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Lopez-Ortiz AO, Eyo UB. Astrocytes and microglia in the coordination of CNS development and homeostasis. J Neurochem 2024; 168:3599-3614. [PMID: 37985374 PMCID: PMC11102936 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Glia have emerged as important architects of central nervous system (CNS) development and maintenance. While traditionally glial contributions to CNS development and maintenance have been studied independently, there is growing evidence that either suggests or documents that glia may act in coordinated manners to effect developmental patterning and homeostatic functions in the CNS. In this review, we focus on astrocytes, the most abundant glia in the CNS, and microglia, the earliest glia to colonize the CNS highlighting research that documents either suggestive or established coordinated actions by these glial cells in various CNS processes including cell and/or debris clearance, neuronal survival and morphogenesis, synaptic maturation, and circuit function, angio-/vasculogenesis, myelination, and neurotransmission. Some molecular mechanisms underlying these processes that have been identified are also described. Throughout, we categorize the available evidence as either suggestive or established interactions between microglia and astrocytes in the regulation of the respective process and raise possible avenues for further research. We conclude indicating that a better understanding of coordinated astrocyte-microglial interactions in the developing and mature brain holds promise for developing effective therapies for brain pathologies where these processes are perturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aída Oryza Lopez-Ortiz
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ukpong B Eyo
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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2
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Campos-Sánchez JC, Meseguer J, Guardiola FA. Fish microglia: Beyond the resident macrophages of the central nervous system - A review of their morphofunctional characteristics. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 162:105274. [PMID: 39341477 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 09/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
From classical to modern literature on microglia, the importance of the potential and variability of these immune cells in vertebrates has been pointed out. Recent aspects such as relationships and interactions between microglia and neurons in both normal and injured neural tissues, as well as their nexus with other organs and with the microbiota, or how these cells are modulated during development and adulthood are current topics of major interest. State-of-the-art research methodologies, including microscopy and potent in vivo imaging techniques, genomic and proteomic methods, current culture conditions together with the easy maintenance and manipulation of some fish embryos and adult specimens such as zebrafish (Danio rerio), have emerged and adapted to the phylogenetic position of some fish species. Furthermore, these advancements have facilitated the development of successful protocols aimed at addressing significant hypotheses and unresolved questions regarding vertebrate glia. The present review aims to analyse the available information on fish microglia, mainly the most recent one concerning teleosts, to establish an overview of their structural and immune functional features as a basis for their potentialities, heterogeneity, diversification, involvement, and relationships with neurons under normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlos Campos-Sánchez
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Meseguer
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco A Guardiola
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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3
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Zhang M, Liang C, Chen X, Cai Y, Cui L. Interplay between microglia and environmental risk factors in Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1718-1727. [PMID: 38103237 PMCID: PMC10960290 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, among the most common neurodegenerative disorders, is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment. At present, the Alzheimer's disease main risk remains genetic risks, but major environmental factors are increasingly shown to impact Alzheimer's disease development and progression. Microglia, the most important brain immune cells, play a central role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and are considered environmental and lifestyle "sensors." Factors like environmental pollution and modern lifestyles (e.g., chronic stress, poor dietary habits, sleep, and circadian rhythm disorders) can cause neuroinflammatory responses that lead to cognitive impairment via microglial functioning and phenotypic regulation. However, the specific mechanisms underlying interactions among these factors and microglia in Alzheimer's disease are unclear. Herein, we: discuss the biological effects of air pollution, chronic stress, gut microbiota, sleep patterns, physical exercise, cigarette smoking, and caffeine consumption on microglia; consider how unhealthy lifestyle factors influence individual susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease; and present the neuroprotective effects of a healthy lifestyle. Toward intervening and controlling these environmental risk factors at an early Alzheimer's disease stage, understanding the role of microglia in Alzheimer's disease development, and targeting strategies to target microglia, could be essential to future Alzheimer's disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoping Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chunmei Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiongjin Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yujie Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lili Cui
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
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4
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Harry GJ. Developmental Associations between Neurovascularization and Microglia Colonization. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1281. [PMID: 38279280 PMCID: PMC10816009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The temporal and spatial pattern of microglia colonization and vascular infiltration of the nervous system implies critical associated roles in early stages of nervous system development. Adding to existing reviews that cover a broad spectrum of the various roles of microglia during brain development, the current review will focus on the developmental ontogeny and interdependency between the colonization of the nervous system with yolk sac derived macrophages and vascularization. Gaining a better understanding of the timing and the interdependency of these two processes will significantly contribute to the interpretation of data generated regarding alterations in either process during early development. Additionally, such knowledge should provide a framework for understanding the influence of the early gestational environmental and the impact of genetics, disease, disorders, or exposures on the early developing nervous system and the potential for long-term and life-time effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jean Harry
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
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5
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Harry GJ. Microglia Colonization Associated with Angiogenesis and Neural Cell Development. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 37:163-178. [PMID: 39207692 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-55529-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The temporal and spatial pattern of microglia colonization of the nervous system implies a role in early stages of organ development including cell proliferation, differentiation, and neurovascularization. As microglia colonize and establish within the developing nervous system, they assume a neural-specific identity and contribute to key developmental events. Their association around blood vessels implicates them in development of the vascular system or vice versa. A similar association has been reported for neural cell proliferation and associated phenotypic shifts and for cell fate differentiation to neuronal or glial phenotypes. These processes are accomplished by phagocytic activities, cell-cell contact relationships, and secretion of various factors. This chapter will present data currently available from studies evaluating the dynamic and interactive nature of these processes throughout the progression of nervous system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jean Harry
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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6
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Dordoe C, Huang W, Bwalya C, Wang X, Shen B, Wang H, Wang J, Ye S, Wang P, Xiaoyan B, Li X, Lin L. The role of microglial activation on ischemic stroke: Modulation by fibroblast growth factors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 74:122-133. [PMID: 37573252 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the devastating clinical conditions that causes death and permanent disability. Its occurrence causes the reduction of oxygen and glucose supply, resulting in events such as inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in the brain. Microglia are brain-resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that exert diverse roles and respond to pathological process after an ischemic insult. The discovery of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) in mammals, resulted to the findings that they can treat experimental models of stroke in animals effectively. FGFs function as homeostatic factors that control cells and hormones involved in metabolism, and they also regulate the secretion of proinflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) cytokines after stroke. In this review, we outline current evidence of microglia activation in experimental models of stroke focusing on its ability to exacerbate damage or repair tissue. Also, our review sheds light on the pharmacological actions of FGFs on multiple targets to regulate microglial modulation and highlighted their theoretical molecular mechanisms to provide possible therapeutic targets, as well as their limitations for the treatment of stroke. DATA AVAILABILITY: Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Confidence Dordoe
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Wenting Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Canol Bwalya
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Bixin Shen
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Shasha Ye
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Bao Xiaoyan
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Li Lin
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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7
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Morris GP, Foster CG, Courtney J, Collins JM, Cashion JM, Brown LS, Howells DW, DeLuca GC, Canty AJ, King AE, Ziebell JM, Sutherland BA. Microglia directly associate with pericytes in the central nervous system. Glia 2023; 71:1847-1869. [PMID: 36994950 PMCID: PMC10952742 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is important for the maintenance of brain function and its dysregulation has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Microglia associations with capillaries suggest they may play a role in the regulation of CBF or the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). We explored the relationship between microglia and pericytes, a vessel-resident cell type that has a major role in the control of CBF and maintenance of the BBB, discovering a spatially distinct subset of microglia that closely associate with pericytes. We termed these pericyte-associated microglia (PEM). PEM are present throughout the brain and spinal cord in NG2DsRed × CX3 CR1+/GFP mice, and in the human frontal cortex. Using in vivo two-photon microscopy, we found microglia residing adjacent to pericytes at all levels of the capillary tree and found they can maintain their position for at least 28 days. PEM can associate with pericytes lacking astroglial endfeet coverage and capillary vessel width is increased beneath pericytes with or without an associated PEM, but capillary width decreases if a pericyte loses a PEM. Deletion of the microglia fractalkine receptor (CX3 CR1) did not disrupt the association between pericytes and PEM. Finally, we found the proportion of microglia that are PEM declines in the superior frontal gyrus in AD. In summary, we identify microglia that specifically associate with pericytes and find these are reduced in number in AD, which may be a novel mechanism contributing to vascular dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P. Morris
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Catherine G. Foster
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Jo‐Maree Courtney
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Jessica M. Collins
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, College of Health and MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Jake M. Cashion
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Lachlan S. Brown
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - David W. Howells
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Gabriele C. DeLuca
- Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Alison J. Canty
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, College of Health and MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
- Global Brain Health InstituteTrinity CollegeDublinIreland
| | - Anna E. King
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, College of Health and MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Jenna M. Ziebell
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, College of Health and MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Brad A. Sutherland
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
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8
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Hattori Y. The multifaceted roles of embryonic microglia in the developing brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:988952. [PMID: 37252188 PMCID: PMC10213237 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.988952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia originate from erythromyeloid progenitors in the yolk sac at the early embryonic stage, and these progenitors then colonize the CNS through extensive migration and proliferation during development. Microglia account for 10% of all cells in the adult brain, whereas the proportion of these cells in the embryonic brain is only 0.5-1.0%. Nevertheless, microglia in the developing brain widely move their cell body within the structure by extending filopodia; thus, they can interact with surrounding cells, such as neural lineage cells and vascular-structure-composing cells. This active microglial motility suggests that embryonic microglia play a pivotal role in brain development. Indeed, recent increasing evidence has revealed diverse microglial functions at the embryonic stage. For example, microglia control differentiation of neural stem cells, regulate the population size of neural progenitors and modulate the positioning and function of neurons. Moreover, microglia exert functions not only on neural lineage cells but also on blood vessels, such as supporting vascular formation and integrity. This review summarizes recent advances in the understanding of microglial cellular dynamics and multifaceted functions in the developing brain, with particular focus on the embryonic stage, and discusses the fundamental molecular mechanisms underlying their behavior.
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9
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Parajuli B, Koizumi S. Strategies for Manipulating Microglia to Determine Their Role in the Healthy and Diseased Brain. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1066-1076. [PMID: 36085395 PMCID: PMC9462627 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03742-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the specialized macrophages of the central nervous system and play an important role in neural circuit development, modulating neurotransmission, and maintaining brain homeostasis. Microglia in normal brain is quiescent and show ramified morphology with numerous branching processes. They constantly survey their surrounding microenvironment through the extension and retraction of their processes and interact with neurons, astrocytes, and blood vessels using these processes. Microglia respond quickly to any pathological event in the brain by assuming ameboid morphology devoid of branching processes and restore homeostasis. However, when there is chronic inflammation, microglia may lose their homeostatic functions and secrete various proinflammatory cytokines and mediators that initiate neural dysfunction and neurodegeneration. In this article, we review the role of microglia in the normal brain and in various pathological brain conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. We describe strategies to manipulate microglia, focusing on depletion, repopulation, and replacement, and we discuss their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijay Parajuli
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
- GLIA Center, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Schuichi Koizumi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
- GLIA Center, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
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10
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Dermitzakis I, Manthou ME, Meditskou S, Tremblay MÈ, Petratos S, Zoupi L, Boziki M, Kesidou E, Simeonidou C, Theotokis P. Origin and Emergence of Microglia in the CNS-An Interesting (Hi)story of an Eccentric Cell. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:2609-2628. [PMID: 36975541 PMCID: PMC10047736 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45030171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia belong to tissue-resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), representing the primary innate immune cells. This cell type constitutes ~7% of non-neuronal cells in the mammalian brain and has a variety of biological roles integral to homeostasis and pathophysiology from the late embryonic to adult brain. Its unique identity that distinguishes its "glial" features from tissue-resident macrophages resides in the fact that once entering the CNS, it is perennially exposed to a unique environment following the formation of the blood-brain barrier. Additionally, tissue-resident macrophage progenies derive from various peripheral sites that exhibit hematopoietic potential, and this has resulted in interpretation issues surrounding their origin. Intensive research endeavors have intended to track microglial progenitors during development and disease. The current review provides a corpus of recent evidence in an attempt to disentangle the birthplace of microglia from the progenitor state and underlies the molecular elements that drive microgliogenesis. Furthermore, it caters towards tracking the lineage spatiotemporally during embryonic development and outlining microglial repopulation in the mature CNS. This collection of data can potentially shed light on the therapeutic potential of microglia for CNS perturbations across various levels of severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iasonas Dermitzakis
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Eleni Manthou
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Soultana Meditskou
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Lida Zoupi
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences & Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Marina Boziki
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Kesidou
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Constantina Simeonidou
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paschalis Theotokis
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece
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11
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Hattori Y. The microglia-blood vessel interactions in the developing brain. Neurosci Res 2023; 187:58-66. [PMID: 36167249 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Once microglial progenitors are generated in the yolk sac, these cells enter the CNS and colonize its structures by migrating and proliferating during development. Although the microglial population in the CNS is still low in this stage compared to adults, these cells can associate with many surrounding cells, such as neural lineage cells and vascular-structure-composing cells, by extending their filopodia and with their broad migration capacity. Previous studies revealed multifaceted microglial actions on neural lineage cells, such as regulating the differentiation of neural progenitors and modulating neuronal positioning. Notably, microglia not only act on neural lineage cells but also interact with blood vessels, for example, by supporting vascular formation and integrity. On the other hand, blood vessels contribute to microglial colonization into the CNS and their migration at local tissues. Importantly, pericytes, the cells that encompass vascular endothelial cells, have been suggested to play a profound role in microglial function. This review summarizes recent advances in the understanding of the interaction of microglia and blood vessels, especially focusing on the significance of this interaction in CNS development, and discusses how microglial and blood vessel dysfunction leads to developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hattori
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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12
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Green LA, O'Dea MR, Hoover CA, DeSantis DF, Smith CJ. The embryonic zebrafish brain is seeded by a lymphatic-dependent population of mrc1 + microglia precursors. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:849-864. [PMID: 35710983 PMCID: PMC10680068 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident macrophages of the CNS that serve critical roles in brain construction. Although human brains contain microglia by 4 weeks gestation, an understanding of the earliest microglia that seed the brain during its development remains unresolved. Using time-lapse imaging in zebrafish, we discovered a mrc1a+ microglia precursor population that seeds the brain before traditionally described microglia. These early microglia precursors are dependent on lymphatic vasculature that surrounds the brain and are independent of pu1+ yolk sac-derived microglia. Single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets reveal Mrc1+ microglia in the embryonic brains of mice and humans. We then show in zebrafish that these early mrc1a+ microglia precursors preferentially expand during pathophysiological states in development. Taken together, our results identify a critical role of lymphatics in the microglia precursors that seed the early embryonic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
- The Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Michael R O'Dea
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Camden A Hoover
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
- The Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Dana F DeSantis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
- The Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Cody J Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
- The Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
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13
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Cuadros MA, Sepulveda MR, Martin-Oliva D, Marín-Teva JL, Neubrand VE. Microglia and Microglia-Like Cells: Similar but Different. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:816439. [PMID: 35197828 PMCID: PMC8859783 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.816439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the tissue-resident macrophages of the central nervous parenchyma. In mammals, microglia are thought to originate from yolk sac precursors and posteriorly maintained through the entire life of the organism. However, the contribution of microglial cells from other sources should also be considered. In addition to “true” or “bona-fide” microglia, which are of embryonic origin, the so-called “microglia-like cells” are hematopoietic cells of bone marrow origin that can engraft the mature brain mainly under pathological conditions. These cells implement great parts of the microglial immune phenotype, but they do not completely adopt the “true microglia” features. Because of their pronounced similarity, true microglia and microglia-like cells are usually considered together as one population. In this review, we discuss the origin and development of these two distinct cell types and their differences. We will also review the factors determining the appearance and presence of microglia-like cells, which can vary among species. This knowledge might contribute to the development of therapeutic strategies aiming at microglial cells for the treatment of diseases in which they are involved, for example neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Cuadros
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M Rosario Sepulveda
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - David Martin-Oliva
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José L Marín-Teva
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Veronika E Neubrand
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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14
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Zhang G, Wang Z, Hu H, Zhao M, Sun L. Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease: A Target for Therapeutic Intervention. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:749587. [PMID: 34899188 PMCID: PMC8651709 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.749587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common types of age-related dementia worldwide. In addition to extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, dysregulated microglia also play deleterious roles in the AD pathogenesis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that unbridled microglial activity induces a chronic neuroinflammatory environment, promotes β-amyloid accumulation and tau pathology, and impairs microglia-associated mitophagy. Thus, targeting microglia may pave the way for new therapeutic interventions. This review provides a thorough overview of the pathophysiological role of the microglia in AD and illustrates the potential avenues for microglia-targeted therapies, including microglial modification, immunoreceptors, and anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guimei Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zicheng Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huiling Hu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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15
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Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. Microglial progenitors are generated in the yolk sac during the early embryonic stage. Once microglia enter the brain primordium, these cells colonize the structure through migration and proliferation during brain development. Microglia account for a minor population among the total cells that constitute the developing cortex, but they can associate with many surrounding neural lineage cells by extending their filopodia and through their broad migration capacity. Of note, microglia change their distribution in a stage-dependent manner in the developing brain: microglia are homogenously distributed in the pallium in the early and late embryonic stages, whereas these cells are transiently absent from the cortical plate (CP) from embryonic day (E) 15 to E16 and colonize the ventricular zone (VZ), subventricular zone (SVZ), and intermediate zone (IZ). Previous studies have reported that microglia positioned in the VZ/SVZ/IZ play multiple roles in neural lineage cells, such as regulating neurogenesis, cell survival and neuronal circuit formation. In addition to microglial functions in the zones in which microglia are replenished, these cells indirectly contribute to the proper maturation of post-migratory neurons by exiting the CP during the mid-embryonic stage. Overall, microglial time-dependent distributional changes are necessary to provide particular functions that are required in specific regions. This review summarizes recent advances in the understanding of microglial colonization and multifaceted functions in the developing brain, especially focusing on the embryonic stage, and discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying microglial behaviors.
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16
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Penna E, Cunningham CL, Saylor S, Kreutz A, Tarantal AF, Martínez-Cerdeño V, Noctor SC. Greater Number of Microglia in Telencephalic Proliferative Zones of Human and Nonhuman Primate Compared with Other Vertebrate Species. Cereb Cortex Commun 2021; 2:tgab053. [PMID: 34647030 PMCID: PMC8501267 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgab053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells, the innate immune cells of the brain, are derived from yolk sac precursor cells, begin to colonize the telencephalon at the onset of cortical neurogenesis, and occupy specific layers including the telencephalic proliferative zones. Microglia are an intrinsic component of cortical germinal zones, establish extensive contacts with neural precursor cells (NPCs) and developing cortical vessels, and regulate the size of the NPC pool through mechanisms that include phagocytosis. Microglia exhibit notable differences in number and distribution in the prenatal neocortex between rat and old world nonhuman primate telencephalon, suggesting that microglia possess distinct properties across vertebrate species. To begin addressing this subject, we quantified the number of microglia and NPCs in proliferative zones of the fetal human, rhesus monkey, ferret, and rat, and the prehatch chick and turtle telencephalon. We show that the ratio of NPCs to microglia varies significantly across species. Few microglia populate the prehatch chick telencephalon, but the number of microglia approaches that of NPCs in fetal human and nonhuman primate telencephalon. These data demonstrate that microglia are in a position to perform important functions in a number of vertebrate species but more heavily colonize proliferative zones of fetal human and rhesus monkey telencephalon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Penna
- MIND Institute, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Christopher L Cunningham
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Current Affiliation: Pittsburgh Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Stephanie Saylor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Anna Kreutz
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alice F Tarantal
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño
- MIND Institute, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Shriners Hospital, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Stephen C Noctor
- MIND Institute, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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17
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Dixon MA, Greferath U, Fletcher EL, Jobling AI. The Contribution of Microglia to the Development and Maturation of the Visual System. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:659843. [PMID: 33967697 PMCID: PMC8102829 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.659843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), were once considered quiescent cells that sat in readiness for reacting to disease and injury. Over the last decade, however, it has become clear that microglia play essential roles in maintaining the normal nervous system. The retina is an easily accessible part of the central nervous system and therefore much has been learned about the function of microglia from studies in the retina and visual system. Anatomically, microglia have processes that contact all synapses within the retina, as well as blood vessels in the major vascular plexuses. Microglia contribute to development of the visual system by contributing to neurogenesis, maturation of cone photoreceptors, as well as refining synaptic contacts. They can respond to neural signals and in turn release a range of cytokines and neurotrophic factors that have downstream consequences on neural function. Moreover, in light of their extensive contact with blood vessels, they are also essential for regulation of vascular development and integrity. This review article summarizes what we have learned about the role of microglia in maintaining the normal visual system and how this has helped in understanding their role in the central nervous system more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Dixon
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ursula Greferath
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Erica L Fletcher
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew I Jobling
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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18
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Sharma K, Bisht K, Eyo UB. A Comparative Biology of Microglia Across Species. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:652748. [PMID: 33869210 PMCID: PMC8047420 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.652748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are unique brain-resident, myeloid cells. They have received growing interest for their implication in an increasing number of neurodevelopmental, acute injury, and neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Fate-mapping studies establish microglial ontogeny from the periphery during development, while recent transcriptomic studies highlight microglial identity as distinct from other CNS cells and peripheral myeloid cells. This evidence for a unique microglial ontogeny and identity raises questions regarding their identity and functions across species. This review will examine the available evidence for microglia in invertebrate and vertebrate species to clarify similarities and differences in microglial identity, ontogeny, and physiology across species. This discussion highlights conserved and divergent microglial properties through evolution. Finally, we suggest several interesting research directions from an evolutionary perspective to adequately understand the significance of microglia emergence. A proper appreciation of microglia from this perspective could inform the development of specific therapies geared at targeting microglia in various pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Sharma
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Kanchan Bisht
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Ukpong B Eyo
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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19
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Morini R, Bizzotto M, Perrucci F, Filipello F, Matteoli M. Strategies and Tools for Studying Microglial-Mediated Synapse Elimination and Refinement. Front Immunol 2021; 12:640937. [PMID: 33708226 PMCID: PMC7940197 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.640937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of microglia in controlling synapse homeostasis is becoming increasingly recognized by the scientific community. In particular, the microglia-mediated elimination of supernumerary synapses during development lays the basis for the correct formation of neuronal circuits in adulthood, while the possible reactivation of this process in pathological conditions, such as schizophrenia or Alzheimer's Disease, provides a promising target for future therapeutic strategies. The methodological approaches to investigate microglial synaptic engulfment include different in vitro and in vivo settings. Basic in vitro assays, employing isolated microglia and microbeads, apoptotic membranes, liposomes or synaptosomes allow the quantification of the microglia phagocytic abilities, while co-cultures of microglia and neurons, deriving from either WT or genetically modified mice models, provide a relatively manageable setting to investigate the involvement of specific molecular pathways. Further detailed analysis in mice brain is then mandatory to validate the in vitro assays as representative for the in vivo situation. The present review aims to dissect the main technical approaches to investigate microglia-mediated phagocytosis of neuronal and synaptic substrates in critical developmental time windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Morini
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neurocenter, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Matteo Bizzotto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neurocenter, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Fabio Perrucci
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neurocenter, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Fabia Filipello
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neurocenter, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neurocenter, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy.,Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Institute of Neuroscience - URT Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy
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20
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Epigenetics and Communication Mechanisms in Microglia Activation with a View on Technological Approaches. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020306. [PMID: 33670563 PMCID: PMC7923060 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells, the immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), play a crucial role for the proper brain development and function and in CNS homeostasis. While in physiological conditions, microglia continuously check the state of brain parenchyma, in pathological conditions, microglia can show different activated phenotypes: In the early phases, microglia acquire the M2 phenotype, increasing phagocytosis and releasing neurotrophic and neuroprotective factors. In advanced phases, they acquire the M1 phenotype, becoming neurotoxic and contributing to neurodegeneration. Underlying this phenotypic change, there is a switch in the expression of specific microglial genes, in turn modulated by epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, histones post-translational modifications and activity of miRNAs. New roles are attributed to microglial cells, including specific communication with neurons, both through direct cell–cell contact and by release of many different molecules, either directly or indirectly, through extracellular vesicles. In this review, recent findings on the bidirectional interaction between neurons and microglia, in both physiological and pathological conditions, are highlighted, with a focus on the complex field of microglia immunomodulation through epigenetic mechanisms and/or released factors. In addition, advanced technologies used to study these mechanisms, such as microfluidic, 3D culture and in vivo imaging, are presented.
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21
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Prinz M, Masuda T, Wheeler MA, Quintana FJ. Microglia and Central Nervous System-Associated Macrophages-From Origin to Disease Modulation. Annu Rev Immunol 2021; 39:251-277. [PMID: 33556248 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-093019-110159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The immune system of the central nervous system (CNS) consists primarily of innate immune cells. These are highly specialized macrophages found either in the parenchyma, called microglia, or at the CNS interfaces, such as leptomeningeal, perivascular, and choroid plexus macrophages. While they were primarily thought of as phagocytes, their function extends well beyond simple removal of cell debris during development and diseases. Brain-resident innate immune cells were found to be plastic, long-lived, and host to an outstanding number of risk genes for multiple pathologies. As a result, they are now considered the most suitable targets for modulating CNS diseases. Additionally, recent single-cell technologies enhanced our molecular understanding of their origins, fates, interactomes, and functional cell statesduring health and perturbation. Here, we review the current state of our understanding and challenges of the myeloid cell biology in the CNS and treatment options for related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany; .,Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies and Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Takahiro Masuda
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 812-8582 Fukuoka, Japan;
| | - Michael A Wheeler
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; , .,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; , .,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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22
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Ferrero G, Miserocchi M, Di Ruggiero E, Wittamer V. A c sf1rb mutation uncouples two waves of microglia development in zebrafish. Development 2021; 148:dev.194241. [PMID: 33298459 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the ontogeny of microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system, initiates early during development from primitive macrophages. Although murine embryonic microglia then persist through life, in zebrafish these cells are transient, as they are fully replaced by an adult population originating from larval hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-derived progenitors. Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (Csf1r) is a fundamental regulator of microglia ontogeny in vertebrates, including zebrafish, which possess two paralogous genes: csf1ra and csf1rb Although previous work has shown that mutation in both genes completely abrogates microglia development, the specific contribution of each paralog remains largely unknown. Here, using a fate-mapping strategy to discriminate between the two microglial waves, we uncover non-overlapping roles for csf1ra and csf1rb in hematopoiesis, and identified csf1rb as an essential regulator of adult microglia development. Notably, we demonstrate that csf1rb positively regulates HSC-derived myelopoiesis, resulting in macrophage deficiency, including microglia, in adult mutant animals. Overall, this study contributes to new insights into evolutionary aspects of Csf1r signaling and provides an unprecedented framework for the functional dissection of embryonic versus adult microglia in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Ferrero
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium.,ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Magali Miserocchi
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium.,ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Elodie Di Ruggiero
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Valérie Wittamer
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium .,ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium.,WELBIO, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium
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23
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Elsaid R, Soares-da-Silva F, Peixoto M, Amiri D, Mackowski N, Pereira P, Bandeira A, Cumano A. Hematopoiesis: A Layered Organization Across Chordate Species. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:606642. [PMID: 33392196 PMCID: PMC7772317 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.606642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of distinct waves of progenitors during development, each corresponding to a specific time, space, and function, provided the basis for the concept of a "layered" organization in development. The concept of a layered hematopoiesis was established by classical embryology studies in birds and amphibians. Recent progress in generating reliable lineage tracing models together with transcriptional and proteomic analyses in single cells revealed that, also in mammals, the hematopoietic system evolves in successive waves of progenitors with distinct properties and fate. During embryogenesis, sequential waves of hematopoietic progenitors emerge at different anatomic sites, generating specific cell types with distinct functions and tissue homing capacities. The first progenitors originate in the yolk sac before the emergence of hematopoietic stem cells, some giving rise to progenies that persist throughout life. Hematopoietic stem cell-derived cells that protect organisms against environmental pathogens follow the same sequential strategy, with subsets of lymphoid cells being only produced during embryonic development. Growing evidence indicates that fetal immune cells contribute to the proper development of the organs they seed and later ensure life-long tissue homeostasis and immune protection. They include macrophages, mast cells, some γδ T cells, B-1 B cells, and innate lymphoid cells, which have "non-redundant" functions, and early perturbations in their development or function affect immunity in the adult. These observations challenged the view that all hematopoietic cells found in the adult result from constant and monotonous production from bone marrow-resident hematopoietic stem cells. In this review, we evaluate evidence for a layered hematopoietic system across species. We discuss mechanisms and selective pressures leading to the temporal generation of different cell types. We elaborate on the consequences of disturbing fetal immune cells on tissue homeostasis and immune development later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy Elsaid
- Unit of Lymphocytes and Immunity, Immunology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U1223, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Céllule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Francisca Soares-da-Silva
- Unit of Lymphocytes and Immunity, Immunology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U1223, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Céllule Pasteur, Paris, France
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and INEB—Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomeìdicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marcia Peixoto
- Unit of Lymphocytes and Immunity, Immunology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U1223, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Céllule Pasteur, Paris, France
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and INEB—Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Dali Amiri
- Unit of Lymphocytes and Immunity, Immunology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U1223, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Céllule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nathan Mackowski
- Unit of Lymphocytes and Immunity, Immunology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U1223, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Céllule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Pablo Pereira
- Unit of Lymphocytes and Immunity, Immunology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U1223, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Céllule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Antonio Bandeira
- Unit of Lymphocytes and Immunity, Immunology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U1223, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Céllule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ana Cumano
- Unit of Lymphocytes and Immunity, Immunology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U1223, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Céllule Pasteur, Paris, France
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24
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Wu S, Nguyen LTM, Pan H, Hassan S, Dai Y, Xu J, Wen Z. Two phenotypically and functionally distinct microglial populations in adult zebrafish. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/47/eabd1160. [PMID: 33208372 PMCID: PMC7673811 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd1160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the tissue-resident macrophages in the central nervous system and are critically involved in immune defense, neural development and function, and neuroinflammation. The versatility of microglia has long been attributed to heterogeneity. Recent studies have revealed possible heterogeneity in human but not in murine microglia, yet a firm demonstration linking microglial heterogeneity to functional phenotypes remains scarce. Here, we identified two distinct microglial populations in adult zebrafish that differ in morphology, distribution, development, and function. The predominant population, phagocytotic microglia, which expresses ccl34b.1, is broadly distributed, amoeboid in shape, highly mobile, and phagocytotic. The other white matter-enriched ccl34b.1- population, regulatory microglia, has ramified protrusions but has limited mobility and phagocytosis capability. These functional differences are further supported by distinct transcriptomes and responses to bacterial infection, where ccl34b.1+ microglia function in tissue clearance and ccl34b.1- microglia release immune regulators. Our study sheds light on the heterogeneity and functional diversification of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Wu
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Linh T M Nguyen
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongru Pan
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shaoli Hassan
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yimei Dai
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Zilong Wen
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
- Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Greater Bay Biomedical Innocenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518055, China
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25
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Wittamer V, Bertrand JY. Yolk sac hematopoiesis: does it contribute to the adult hematopoietic system? Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4081-4091. [PMID: 32405721 PMCID: PMC11104818 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03527-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In most vertebrates, the yolk sac (YS) represents the very first tissue where blood cells are detected. Therefore, it was thought for a long time that it generated all the blood cells present in the embryo. This model was challenged using different animal models, and we now know that YS hematopoietic precursors are mostly transient although their contribution to the adult system cannot be excluded. In this review, we aim at properly define the different waves of blood progenitors that are produced by the YS and address the fate of each of them. Indeed, in the last decade, many evidences have emphasized the role of the YS in the emergence of several myeloid tissue-resident adult subsets. We will focus on the development of microglia, the resident macrophages in the central nervous system, and try to untangle the recent controversy about their origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Wittamer
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Brussels, Belgium
- ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- WELBIO, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julien Y Bertrand
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva 4, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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26
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Xu P, Shan C, Dunn TJ, Xie X, Xia H, Gao J, Allende Labastida J, Zou J, Villarreal PP, Schlagal CR, Yu Y, Vargas G, Rossi SL, Vasilakis N, Shi PY, Weaver SC, Wu P. Role of microglia in the dissemination of Zika virus from mother to fetal brain. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008413. [PMID: 32628667 PMCID: PMC7365479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Global Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks and their link to microcephaly have raised major public health concerns. However, the mechanism of maternal-fetal transmission remains largely unknown. In this study, we determined the role of yolk sac (YS) microglial progenitors in a mouse model of ZIKV vertical transmission. We found that embryonic (E) days 6.5-E8.5 were a critical window for ZIKV infection that resulted in fetal demise and microcephaly, and YS microglial progenitors were susceptible to ZIKV infection. Ablation of YS microglial progenitors significantly reduced the viral load in both the YS and the embryonic brain. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that YS microglial progenitors serve as “Trojan horses,” contributing to ZIKV fetal brain dissemination and congenital brain defects. ZIKV is more likely to cause fetal demise and brain malformations when the mother is infected at an early stage of pregnancy, which is the critical time window when a special type of immune cells called microglia appear in the YS and migrate to the fetal brain. YS-derived microglia are susceptible to ZIKV infection and can act as “Trojan horses” to bring ZIKV from the mother to the fetal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chao Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tiffany J. Dunn
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xuping Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hongjie Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Junling Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Javier Allende Labastida
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jing Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Paula P. Villarreal
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Caitlin R. Schlagal
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yongjia Yu
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gracie Vargas
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shannan L. Rossi
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nikolaos Vasilakis
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SCW); (PW)
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SCW); (PW)
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27
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Prinz M, Jung S, Priller J. Microglia Biology: One Century of Evolving Concepts. Cell 2020; 179:292-311. [PMID: 31585077 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 777] [Impact Index Per Article: 194.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Microglia were first recognized as a distinct cell population in the CNS one century ago. For a long time, they were primarily considered to be phagocytes responsible for removing debris during CNS development and disease. More recently, advances in imaging and genetics and the advent of single-cell technologies provided new insights into the much more complex and fascinating biology of microglia. The ontogeny of microglia was identified, and their functions in health and disease were better defined. Although many questions about microglia and their roles in human diseases remain unanswered, the prospect of targeting microglia for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders is tantalizing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Josef Priller
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; DZNE and BIH, Berlin, Germany; University of Edinburgh and UK DRI, Edinburgh, UK.
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28
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Benmamar-Badel A, Owens T, Wlodarczyk A. Protective Microglial Subset in Development, Aging, and Disease: Lessons From Transcriptomic Studies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:430. [PMID: 32318054 PMCID: PMC7147523 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial heterogeneity has been the topic of much discussion in the scientific community. Elucidation of their plasticity and adaptability to disease states triggered early efforts to characterize microglial subsets. Over time, their phenotypes, and later on their homeostatic signature, were revealed, through the use of increasingly advanced transcriptomic techniques. Recently, an increasing number of these "microglial signatures" have been reported in various homeostatic and disease contexts. Remarkably, many of these states show similar overlapping microglial gene expression patterns, both in homeostasis and in disease or injury. In this review, we integrate information from these studies, and we propose a unique subset, for which we introduce a core signature, based on our own research and reports from the literature. We describe that this subset is found in development and in normal aging as well as in diverse diseases. We discuss the functions of this subset as well as how it is induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Benmamar-Badel
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- BRIDGE, Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Slagelse Hospital, Institute of Regional Health Research, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Trevor Owens
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- BRIDGE, Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Odense, Denmark
| | - Agnieszka Wlodarczyk
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- BRIDGE, Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Odense, Denmark
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29
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Pan J, Ma N, Yu B, Zhang W, Wan J. Transcriptomic profiling of microglia and astrocytes throughout aging. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:97. [PMID: 32238175 PMCID: PMC7115095 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01774-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of microglia and astrocytes, a prominent hallmark of both aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), has been suggested to contribute to aging and AD progression, but the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Methods We performed RNA-seq analyses on microglia and astrocytes freshly isolated from wild-type and APP-PS1 (AD) mouse brains at five time points to elucidate their age-related gene-expression profiles. Results Our results showed that from 4 months onward, a set of age-related genes in microglia and astrocytes exhibited consistent upregulation or downregulation (termed “age-up”/“age-down” genes) relative to their expression at the young-adult stage (2 months). And most age-up genes were more highly expressed in AD mice at the same time points. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that the age-up genes in microglia were associated with the inflammatory response, whereas these genes in astrocytes included widely recognized AD risk genes, genes associated with synaptic transmission or elimination, and peptidase-inhibitor genes. Conclusions Overall, our RNA-seq data provide a valuable resource for future investigations into the roles of microglia and astrocytes in aging- and amyloid-β-induced AD pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Pan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Nana Ma
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Jun Wan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China. .,Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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30
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Kelly R, Joers V, Tansey MG, McKernan DP, Dowd E. Microglial Phenotypes and Their Relationship to the Cannabinoid System: Therapeutic Implications for Parkinson's Disease. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030453. [PMID: 31973235 PMCID: PMC7037317 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder, the motor symptoms of which are associated classically with Lewy body formation and nigrostriatal degeneration. Neuroinflammation has been implicated in the progression of this disease, by which microglia become chronically activated in response to α-synuclein pathology and dying neurons, thereby acquiring dishomeostatic phenotypes that are cytotoxic and can cause further neuronal death. Microglia have a functional endocannabinoid signaling system, expressing the cannabinoid receptors in addition to being capable of synthesizing and degrading endocannabinoids. Alterations in the cannabinoid system—particularly an upregulation in the immunomodulatory CB2 receptor—have been demonstrated to be related to the microglial activation state and hence the microglial phenotype. This paper will review studies that examine the relationship between the cannabinoid system and microglial activation, and how this association could be manipulated for therapeutic benefit in Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Kelly
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland; (R.K.); (D.P.M.)
| | - Valerie Joers
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (V.J.); (M.G.T.)
| | - Malú G. Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (V.J.); (M.G.T.)
- Center for Translation Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Declan P. McKernan
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland; (R.K.); (D.P.M.)
| | - Eilís Dowd
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland; (R.K.); (D.P.M.)
- Correspondence:
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31
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Ferrero G, Mahony CB, Dupuis E, Yvernogeau L, Di Ruggiero E, Miserocchi M, Caron M, Robin C, Traver D, Bertrand JY, Wittamer V. Embryonic Microglia Derive from Primitive Macrophages and Are Replaced by cmyb-Dependent Definitive Microglia in Zebrafish. Cell Rep 2019; 24:130-141. [PMID: 29972775 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the tissue-resident macrophages of the CNS, represent major targets for therapeutic intervention in a wide variety of neurological disorders. Efficient reprogramming protocols to generate microglia-like cells in vitro using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells will, however, require a precise understanding of the cellular and molecular events that instruct microglial cell fates. This remains a challenge since the developmental origin of microglia during embryogenesis is controversial. Here, using genetic tracing in zebrafish, we uncover primitive macrophages as the unique source of embryonic microglia. We also demonstrate that this initial population is transient, with primitive microglia later replaced by definitive microglia that persist throughout adulthood. The adult wave originates from cmyb-dependent hematopoietic stem cells. Collectively, our work challenges the prevailing model establishing erythro-myeloid progenitors as the sole and direct microglial precursor and provides further support for the existence of multiple waves of microglia, which originate from distinct hematopoietic precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Ferrero
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), ULB, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christopher B Mahony
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eléonore Dupuis
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurent Yvernogeau
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Elodie Di Ruggiero
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Magali Miserocchi
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marianne Caron
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), ULB, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Robin
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - David Traver
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0380, USA; Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0380, USA.
| | - Julien Y Bertrand
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Valérie Wittamer
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), ULB, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO, ULB, Brussels, Belgium.
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32
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Simões-Henriques C, Mateus-Pinheiro M, Gaspar R, Pinheiro H, Mendes Duarte J, Baptista FI, Canas PM, Fontes-Ribeiro CA, Cunha RA, Ambrósio AF, Gomes CA. Microglia cytoarchitecture in the brain of adenosine A 2A receptor knockout mice: Brain region and sex specificities. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:1377-1387. [PMID: 31454441 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Microglia cells exert a critical role in brain development, mainly supported by their immune functions, which predicts an impact on the genesis of psychiatric disorders. In fact, microglia stress during gestation is, for instance, associated with chronic anxiety and cognitive deficits accompanied by long-lasting, region- and sex-specific changes in microglia morphology. We recently reported that the pattern of microglia morphologic plasticity, which is sex-determined, impacts on anxious-like behaviour and cognition. We also reported that the pharmacologic blockade of adenosine A2A receptors (A2 A R) is able to reshape microglia morphology, in a sex-specific manner and with behavioural sequelae. In order to better understand the role of A2 A R in the sex differentiation of microglia, we now compared their morphology in wild-type and A2 A R knockout male and female C57BL/6 mice in two cardinal brain regions implicated in anxiety-like behaviour and cognition, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the dorsal hippocampus (dHIP). We report interregional differences between PFC and dHIP in a sex-specific manner: while males presented more complex microglia in the dHIP, microglia from females had a more complex morphology in the PFC. Surprisingly, the genetic deletion of A2 A R did not alter these sex differences, but promoted the exclusive remodelling (increase in complexity) in PFC microglia from females. These findings further support the existence of a heterogeneous microglial network, distinct between sexes and brain regions, and help characterizing the role of A2 A R in the sex- and brain region-specific morphologic differentiation of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Simões-Henriques
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Mateus-Pinheiro
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rita Gaspar
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Helena Pinheiro
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Mendes Duarte
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipa I Baptista
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula M Canas
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Alberto Fontes-Ribeiro
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António F Ambrósio
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina A Gomes
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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33
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Zhu Y, Crowley SC, Latimer AJ, Lewis GM, Nash R, Kucenas S. Migratory Neural Crest Cells Phagocytose Dead Cells in the Developing Nervous System. Cell 2019; 179:74-89.e10. [PMID: 31495570 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During neural tube closure and spinal cord development, many cells die in both the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS and PNS, respectively). However, myeloid-derived professional phagocytes have not yet colonized the trunk region during early neurogenesis. How apoptotic cells are removed from this region during these stages remains largely unknown. Using live imaging in zebrafish, we demonstrate that neural crest cells (NCCs) respond rapidly to dying cells and phagocytose cellular debris around the neural tube. Additionally, NCCs have the ability to enter the CNS through motor exit point transition zones and clear debris in the spinal cord. Surprisingly, NCCs phagocytosis mechanistically resembles macrophage phagocytosis and their recruitment toward cellular debris is mediated by interleukin-1β. Taken together, our results reveal a role for NCCs in phagocytosis of debris in the developing nervous system before the presence of professional phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlu Zhu
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Samantha C Crowley
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Andrew J Latimer
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Gwendolyn M Lewis
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Rebecca Nash
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Sarah Kucenas
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
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34
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Microglia-neuron crosstalk: Signaling mechanism and control of synaptic transmission. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 94:138-151. [PMID: 31112798 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The continuous crosstalk between microglia and neurons is required for microglia housekeeping functions and contributes to brain homeostasis. Through these exchanges, microglia take part in crucial brain functions, including development and plasticity. The alteration of neuron-microglia communication contributes to brain disease states with consequences, ranging from synaptic function to neuronal survival. This review focuses on the signaling pathways responsible for neuron-microglia crosstalk, highlighting their physiological roles and their alteration or specific involvement in disease. In particular, we discuss studies, establishing how these signaling allow microglial cells to control relevant physiological functions during brain development, including synaptic formation and circuit refinement. In addition, we highlight how microglia and neurons interact functionally to regulate highly dynamical synaptic functions. Microglia are able to release several signaling molecules involved in the regulation of synaptic activity and plasticity. On the other side, molecules of neuronal origin control microglial processes motility in an activity-dependent manner. Indeed, the continuous crosstalk between microglia and neurons is required for the sensing and housekeeping functions of microglia and contributes to the maintenance of brain homeostasis and, particularly, to the sculpting of neuronal connections during development. These interactions lay on the delicate edge between physiological processes and homeostasis alteration in pathology and are themselves altered during neuroinflammation. The full description of these processes could be fundamental for understanding brain functioning in health and disease.
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Boss AL, Chamley LW, James JL. Placental formation in early pregnancy: how is the centre of the placenta made? Hum Reprod Update 2019; 24:750-760. [PMID: 30257012 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmy030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Correct development of the placenta is critical to establishing pregnancy and inadequate placentation leads to implantation failure and miscarriage, as well as later gestation pregnancy disorders. Much attention has been focused on the placental trophoblasts and it is clear that the trophoblast lineages arise from the trophectoderm of the blastocyst. In contrast, the cells of the placental mesenchyme are thought to arise from the inner cell mass, but the details of this process are limited. Due to ethical constraints and the inaccessibility of very early implantation tissues, our knowledge of early placentation has been largely based on historical histological sections. More recently, stem cell technologies have begun to shed important new light on the origins of the placental mesenchymal lineages. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This review aims to amalgamate the older and more modern literature regarding the origins of the non-trophoblast lineages of the human placenta. We highlight ways in which rapidly developing stem cell technologies may shed new light on these crucial peri-implantation events. SEARCH METHODS Relevant articles were identified using the PubMed database and Google Scholar search engines. A pearl growing method was used to expand the scope of papers relevant to the cell differentiation events of non-trophoblast placental lineages. OUTCOMES At the start of pregnancy, cells of the extraembyronic mesoderm migrate to underlie the primitive trophoblast layers forming the first placental villi. The mesenchymal cells in the villus core most likely originate from the hypoblast of the embryo, but whether cells from the epiblast also contribute is yet to be determined. This is important because, following the formation of the villus core, vasculogenesis and haematopoiesis take place in the nascent placenta before it is connected to the embryonic circulation, making it likely that haematopoietic foci, placental macrophages, endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells all arise in the placenta de novo. Evidence from the stem cell field indicates that these cells could directly differentiate from the extraembryonic mesoderm. However, the lineage hierarchy involved in cell fate decisions has not been well-established. Mesodermal progenitors capable of differentiating into both vascular and haematopoietic lineages can be derived from human embryonic stem cells, but the identification of such stem cells in the placenta is lacking. Future work profiling rare progenitor populations in early placentae will aid our understanding of early placentation. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Understanding the origins of the cell lineages of the normal placenta will help us understand why so many pregnancies fail and address mechanisms that may salvage some of these losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Boss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lawrence W Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanna L James
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand
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Munro DAD, Wineberg Y, Tarnick J, Vink CS, Li Z, Pridans C, Dzierzak E, Kalisky T, Hohenstein P, Davies JA. Macrophages restrict the nephrogenic field and promote endothelial connections during kidney development. eLife 2019; 8:43271. [PMID: 30758286 PMCID: PMC6374076 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The origins and functions of kidney macrophages in the adult have been explored, but their roles during development remain largely unknown. Here we characterise macrophage arrival, localisation, heterogeneity, and functions during kidney organogenesis. Using genetic approaches to ablate macrophages, we identify a role for macrophages in nephron progenitor cell clearance as mouse kidney development begins. Throughout renal organogenesis, most kidney macrophages are perivascular and express F4/80 and CD206. These macrophages are enriched for mRNAs linked to developmental processes, such as blood vessel morphogenesis. Using antibody-mediated macrophage-depletion, we show macrophages support vascular anastomoses in cultured kidney explants. We also characterise a subpopulation of galectin-3+ (Gal3+) myeloid cells within the developing kidney. Our findings may stimulate research into macrophage-based therapies for renal developmental abnormalities and have implications for the generation of bioengineered kidney tissues. The kidneys clean our blood by filtering out waste products while ensuring that useful components, like nutrients, remain in the bloodstream. Blood enters the kidneys through a network of intricately arranged blood vessels, which associate closely with the ‘cleaning tubes’ that carry out filtration. Human kidneys start developing during the early phases of embryonic development. During this process, the newly forming blood vessels and cleaning tubes must grow in the right places for the adult kidney to work properly. Macrophages are cells of the immune system that clear away foreign, diseased, or damaged cells. They are also thought to encourage growth of the developing kidney, but how exactly they do this has remained unknown. Munro et al. therefore wanted to find out when macrophages first appeared in the embryonic kidney and how they might help control their development. Experiments using mice revealed that the first macrophages arrived in the kidney early during its development, alongside newly forming blood vessels. Further investigation using genetically modified mice that did not have macrophages revealed that these immune cells were needed at this stage to clear away misplaced kidney cells and help ‘set the scene’ for future development. At later stages, macrophages in the kidney interacted closely with growing blood vessels. As well as producing molecules linked with blood vessel formation, the macrophages wrapped around the vessels themselves, sometimes even eating cells lining the vessels and the blood cells carried within them. These observations suggested that macrophages actively shaped the network of blood vessels developing within the kidneys. Experiments removing macrophages from kidney tissue confirmed this: in normal kidneys, the blood vessels grew into a continuous network, but in kidneys lacking macrophages, far fewer connections formed between the vessels. This work sheds new light on how the complex structures in the adult kidney first arise and could be useful in future research. For example, adding macrophages to simplified, laboratory-grown ‘mini-kidneys’ could make them better models to study kidney growth, while patients suffering from kidney diseases might benefit from new drugs targeting macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- David AD Munro
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Yishay Wineberg
- Department of Bioengineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Julia Tarnick
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chris S Vink
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Zhuan Li
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Pridans
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Dzierzak
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tomer Kalisky
- Department of Bioengineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Peter Hohenstein
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie A Davies
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Fehrenbach M, Tjwa M, Bechmann I, Krueger M. Decreased microglial numbers in Vav1-Cre + :dicer knock-out mice suggest a second source of microglia beyond yolk sac macrophages. Ann Anat 2018; 218:190-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Zhao X, Eyo UB, Murguan M, Wu LJ. Microglial interactions with the neurovascular system in physiology and pathology. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:604-617. [PMID: 29318762 PMCID: PMC5980686 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Microglia as immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) play significant roles not only in pathology but also in physiology, such as shaping of the CNS during development and its proper maintenance in maturity. Emerging research is showing a close association between microglia and the neurovasculature that is critical for brain energy supply. In this review, we summarize the current literature on microglial interaction with the vascular system in the normal and diseased brain. First, we highlight data that indicate interesting potential involvement of microglia in developmental angiogenesis. Then we discuss the evidence for microglial participation with the vasculature in neuropathologies from brain tumors to acute injuries such as ischemic stroke to chronic neurodegenerative conditions. We conclude by suggesting future areas of research to advance the field in light of current technical progress and outstanding questions. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 604-617, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Ukpong B. Eyo
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Madhuvika Murguan
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
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Zhao Y, Zou W, Du J, Zhao Y. The origins and homeostasis of monocytes and tissue‐resident macrophages in physiological situation. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6425-6439. [PMID: 29323706 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing China
| | - Weilong Zou
- Surgery of Transplant and Hepatopancrobiliary The General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces Beijing China
| | - Junfeng Du
- Department of General Surgery PLA Army General Hospital Beijing China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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40
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Distribution and Morphological Features of Microglia in the Developing Cerebral Cortex of Gyrencephalic Mammals. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1075-1085. [PMID: 29616442 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2520-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microglia have been attracting much attention because of their fundamental importance in both the mature brain and the developing brain. Though important roles of microglia in the developing cerebral cortex of mice have been uncovered, their distribution and roles in the developing cerebral cortex in gyrencephalic higher mammals have remained elusive. Here we examined the distribution and morphology of microglia in the developing cerebral cortex of gyrencephalic carnivore ferrets. We found that a number of microglia were accumulated in the germinal zones (GZs), especially in the outer subventricular zone (OSVZ), which is a GZ found in higher mammals. Furthermore, we uncovered that microglia extended their processes tangentially along inner fiber layer (IFL)-like fibers in the developing ferret cortex. The OSVZ and the IFL are the prominent features of the cerebral cortex of higher mammals. Our findings indicate that microglia may play important roles in the OSVZ and the IFL in the developing cerebral cortex of higher mammals.
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41
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Chen S, Tisch N, Kegel M, Yerbes R, Hermann R, Hudalla H, Zuliani C, Gülcüler GS, Zwadlo K, von Engelhardt J, Ruiz de Almodóvar C, Martin-Villalba A. CNS Macrophages Control Neurovascular Development via CD95L. Cell Rep 2018; 19:1378-1393. [PMID: 28514658 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of neurons and vessels shares striking anatomical and molecular features, and it is presumably orchestrated by an overlapping repertoire of extracellular signals. CNS macrophages have been implicated in various developmental functions, including the morphogenesis of neurons and vessels. However, whether CNS macrophages can coordinately influence neurovascular development and the identity of the signals involved therein is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that activity of the cell surface receptor CD95 regulates neuronal and vascular morphogenesis in the post-natal brain and retina. Furthermore, we identify CNS macrophages as the main source of CD95L, and macrophage-specific deletion thereof reduces both neurovascular complexity and synaptic activity in the brain. CD95L-induced neuronal and vascular growth is mediated through src-family kinase (SFK) and PI3K signaling. Together, our study highlights a coordinated neurovascular development instructed by CNS macrophage-derived CD95L, and it underlines the importance of macrophages for the establishment of the neurovascular network during CNS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DFKZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Tisch
- Biochemistry Center, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Kegel
- Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Rosario Yerbes
- Biochemistry Center, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Hermann
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DFKZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hannes Hudalla
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DFKZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cecilia Zuliani
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DFKZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gülce Sila Gülcüler
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DFKZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klara Zwadlo
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DFKZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jakob von Engelhardt
- Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Ana Martin-Villalba
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DFKZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Yolk sac macrophage progenitors traffic to the embryo during defined stages of development. Nat Commun 2018; 9:75. [PMID: 29311541 PMCID: PMC5758709 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02492-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue macrophages in many adult organs originate from yolk sac (YS) progenitors, which invade the developing embryo and persist by means of local self-renewal. However, the route and characteristics of YS macrophage trafficking during embryogenesis are incompletely understood. Here we show the early migration dynamics of YS-derived macrophage progenitors in vivo using fate mapping and intravital microscopy. From embryonic day 8.5 (E8.5) CX3CR1+ pre-macrophages are present in the mouse YS where they rapidly proliferate and gain access to the bloodstream to migrate towards the embryo. Trafficking of pre-macrophages and their progenitors from the YS to tissues peaks around E10.5, dramatically decreases towards E12.5 and is no longer evident from E14.5 onwards. Thus, YS progenitors use the vascular system during a restricted time window of embryogenesis to invade the growing fetus. These findings close an important gap in our understanding of the development of the innate immune system.
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43
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Burke NN, Fan CY, Trang T. Microglia in health and pain: impact of noxious early life events. Exp Physiol 2018; 101:1003-21. [PMID: 27474262 DOI: 10.1113/ep085714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? This review discusses the origins and development of microglia, and how stress, pain or inflammation in early life disturbs microglial function during critical developmental periods, leading to altered pain sensitivity and/or increased risk of chronic pain in later life. What advances does it highlight? We highlight recent advances in understanding how disrupted microglial function impacts the developing nervous system and the consequences for pain processing and susceptibility for development of chronic pain in later life. The discovery of microglia is accredited to Pío del Río-Hortega, who recognized this 'third element' of CNS cells as being morphologically distinct from neurons and astrocytes. For decades after this finding, microglia were altogether ignored or relegated as simply being support cells. Emerging from virtual obscurity, microglia have now gained notoriety as immune cells that assume a leading role in the development, maintenance and protection of a healthy CNS. Pioneering studies have recently shed light on the origins of microglia, their role in the developing nervous system and the complex roles they play beyond the immune response. These studies reveal that altered microglial function can have a profoundly negative impact on the developing brain and may be a determinant in a range of neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. The realization that aberrant microglial function also critically underlies chronic pain, a debilitating disorder that afflicts over 1.5 billion people worldwide, was a major conceptual leap forward in the pain field. Adding to this advance is emerging evidence that early life noxious experiences can have a long-lasting impact on central pain processing and adult pain sensitivity. With microglia now coming of age, in this review we examine the association between adverse early life events, such as stress, injury or inflammation, and the influence of sex differences, on the role of microglia in pain physiology in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita N Burke
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Churmy Y Fan
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tuan Trang
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Thion MS, Garel S. On place and time: microglia in embryonic and perinatal brain development. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 47:121-130. [PMID: 29080445 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, the brain-resident macrophages, play key roles in regulating synapse density and homeostasis in the postnatal and adult brain. However, microglia enter the brain during embryogenesis and recent studies have revealed additional early functions of these immune cells in prenatal and perinatal cerebral development. Such findings are of importance since prenatal inflammation and microglia dysfunction have been associated with several neurodevelopmental disorders. This review provides a selective overview of the early roles of microglia, their link with a specific spatiotemporal distribution and how they can be modulated by intrinsic factors or environmental signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Sonia Thion
- Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Sonia Garel
- Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France.
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45
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Kaur C, Rathnasamy G, Ling EA. Biology of Microglia in the Developing Brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:736-753. [PMID: 28859332 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia exist in different morphological forms in the developing brain. They show a small cell body with scanty cytoplasm with many branching processes in the grey matter of the developing brain. However, in the white matter such as the corpus callosum where the unmyelinated axons are loosely organized, they appear in an amoeboid form having a round cell body endowed with copious cytoplasm rich in organelles. The amoeboid cells eventually transform into ramified microglia in the second postnatal week when the tissue becomes more compact with the onset of myelination. Microglia serve as immunocompetent macrophages that act as neuropathology sensors to detect and respond swiftly to subtle changes in the brain tissues in pathological conditions. Microglial functions are broadly considered as protective in the normal brain development as they phagocytose dead cells and sculpt neuronal connections by pruning excess axons and synapses. They also secrete a number of trophic factors such as insulin-like growth factor-1 and transforming growth factor-β among many others that are involved in neuronal and oligodendrocyte survival. On the other hand, microglial cells when activated produce a plethora of molecules such as proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide that are implicated in the pathogenesis of many pathological conditions such as epilepsy, cerebral palsy, autism, and perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Although many studies have investigated the origin and functions of the microglia in the developing brain, in-depth in vivo studies along with analysis of their transcriptome and epigenetic changes need to be undertaken to elucidate their full potential be it protective or neurotoxic. This would lead to a better understanding of their roles in the healthy and diseased developing brain and advancement of therapeutic strategies to target microglia-mediated neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charanjit Kaur
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Gurugirijha Rathnasamy
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Eng-Ang Ling
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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Demy DL, Tauzin M, Lancino M, Le Cabec V, Redd M, Murayama E, Maridonneau-Parini I, Trede N, Herbomel P. Trim33 is essential for macrophage and neutrophil mobilization to developmental or inflammatory cues. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2797-2807. [PMID: 28724755 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.203471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages infiltrate and establish in developing organs from an early stage, often before these have become vascularized. Similarly, leukocytes, in general, can quickly migrate through tissues to any site of wounding. This unique capacity is rooted in their characteristic amoeboid motility, the genetic basis of which is poorly understood. Trim33 (also known as Tif1-γ), a nuclear protein that associates with specific DNA-binding transcription factors to modulate gene expression, has been found to be mainly involved in hematopoiesis and gene regulation mediated by TGF-β. Here, we have discovered that in Trim33-deficient zebrafish embryos, primitive macrophages are unable to colonize the central nervous system to become microglia. Moreover, both macrophages and neutrophils of Trim33-deficient embryos display a reduced basal mobility within interstitial tissues, and a profound lack of a response to inflammatory recruitment signals, including local bacterial infections. Correlatively, Trim33-deficient mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages display a strongly reduced three-dimensional amoeboid mobility in fibrous collagen gels. The transcriptional regulator Trim33 is thus revealed as being essential for the navigation of macrophages and neutrophils towards developmental or inflammatory cues within vertebrate tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Lou Demy
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR3738, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Muriel Tauzin
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR3738, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mylène Lancino
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR3738, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Véronique Le Cabec
- CNRS UMR5089, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), 205 route de Narbonne BP64182, 31077 Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Michael Redd
- University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 94112, USA
| | - Emi Murayama
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR3738, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Maridonneau-Parini
- CNRS UMR5089, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), 205 route de Narbonne BP64182, 31077 Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Nikolaus Trede
- University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 94112, USA
| | - Philippe Herbomel
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France .,CNRS, UMR3738, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
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Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages are professional phagocytes that occupy specific niches in every tissue of the body. Their survival, proliferation, and differentiation are controlled by signals from the macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (CSF-1R) and its two ligands, CSF-1 and interleukin-34. In this review, we address the developmental and transcriptional relationships between hematopoietic progenitor cells, blood monocytes, and tissue macrophages as well as the distinctions from dendritic cells. A huge repertoire of receptors allows monocytes, tissue-resident macrophages, or pathology-associated macrophages to adapt to specific microenvironments. These processes create a broad spectrum of macrophages with different functions and individual effector capacities. The production of large transcriptomic data sets in mouse, human, and other species provides new insights into the mechanisms that underlie macrophage functional plasticity.
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Obst J, Simon E, Mancuso R, Gomez-Nicola D. The Role of Microglia in Prion Diseases: A Paradigm of Functional Diversity. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:207. [PMID: 28690540 PMCID: PMC5481309 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a major component of neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia are the innate immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). In the healthy brain, microglia contribute to tissue homeostasis and regulation of synaptic plasticity. Under disease conditions, they play a key role in the development and maintenance of the neuroinflammatory response, by showing enhanced proliferation and activation. Prion diseases are progressive chronic neurodegenerative disorders associated with the accumulation of the scrapie prion protein PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of the cellular prion protein PrPC. This review article provides the current knowledge on the role of microglia in the pathogenesis of prion disease. A large body of evidence shows that microglia can trigger neurotoxic pathways contributing to progressive degeneration. Yet, microglia are also crucial for controlling inflammatory, repair and regenerative processes. This dual role of microglia is regulated by multiple pathways and evidences the ability of these cells to polarize into distinct phenotypes with characteristic functions. The awareness that the neuroinflammatory response is inextricably involved in producing tissue damage as well as repair in neurodegenerative disorders, opens new perspectives for the modulation of the immune system. A better understanding of this complex process will be essential for developing effective therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, in order to improve the quality of life of patients and mitigating the personal, economic and social consequences derived from these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Obst
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General HospitalSouthampton, United Kingdom
| | - Emilie Simon
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General HospitalSouthampton, United Kingdom
| | - Renzo Mancuso
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General HospitalSouthampton, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Gomez-Nicola
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General HospitalSouthampton, United Kingdom
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Delcambre GH, Liu J, Streit WJ, Shaw GPJ, Vallario K, Herrington J, Wenzlow N, Barr KL, Long MT. Phenotypic characterisation of cell populations in the brains of horses experimentally infected with West Nile virus. Equine Vet J 2017; 49:815-820. [PMID: 28470955 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND West Nile virus (WNV), a mosquito borne member of the Flaviviridae, is one of the most commonly diagnosed agents of viral encephalitis in horses and people worldwide. OBJECTIVES A cassette of markers for formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue and an archive of tissues from experimental infections in the horse were used to investigate the equine neuroimmune response to WNV meningoencephalomyelitis to phenotype the early response to WNV infection in the horse. STUDY DESIGN Quantitative analysis using archived tissue from experimentally infected horses. METHODS The thalamus and hindbrain from 2 groups of 6 horses were compared and consisted of a culture positive tissues from WNV experimentally horses, in the other, normal horses. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue from the thalamus and hindbrain were immunolabeled for microglia, astrocytes, B cells, macrophages/neutrophils, CD3+ T cells. Fresh frozen tissues were immunolabeled for CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte cell markers. Cell counts were obtained using a computer software program. Differences, after meeting assumptions of abnormality, were computed using a general linear model with a Tukey test (P<0.05) for pairwise comparisons. RESULTS In WNV-challenged horses, Iba-1+ microglia, CD3+ T lymphocyte and MAC387+ macrophage staining were significantly increased. The T cell response for the WNV-challenged horses was mixed, composed of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. A limited astrocyte response was also observed in WNV-challenged horses, and MAC387+ and B cells were the least abundant cell populations. MAIN LIMITATIONS The results of this study were limited by a single collection time post-infection. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of cellular phenotypes is needed for naturally infected horses. Unfortunately, in clinical horses, there is high variability of sampling in terms of days post-infection and tissue handling. CONCLUSIONS The data show that WNV-challenged horses recruit a mixed T cell population at the onset of neurologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Delcambre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - J Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - W J Streit
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - G P J Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - K Vallario
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - J Herrington
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - N Wenzlow
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - K L Barr
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - M T Long
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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50
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Walsh CE, Hitchcock PF. Progranulin regulates neurogenesis in the developing vertebrate retina. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 77:1114-1129. [PMID: 28380680 PMCID: PMC5568971 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the expression and function of the microglia‐specific growth factor, Progranulin‐a (Pgrn‐a) during developmental neurogenesis in the embryonic retina of zebrafish. At 24 hpf pgrn‐a is expressed throughout the forebrain, but by 48 hpf pgrn‐a is exclusively expressed by microglia and/or microglial precursors within the brain and retina. Knockdown of Pgrn‐a does not alter the onset of neurogenic programs or increase cell death, however, in its absence, neurogenesis is significantly delayed—retinal progenitors fail to exit the cell cycle at the appropriate developmental time and postmitotic cells do not acquire markers of terminal differentiation, and microglial precursors do not colonize the retina. Given the link between Progranulin and cell cycle regulation in peripheral tissues and transformed cells, we analyzed cell cycle kinetics among retinal progenitors following Pgrn‐a knockdown. Depleting Pgrn‐a results in a significant lengthening of the cell cycle. These data suggest that Pgrn‐a plays a dual role during nervous system development by governing the rate at which progenitors progress through the cell cycle and attracting microglial progenitors into the embryonic brain and retina. Collectively, these data show that Pgrn‐a governs neurogenesis by regulating cell cycle kinetics and the transition from proliferation to cell cycle exit and differentiation. © 2017 The Authors. Developmental Neurobiology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 1114–1129, 2017
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Walsh
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105
| | - Peter F Hitchcock
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105
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