, thus controlling the subclinical condition of low-grade inflammation, a common risk factor of all the "common soil" disorders. Results from the prospective cohort of the Moli-sani Study (nearly 25,000 adults from the general population of the Southern Italy region of Molise) are highly suggestive in this context. In a public health perspective, the "common soil" hypothesis may thus promote the application of preventive strategies, particularly targeting lifestyles, for a broad spectrum of widely prevalent disorders, ranging from breast cancer to myocardial infarction or cognitive impairment conditions.

Socioeconomic Status in Relation to Risks of Major Gastrointestinal Cancers in Chinese Adults: A Prospective Study of 0.5 Million People

BACKGROUND

Low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with higher risk of certain gastrointestinal (e.g., colorectal, pancreatic, and liver) cancers in Western populations. Evidence is very limited in China, where correlates and determinants of SES differ from those in the West.

METHODS

The prospective China Kadoorie Biobank recruited 512,715 adults (59% women, mean age 51 years) from 10 (5 urban, 5 rural) regions. During 10 years of follow-up, 27,940 incident cancers (including 3,061 colorectal, 805 pancreatic, and 2,904 liver) were recorded among 510,131 participants without prior cancer at baseline. Cox regression was used to estimate adjusted HRs for specific cancers associated with area-level (e.g., per capita gross domestic product, disposable income) and individual-level (e.g., education, household income) SES.

RESULTS

Area-level SES and household income showed positive associations with incident colorectal and pancreatic cancers and inverse associations with liver cancer (P _trend < 0.05). Education showed no association with colorectal cancer but inverse associations with pancreatic and liver cancers, with adjusted HRs comparing university to no formal schooling being 1.05 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.85-1.29], 0.49 (95% CI, 0.28-0.85), and 0.61 (95% CI, 0.47-0.81), respectively. Potential risk factors (e.g., smoking, alcohol) partly explained the inverse associations of education with pancreatic and liver cancers (17.6% and 60.4%), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Among Chinese adults, the associations of SES with gastrointestinal cancers differed by cancer type and SES indicator. Potential risk factors partially explained the inverse associations of education with pancreatic and liver cancers.

IMPACT

The different associations between SES with gastrointestinal cancers may inform cancer prevention strategies.

The respective parts of incidence and lethality in socioeconomic differences in cancer mortality. An analysis of the French network Cancer registries (FRANCIM) data

Background

To determine relevant public health actions and to guide intervention priorities, it is of great importance to assess the relative contribution of incidence and lethality to social inequalities in cancer mortality.

Methods

The study population comprised 185,518 cases of cancer diagnosed between 2006 and 2009 recorded in the French registries. Survival was known for each patient (endpoint: 30/06/2013). Deprivation was assessed using the European Deprivation Index. We studied the influence of deprivation on mortality, incidence and lethality rates and quantified the respective proportions of incidence and lethality in social inequalities in mortality by calculating attributable deaths.

Results

For cancers with social inequalities both in incidence and lethality, excess mortality in deprived was mainly caused by social inequalities in incidence (e.g. men lung cancer: 87% of excess deaths in the deprived caused by inequalities in incidence). Proportions were more balanced for some cancer sites (e.g. cervical cancer: 56% incidence, 44% lethality). For cancer sites with a higher incidence in the least deprived (e.g. breast cancer), the excess-lethality in deprived leads entirely the higher mortality among the deprived.

Conclusions

Most of the excess mortality in deprived is due to the excess incidence of tobacco-dependent cancers and the excess lethality of screenable cancers.

Relationship Between Census Tract–Level Poverty and Domestically Acquired Salmonella Incidence: Analysis of Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network Data, 2010–2016

Background

The relationships between socioeconomic status and domestically acquired salmonellosis and leading Salmonella serotypes are poorly understood.

Methods

We analyzed surveillance data from laboratory-confirmed cases of salmonellosis from 2010–2016 for all 10 Foodborne Disease Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) sites, having a catchment population of 47.9 million. Case residential data were geocoded, linked to census tract poverty level, and then categorized into 4 groups according to census tract poverty level. After excluding those reporting international travel before illness onset, age-specific and age-adjusted salmonellosis incidence rates were calculated for each census tract poverty level, overall and for each of the 10 leading serotypes.

Results

Of 52 821geocodable Salmonella infections (&gt;96%), 48 111 (91.1%) were domestically acquired. Higher age-adjusted incidence occurred with higher census tract poverty level (P &lt; .001; relative risk for highest [≥20%] vs lowest [&lt;5%] census tract poverty level, 1.37). Children &lt;5 years old had the highest relative risk (2.07). Although this relationship was consistent by race/ethnicity and by serotype, it was not present in 5 FoodNet sites or among those aged 18–49 years.

Conclusion

Children and older adults living in higher-poverty census tracts have had a higher incidence of domestically acquired salmonellosis. There is a need to understand socioeconomic status differences for risk factors for domestically acquired salmonellosis by age group and FoodNet site to help focus prevention efforts.

Cancer incidence after childhood irradiation for tinea capitis in a Portuguese cohort

OBJECTIVES

Our aim was to compare cancer incidence in a cohort exposed in childhood (1950-63) to a therapeutic dose of radiation in the North of Portugal and followed-up until the end of 2012, with the incidence rates for the same age and sex in the general population.

METHODS

A population-based North Region cancer registry (RORENO) was used to assess which members of the cohort developed cancer. The association between radiation exposure and overall and specific cancer sites was evaluated using standardised incidence ratios (SIR).

RESULTS

Over the full follow-up period, 3357 individuals of the 5356 original tinea capitis (TC) cohort (63%) were retrieved in the RORENO, and 399 new cancer cases were identified, representing an increased risk of 49% when compared with the general population (SIR = 1.49; 95% CI: 1.35-1.64). The risk was slightly higher in males than in females (SIR = 1.65; 95% CI: 1.43-1.89 vs SIR = 1.35; CI = 1.17-1.55). The risk was slightly higher in the individuals exposed to a higher radiation dose (SIR = 1.78; 95% CI: 1.22-2.51 for ≥630 R vs SIR = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.31-1.62 for 325-475 R). In females, there was an excess cancer risk in all cancers with the higher radiation dose (SIR = 2.00; 95% CI: 1.21-3.13 for ≥630 R vs SIR = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.11-1.51 for 325-475 R) which was not observed in males, and for combined dose categories significantly raised SIRs for thyroid and head and neck cancer, suggesting a possible higher radiosensitivity of females. An increased risk was also observed for some cancers located far from the irradiated area.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest an association between radiation exposure and later increased cancer risk for cancers located near the radiation exposed area, mainly thyroid, and head and neck cancers. Further studies are necessary to disentangle possible non-radiation causes for distant cancers increased risk.

ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE

This paper shows a possible association between childhood X-ray epilation and increased risk of cancer which was not previously investigated in the Portuguese TC cohort.

Could nature help children rise out of poverty? Green space and future earnings from a cohort in ten U.S. cities

BACKGROUND

Growing up in poverty is associated with poor health, and the American Dream of upward mobility is becoming an illusion for many low-income children. But nearby green space can support academic achievement, creativity, and emotional regulation, and these traits might help children rise out of poverty.

OBJECTIVES

To examine the relationship between recent incomes of children born into poverty in the ten largest U.S. cities and densities of residential green space during childhood.

METHODS

We calculate park proximity, park acreage, new park development, and NDVI greenness for 1980-1990 from Landsat and Trust for Public Land data. We obtain the 2014 income for children born between 1978 and 1982 into families in poverty from The Opportunity Atlas cohort, aggregated at the tract level (n = 5849).

RESULTS

Conditional autoregressive (CAR) models of tracts show statistically significant associations between income rank and above-average levels of greenness but not between income rank and park measures, adjusting for individual and neighborhood confounders and spatial autocorrelation. We estimate that, over a 30-year career, children growing up in tracts with the most vegetative cover will earn cumulatively $28,000 more than children growing up in tracts with the least cover, on average. Tracts with lower than average levels of precipitation, higher disadvantage, higher population density, or higher annual temperatures do not show beneficial effects of green space.

CONCLUSIONS

Greenness may be weakly associated with children rising out of poverty in wetter, cooler, less-dense, more advantaged census tracts.

GIScience and cancer: State of the art and trends for cancer surveillance and epidemiology

Maps are well recognized as an effective means of presenting and communicating health data, such as cancer incidence and mortality rates. These data can be linked to geographic features like counties or census tracts and their associated attributes for mapping and analysis. Such visualization and analysis provide insights regarding the geographic distribution of cancer and can be important for advancing effective cancer prevention and control programs. Applying a spatial approach allows users to identify location-based patterns and trends related to risk factors, health outcomes, and population health. Geographic information science (GIScience) is the discipline that applies Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and other spatial concepts and methods in research. This review explores the current state and evolution of GIScience in cancer research by addressing fundamental topics and issues regarding spatial data and analysis that need to be considered. GIScience, along with its health-specific application in the spatial epidemiology of cancer, incorporates multiple geographic perspectives pertaining to the individual, the health care infrastructure, and the environment. Challenges addressing these perspectives and the synergies among them can be explored through GIScience methods and associated technologies as integral parts of epidemiologic research, analysis efforts, and solutions. The authors suggest GIScience is a powerful tool for cancer research, bringing additional context to cancer data analysis and potentially informing decision-making and policy, ultimately aimed at reducing the burden of cancer.

Socioeconomic gradients in cancer incidence by race and ethnicity in California, 2008-2012: the influence of tobacco use or screening detectable cancers

PURPOSE

There are clearly documented inequalities in cancer incidence by socioeconomic position, but it is unclear whether this is due primarily to differences in tobacco exposure and screening practices or to other factors.

METHODS

Our study included 741,373 incident cases of invasive cancer from 2008 to 2012 in California. We calculated age-standardized incidence rates across twelve categories of census tract poverty as a measure of socioeconomic position (SEP) for (1) all cancer sites combined, (2) sites not strongly related to tobacco use, (3) sites not related to screening, and (4) sites not related to tobacco use or screening.

RESULTS

There was higher cancer incidence among those living in areas with higher levels of poverty for sites not strongly related to tobacco use or screening, among Whites, Blacks, and Asians, but not among Latinos. Among Whites there was no relationship with census tract poverty at lower levels of poverty-the relationship with cancer incidence was primarily among those in higher poverty. For Blacks and Asians, there is a more linear relationship with cancer incidence across levels of poverty.

CONCLUSIONS

SEP gradients in cancer incidence remain after exclusion of cancer sites strongly related to tobacco use and screening. Our findings demonstrate a need for research on other environmental and social causes of cancer where exposures are differentially distributed by SEP.

Environmental market factors associated with electronic health record adoption among cancer hospitals

BACKGROUND

Although recent literature has explored the relationship between various environmental market characteristics and the adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) among general, acute care hospitals, no such research currently exists for specialty hospitals, including those providing cancer care.

PURPOSE

The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between market characteristics and the adoption of EHRs among Commission on Cancer (CoC)-accredited hospitals.

METHODS/APPROACH

Secondary data on EHR adoption combined with hospital and environmental market characteristics were analyzed using logistic regression. Using the resource dependence theory, we examined how measures of munificence, complexity, and dynamism are related to the adoption of EHRs among CoC-accredited hospitals and, separately, hospitals not CoC-accredited.

FINDINGS

In a sample of 2,670 hospitals, 141 (0.05%) were academic-based CoC-accredited hospitals and 562 (21%) were community-based CoC-accredited hospitals. Measures of munificence such as cancer incidence rates (OR = 0.99, CI [0.99, 1.00], p = .020) and percentage population aged 65+ (OR = 0.99, CI [0.99, 1.00], p = .001) were negatively associated with basic EHR adoption, whereas urban location was positively associated with comprehensive EHR adoption (OR = 3.07, CI [0.89, 10.61], p = .076) for community-based CoC-accredited hospitals. Measures of complexity such as hospitals in areas with less competition were less likely to adopt a basic EHR (OR = 0.33, CI [0.19, 0.96], p = .005), whereas Medicare Managed Care penetration was positively associated with comprehensive EHR adoption (OR = 1.02, CI [1.00, 1.05], p = .070) among community-based CoC-accredited hospitals. Lastly, dynamism, measured as population change, was negatively associated with the adoption of comprehensive EHRs (OR = 0.99, CI [0.99, 1.00], p = .070) among academic-based CoC-accredited hospitals.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

A greater understanding of the environment's relationship to health information technology adoption in cancer hospitals will help stakeholders in these institutions make informed strategic decisions about information technology investments guided by their facilities' respective environmental factors. The results of this study may also be useful to hospital chief information officers and chief executive officers seeking to either improve their quality of care or achieve and maintain accreditation in providing cancer care.

Geographical Variations in Prostate Cancer Outcomes: A Systematic Review of International Evidence

Background: Previous reviews of geographical disparities in the prostate cancer continuum from diagnosis to mortality have identified a consistent pattern of poorer outcomes with increasing residential disadvantage and for rural residents. However, there are no contemporary, systematic reviews summarizing the latest available evidence. Our objective was to systematically review the published international evidence for geographical variations in prostate cancer indicators by residential rurality and disadvantage.

Methods: Systematic searches of peer-reviewed articles in English published from 1/1/1998 to 30/06/2018 using PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Informit databases. Inclusion criteria were: population was adult prostate cancer patients; outcome measure was PSA testing, prostate cancer incidence, stage at diagnosis, access to and use of services, survival, and prostate cancer mortality with quantitative results by residential rurality and/or disadvantage. Studies were critically appraised using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.

Results: Overall 169 studies met the inclusion criteria. Around 50% were assessed as high quality and 50% moderate. Men from disadvantaged areas had consistently lower prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing and prostate cancer incidence, poorer survival, more advanced disease and a trend toward higher mortality. Although less consistent, predominant patterns by rurality were lower PSA testing, prostate cancer incidence and survival, but higher stage disease and mortality among rural men. Both geographical measures were associated with variations in access and use of prostate cancer-related services for low to high risk disease.

Conclusions: This review found substantial evidence that prostate cancer indicators varied by residential location across diverse populations and geographies. While wide variations in study design limited comparisons across studies, our review indicated that internationally, men living in disadvantaged areas, and to a lesser extent more rural areas, face a greater prostate cancer burden. This review highlights the need for a better understanding of the complex social, environmental, and behavioral reasons for these variations, recognizing that, while important, geographical access is not the only issue. Implementing research strategies to help identify these processes and to better understand the central role of disadvantage to variations in health outcome are crucial to inform the development of evidence-based targeted interventions.

Cancer statistics, 2019

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival. Incidence data, available through 2015, were collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program; the National Program of Cancer Registries; and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data, available through 2016, were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2019, 1,762,450 new cancer cases and 606,880 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. Over the past decade of data, the cancer incidence rate (2006-2015) was stable in women and declined by approximately 2% per year in men, whereas the cancer death rate (2007-2016) declined annually by 1.4% and 1.8%, respectively. The overall cancer death rate dropped continuously from 1991 to 2016 by a total of 27%, translating into approximately 2,629,200 fewer cancer deaths than would have been expected if death rates had remained at their peak. Although the racial gap in cancer mortality is slowly narrowing, socioeconomic inequalities are widening, with the most notable gaps for the most preventable cancers. For example, compared with the most affluent counties, mortality rates in the poorest counties were 2-fold higher for cervical cancer and 40% higher for male lung and liver cancers during 2012-2016. Some states are home to both the wealthiest and the poorest counties, suggesting the opportunity for more equitable dissemination of effective cancer prevention, early detection, and treatment strategies. A broader application of existing cancer control knowledge with an emphasis on disadvantaged groups would undoubtedly accelerate progress against cancer.

Poverty and Cancer Disparities in Ohio

Introduction

Poverty is associated with higher cancer rates, cancer risk factors such as tobacco use and obesity, and lack of access to cancer screening and treatment. This analysis examined differences in cancer outcomes and associated factors among the poorest counties and the most affluent counties in Ohio.

Methods

We compared cancer incidence and mortality rates and prevalence of selected cancer risk factors between the 12 poorest counties in Ohio and the 10 most affluent counties in Ohio from January 1, 2011, through December 31, 2015. We also compared stage at diagnosis of selected cancers and the health insurance and treatment status of people with cancer.

Results

The mortality rate for all cancers combined was 19% higher in the poorest counties (192.2 per 100,000) than in the most affluent counties (161.9 per 100,000). Cervical cancer and other smoking-related cancers had higher rates in the poorest counties, where they were more likely to be diagnosed at a late stage. The prevalence was significantly higher in Ohio’s poorest counties for current tobacco smoking (25.6% vs 17.1%), obesity (32.7% vs 28.3%), and physical inactivity (29.7% vs 23.0%). Among people with cancer, a smaller percentage had private health insurance (42.9% vs 33.0%) and a greater percentage had no treatment (8.9% vs 10.4%) in the poorest counties.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates disparities in cancer incidence, mortality, and stage, and differences in cancer risk factors, health insurance, and treatment status between Ohio’s poorest and most affluent counties. This information may help to target public health interventions for the prevention, early detection, and control of cancer.