1
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Nagai M, Förster CY. Exercise in treatment-resistant hypertension. A natural neuromodulation therapy? Hypertens Res 2023; 46:2231-2234. [PMID: 37452156 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michiaki Nagai
- Cardiovascular Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Heart Rhythm Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, USA.
- Department of Cardiology, Hiroshima City Asa Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Carola Yvette Förster
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, Würzburg, Germany
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2
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Nagai M, Dote K, Förster CY. Denervation or stimulation? Role of sympatho-vagal imbalance in HFpEF with hypertension. Hypertens Res 2023; 46:1727-1737. [PMID: 37045971 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01272-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) in the elderly is an increasingly large and complex problem in modern society. Notably, the cause of HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is multifactorial and its pathophysiology is not fully understood. Among these, hypertension has emerged as a pivotal factor in the pathophysiology and therapeutic targets of HFpEF. Neuronal elements distributed throughout the cardiac autonomic nervous system, from the level of the central autonomic network including the insular cortex to the intrinsic cardiac nervous system, regulate the human cardiovascular system. Specifically, increased sympathetic nervous system activity due to sympatho-vagal imbalance is suggested to be associated the relationship between hypertension and HFpEF. While several new pharmacological therapies, such as sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, have been shown to be effective in HFpEF, neuromodulatory therapies of renal denervation and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) have received recent attention. The current review explores the pathophysiology of the brain-heart axis that underlies the relationship between hypertension and HFpEF and the rationale for therapeutic neuromodulation of HFpEF by non-invasive transcutaneous VNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiaki Nagai
- Department of Cardiology, Hiroshima City Asa Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Keigo Dote
- Department of Cardiology, Hiroshima City Asa Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Carola Yvette Förster
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, Würzburg, Germany
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3
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Takemoto M, Kato S, Kobayashi K, Song WJ. Dissection of insular cortex layer 5 reveals two sublayers with opposing modulatory roles in appetitive drinking behavior. iScience 2023; 26:106985. [PMID: 37378339 PMCID: PMC10291511 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The insular cortex (insula) is known to play a modulatory role in feeding and drinking. Previous studies have revealed anterior-posterior differences of subcortical projections and roles for the insula, yet the anatomical and functional heterogeneity among the cortical layers remains poorly understood. Here, we show that layer 5 of the mouse dysgranular insula has two distinct neuronal subpopulations along the entire anterior-posterior axis: The L5a population, expressing NECAB1, projects bilaterally to the lateral and capsular divisions of the central amygdala, and the L5b population, expressing CTIP2, projects ipsilaterally to the parasubthalamic nucleus and the medial division of the central amygdala. Optogenetically activating L5a and L5b neuronal populations in thirsty male mice led to suppressed and facilitated water spout licking, respectively, without avoidance against or preference for the spout paired with the opto-stimulation. Our results suggest sublayer-specific bidirectional modulatory roles of insula layer 5 in the motivational aspect of appetitive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Takemoto
- Department of Sensory and Cognitive Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kato
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Wen-Jie Song
- Department of Sensory and Cognitive Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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4
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Kassinopoulos M, Rolandi N, Alphan L, Harper RM, Oliveira J, Scott C, Kozák LR, Guye M, Lemieux L, Diehl B. Brain Connectivity Correlates of Breathing and Cardiac Irregularities in SUDEP: A Resting-State fMRI Study. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.19.541412. [PMID: 37293113 PMCID: PMC10245782 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.19.541412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the leading cause of premature mortality among people with epilepsy. Evidence from witnessed and monitored SUDEP cases indicate seizure-induced cardiovascular and respiratory failures; yet, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. SUDEP occurs often during the night and early morning hours, suggesting that sleep or circadian rhythm-induced changes in physiology contribute to the fatal event. Resting-state fMRI studies have found altered functional connectivity between brain structures involved in cardiorespiratory regulation in later SUDEP cases and in individuals at high-risk of SUDEP. However, those connectivity findings have not been related to changes in cardiovascular or respiratory patterns. Here, we compared fMRI patterns of brain connectivity associated with regular and irregular cardiorespiratory rhythms in SUDEP cases with those of living epilepsy patients of varying SUDEP risk, and healthy controls. We analysed resting-state fMRI data from 98 patients with epilepsy (9 who subsequently succumbed to SUDEP, 43 categorized as low SUDEP risk (no tonic-clonic seizures (TCS) in the year preceding the fMRI scan), and 46 as high SUDEP risk (>3 TCS in the year preceding the scan)) and 25 healthy controls. The global signal amplitude (GSA), defined as the moving standard deviation of the fMRI global signal, was used to identify periods with regular ('low state') and irregular ('high state') cardiorespiratory rhythms. Correlation maps were derived from seeds in twelve regions with a key role in autonomic or respiratory regulation, for the low and high states. Following principal component analysis, component weights were compared between the groups. We found widespread alterations in connectivity of precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex in epilepsy compared to controls, in the low state (regular cardiorespiratory activity). In the low state, and to a lesser degree in the high state, reduced anterior insula connectivity (mainly with anterior and posterior cingulate cortex) in epilepsy appeared, relative to healthy controls. For SUDEP cases, the insula connectivity differences were inversely related to the interval between the fMRI scan and death. The findings suggest that anterior insula connectivity measures may provide a biomarker of SUDEP risk. The neural correlates of autonomic brain structures associated with different cardiorespiratory rhythms may shed light on the mechanisms underlying terminal apnea observed in SUDEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis Kassinopoulos
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St. Peter, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolo Rolandi
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St. Peter, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Laren Alphan
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ronald M. Harper
- UCLA Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Joana Oliveira
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCLH, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Scott
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCLH, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lajos R. Kozák
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maxime Guye
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, Marseille, France
- APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
| | - Louis Lemieux
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St. Peter, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Beate Diehl
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St. Peter, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
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5
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Reynolds CA, Minic Z. Chronic Pain-Associated Cardiovascular Disease: The Role of Sympathetic Nerve Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5378. [PMID: 36982464 PMCID: PMC10049654 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain affects many people world-wide, and this number is continuously increasing. There is a clear link between chronic pain and the development of cardiovascular disease through activation of the sympathetic nervous system. The purpose of this review is to provide evidence from the literature that highlights the direct relationship between sympathetic nervous system dysfunction and chronic pain. We hypothesize that maladaptive changes within a common neural network regulating the sympathetic nervous system and pain perception contribute to sympathetic overactivation and cardiovascular disease in the setting of chronic pain. We review clinical evidence and highlight the basic neurocircuitry linking the sympathetic and nociceptive networks and the overlap between the neural networks controlling the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A. Reynolds
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E Canfield St., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Zeljka Minic
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E Canfield St., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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6
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Goulart MT, Busnardo C, Belém-Filho IJA, Benini R, Fassini A, Crestani CC, Godoy AC, Correa FMA, Alves FHF. NMDA receptors in the insular cortex modulate cardiovascular and autonomic but not neuroendocrine responses to restraint stress in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 119:110598. [PMID: 35798175 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The insular cortex (IC) is a brain structure involved in physiological and behavioural responses during stressful events. However, the local neurochemical mechanisms involved in control of stress responses by the IC are poorly understood. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the involvement of glutamatergic neurotransmission within the IC in cardiovascular, autonomic and neuroendocrine responses to an acute session of restraint stress. For this, the selective NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist LY235959 (1 nmol/100 nL) or the selective non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist NBQX (1 nmol/100 nL) were microinjected into the IC 10 min before the onset of the 60 min session of restraint stress. We observed that the antagonism of NMDA receptors within the IC enhanced the restraint-evoked increase in arterial pressure and heart rate, while blockade of non-NMDA receptors did not affect these cardiovascular responses. Spontaneous baroreflex analysis demonstrated that microinjection of LY235959 into the IC decreased baroreflex activity during restraint stress. The decrease in tail skin temperature during restraint stress was shifted to an increase in animals treated with the NMDA receptor antagonist. Nevertheless, the blockade of either NMDA or non-NMDA glutamate receptors within the IC did not affect the increase in circulating corticosterone levels during restraint stress. Overall, our findings provide evidence that IC glutamatergic neurotransmission, acting via local NMDA receptors, plays a prominent role in the control of autonomic and cardiovascular responses to restraint stress, but without affecting neuroendocrine adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa T Goulart
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine - Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Busnardo
- Departments of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivaldo J A Belém-Filho
- Departments of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Benini
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Fassini
- Departments of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos C Crestani
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C Godoy
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine - Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando M A Correa
- Departments of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando H F Alves
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine - Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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7
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Fermin ASR, Friston K, Yamawaki S. An insula hierarchical network architecture for active interoceptive inference. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220226. [PMID: 35774133 PMCID: PMC9240682 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In the brain, the insular cortex receives a vast amount of interoceptive information, ascending through deep brain structures, from multiple visceral organs. The unique hierarchical and modular architecture of the insula suggests specialization for processing interoceptive afferents. Yet, the biological significance of the insula's neuroanatomical architecture, in relation to deep brain structures, remains obscure. In this opinion piece, we propose the Insula Hierarchical Modular Adaptive Interoception Control (IMAC) model to suggest that insula modules (granular, dysgranular and agranular), forming parallel networks with the prefrontal cortex and striatum, are specialized to form higher order interoceptive representations. These interoceptive representations are recruited in a context-dependent manner to support habitual, model-based and exploratory control of visceral organs and physiological processes. We discuss how insula interoceptive representations may give rise to conscious feelings that best explain lower order deep brain interoceptive representations, and how the insula may serve to defend the body and mind against pathological depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan S. R. Fermin
- Center for Brain, Mind and Kansei Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Karl Friston
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, England
| | - Shigeto Yamawaki
- Center for Brain, Mind and Kansei Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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8
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Pondelis NJ, Moulton EA. Supraspinal Mechanisms Underlying Ocular Pain. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:768649. [PMID: 35211480 PMCID: PMC8862711 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.768649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Supraspinal mechanisms of pain are increasingly understood to underlie neuropathic ocular conditions previously thought to be exclusively peripheral in nature. Isolating individual causes of centralized chronic conditions and differentiating them is critical to understanding the mechanisms underlying neuropathic eye pain and ultimately its treatment. Though few functional imaging studies have focused on the eye as an end-organ for the transduction of noxious stimuli, the brain networks related to pain processing have been extensively studied with functional neuroimaging over the past 20 years. This article will review the supraspinal mechanisms that underlie pain as they relate to the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Pondelis
- Brain and Eye Pain Imaging Lab, Pain and Affective Neuroscience Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Eric A Moulton
- Brain and Eye Pain Imaging Lab, Pain and Affective Neuroscience Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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9
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Schaeuble D, Myers B. Cortical–Hypothalamic Integration of Autonomic and Endocrine Stress Responses. Front Physiol 2022; 13:820398. [PMID: 35222086 PMCID: PMC8874315 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.820398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and severity of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are exacerbated by chronic stress exposure. While stress-induced sympathetic activity and elevated glucocorticoid secretion impair cardiovascular health, the mechanisms by which stress-responsive brain regions integrate autonomic and endocrine stress responses remain unclear. This review covers emerging literature on how specific cortical and hypothalamic nuclei regulate cardiovascular and neuroendocrine stress responses. We will also discuss the current understanding of the cellular and circuit mechanisms mediating physiological stress responses. Altogether, the reviewed literature highlights the current state of stress integration research, as well unanswered questions about the brain basis of CVD risk.
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10
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Nagai M, Förster CY, Dote K. Sex Hormone-Specific Neuroanatomy of Takotsubo Syndrome: Is the Insular Cortex a Moderator? Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12010110. [PMID: 35053258 PMCID: PMC8773903 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Takotsubo syndrome (TTS), a transient form of dysfunction in the heart’s left ventricle, occurs predominantly in postmenopausal women who have emotional stress. Earlier studies support the concept that the human circulatory system is modulated by a cortical network (consisting of the anterior cingulate gyrus, amygdala, and insular cortex (Ic)) that plays a pivotal role in the central autonomic nervous system in relation to emotional stressors. The Ic plays a crucial role in the sympathovagal balance, and decreased levels of female sex hormones have been speculated to change functional cerebral asymmetry, with a possible link to autonomic instability. In this review, we focus on the Ic as an important moderator of the human brain–heart axis in association with sex hormones. We also summarize the current knowledge regarding the sex-specific neuroanatomy in TTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiaki Nagai
- Department of Cardiology, Hiroshima City Asa Hospital, Hiroshima 731-0293, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-82-815-5211; Fax: +81-82-814-1791
| | - Carola Yvette Förster
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Keigo Dote
- Department of Cardiology, Hiroshima City Asa Hospital, Hiroshima 731-0293, Japan;
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11
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Kim HB, Jung YH, Han HJ. Resting Heart Rate and Cognitive Decline: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. J Clin Neurol 2022; 18:619-627. [DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2022.18.6.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bae Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Young Hee Jung
- Department of Neurology, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Han
- Department of Neurology, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
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12
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Perrone L, Valente M. The Emerging Role of Metabolism in Brain-Heart Axis: New Challenge for the Therapy and Prevention of Alzheimer Disease. May Thioredoxin Interacting Protein (TXNIP) Play a Role? Biomolecules 2021; 11:1652. [PMID: 34827650 PMCID: PMC8616009 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most frequent cause of dementia and up to now there is not an effective therapy to cure AD. In addition, AD onset occurs decades before the diagnosis, affecting the possibility to set up appropriate therapeutic strategies. For this reason, it is necessary to investigate the effects of risk factors, such as cardiovascular diseases, in promoting AD. AD shows not only brain dysfunction, but also alterations in peripheral tissues/organs. Indeed, it exists a reciprocal connection between brain and heart, where cardiovascular alterations participate to AD as well as AD seem to promote cardiovascular dysfunction. In addition, metabolic dysfunction promotes both cardiovascular diseases and AD. In this review, we summarize the pathways involved in the regulation of the brain-heart axis and the effect of metabolism on these pathways. We also present the studies showing the role of the gut microbiota on the brain-heart axis. Herein, we propose recent evidences of the function of Thioredoxin Interacting protein (TXNIP) in mediating the role of metabolism on the brain-heart axis. TXNIP is a key regulator of metabolism at both cellular and body level and it exerts also a pathological function in several cardiovascular diseases as well as in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Perrone
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Valente
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy;
- Clinical Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, University Hospital, 33100 Udine, Italy
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13
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Marins FR, Oliveira AC, Qadri F, Motta-Santos D, Alenina N, Bader M, Fontes MAP, Santos RAS. Alamandine but not angiotensin-(1-7) produces cardiovascular effects at the rostral insular cortex. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R513-R521. [PMID: 34346721 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00308.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Experiments aimed to evaluate the tissue distribution of Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor D (MrgD) revealed the presence of immunoreactivity for the MrgD protein in the rostral insular cortex (rIC), an important area for autonomic and cardiovascular control. To investigate the relevance of this finding, we evaluated the cardiovascular effects produced by the endogenous ligand of MrgD, alamandine, in this brain region. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) were recorded in urethane anesthetized rats. Unilateral microinjection of equimolar doses of alamandine (40 pmol/100 nL), angiotensin-(1-7), angiotensin II, angiotensin A, and Mas/MrgD antagonist d-Pro7-Ang-1-7 (50 pmol/100 nL), Mas antagonist A779 (100 pmol/100 nL), or vehicle (0.9% NaCl) were made in different rats (n = 4-6/group) into rIC. To verify the specificity of the region, a microinjection of alamandine was also performed into intermediate insular cortex (iIC). Microinjection of alamandine in rIC produced an increase in MAP (Δ = 15 ± 2 mmHg), HR (Δ = 36 ± 4 beats/min), and RSNA (Δ = 31 ± 4%), but was without effects at iIC. Strikingly, an equimolar dose of angiotensin-(1-7) at rIC did not produce any change in MAP, HR, and RSNA. Angiotensin II and angiotensin A produced only minor effects. Alamandine effects were not altered by A-779, a Mas antagonist, but were completely blocked by the Mas/MrgD antagonist d-Pro7-Ang-(1-7). Therefore, we have identified a brain region in which alamandine/MrgD receptor but not angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas could be involved in the modulation of cardiovascular-related neuronal activity. This observation also suggests that alamandine might possess unique effects unrelated to angiotensin-(1-7) in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Ribeiro Marins
- Laboratório de Hipertensão, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Aline Cristina Oliveira
- Laboratório de Hipertensão, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Daisy Motta-Santos
- Laboratório de Hipertensão, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Antonio Peliky Fontes
- Laboratório de Hipertensão, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Robson Augusto Souza Santos
- Laboratório de Hipertensão, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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14
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Chen WG, Schloesser D, Arensdorf AM, Simmons JM, Cui C, Valentino R, Gnadt JW, Nielsen L, Hillaire-Clarke CS, Spruance V, Horowitz TS, Vallejo YF, Langevin HM. The Emerging Science of Interoception: Sensing, Integrating, Interpreting, and Regulating Signals within the Self. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:3-16. [PMID: 33378655 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interoception refers to the representation of the internal states of an organism, and includes the processes by which it senses, interprets, integrates, and regulates signals from within itself. This review presents a unified research framework and attempts to offer definitions for key terms to describe the processes involved in interoception. We elaborate on these definitions through illustrative research findings, and provide brief overviews of central aspects of interoception, including the anatomy and function of neural and non-neural pathways, diseases and disorders, manipulations and interventions, and predictive modeling. We conclude with discussions about major research gaps and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen G Chen
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Dana Schloesser
- Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (OBSSR), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Angela M Arensdorf
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Janine M Simmons
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Changhai Cui
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rita Valentino
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James W Gnadt
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lisbeth Nielsen
- National Institute on Aging (NIA), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Victoria Spruance
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Todd S Horowitz
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yolanda F Vallejo
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Helene M Langevin
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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15
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The Insular Cortex, Alzheimer Disease Pathology, and Their Effects on Blood Pressure Variability. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2021; 34:282-291. [PMID: 32384285 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings indicate that the human cardiovascular system is regulated by a cortical network comprised of the insular cortex (Ic), anterior cingulate gyrus, and amygdala which is necessary for the regulation of the central autonomic network system. Alzheimer disease (AD) affects the Ic at a preclinical stage. The pathology of AD at the Ic is suggested to predispose the cardiovascular system to detrimental changes such as increased blood pressure variability (BPV). In this review article, we focus on the physiology of the Ic in the relationship between the central autonomic network and BPV. We provide a summary of the published evidence regarding the relationship between Ic damage and exaggerated BPV in the context of AD pathology.
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16
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Pal A, Ogren JA, Aysola RS, Kumar R, Henderson LA, Harper RM, Macey PM. Insular functional organization during handgrip in females and males with obstructive sleep apnea. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246368. [PMID: 33600443 PMCID: PMC7891756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Brain regulation of autonomic function in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is disrupted in a sex-specific manner, including in the insula, which may contribute to several comorbidities. The insular gyri have anatomically distinct functions with respect to autonomic nervous system regulation; yet, OSA exerts little effect on the organization of insular gyral responses to sympathetic components of an autonomic challenge, the Valsalva. We further assessed neural responses of insular gyri in people with OSA to a static handgrip task, which principally involves parasympathetic withdrawal. METHODS We measured insular function with blood oxygen level dependent functional MRI. We studied 48 newly-diagnosed OSA (age mean±std:46.5±9 years; AHI±std:32.6±21.1 events/hour; 36 male) and 63 healthy (47.2±8.8 years;40 male) participants. Subjects performed four 16s handgrips (1 min intervals, 80% subjective maximum strength) during scanning. fMRI time trends from five insular gyri-anterior short (ASG); mid short (MSG); posterior short (PSG); anterior long (ALG); and posterior long (PLG)-were assessed for within-group responses and between-group differences with repeated measures ANOVA (p<0.05) in combined and separate female-male models; age and resting heart-rate (HR) influences were also assessed. RESULTS Females showed greater right anterior dominance at the ASG, but no differences emerged between OSA and controls in relation to functional organization of the insula in response to handgrip. Males showed greater left anterior dominance at the ASG, but there were also no differences between OSA and controls. The males showed a group difference between OSA and controls only in the ALG. OSA males had lower left activation at the ALG compared to control males. Responses were mostly influenced by HR and age; however, age did not impact the response for right anterior dominance in females. CONCLUSIONS Insular gyri functional responses to handgrip differ in OSA vs controls in a sex-based manner, but only in laterality of one gyrus, suggesting anterior and right-side insular dominance during sympathetic activation but parasympathetic withdrawal is largely intact, despite morphologic injury to the overall structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Pal
- UCLA School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Ogren
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ravi S. Aysola
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Luke A. Henderson
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ronald M. Harper
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Macey
- UCLA School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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17
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Levichkina EV, Busygina II, Pigareva ML, Pigarev IN. The Mysterious Island: Insula and Its Dual Function in Sleep and Wakefulness. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 14:592660. [PMID: 33643002 PMCID: PMC7904873 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.592660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent sleep studies, it was shown that afferentation of many cortical areas switches during sleep to the interoceptive one. However, it was unclear whether the insular cortex, which is often considered as the main cortical visceral representation, maintains the same effective connectivity in both states of vigilance, or processes interoceptive information predominantly in one state. We investigated neuronal responses of the cat insular cortex to electrical stimulations of the intestinal wall delivered during wakefulness and natural sleep. Marked increase was observed in the number of insular neurons responding to this stimulation in sleep comparing to wakefulness, and enlarged amplitudes of evoked local field potentials were found as well. Moreover, most of the cells responding to intestinal stimulation in wakefulness never responded to identical stimuli during sleep and vice versa. It was also shown that applied low intensity intestinal stimulations had never compromised sleep quality. In addition, experiments with microstimulation of the insular cortex and recording of intestinal myoelectric activity demonstrated that effective insula-to-gut propagation also happened only during sleep. On the other hand, the same insular stimulations in wakefulness led to contractions of orofacial muscles. The evoked face movements gradually disappeared in the course of sleep development. These findings demonstrate that pattern of efficient afferent and efferent connections of the insular cortex changes with transition from wakefulness to sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V. Levichkina
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems (Kharkevich Institute), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Irina I. Busygina
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina L. Pigareva
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan N. Pigarev
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems (Kharkevich Institute), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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18
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Trevizan-Baú P, Dhingra RR, Furuya WI, Stanić D, Mazzone SB, Dutschmann M. Forebrain projection neurons target functionally diverse respiratory control areas in the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:2243-2264. [PMID: 33340092 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Eupnea is generated by neural circuits located in the ponto-medullary brainstem, but can be modulated by higher brain inputs which contribute to volitional control of breathing and the expression of orofacial behaviors, such as vocalization, sniffing, coughing, and swallowing. Surprisingly, the anatomical organization of descending inputs that connect the forebrain with the brainstem respiratory network remains poorly defined. We hypothesized that descending forebrain projections target multiple distributed respiratory control nuclei across the neuroaxis. To test our hypothesis, we made discrete unilateral microinjections of the retrograde tracer cholera toxin subunit B in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG), the pontine Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KFn), the medullary Bötzinger complex (BötC), pre-BötC, or caudal midline raphé nuclei. We quantified the regional distribution of retrogradely labeled neurons in the forebrain 12-14 days postinjection. Overall, our data reveal that descending inputs from cortical areas predominantly target the PAG and KFn. Differential forebrain regions innervating the PAG (prefrontal, cingulate cortices, and lateral septum) and KFn (rhinal, piriform, and somatosensory cortices) imply that volitional motor commands for vocalization are specifically relayed via the PAG, while the KFn may receive commands to coordinate breathing with other orofacial behaviors (e.g., sniffing, swallowing). Additionally, we observed that the limbic or autonomic (interoceptive) systems are connected to broadly distributed downstream bulbar respiratory networks. Collectively, these data provide a neural substrate to explain how volitional, state-dependent, and emotional modulation of breathing is regulated by the forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Trevizan-Baú
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Discovery Neuroscience Theme, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rishi R Dhingra
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Discovery Neuroscience Theme, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Werner I Furuya
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Discovery Neuroscience Theme, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Davor Stanić
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Discovery Neuroscience Theme, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart B Mazzone
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mathias Dutschmann
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Discovery Neuroscience Theme, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Ferreira-Junior NC, Crestani CC, Lagatta DC, Resstel LBM, Correa FMA, Alves FHF. Nitric oxide in the insular cortex modulates baroreflex responses in a cGMP-independent pathway. Brain Res 2020; 1747:147037. [PMID: 32738232 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Insular cortex is a brain structure involved in the modulation of autonomic activity and cardiovascular function. The nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine-3',5'-monophosphate pathway is a prominent signaling mechanism in the central nervous system, controlling behavioral and physiological responses. Nevertheless, despite evidence regarding the presence of nitric oxide-synthesizing neurons in the insular cortex, its role in the control of autonomic and cardiovascular function has never been reported. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the involvement of nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine-3',5'-monophosphate pathway mediated by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) activation within the insular cortex in the modulation of baroreflex responses in unanesthetized rats. For this, we evaluated the effect of bilateral microinjection of either the nitric oxide scavenger carboxy-PTIO, the selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor Nω-Propyl-l-arginine or the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor ODQ into the insular cortex on the bradycardia evoked by blood pressure increases in response to intravenous infusion of phenylephrine, and the tachycardia caused by blood pressure decreases evoked by intravenous infusion of sodium nitroprusside. Bilateral microinjection of either NPLA or carboxy-PTIO into the insular cortex increased the reflex bradycardic response, whereas the reflex tachycardia was decreased by these treatments. Bilateral microinjection of the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor into the insular cortex did not affect any parameter of baroreflex function evaluated. Overall, our findings provide evidence that insular cortex nitrergic signaling, acting via neuronal nitric oxide synthase, plays a prominent role in control of baroreflex function. However, control of reflex responses seems to be independent of soluble guanylate cyclase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilson C Ferreira-Junior
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos C Crestani
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Davi C Lagatta
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo B M Resstel
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando M A Correa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando H F Alves
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine - Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
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20
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Nicolini P, Mari D, Abbate C, Inglese S, Bertagnoli L, Tomasini E, Rossi PD, Lombardi F. Autonomic function in amnestic and non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment: spectral heart rate variability analysis provides evidence for a brain-heart axis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11661. [PMID: 32669640 PMCID: PMC7363846 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a heterogeneous syndrome with two main clinical subtypes, amnestic (aMCI) and non-amnestic (naMCI). The analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) is a tool to assess autonomic function. Cognitive and autonomic processes are linked via the central autonomic network. Autonomic dysfunction entails several adverse outcomes. However, very few studies have investigated autonomic function in MCI and none have considered MCI subtypes or the relationship of HRV indices with different cognitive domains and structural brain damage. We assessed autonomic function during an active orthostatic challenge in 253 oupatients aged ≥ 65, [n = 82 aMCI, n = 93 naMCI, n = 78 cognitively normal (CN), neuropsychologically tested] with power spectral analysis of HRV. We used visual rating scales to grade cerebrovascular burden and hippocampal/insular atrophy (HA/IA) on neuroimaging. Only aMCI showed a blunted response to orthostasis. Postural changes in normalised low frequency (LF) power and in the LF to high frequency ratio correlated with a memory test (positively) and HA/IA (negatively) in aMCI, and with attention/executive function tests (negatively) and cerebrovascular burden (positively) in naMCI. These results substantiate the view that the ANS is differentially impaired in aMCI and naMCI, consistently with the neuroanatomic substrate of Alzheimer's and small-vessel subcortical ischaemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Nicolini
- Cardiovascular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Daniela Mari
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Abbate
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Inglese
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Bertagnoli
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Tomasini
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo D Rossi
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Lombardi
- Cardiovascular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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21
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Wiener A, Goldstein P, Alkoby O, Doenyas K, Okon‐Singer H. Blood pressure reaction to negative stimuli: Insights from continuous recording and analysis. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13525. [PMID: 31922263 PMCID: PMC7078923 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with a tendency toward abnormally enhanced cardiovascular responses to stress are at greater risk of developing essential hypertension later in life. Accurate profiling of continuous blood pressure (BP) reactions in healthy populations is crucial for understanding normal and abnormal emotional reaction patterns. To this end, we examined the continuous time course of BP reactions to aversive pictures among healthy participants. In two experiments, we showed participants negative and neutral pictures while simultaneously measuring their continuous BP and heart rate (HR) reactions. In this study, BP reactions were analyzed continuously, in contrast to previous studies, in which BP responses were averaged across blocks. To compare time points along a temporal continuum, we applied a multi-level B-spline model, which is innovative in the context of BP analysis. Additionally, HR was similarly analyzed in order to examine its correlation with BP. Both experiments revealed a similar pattern of BP reactivity and association with HR. In line with previous studies, a decline in BP and HR levels was found in response to negative pictures compared to neutral pictures. In addition, in both conditions, we found an unexpected elevation of BP toward the end of the stimuli exposure period. These findings may be explained by the recruitment of attention resources in the presence of negative stimuli, which is alleviated toward the end of the stimulation. This study highlights the importance of continuous measurement and analysis for characterizing the time course of BP reactivity to emotional stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avigail Wiener
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of HaifaHaifaIsrael
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBR)University of HaifaHaifaIsrael
| | - Pavel Goldstein
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and the Institute for Cognitive ScienceUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColorado USA
- School of Public HealthUniversity of HaifaHaifaIsrael
| | - Oren Alkoby
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of HaifaHaifaIsrael
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBR)University of HaifaHaifaIsrael
| | - Keren Doenyas
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionAssaf Harofeh Medical Center, Sackler School of MedicineTel‐Aviv UniversityTel‐AvivIsrael
- Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and ResearchAssaf Harofeh Medical CenterTel‐Aviv UniversityTel‐AvivIsrael
| | - Hadas Okon‐Singer
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of HaifaHaifaIsrael
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBR)University of HaifaHaifaIsrael
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22
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Babalian A, Eichenberger S, Bilella A, Girard F, Szabolcsi V, Roccaro D, Alvarez-Bolado G, Xu C, Celio MR. The orbitofrontal cortex projects to the parvafox nucleus of the ventrolateral hypothalamus and to its targets in the ventromedial periaqueductal grey matter. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 224:293-314. [PMID: 30315416 PMCID: PMC6373537 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1771-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although connections between the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)-the seat of high cognitive functions-the lateral hypothalamus and the periaqueductal grey (PAG) have been recognized in the past, the precise targets of the descending fibres have not been identified. In the present study, viral tracer-transport experiments revealed neurons of the lateral (LO) and the ventrolateral (VLO) OFC (homologous to part of Area 13 in primates) to project to a circumscribed region in the ventrolateral hypothalamus, namely, the horizontally oriented, cylindrical parvalbumin- and Foxb1-expressing (parvafox) nucleus. The fine collaterals stem from coarse axons in the internal capsule and form excitatory synapses specifically with neurons of the parvafox nucleus, avoiding the rest of the hypothalamus. In its further caudal course, this contingent of LO/VLO-axons projects collaterals to the Su3- and the PV2 nuclei, which lie ventral to the aqueduct in the (PAG), where the terminals fields overlap those deriving from the parvafox nucleus itself. The targeting of the parvafox nucleus by the LO/VLO-projections, and the overlapping of their terminal fields within the PAG, suggest that the two cerebral sites interact closely. An involvement of this LO/VLO-driven circuit in the somatic manifestation of behavioural events is conceivable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Babalian
- Anatomy and Programme in Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Rte. A. Gockel 1, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Simone Eichenberger
- Anatomy and Programme in Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Rte. A. Gockel 1, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Bilella
- Anatomy and Programme in Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Rte. A. Gockel 1, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Franck Girard
- Anatomy and Programme in Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Rte. A. Gockel 1, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Viktoria Szabolcsi
- Anatomy and Programme in Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Rte. A. Gockel 1, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Diana Roccaro
- Anatomy and Programme in Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Rte. A. Gockel 1, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Gonzalo Alvarez-Bolado
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, im Neuenheimer Feld 307, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chun Xu
- Friedrich Miescher Institute, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco R Celio
- Anatomy and Programme in Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Rte. A. Gockel 1, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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23
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Tsutsumi Y, Tachibana Y, Sato F, Furuta T, Ohara H, Tomita A, Fujita M, Moritani M, Yoshida A. Cortical and Subcortical Projections from Granular Insular Cortex Receiving Orofacial Proprioception. Neuroscience 2018; 388:317-329. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Sasaguri K, Yamada K, Yamamoto T. Uncovering the neural circuitry involved in the stress-attenuation effects of chewing. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2018; 54:118-126. [PMID: 30128059 PMCID: PMC6094491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous animal studies have indicated that coupling restraint stress load with activation of the masticatory organs (chewing) causes a reduction in the systemic and central nervous system stress response. However, the brain mechanism underlying this effect is unknown. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the literature regarding brain regions involved in the attenuating effects of chewing and the systemic stress response attenuation effects induced by those brain regions. In addition, we also focusing on the amygdala, as the emotional control center, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, as one of the outputs of the systemic response. In particular, we will report on one of the chewing-related stress attenuation mechanisms within the brain brought about by the activation of the inhibition pathway accompanying the activation of the amygdala's GABAergic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Sasaguri
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamada
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
- Brain Functions and Neuroscience Division, Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University Graduate School, Inaoka-cho 82, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Yamamoto
- Brain Functions and Neuroscience Division, Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University Graduate School, Inaoka-cho 82, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
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25
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Wood KN, Luchyshyn TA, Shoemaker JK. High cardiorespiratory fitness in early to late middle age preserves the cortical circuitry associated with brain-heart integration during volitional exercise. J Neurophysiol 2017; 117:1831-1840. [PMID: 28228584 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00592.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that high cardiorespiratory fitness (peak oxygen uptake) preserves the cortical circuitry associated with cardiac arousal during exercise in middle- to older-aged individuals. Observations of changes in heart rate (HR) and in cortical blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) images were made in 52 healthy, active individuals (45-73 yr; 16 women, 36 men) across a range of fitness (26-66 ml·kg-1·min-1). Seven repeated bouts of isometric handgrip (IHG) at 40% maximal voluntary contraction force were performed with functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3 T, with each contraction lasting 20 s and separated by 40 s of rest. HR responses to IHG showed high variability across individuals. Linear regression revealed that cardiorespiratory fitness was not a strong predictor of the HR response (r2 = 0.09). In a region-of-interest analysis both the IHG task and the HR time course correlated with increased cortical activation in the bilateral insula and decreased activation relative to baseline in the anterior and posterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC). t-Test results revealed greater deactivation at the MPFC with higher fitness levels beyond that of guideline-based activity. Therefore, whereas high cardiorespiratory fitness failed to affect absolute HR responses to IHG in this age range, a select effect was observed in cortical regions known to be associated with cardiovascular arousal.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our first observation suggests that fitness does not strongly predict the heart rate (HR) response to a volitional handgrip task in middle- to older-aged adults. Second, the BOLD response associated with the handgrip task, and with the HR time course, was associated with response patterns in the cortical autonomic network. Finally, whereas high cardiorespiratory fitness failed to affect absolute HR responses to isometric handgrip in this age range, a select effect was observed in cortical regions known to be associated with cardiovascular arousal, beyond that achieved through healthy active living.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn N Wood
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Torri A Luchyshyn
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - J Kevin Shoemaker
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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AlSibai A, Qureshi AI. Management of Acute Hypertensive Response in Patients With Ischemic Stroke. Neurohospitalist 2016; 6:122-9. [PMID: 27366297 DOI: 10.1177/1941874416630029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High blood pressure (BP) >140/90 mm Hg is seen in 75% of patients with acute ischemic stroke and in 80% of patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhages and is independently associated with poor functional outcome. While BP reduction in patients with chronic hypertension remains one of the most important factors in primary and secondary stroke prevention, the proper management strategy for acute hypertensive response within the first 72 hours of acute ischemic stroke has been a matter of debate. Recent guidelines recommend clinical trials to ascertain whether antihypertensive therapy in the acute phase of stroke is beneficial. This review summarizes the current data on acute hypertensive response or elevated BP management during the first 72 hours after an acute ischemic stroke. Based on the potential deleterious effect of lowering BP observed in some clinical trials in patients with acute ischemic stroke and because of the lack of convincing evidence to support acute BP lowering in those situations, aggressive BP reduction in patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke is currently not recommended. While the early use of angiotensin receptor antagonists may help reduce cardiovascular events, this benefit is not necessarily related to BP reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adnan I Qureshi
- Zeenat Qureshi Stroke Institute, St Cloud, MN, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Oppenheimer S, Cechetto D. The Insular Cortex and the Regulation of Cardiac Function. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1081-133. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Kawakami S, Sato H, Sasaki AT, Tanabe HC, Yoshida Y, Saito M, Toyoda H, Sadato N, Kang Y. The Brain Mechanisms Underlying the Perception of Pungent Taste of Capsaicin and the Subsequent Autonomic Responses. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 9:720. [PMID: 26834613 PMCID: PMC4717328 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In a human fMRI study, it has been demonstrated that tasting and ingesting capsaicin activate the ventral part of the middle and posterior short gyri (M/PSG) of the insula which is known as the primary gustatory area, suggesting that capsaicin is recognized as a taste. Tasting and digesting spicy foods containing capsaicin induce various physiological responses such as perspiration from face, salivation, and facilitation of cardiovascular activity, which are thought to be caused through viscero-visceral autonomic reflexes. However, this does not necessarily exclude the possibility of the involvement of higher-order sensory-motor integration between the M/PSG and anterior short gyrus (ASG) known as the autonomic region of the insula. To reveal a possible functional coordination between the M/PSG and ASG, we here addressed whether capsaicin increases neural activity in the ASG as well as the M/PSG using fMRI and a custom-made taste delivery system. Twenty subjects participated in this study, and three tastant solutions: capsaicin, NaCl, and artificial saliva (AS) were used. Group analyses with the regions activated by capsaicin revealed significant activations in the bilateral ASG and M/PSG. The fMRI blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signals in response to capsaicin stimulation were significantly higher in ASG than in M/PSG regardless of the side. Concomitantly, capsaicin increased the fingertip temperature significantly. Although there was no significant correlation between the fingertip temperatures and BOLD signals in the ASG or M/PSG when the contrast [Capsaicin-AS] or [Capsaicin-NaCl] was computed, a significant correlation was found in the bilateral ASG when the contrast [2 × Capsaicin-NaCl-AS] was computed. In contrast, there was a significant correlation in the hypothalamus regardless of the contrasts. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between M/PSG and ASG. These results indicate that capsaicin increases neural activity in the ASG as well as the M/PSG, suggesting that the neural coordination between the two cortical areas may be involved in autonomic responses to tasting spicy foods as reflected in fingertip temperature increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinpei Kawakami
- Department of Neuroscience and Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan; Morinaga & Co., Ltd., YokohamaJapan
| | - Hajime Sato
- Department of Neuroscience and Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University Suita, Japan
| | - Akihiro T Sasaki
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological SciencesOkazaki, Japan; Pathophysiological and Health Science Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science TechnologiesKobe, Japan; Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City UniversityOsaka, Japan
| | - Hiroki C Tanabe
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yumiko Yoshida
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences Okazaki, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Saito
- Department of Neuroscience and Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan; Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima UniversityKagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroki Toyoda
- Department of Neuroscience and Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University Suita, Japan
| | - Norihiro Sadato
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences Okazaki, Japan
| | - Youngnam Kang
- Department of Neuroscience and Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University Suita, Japan
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Cardiovascular and single-unit responses to L-glutamate injection into the posterior insular cortex in rat. Neuroscience 2015; 306:63-73. [PMID: 26297894 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The insular cortex in rat is a longitudinal strip that runs along the rostral half of the rhinal fissure. The previous studies showed connections between the posterior insular cortex (PIC) and some major cardiovascular centers. Based on the stimulation site, electrical or chemical stimulation of the PIC induced an increase or a decrease in blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR). There is no report of simultaneous cardiovascular and single-unit recording microinjection of Glut in the PIC. In this study, L-glutamate was microinjected into the PIC of urethane anesthetized rats and arterial pressure, HR and single-unit responses were recorded simultaneously. Also the response of the neurons to baroreceptor activation was explored. Glut produced five types of long oscillatory, pressor, depressor, bradycardic and tachycardic cardiovascular responses, with no association between pressure and HR responses. We also observed five single-unit responses, consisting of short excitatory, long oscillatory, excitatory, inhibitory and mixed responses. There was an association between oscillation in BP and in single-unit response. There were some differences between the two sides especially for single-unit responses. In conclusion, there were five types of cardiovascular and five types of single-unit responses, to Glut microinjection into PIC, from which three types were correlated. The left side of the PIC is involved more in the cardiovascular functions. These data along with the fact that most recorded neurons responded to baroreceptor activation, might imply the presence of feedback systems in the PIC, producing irregularity in BP and HR.
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Aleksandrov VG, Aleksandrova NP. The role of the insular cortex in the control of visceral functions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0362119715050023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
ABSTRACT:Over the past fifty years considerable clinical evidence has accrued to demonstrate involvement of the cerebral cortex in cardiac function. Hemispheric stroke is often associated with electrocardiographic (ECG) evidence of cardiac repolarisation abnormalities. In addition strokes of all types are associated with specific pathological changes in the ventricular myocardium (myocytolysis). These effects are not attributable to concomitant cardiac ischemic disease in the majority of cases. The insular cortex has recently been shown to contain a site of cardiac representation. Prolonged stimulation of this region in the rat produces ECG and cardiac pathological changes similar to those observed after human stroke. It is suggested that middle cerebral artery stroke in certain cases either directly or indirectly leads to insular disinhibition, and increased autonomic activity represented by cardiac changes which significantly influence prognosis.
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Mapping the functional network of medial prefrontal cortex by combining optogenetics and fMRI in awake rats. Neuroimage 2015; 117:114-23. [PMID: 26002727 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays a critical role in multiple cognitive and limbic functions. Given its vital importance, investigating the function of individual mPFC circuits in animal models has provided critical insight into the neural basis underlying different behaviors and psychiatric conditions. However, our knowledge regarding the mPFC whole-brain network stays largely at the anatomical level, while the functional network of mPFC, which can be dynamic in different conditions or following manipulations, remains elusive especially in awake rodents. Here we combined optogenetic stimulation and functional magnetic resonance imaging (opto-fMRI) to reveal the network of brain regions functionally activated by mPFC outputs in awake rodents. Our data showed significant increases in blood-oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) signals in prefrontal, striatal and limbic regions when mPFC was optically stimulated. This activation pattern was robust, reproducible, and did not depend on the stimulation period in awake rats. BOLD signals, however, were substantially reduced when animals were anesthetized. In addition, regional brain activation showing increased BOLD signals during mPFC stimulation was corroborated by electrophysiological recordings. These results expand the applicability of the opto-fMRI approach from sensorimotor processing to cognition-related networks in awake rodents. Importantly, it may help elucidate the circuit mechanisms underlying numerous mPFC-related functions and behaviors that need to be assessed in the awake state.
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Norton KN, Badrov MB, Barron CC, Suskin N, Heinecke A, Shoemaker JK. Coronary artery disease affects cortical circuitry associated with brain-heart integration during volitional exercise. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:835-45. [PMID: 25972576 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00008.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that coronary artery disease (CAD) alters the cortical circuitry associated with exercise. Observations of changes in heart rate (HR) and in cortical blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) images were made in 23 control subjects [control; 8 women; 63 ± 11 yr; mean arterial pressure (MAP): 90 ± 9 mmHg] (mean ± SD) and 17 similarly aged CAD patients (4 women; 59 ± 9 yr; MAP: 87 ± 10 mmHg). Four repeated bouts each of 30%, 40%, and 50% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force (LAB session), and seven repeated bouts of isometric handgrip (IHG) at 40% MVC force (fMRI session), were performed, with each contraction lasting 20 s and separated by 40 s of rest. There was a main effect of group (P = 0.03) on HR responses across all IHG intensities. Compared with control, CAD demonstrated less task-dependent deactivation in the posterior cingulate cortex and medial prefrontal cortex, and reduced activation in the right anterior insula, bilateral precentral cortex, and occipital lobe (P < 0.05). When correlated with HR, CAD demonstrated reduced activation in the bilateral insula and posterior cingulate cortex, and reduced deactivation in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and bilateral precentral cortex (P < 0.05). The increased variability in expected autonomic regions and decrease in total cortical activation in response to the IHG task are associated with a diminished HR response to volitional effort in CAD. Therefore, relative to similarly aged and healthy individuals, CAD impairs the heart rate response and modifies the cortical patterns associated with cardiovascular control during IHG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn N Norton
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark B Badrov
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carly C Barron
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neville Suskin
- Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Cardiac Rehabilitation Program, Division of Cardiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - J Kevin Shoemaker
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Rastogi V, Lamb DG, Williamson JB, Stead TS, Penumudi R, Bidari S, Ganti L, Heilman KM, Hedna VS. Hemispheric differences in malignant middle cerebral artery stroke. J Neurol Sci 2015; 353:20-7. [PMID: 25959980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently reported that left versus right hemisphere cerebral infarctions patients more frequently have worse outcomes. However our clinical experience led us to suspect that the incidence of malignant middle cerebral artery infarctions (MMCA) was higher in the right compared to the left hemispheric strokes. OBJECTIVE To determine whether laterality in MMCA stroke is an important determinant of stroke sequelae. METHODS A systematic search was performed for publications in PubMed using "malignant middle cerebral artery and infarction". A total of 73 relevant studies were abstracted. RESULTS MMCA laterality data were available for 2673 patients, with 1687 (63%) right hemispheric involvement, thus right being more commonly associated with MMCA (binomial test, p<0.05). While mortality rates were similar, right hemispheric MMCA (n=271) had mortality of 31% (n=85) whereas left hemispheric MMCA (n=144) had mortality of 36% (n=53), morbidity rates were worse on the right. CONCLUSION MMCA stroke appears to be more common on the right, and this laterality is also associated with significantly higher morbidity. Further prospective studies are needed to more completely understand the nature of this laterality as well as test possible new treatments to reduce mortality and morbidity associated with MMCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Rastogi
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Damon G Lamb
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States; Malcom Randall VAMC, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - John B Williamson
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States; Malcom Randall VAMC, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - Thor S Stead
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Rachel Penumudi
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Sharathchandra Bidari
- Department of Radiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Latha Ganti
- Lake City VAMC, NF/SGVHS, Lake City, FL 32025-5808, United States
| | - Kenneth M Heilman
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States; Malcom Randall VAMC, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - Vishnumurthy S Hedna
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
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Krestel H, Weisstanner C, Hess CW, Bassetti CL, Nirkko A, Wiest R. Insular and caudate lesions release abnormal yawning in stroke patients. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 220:803-12. [PMID: 24337237 PMCID: PMC4341028 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0684-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal yawning is an underappreciated phenomenon in patients with ischemic stroke. We aimed at identifying frequently affected core regions in the supratentorial brain of stroke patients with abnormal yawning and contributing to the anatomical network concept of yawning control. Ten patients with acute anterior circulation stroke and ≥3 yawns/15 min without obvious cause were analyzed. The NIH stroke scale (NIHSS), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), symptom onset, period with abnormal yawning, blood oxygen saturation, glucose, body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, and modified Rankin scale (mRS) were assessed for all patients. MRI lesion maps were segmented on diffusion-weighted images, spatially normalized, and the extent of overlap between the different stroke patterns was determined. Correlations between the period with abnormal yawning and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in the overlapping regions, total stroke volume, NIHSS and mRS were performed. Periods in which patients presented with episodes of abnormal yawning lasted on average for 58 h. Average GCS, NIHSS, and mRS scores were 12.6, 11.6, and 3.5, respectively. Clinical parameters were within normal limits. Ischemic brain lesions overlapped in nine out of ten patients: in seven patients in the insula and in seven in the caudate nucleus. The decrease of the ADC within the lesions correlated with the period with abnormal yawing (r = -0.76, Bonferroni-corrected p = 0.02). The stroke lesion intensity of the common overlapping regions in the insula and the caudate nucleus correlates with the period with abnormal yawning. The insula might be the long sought-after brain region for serotonin-mediated yawning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Krestel
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 10, 3010, Bern, Switzerland,
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HIGHLIGHTS IN BASIC AUTONOMIC NEUROSCIENCE: INSULAR CORTEX INJURY LEADS TO CARDIOVASCULAR DYSFUNCTION. Auton Neurosci 2014; 185:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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White DW, Raven PB. Autonomic neural control of heart rate during dynamic exercise: revisited. J Physiol 2014; 592:2491-500. [PMID: 24756637 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.271858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The accepted model of autonomic control of heart rate (HR) during dynamic exercise indicates that the initial increase is entirely attributable to the withdrawal of parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) activity and that subsequent increases in HR are entirely attributable to increases in cardiac sympathetic activity. In the present review, we sought to re-evaluate the model of autonomic neural control of HR in humans during progressive increases in dynamic exercise workload. We analysed data from both new and previously published studies involving baroreflex stimulation and pharmacological blockade of the autonomic nervous system. Results indicate that the PSNS remains functionally active throughout exercise and that increases in HR from rest to maximal exercise result from an increasing workload-related transition from a 4 : 1 vagal-sympathetic balance to a 4 : 1 sympatho-vagal balance. Furthermore, the beat-to-beat autonomic reflex control of HR was found to be dependent on the ability of the PSNS to modulate the HR as it was progressively restrained by increasing workload-related sympathetic nerve activity. IN CONCLUSION (i) increases in exercise workload-related HR are not caused by a total withdrawal of the PSNS followed by an increase in sympathetic tone; (ii) reciprocal antagonism is key to the transition from vagal to sympathetic dominance, and (iii) resetting of the arterial baroreflex causes immediate exercise-onset reflexive increases in HR, which are parasympathetically mediated, followed by slower increases in sympathetic tone as workloads are increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W White
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Peter B Raven
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Parker LA. Conditioned flavor avoidance and conditioned gaping: rat models of conditioned nausea. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 722:122-33. [PMID: 24157975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although rats are incapable of vomiting, they demonstrate profound avoidance of a flavor previously paired with an emetic drug. They also display conditioned gaping reactions during re-exposure to the flavor. This robust learning occurs in a single trial and with long delays (hours) between consumption of a novel flavor and the emetic treatment. However, conditioned flavor avoidance learning is not a selective measure of the emetic properties of drugs, because non-emetic treatments (even highly rewarding treatments) produce conditioned avoidance, and anti-emetic treatments are generally ineffective in suppressing conditioned avoidance produced by an emetic drug. On the other hand, conditioned gaping reactions are consistently produced by emetic drugs and are prevented by anti-emetic drugs, indicating that they may be a more selective measure of conditioned malaise in rats. Here we review the literature on the use of conditioned flavor avoidance and conditioned gaping reactions as rat measures of conditioned nausea, as well as the neuropharmacology and neuroanatomy of conditioned gaping reactions in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Parker
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
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Hatam M, Sheybanifar M, Nasimi A. Cardiovascular responses of the anterior claustrum; its mechanism; contribution of medial prefrontal cortex. Auton Neurosci 2013; 179:68-74. [PMID: 23962531 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The anterior claustrum (CLa) has bilateral connections with the areas involved in cardiovascular regulation, though its role in cardiovascular control is not yet understood. This study was performed to find the cardiovascular responsive region of the CLa by stimulating all parts of the CLa with l-glutamate, and to find the possible mechanisms mediating its responses in urethane-anesthetized rats. We also investigated the possible involvement of the medial prefrontal cortex in the cardiovascular responses of the CLa. The effect of microinjection of l-glutamate (50-100 nl, 0.25 M) was tested throughout the Cla and only in one area at 2.7 mm rostral to bregma, 1.8-2.0 midline and 4.5-5.6mm vertical, significant decreases in arterial pressure were elicited (-21.71±2.1 mmHg, P<0.001, t-test) with no significant change in heart rate. Administration (i.v.) of the muscarinic receptor blocker, atropine, had no effect on the change in mean arterial pressure in response to glutamate stimulation, suggesting that the parasympathetic system was not involved in this response. However, administration (i.v.) of the nicotinic receptor blocker, hexamethonium dichloride abolished the depressor response to glutamate, suggesting that CLa stimulation decreases sympathetic outflow to the cardiovascular system. In addition, microinjection of the reversible synaptic blocker, cobalt chloride, into the medial prefrontal cortex greatly attenuated the depressor response elicited by microinjection of glut into the CLa. Thus for the first time, we found the cardiovascular responsive region of the anterior claustrum. Also we showed that its response is mediated through the medial prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Hatam
- Dept. of Physiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Casanova JP, Contreras M, Moya EA, Torrealba F, Iturriaga R. Effect of insular cortex inactivation on autonomic and behavioral responses to acute hypoxia in conscious rats. Behav Brain Res 2013; 253:60-7. [PMID: 23860120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present work was aimed to evaluate the contribution of interoception to the autonomic and behavioral responses to hypoxia. To address this issue, we studied whether the inactivation of the primary interoceptive posterior insular cortex (pIC) may disrupt the autonomic and behavioral effects of hypoxia in conscious rats. Rats were implanted with telemetric transmitters and microinjection cannulae placed bilaterally in the pIC. After one week, rats were injected with bupivacaine (26.5μM 1μL/side) and saline (1μL/side) into the pIC, and exposed to hypoxia (∼6% O2) for 150s, and autonomic and behavioral responses were recorded. Hypoxia produces hypertension, tachycardia followed by bradycardia, and hypothermia. When O2 dropped to ∼8%, rats showed escape behavior. Baseline cardiovascular variables and the pattern of hypoxia-induced autonomic and behavioral responses were not disrupted by pIC inactivation. However, pIC inactivation produced a modest but significant temperature decrease, higher bradycardic and hypertensive responses to hypoxia, and a minimal delay in escape onset. In addition, we measured the hypoxia-induced Fos activation in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) and the pIC, which are key components of the interoceptive pathway. Hypoxia increased the number of Fos-positive neurons in the NTS and PAG, but not in the pIC. Present results suggest that pIC is not involved in the hypoxia-induced behavioral response, which seems to be processed in the NTS and PAG, but has a role in the efferent control of autonomic changes coping with hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Patricio Casanova
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Tayah T, Savard M, Desbiens R, Nguyen DK. Ictal bradycardia and asystole in an adult with a focal left insular lesion. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2013; 115:1885-7. [PMID: 23643181 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Tayah
- Division of Neurology, Notre-Dame Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Université de Montréal, Montreal, 1560 Sherbrooke Est, Montréal H2L 4M1, Canada.
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Alves FHF, Gomes FV, Reis DG, Crestani CC, Corrêa FMA, Guimarães FS, Resstel LBM. Involvement of the insular cortex in the consolidation and expression of contextual fear conditioning. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 38:2300-7. [PMID: 23574437 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The insular cortex (IC) has been reported to be involved in the modulation of memory and autonomic and defensive responses. However, there is conflicting evidence about the role of the IC in fear conditioning. To explore the IC involvement in both behavioral and autonomic responses induced by contextual fear conditioning, we evaluated the effects of the reversible inhibition of the IC neurotransmission through bilateral microinjections of the non-selective synapse blocker CoCl2 (1 mm) 10 min before or immediately after the conditioning session or 10 min before re-exposure to the aversive context. In the conditioning session, rats were exposed to a footshock chamber (context) and footshocks were used as the unconditioned stimulus. Forty-eight hours later, the animals were re-exposed to the aversive context for 10 min, but no shock was given. Behavioral (freezing) as well as cardiovascular (arterial pressure and heart rate increases) responses induced by re-exposure to the aversive context were analysed. It was observed that the local IC neurotransmission inhibition attenuated freezing and the mean arterial pressure and heart rate increase of the groups that received the CoCl2 either immediately after conditioning or 10 min before re-exposure to the aversive context, but not when the CoCl2 was injected before the conditioning session. These findings suggest the involvement of the IC in the consolidation and expression of contextual aversive memory. However, the IC does not seem to be essential for the acquisition of memory associated with aversive context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando H F Alves
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Projections from the insular cortex to pain-receptive trigeminal caudal subnucleus (medullary dorsal horn) and other lower brainstem areas in rats. Neuroscience 2013; 233:9-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ginty AT, Gianaros PJ, Derbyshire SWG, Phillips AC, Carroll D. Blunted cardiac stress reactivity relates to neural hypoactivation. Psychophysiology 2013; 50:219-29. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annie T. Ginty
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham; UK
| | - Peter J. Gianaros
- Department of Psychology; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh; Pennsylvania; USA
| | | | - Anna C. Phillips
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham; UK
| | - Douglas Carroll
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham; UK
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Talman WT, Lin LH. Sudden death following selective neuronal lesions in the rat nucleus tractus solitarii. Auton Neurosci 2012; 175:9-16. [PMID: 23245583 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In efforts to assess baroreflex and cardiovascular responses in rats in which substance P (SP) or catecholamine transmission had been eliminated we studied animals after bilateral injections into the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) of SP or stabilized SP (SSP) conjugated to saporin (SP-SAP or SSP-SAP respectively) or SAP conjugated to an antibody to dopamine-β-hydroxylase (anti-DBH-SAP). We found that SP- and SSP-SAP eliminated NTS neurons that expressed the SP neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) while anti-DBH-SAP eliminated NTS neurons expressing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and DBH. The toxins were selective. Thus SP- or SSP-SAP did not eliminate TH/DBH neurons and anti-DBH-SAP did not eliminate NK1R neurons in the NTS. Each toxin, however, led to chronic lability of arterial blood pressure, diminished baroreflex function, cardiac ventricular irritability, coagulation necrosis of cardiac myocytes and, in some animals, sudden death associated with asystole. However, when TH/DBH neurons were targeted and eliminated by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), none of the cardiovascular or cardiac changes occurred. The studies reviewed here reveal that selective lesions of the NTS lead to altered baroreflex control and to cardiac changes that may lead to sudden death. Though the findings could support a role for SP or catecholamines in baroreflex transmission neither is proven in that NK1R colocalizes with glutamate receptors. Thus neurons with both are lost when treated with SP- or SSP-SAP. In addition, loss of catecholamine neurons after treatment with 6-OHDA does not affect cardiovascular control. Thus, the effect of the toxins may depend on an action of SAP independent of the effects of the SAP conjugates on targeted neuronal types.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Talman
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa and Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Saito M, Toyoda H, Kawakami S, Sato H, Bae YC, Kang Y. Capsaicin induces theta-band synchronization between gustatory and autonomic insular cortices. J Neurosci 2012; 32:13470-87. [PMID: 23015437 PMCID: PMC6621365 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5906-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the insular cortex, the primary gustatory area caudally adjoins the primary autonomic area that is involved in visceral sensory-motor integration. However, it has not been addressed whether neural activity in the gustatory insula (Gu-I) is coordinated with that in the autonomic insula (Au-I). We have demonstrated that TRPV1 activation in Gu-I induces theta-band synchronization between Gu-I and Au-I in rat slice preparations. Electron-microscopic immunohistochemistry revealed that TRPV1 immunoreactivity was much higher in Gu-I than in Au-I, and was mostly detected in dendritic spines receiving asymmetrical synapses. Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings revealed that, in Gu-I, capsaicin-induced currents in layer 3 (L3) pyramidal cells (PCs) displayed no apparent desensitization, while those in layer 5 (L5) PCs displayed Ca(2+)-dependent desensitization, suggesting that L3 and L5 PCs respond differentially to TRPV1 activation. Voltage-sensitive dye imaging demonstrated that TRPV1 activation in Gu-I can alter an optical response with a monophasic and columnar temporospatial pattern evoked within Gu-I into an oscillatory one extending over Gu-I and Au-I. Power and cross-power spectral analyses of optical responses revealed theta-band synchronization between Gu-I and Au-I. Whole-cell current-clamp recordings demonstrated that such theta-band waves were mediated by sustained rhythmic firings at 4 and 8 Hz in L3 and L5 PCs, respectively. These results strongly suggested that theta-band oscillatory neural coordination between Gu-I and Au-I was induced by two distinct TRPV1-mediated theta-rhythm firings in L3 and L5 PCs in Gu-I. This network coordination induced by TRPV1 activation could be responsible for autonomic responses to tasting and ingesting spicy foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Saito
- Department of Neuroscience and Oral Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroki Toyoda
- Department of Neuroscience and Oral Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinpei Kawakami
- Department of Neuroscience and Oral Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Nourishment Function Laboratory, Health Care Division, Morinaga & Company, Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-8504, Japan, and
| | - Hajime Sato
- Department of Neuroscience and Oral Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yong Chul Bae
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, BK21, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-412, South Korea
| | - Youngnam Kang
- Department of Neuroscience and Oral Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Kim U, Lee T. Topography of descending projections from anterior insular and medial prefrontal regions to the lateral habenula of the epithalamus in the rat. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 35:1253-69. [PMID: 22512256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The epithalamic lateral nucleus of the habenula (LHb) plays a key role in regulating firing of dopamine and serotonin neurons in the midbrain and is thereby involved in various cognitive and affective behaviors. It is not yet clear, however, from where the LHb receives cognitive and affective information relevant to its regulation of the midbrain monoaminergic systems. The prefrontal cortex would be among the ideal sources. Here, using anterograde and retrograde tracer injections in the rat brain, we characterized the topography of the corticohabenular projections. Following injections of cholera toxin subunit B into the LHb, retrogradely labeled neurons were produced in the anterior insular, cingulate, prelimbic and infralimbic cortices. Consistent with this retrograde tracing, injections of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into these cortical regions labeled robust terminals in the LHb. Our quantification of the BDA-impregnated varicosities revealed that projections from the anterior insula terminated mainly in the intersection regions of the lateral and ventral two-thirds of the LHb, while projections from the cingulate cortex terminated mainly in the lateral two-thirds of the LHb. By comparison, BDA-labeled terminals originating from the medial prefrontal regions were contained mainly in the medial plus ventral one-third of LHb. Based on these data, we hypothesize that LHb provides a link for conveying cognitive and affective information from prefrontal and insular regions to the midbrain monoaminergic centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uhnoh Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Takemoto Y. Amino acids that centrally influence blood pressure and regional blood flow in conscious rats. JOURNAL OF AMINO ACIDS 2012; 2012:831759. [PMID: 22690328 PMCID: PMC3368589 DOI: 10.1155/2012/831759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Functional roles of amino acids have increasingly become the focus of research. This paper summarizes amino acids that influence cardiovascular system via the brain of conscious rats. This paper firstly describes why amino acids are selected and outlines how the brain regulates blood pressure and regional blood flow. This section includes a concise history of amino acid neurotransmitters in cardiovascular research and summarizes brain areas where chemical stimulations produce blood pressure changes mainly in anesthetized animals. This is followed by comments about findings regarding several newly examined amino acids with intracisternal stimulation in conscious rats that produce changes in blood pressure. The same pressor or depressor response to central amino acid stimulations can be produced by distinct mechanisms at central and peripheral levels, which will be briefly explained. Thereafter, cardiovascular actions of some of amino acids at the mechanism level will be discussed based upon findings of pharmacological and regional blood flow measurements. Several examined amino acids in addition to the established neurotransmitter amino acids appear to differentially activate brain structures to produce changes in blood pressure and regional blood flows. They may have physiological roles in the healthy brain, but pathological roles in the brain with cerebral vascular diseases such as stroke where the blood-brain barrier is broken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Takemoto
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi-cho 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
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Goswami R, Frances MF, Steinback CD, Shoemaker JK. Forebrain organization representing baroreceptor gating of somatosensory afferents within the cortical autonomic network. J Neurophysiol 2012; 108:453-66. [PMID: 22514285 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00764.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatosensory afferents are represented within the cortical autonomic network (CAN). However, the representation of somatosensory afferents, and the consequent cardiovascular effects, may be modified by levels of baroreceptor input. Thus, we examined the cortical regions involved with processing somatosensory inputs during baroreceptor unloading. Neuroimaging sessions (functional magnetic resonance imaging [fMRI]) recorded brain activity during 30 mmHg lower-body negative pressure (LBNP) alone and combined with somatosensory stimulation (LBNP+SS) of the forearm (n = 14). Somatosensory processing was also assessed during increased sympathetic outflow via end-expiratory apnea. Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), cardiac output (Q), and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) were recorded during the same protocols in a separate laboratory session. SS alone had no effect on any cardiovascular or MSNA variable at rest. Measures of HR, BP, and Q during LBNP were not different compared with LBNP+SS. The rise in MSNA burst frequency was attenuated during LBNP+SS versus LBNP alone (8 vs. 12 bursts/min, respectively, P < 0.05). SS did not affect the change in MSNA during apnea. Activations within the insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) observed during LBNP were not seen during LBNP+SS. Anterior insula and ACC activations occurring during apnea were not modified by SS. Thus, the absence of insular and dorsal ACC activity during LBNP+SS along with an attenuation of MSNA burst frequency suggest sympathoinhibitory effects of sensory stimulation during decreased baroreceptor input by a mechanism that includes conjoint insula-dorsal ACC regulation. These findings reveal that the level of baroreceptor input influences the forebrain organization of somatosensory afferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruma Goswami
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Cortelli P, Lombardi C, Montagna P, Parati G. Baroreflex modulation during sleep and in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Auton Neurosci 2012; 169:7-11. [PMID: 22465134 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the complex integration between cardiovascular reflexes and central autonomic influences controlling physiological sleep-dependent changes in arterial blood pressure and heart rate. A brief introduction on the anatomic and functional organization of the arterial baroreflex and the methods available to assess its function in humans is followed by an analysis of the functional interaction between autonomic nervous system and sleep mechanisms at the highest levels of brain organization. An insight into these interactions is important to shed light on the physiopathology of the most frequent complications of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, such as sustained arterial hypertension, and excessive daytime sleepiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cortelli
- IRCSS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Italy
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