1
|
Kajani S, Laker RC, Ratkova E, Will S, Rhodes CJ. Hepatic glucagon action: beyond glucose mobilization. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1021-1060. [PMID: 38300523 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucagon's ability to promote hepatic glucose production has been known for over a century, with initial observations touting this hormone as a diabetogenic agent. However, glucagon receptor agonism [when balanced with an incretin, including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) to dampen glucose excursions] is now being developed as a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of metabolic diseases, like metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic disease/metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASLD/MASH), and may also have benefit for obesity and chronic kidney disease. Conventionally regarded as the opposing tag-team partner of the anabolic mediator insulin, glucagon is gradually emerging as more than just a "catabolic hormone." Glucagon action on glucose homeostasis within the liver has been well characterized. However, growing evidence, in part thanks to new and sensitive "omics" technologies, has implicated glucagon as more than just a "glucose liberator." Elucidation of glucagon's capacity to increase fatty acid oxidation while attenuating endogenous lipid synthesis speaks to the dichotomous nature of the hormone. Furthermore, glucagon action is not limited to just glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism, as traditionally reported. Glucagon plays key regulatory roles in hepatic amino acid and ketone body metabolism, as well as mitochondrial turnover and function, indicating broader glucagon signaling consequences for metabolic homeostasis mediated by the liver. Here we examine the broadening role of glucagon signaling within the hepatocyte and question the current dogma, to appreciate glucagon as more than just that "catabolic hormone."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Kajani
- Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
| | - Rhianna C Laker
- Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
| | - Ekaterina Ratkova
- Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Sarah Will
- Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
| | - Christopher J Rhodes
- Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rix I, Lund AB, Garvey LF, Hansen CP, Chabanova E, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T, Van Hall G, Knop FK. Increased hepatic glucagon sensitivity in totally pancreatectomised patients. Eur J Endocrinol 2024; 190:446-457. [PMID: 38781444 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvae054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The metabolic phenotype of totally pancreatectomised patients includes hyperaminoacidaemia and predisposition to hypoglycaemia and hepatic lipid accumulation. We aimed to investigate whether the loss of pancreatic glucagon may be responsible for these changes. METHODS Nine middle-aged, normal-weight totally pancreatectomised patients, nine patients with type 1 diabetes (C-peptide negative), and nine matched controls underwent two separate experimental days, each involving a 150-min intravenous infusion of glucagon (4 ng/kg/min) or placebo (saline) under fasting conditions while any basal insulin treatment was continued. RESULTS Glucagon infusion increased plasma glucagon to similar high physiological levels in all groups. The infusion increased hepatic glucose production and decreased plasma concentration of most amino acids in all groups, with more pronounced effects in the totally pancreatectomised patients compared with the other groups. Glucagon infusion diminished fatty acid re-esterification and tended to decrease plasma concentrations of fatty acids in the totally pancreatectomised patients but not in the type 1 diabetes patients. CONCLUSION Totally pancreatectomised patients were characterised by increased sensitivity to exogenous glucagon at the level of hepatic glucose, amino acid, and lipid metabolism, suggesting that the metabolic disturbances characterising these patients may be rooted in perturbed hepatic processes normally controlled by pancreatic glucagon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iben Rix
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Medical & Science, Zealand Pharma A/S, 2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - Asger B Lund
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars F Garvey
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Carsten P Hansen
- Department of Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elizaveta Chabanova
- Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerrit Van Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
McFarlin BE, Duffin KL, Konkar A. Incretin and glucagon receptor polypharmacology in chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 326:E747-E766. [PMID: 38477666 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00374.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is a debilitating condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In recent years, the kidney effects of incretin-based therapies, particularly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), have garnered substantial interest in the management of type 2 diabetes and obesity. This review delves into the intricate interactions between the kidney, GLP-1RAs, and glucagon, shedding light on their mechanisms of action and potential kidney benefits. Both GLP-1 and glucagon, known for their opposing roles in regulating glucose homeostasis, improve systemic risk factors affecting the kidney, including adiposity, inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial function. Additionally, these hormones and their pharmaceutical mimetics may have a direct impact on the kidney. Clinical studies have provided evidence that incretins, including those incorporating glucagon receptor agonism, are likely to exhibit improved kidney outcomes. Although further research is necessary, receptor polypharmacology holds promise for preserving kidney function through eliciting vasodilatory effects, influencing volume and electrolyte handling, and improving systemic risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon E McFarlin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate CenterIndianapolisIndianaUnited States
| | - Kevin L Duffin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate CenterIndianapolisIndianaUnited States
| | - Anish Konkar
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate CenterIndianapolisIndianaUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rao Y, Liang LW, Li MJ, Wang YY, Wang BZ, Gou KM. Transgenic female mice producing trans 10, cis 12-conjugated linoleic acid present excessive prostaglandin E2, adrenaline, corticosterone, glucagon, and FGF21. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12430. [PMID: 38816541 PMCID: PMC11139873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary trans 10, cis 12-conjugated linoleic acid (t10c12-CLA) is a potential candidate in anti-obesity trials. A transgenic mouse was previously successfully established to determine the anti-obesity properties of t10c12-CLA in male mice that could produce endogenous t10c12-CLA. To test whether there is a different impact of t10c12-CLA on lipid metabolism in both sexes, this study investigated the adiposity and metabolic profiles of female Pai mice that exhibited a dose-dependent expression of foreign Pai gene and a shift of t10c12-CLA content in tested tissues. Compared to their gender-match wild-type littermates, Pai mice had no fat reduction but exhibited enhanced lipolysis and thermogenesis by phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase and up-regulating uncoupling proteins in brown adipose tissue. Simultaneously, Pai mice showed hepatic steatosis and hypertriglyceridemia by decreasing gene expression involved in lipid and glucose metabolism. Further investigations revealed that t10c10-CLA induced excessive prostaglandin E2, adrenaline, corticosterone, glucagon and inflammatory factors in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in less heat release and oxygen consumption in Pai mice. Moreover, fibroblast growth factor 21 overproduction only in monoallelic Pai/wt mice indicates that it was sensitive to low doses of t10c12-CLA. These results suggest that chronic t10c12-CLA has system-wide effects on female health via synergistic actions of various hormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Rao
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Experimental Zoology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Lu-Wen Liang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Mei-Juan Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, 550005, China
| | - Yang-Yang Wang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Bao-Zhu Wang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Ke-Mian Gou
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Experimental Zoology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ge J, Mao W, Wang X, Zhang M, Liu S. The Fluorescent Detection of Glucose and Lactic Acid Based on Fluorescent Iron Nanoclusters. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3447. [PMID: 38894238 PMCID: PMC11174429 DOI: 10.3390/s24113447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel fluorescent detection method for glucose and lactic acid was developed based on fluorescent iron nanoclusters (Fe NCs). The Fe NCs prepared using hemin as the main raw material exhibited excellent water solubility, bright red fluorescence, and super sensitive response to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This paper demonstrates that Fe NCs exhibit excellent peroxide-like activity, catalyzing H2O2 to produce hydroxyl radicals (•OH) that can quench the red fluorescence of Fe NCs. In this paper, a new type of glucose sensor was established by combining Fe NCs with glucose oxidase (GluOx). With the increase in glucose content, the fluorescence of Fe NCs decreases correspondingly, and the glucose content can be detected in the scope of 0-200 μmol·L-1 (μM). Similarly, the lactic acid sensor can also be established by combining Fe NCs with lactate oxidase (LacOx). With the increase in lactic acid concentration, the fluorescence of Fe NCs decreases correspondingly, and the lactic acid content can be detected in the range of 0-100 μM. Furthermore, Fe NCs were used in the preparation of gel test strip, which can be used to detect H2O2, glucose and lactic acid successfully by the changes of fluorescent intensity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Siyu Liu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China; (J.G.); (W.M.); (X.W.); (M.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xu H, Pan J, Chen Q. The progress of clinical research on the detection of 1,5-anhydroglucitol in diabetes and its complications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1383483. [PMID: 38803475 PMCID: PMC11128578 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1383483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
1,5-Anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) is sensitive to short-term glucose fluctuations and postprandial hyperglycemia, which has great potential in the clinical application of diabetes as a nontraditional blood glucose monitoring indicator. A large number of studies have found that 1,5-AG can be used to screen for diabetes, manage diabetes, and predict the perils of diabetes complications (diabetic nephropathy, diabetic cardiovascular disease, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic pregnancy complications, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, etc.). Additionally, 1,5-AG and β cells are also associated with each other. As a noninvasive blood glucose monitoring indicator, salivary 1,5-AG has much more benefit for clinical application; however, it cannot be ignored that its detection methods are not perfect. Thus, a considerable stack of research is still needed to establish an accurate and simple enzyme assay for the detection of salivary 1,5-AG. More clinical studies will also be required in the future to confirm the normal reference range of 1,5-AG and its role in diabetes complications to further enhance the blood glucose monitoring system for diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Xu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junhua Pan
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiu Chen
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fang H, Li Q, Wang H, Ren Y, Zhang L, Yang L. Maternal nutrient metabolism in the liver during pregnancy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1295677. [PMID: 38572473 PMCID: PMC10987773 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1295677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The liver plays pivotal roles in nutrient metabolism, and correct hepatic adaptations are required in maternal nutrient metabolism during pregnancy. In this review, hepatic nutrient metabolism, including glucose metabolism, lipid and cholesterol metabolism, and protein and amino acid metabolism, is first addressed. In addition, recent progress on maternal hepatic adaptations in nutrient metabolism during pregnancy is discussed. Finally, the factors that regulate hepatic nutrient metabolism during pregnancy are highlighted, and the factors include follicle-stimulating hormone, estrogen, progesterone, insulin-like growth factor 1, prostaglandins fibroblast growth factor 21, serotonin, growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, melatonin, adrenal hormone, leptin, glucagon-like peptide-1, insulin glucagon and thyroid hormone. Our vision is that more attention should be paid to liver nutrient metabolism during pregnancy, which will be helpful for utilizing nutrient appropriately and efficiently, and avoiding liver diseases during pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxu Fang
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Qingyang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Haichao Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Ying Ren
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Leying Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Ling Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Song R, Yao X, Jing F, Yang W, Wu J, Zhang H, Zhang P, Xie Y, Pan X, Zhao L, Wu C. Effects of Five Lipid Sources on Growth, Hematological Parameters, Immunity and Muscle Quality in Juvenile Largemouth Bass ( Micropterus salmoides). Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:781. [PMID: 38473166 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of fish oil (FO), soybean oil (SO), rapeseed oil (RO), peanut oil (PO) and lard oil (LO) on growth, immunity and muscle quality in juvenile largemouth bass. After 8 weeks, the results showed that FO and RO could increase weight gain and serum alkaline phosphatase and apelin values compared with LO (p < 0.05). Except lower crude lipid contents, higher amounts of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (15.83% and 14.64%) were present in the dorsal muscle of the FO and RO groups. Meanwhile, FO and RO could heighten mRNA levels of immune defense molecules (lysozyme, hepcidin, and transforming growth factor β1) compared with PO (p < 0.05). While SO could increase potential inflammatory risk via rising counts of white blood cells, platelets, neutrophils and monocytes, and mRNA levels of interleukins (IL-1β, IL-8, IL-12 and IL-15), FO and RO could improve hardness, chewiness and springiness through increasing amounts of hydroxyproline, collagen and lysyl oxidase, and mRNA levels of collagen 1α2 and prolyl hydroxylase in the fish dorsal muscle. Moreover, FO and RO could improve firmness through increasing glycogen and glycogen synthase 1 levels when compared with LO (p < 0.05). Therefore, these results could provide dietary lipid source references during the feeding process of adult largemouth bass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Song
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Genetic Breeding and Nutrition (Zhejiang), Huzhou University, 759 East 2nd Road, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Xinfeng Yao
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Genetic Breeding and Nutrition (Zhejiang), Huzhou University, 759 East 2nd Road, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Futao Jing
- Shandong Fisheries Development and Resources Conservation Center, 162 Jiefang Road, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Wenxue Yang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Genetic Breeding and Nutrition (Zhejiang), Huzhou University, 759 East 2nd Road, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Genetic Breeding and Nutrition (Zhejiang), Huzhou University, 759 East 2nd Road, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Genetic Breeding and Nutrition (Zhejiang), Huzhou University, 759 East 2nd Road, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Penghui Zhang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Genetic Breeding and Nutrition (Zhejiang), Huzhou University, 759 East 2nd Road, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Genetic Breeding and Nutrition (Zhejiang), Huzhou University, 759 East 2nd Road, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Xuewen Pan
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Genetic Breeding and Nutrition (Zhejiang), Huzhou University, 759 East 2nd Road, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Long Zhao
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Genetic Breeding and Nutrition (Zhejiang), Huzhou University, 759 East 2nd Road, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Chenglong Wu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Genetic Breeding and Nutrition (Zhejiang), Huzhou University, 759 East 2nd Road, Huzhou 313000, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang Y, Wang S, Sheng C, Tan J, Chen J, Li T, Ma X, Sun H, Wang X, Zhou L. Branched-chain amino acid catabolic defect promotes α-cell proliferation via activating mTOR signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 582:112143. [PMID: 38158148 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.112143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Elevated circulating level of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) is closely related to the development of type 2 diabetes. However, the role of BCAA catabolism in various tissues in maintaining glucose homeostasis remains largely unknown. Pancreatic α-cells have been regarded as amino acid sensors in recent years. Therefore, we generated α-cell specific branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase E1α subunit (BCKDHA) knockout (BCKDHA-αKO) mice to decipher the effects of BCAA catabolism in α-cells on whole-body energy metabolism. BCKDHA-αKO mice showed normal body weight, body fat, and energy expenditure. Plasma glucagon level and glucose metabolism also remained unchanged in BCKDHA-αKO mice. Whereas, the deletion of BCKDHA led to increased α-cell number due to elevated cell proliferation in neonatal mice. In vitro, only leucine among BCAAs promoted aTC1-6 cell proliferation, which was blocked by the agonist of BCAA catabolism BT2 and the inhibitor of mTOR Rapamycin. Like Rapamycin, BT2 attenuated leucine-stimulated phosphorylation of S6 in αTC1-6 cells. Elevated phosphorylation level of S6 protein in pancreatic α-cells was also observed in BCKDHA-αKO mice. These results suggest that local accumulated leucine due to defective BCAA catabolism promotes α-cell proliferation through mTOR signaling, which is insufficient to affect glucagon secretion and whole-body glucose homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Yang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shushu Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxiang Sheng
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialin Tan
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junmin Chen
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianjiao Li
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqin Ma
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haipeng Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Libin Zhou
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Prajapati S. Advances in the Management of Diabetes and Overweight using Incretin-based Pharmacotherapies. Curr Diabetes Rev 2024; 20:e131123223544. [PMID: 37962047 DOI: 10.2174/0115733998256797231009062744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the previous three decades, the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 hormone has attracted much attention to attain possible therapy goals for the treatment of both hypoglycaemic along type II diabetes militates and overweight. The pharmaceutical generation of peptides similar to hypoglycaemia-based medicines is exemplified by agonists of the GLP- 1R (Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors). Pharmacokinetic profiles are continuously being improved, beginning with the native hormone with a two- to three-minute quarter and progressing through growth every day with once-drug combinations. Due to contradictory data that indicate stimulation or inhibition of the Glucagon-like peptide receptor, the Glucose-dependent insulin tropic peptide receptor offers favorable effects on systemic metabolism. The recent Glp-1R (Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor-) targeting monomolecular drugs has demonstrated therapeutic effectiveness and has stoked interest in Glucose-dependent insulin tropic polypeptide antagonism as a treatment for overweight and diabetes mellitus. These drugs have been shown to dramatically improve carbohydrates with body weight management in sick people who have obesity and type II diabetes mellitus. In this study, recent breakthroughs in compelling therapeutic interventions are discussed, and the biology and pharmacology of the glucose-like peptide are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shatrudhan Prajapati
- Department of Pharmacy, Golgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Folli F, Finzi G, Manfrini R, Galli A, Casiraghi F, Centofanti L, Berra C, Fiorina P, Davalli A, La Rosa S, Perego C, Higgins PB. Mechanisms of action of incretin receptor based dual- and tri-agonists in pancreatic islets. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E595-E609. [PMID: 37729025 PMCID: PMC10874655 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00236.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous activation of the incretin G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) via unimolecular dual-receptor agonists (UDRA) has emerged as a new therapeutic approach for type 2 diabetes. Recent studies also advocate triple agonism with molecules also capable of binding the glucagon receptor. In this scoping review, we discuss the cellular mechanisms of action (MOA) underlying the actions of these novel and therapeutically important classes of peptide receptor agonists. Clinical efficacy studies of several UDRAs have demonstrated favorable results both as monotherapies and when combined with approved hypoglycemics. Although the additive insulinotropic effects of dual glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor (GIPR) agonism were anticipated based on the known actions of either glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) or glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) alone, the additional benefits from GCGR were largely unexpected. Whether additional synergistic or antagonistic interactions among these G-protein receptor signaling pathways arise from simultaneous stimulation is not known. The signaling pathways affected by dual- and tri-agonism require more trenchant investigation before a comprehensive understanding of the cellular MOA. This knowledge will be essential for understanding the chronic efficacy and safety of these treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franco Folli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Finzi
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Oncology, ASST Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Roberto Manfrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Galli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Casiraghi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Centofanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare Berra
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Division of Endocrinology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Davalli
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano La Rosa
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Carla Perego
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paul B Higgins
- Department of Life & Physical Sciences, Atlantic Technological University, Letterkenny, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Тюренков ИН, Файбисович ТИ, Бакулин ДА. [Synergistic effects of GABA and hypoglycemic drugs]. PROBLEMY ENDOKRINOLOGII 2023; 69:61-69. [PMID: 37694868 PMCID: PMC10520901 DOI: 10.14341/probl13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the leading cause of premature death and disability. Despite a significant number of drugs, the effectiveness of therapy aimed at normalizing the level of glycemia and preventing complications does not fully satisfy doctors and patients. Therefore, the search for new approaches for the prevention and treatment of DM and its complications continues. Significant resources are used to develop new drugs, but recently the possibility of using «old» widely available drugs with newly discovered pleiotropic properties has been substantiated. These may include preparations of gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA) and agents that directly or indirectly activate GABAergic transmission, which have a pronounced pancreatic protective effect, which has been widely discussed in foreign literature over the past 10-15 years. However, there are few such publications in the domestic literature.It has been established that the content of GABA in β-cells in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes is reduced and this correlates with the severity of the disease. Genetic suppression of GABA receptors causes a significant decrease in the mass of β-cells and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, which confirms the importance of GABA in ensuring glucose homeostasis and the advisability of replenishing the GABA deficiency in DM with its additional administration. It has been established that in animals with DM, GABA suppresses apoptosis and stimulates the regeneration of β-cells, increases β-cell mass and insulin production.Experimental data have been obtained indicating a synergistic effect of GABA when combined with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, when a more pronounced pancreoprotective effect is observed, due to decrease in oxidative and nitrosative stress, inflammation, increase in the level of Klotho protein, Nrf-2 activity and antioxidant defense enzymes, suppression of NF-kB activity and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. As a result, all this leads to a decrease in apoptosis and death of β-cells, an increase in β-cell mass, insulin production and, at the same time, a decrease in glucagon levels and insulin resistance.The review substantiates the feasibility of using GABA and drugs with a positive GABAeric effect in combination with new generation antidiabetic agents: GLP-1 receptor agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors and SGLT-2 inhibitors in order to increase their antidiabetic potential.The search was carried out in the databases Pubmed, eLibrary, Medline. Keywords: diabetes mellitus, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glucagon-like peptide-1, GLP-1 receptor agonists, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors. The search was carried out from 2000 to 2022, but the review presents the results studies published mainly in the last 3 years, due to the requirements of the journal for the maximum amount of work and the number of sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Д. А. Бакулин
- Волгоградский государственный медицинский университет
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Neumann J, Hofmann B, Dhein S, Gergs U. Glucagon and Its Receptors in the Mammalian Heart. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12829. [PMID: 37629010 PMCID: PMC10454195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon exerts effects on the mammalian heart. These effects include alterations in the force of contraction, beating rate, and changes in the cardiac conduction system axis. The cardiac effects of glucagon vary according to species, region, age, and concomitant disease. Depending on the species and region studied, the contractile effects of glucagon can be robust, modest, or even absent. Glucagon is detected in the mammalian heart and might act with an autocrine or paracrine effect on the cardiac glucagon receptors. The glucagon levels in the blood and glucagon receptor levels in the heart can change with disease or simultaneous drug application. Glucagon might signal via the glucagon receptors but, albeit less potently, glucagon might also signal via glucagon-like-peptide-1-receptors (GLP1-receptors). Glucagon receptors signal in a species- and region-dependent fashion. Small molecules or antibodies act as antagonists to glucagon receptors, which may become an additional treatment option for diabetes mellitus. Hence, a novel review of the role of glucagon and the glucagon receptors in the mammalian heart, with an eye on the mouse and human heart, appears relevant. Mouse hearts are addressed here because they can be easily genetically modified to generate mice that may serve as models for better studying the human glucagon receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Neumann
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Straße 4, D-06097 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Britt Hofmann
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Mid-German Heart Center, University Hospital Halle, Ernst Grube Straße 40, D-06097 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Stefan Dhein
- Rudolf-Boehm Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Ulrich Gergs
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Straße 4, D-06097 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang N, Liang Y, Ma Q, Mi J, Xue Y, Yang Y, Wang L, Wu X. Mechanisms of ag85a/b DNA vaccine conferred immunotherapy and recovery from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced injury. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e854. [PMID: 37249284 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous research developed a novel tuberculosis (TB) DNA vaccine ag85a/b that showed a significant therapeutic effect on the mouse tuberculosis model by intramuscular injection (IM) and electroporation (EP). However, the action mechanisms between these two vaccine immunization methods remain unclear. In a previous study, 96 Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) H37 Rv-infected BALB/c mice were treated with phosphate-buffered saline, 10, 50, 100, and 200 μg ag85a/b DNA vaccine delivered by IM and EP three times at 2-week intervals, respectively. In this study, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from three mice in each group were isolated to extract total RNA. The gene expression profiles were analyzed using gene microarray technology to obtain differentially expressed (DE) genes. Finally, DE genes were validated by real-time reverse transcription-quantitive polymerase chain reaction and the GEO database. After MTB infection, most of the upregulated DE genes were related to the digestion and absorption of nutrients or neuroendocrine (such as Iapp, Scg2, Chga, Amy2a5), and most of the downregulated DE genes were related to cellular structural and functional proteins, especially the structure and function proteins of the alveolar epithelial cell (such as Sftpc, Sftpd, Pdpn). Most of the abnormally upregulated or downregulated DE genes in the TB model group were recovered in the 100 and 200 μg ag85a/b DNA IM groups and four DNA EP groups. The pancreatic secretion pathway downregulated and the Rap1 signal pathway upregulated had particularly significant changes during the immunotherapy of the ag85a/b DNA vaccine on the mouse TB model. The action targets and mechanisms of IM and EP are highly consistent. Tuberculosis infection causes rapid catabolism and slow anabolism in mice. For the first time, we found that the effective dose of the ag85a/b DNA vaccine immunized whether by IM or EP could significantly up-regulate immune-related pathways and recover the metabolic disorder and the injury caused by MTB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Ma
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Mi
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Xue
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yourong Yang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqiong Wu
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Function of the GABAergic System in Diabetic Encephalopathy. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:605-619. [PMID: 35460435 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01214-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a common metabolic disease characterized by loss of blood sugar control and a high rate of complications. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) functions as the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult mammalian brain. The normal function of the GABAergic system is affected in diabetes. Herein, we summarize the role of the GABAergic system in diabetic cognitive dysfunction, diabetic blood sugar control disorders, diabetes-induced peripheral neuropathy, diabetic central nervous system damage, maintaining diabetic brain energy homeostasis, helping central control of blood sugar and attenuating neuronal oxidative stress damage. We show the key regulatory role of the GABAergic system in multiple comorbidities in patients with diabetes and hope that further studies elucidating the role of the GABAergic system will yield benefits for the treatment and prevention of comorbidities in patients with diabetes.
Collapse
|
16
|
Dai Y, Xu R, Wu G, Yin Z, Zhang H, Li H, Chen W. Aspirin Suppresses Hepatic Glucagon Signaling Through Decreasing Production of Thromboxane A2. Endocrinology 2023; 164:6967064. [PMID: 36592127 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Excessive hepatic glucose production (HGP) is a major cause of fasting hyperglycemia in diabetes, and antihyperglycemic therapy takes center stage. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), reduce hyperglycemia caused by unrestrained gluconeogenesis in diabetes, but its mechanism is incompletely understood. Here, we reported that aspirin lowers fasting blood glucose and hepatic gluconeogenesis, corresponds with lower thromboxane A2 (TXA2) levels, and the hypoglycemic effect of aspirin could be rescued by TP agonist treatment. On fasting and diabetes stress, the cyclooxygenase (COX)/TXA2/thromboxane A2 receptor (TP) axis was increased in the livers. TP deficiency suppressed starvation-induced hepatic glucose output, thus inhibiting the progression of diabetes, whereas TP activation promoted gluconeogenesis. Aspirin restrains glucagon signaling and gluconeogenic gene expression (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase [PCK1] and glucose-6-phosphatase [G6Pase]) through the TXA2/TP axis. TP mediates hepatic gluconeogenesis by activating PLC/IP3/IP3R signaling, which subsequently enhances CREB phosphorylation via facilitating CRTC2 nuclear translocation. Thus, our findings demonstrate that TXA2/TP plays a crucial role in aspirin's inhibition of hepatic glucose metabolism, and TP may represent a therapeutic target for diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ruijie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Guanglu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zihao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Haitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pixner T, Stummer N, Schneider AM, Lukas A, Gramlinger K, Julian V, Thivel D, Mörwald K, Mangge H, Dalus C, Aigner E, Furthner D, Weghuber D, Maruszczak K. The relationship between glucose and the liver-alpha cell axis - A systematic review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 13:1061682. [PMID: 36686477 PMCID: PMC9849557 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1061682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Until recently, glucagon was considered a mere antagonist to insulin, protecting the body from hypoglycemia. This notion changed with the discovery of the liver-alpha cell axis (LACA) as a feedback loop. The LACA describes how glucagon secretion and pancreatic alpha cell proliferation are stimulated by circulating amino acids. Glucagon in turn leads to an upregulation of amino acid metabolism and ureagenesis in the liver. Several increasingly common diseases (e.g., non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity) disrupt this feedback loop. It is important for clinicians and researchers alike to understand the liver-alpha cell axis and the metabolic sequelae of these diseases. While most of previous studies have focused on fasting concentrations of glucagon and amino acids, there is limited knowledge of their dynamics after glucose administration. The authors of this systematic review applied PRISMA guidelines and conducted PubMed searches to provide results of 8078 articles (screened and if relevant, studied in full). This systematic review aims to provide better insight into the LACA and its mediators (amino acids and glucagon), focusing on the relationship between glucose and the LACA in adult and pediatric subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pixner
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Salzkammergutklinikum Voecklabruck, Voecklabruck, Austria
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nathalie Stummer
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anna Maria Schneider
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Lukas
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Salzkammergutklinikum Voecklabruck, Voecklabruck, Austria
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Karin Gramlinger
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Salzkammergutklinikum Voecklabruck, Voecklabruck, Austria
| | - Valérie Julian
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, Diet and Musculoskeletal Health Team, Human Nutrition Research Center (CRNH), INRA, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David Thivel
- Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Katharina Mörwald
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Harald Mangge
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christopher Dalus
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Elmar Aigner
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- First Department of Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Dieter Furthner
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Salzkammergutklinikum Voecklabruck, Voecklabruck, Austria
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel Weghuber
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Katharina Maruszczak
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
The global prevalences of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus have reached epidemic status, presenting a heavy burden on society. It is therefore essential to find novel mechanisms and targets that could be utilized in potential treatment strategies and, as such, intracellular membrane trafficking has re-emerged as a regulatory tool for controlling metabolic homeostasis. Membrane trafficking is an essential physiological process that is responsible for the sorting and distribution of signalling receptors, membrane transporters and hormones or other ligands between different intracellular compartments and the plasma membrane. Dysregulation of intracellular transport is associated with many human diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration, immune deficiencies and metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications. This Review focuses on the latest advances on the role of endosomal membrane trafficking in metabolic physiology and pathology in vivo, highlighting the importance of this research field in targeting metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Gilleron
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1065 C3M, Team Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology of Obesity, Nice, France.
| | - Anja Zeigerer
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Urva S, Coskun T, Loh MT, Du Y, Thomas MK, Gurbuz S, Haupt A, Benson CT, Hernandez-Illas M, D'Alessio DA, Milicevic Z. LY3437943, a novel triple GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptor agonist in people with type 2 diabetes: a phase 1b, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, multiple-ascending dose trial. Lancet 2022; 400:1869-1881. [PMID: 36354040 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)02033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treating hyperglycaemia and obesity in individuals with type 2 diabetes using multi-receptor agonists can improve short-term and long-term outcomes. LY3437943 is a single peptide with agonist activity for glucagon, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptors that is currently in development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and for the treatment of obesity and associated comorbidities. We investigated the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of multiple weekly doses of LY3437943 in people with type 2 diabetes in a 12-week study. METHODS In this phase 1b, proof-of-concept, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, multiple-ascending dose trial, adults (aged 20-70 years) with type 2 diabetes for at least 3 months, a glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) value of 7·0-10·5%, body-mass index of 23-50 kg/m2, and stable bodyweight (<5% change in previous 3 months) were recruited at four centres in the USA. Using an interactive web-response system, participants were randomly assigned to receive once-weekly subcutaneous injections of LY3437943, placebo, or dulaglutide 1·5 mg over a 12-week period. Five ascending dose cohorts were studied, with randomisation in each cohort such that a minimum of nine participants received LY3437943, three received placebo, and one received dulaglutide 1·5 mg within each cohort. The top doses in the two highest dose cohorts were attained via stepwise dose escalations. The primary outcome was to investigate the safety and tolerability of LY3437943, and characterising the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics were secondary outcomes. Safety was analysed in all participants who received at least one dose of study drug, and pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics in all participants who received at least one dose of study drug and had evaluable data. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04143802. FINDINGS Between Dec 18, 2019, and Dec 28, 2020, 210 people were screened, of whom 72 were enrolled, received at least one dose of study drug, and were included in safety analyses. 15 participants had placebo, five had dulaglutide 1·5 mg and, for LY3437943, nine had 0·5 mg, nine had 1·5 mg, 11 had 3 mg, 11 had 3/6 mg, and 12 had 3/6/9/12 mg. 29 participants discontinued the study prematurely. Treatment-emergent adverse events were reported by 33 (63%), three (60%), and eight (54%) participants who received LY3437943, dulaglutide 1·5 mg, and placebo, respectively, with gastrointestinal disorders being the most frequently reported treatment-emergent adverse events. The pharmacokinetics of LY3437943 were dose proportional and its half-life was approximately 6 days. At week 12, placebo-adjusted mean daily plasma glucose significantly decreased from baseline at the three highest dose LY3437943 groups (least-squares mean difference -2·8 mmol/L [90% CI -4·63 to -0·94] for 3 mg; -3·1 mmol/L [-4·91 to -1·22] for 3/6 mg; and -2·9 mmol/L [-4·70 to -1·01] for 3/6/9/12 mg). Placebo-adjusted sHbA1c also decreased significantly in the three highest dose groups (-1·4% [90% CI -2·17 to -0·56] for 3 mg; -1·6% [-2·37 to -0·75] for 3/6 mg; and -1·2% [-2·05 to -0·45] for 3/6/9/12 mg). Placebo-adjusted bodyweight reduction with LY3437943 appeared to be dose dependent (up to -8·96 kg [90% CI -11·16 to -6·75] in the 3/6/9/12 mg group). INTERPRETATION In this early phase study, LY3437943 showed an acceptable safety profile, and its pharmacokinetics suggest suitability for once-weekly dosing. This finding, together with the pharmacodynamic findings of robust reductions in glucose and bodyweight, provides support for phase 2 development. FUNDING Eli Lilly and Company.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Urva
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Yu Du
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Axel Haupt
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | - David A D'Alessio
- Duke Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Capozzi ME, D'Alessio DA, Campbell JE. The past, present, and future physiology and pharmacology of glucagon. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1654-1674. [PMID: 36323234 PMCID: PMC9641554 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of glucagon has seen the transition from an impurity in the preparation of insulin to the development of glucagon receptor agonists for use in type 1 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, glucagon receptor antagonists have been explored to reduce glycemia thought to be induced by hyperglucagonemia. However, the catabolic actions of glucagon are currently being leveraged to target the rise in obesity that paralleled that of diabetes, bringing the pharmacology of glucagon full circle. During this evolution, the physiological importance of glucagon advanced beyond the control of hepatic glucose production, incorporating critical roles for glucagon to regulate both lipid and amino acid metabolism. Thus, it is unsurprising that the study of glucagon has left several paradoxes that make it difficult to distill this hormone down to a simplified action. Here, we describe the history of glucagon from the past to the present and suggest some direction to the future of this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Capozzi
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - David A D'Alessio
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA; Department of Medicine, Endocrinology Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Jonathan E Campbell
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA; Department of Medicine, Endocrinology Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Vps37a regulates hepatic glucose production by controlling glucagon receptor localization to endosomes. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1824-1842.e9. [PMID: 36243006 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
During mammalian energy homeostasis, the glucagon receptor (Gcgr) plays a key role in regulating both glucose and lipid metabolisms. However, the mechanisms by which these distinct signaling arms are differentially regulated remain poorly understood. Using a Cy5-glucagon agonist, we show that the endosomal protein Vps37a uncouples glucose production from lipid usage downstream of Gcgr signaling by altering intracellular receptor localization. Hepatocyte-specific knockdown of Vps37a causes an accumulation of Gcgr in endosomes, resulting in overactivation of the cAMP/PKA/p-Creb signaling pathway to gluconeogenesis without affecting β-oxidation. Shifting the receptor back to the plasma membrane rescues the differential signaling and highlights the importance of the spatiotemporal localization of Gcgr for its metabolic effects. Importantly, since Vps37a knockdown in animals fed with a high-fat diet leads to hyperglycemia, although its overexpression reduces blood glucose levels, these data reveal a contribution of endosomal signaling to metabolic diseases that could be exploited for treatments of type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
|
22
|
Vasileva A, Marx T, Beaudry JL, Stern JH. Glucagon receptor signaling at white adipose tissue does not regulate lipolysis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E389-E401. [PMID: 36002172 PMCID: PMC9576180 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00078.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although the physiological role of glucagon receptor signaling in the liver is well defined, the impact of glucagon receptor (Gcgr) signaling on white adipose tissue (WAT) continues to be debated. Although numerous studies propose that glucagon stimulates WAT lipolysis, we lack evidence that physiological concentrations of glucagon regulate WAT lipolysis. In turn, we performed studies in both wild-type and WAT Gcgr knockout mice to determine if glucagon regulates lipolysis at WAT in the mouse. We assessed the effects of fasting and acute exogenous glucagon administration in wild-type C57BL/6J and GcgrAdipocyte+/+ versus GcgrAdipocyte-/- mice. Using an ex vivo lipolysis protocol, we further examined the direct effects of glucagon on physiologically (fasted) and pharmacologically stimulated lipolysis. We found that adipocyte Gcgr expression did not affect fasting-induced lipolysis or hepatic lipid accumulation in lean or diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Acute glucagon administration did not affect serum nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), leptin, or adiponectin concentration, but did increase serum glucose and FGF21, regardless of genotype. Glucagon did not affect ex vivo lipolysis in explants from either GcgrAdipocyte+/+ or GcgrAdipocyte-/- mice. Gcgr expression did not affect fasting-induced or isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis from WAT explants. Moreover, glucagon receptor signaling at WAT did not affect body weight or glucose homeostasis in lean or DIO mice. Our studies have established that physiological levels of glucagon do not regulate WAT lipolysis, either directly or indirectly. Given that glucagon receptor agonism can improve dyslipidemia and decrease hepatic lipid accumulation, it is critical to understand the tissue-specific effects of glucagon receptor action. Unlike the crucial role of hepatic glucagon receptor signaling in maintaining glucose and lipid homeostasis, we observed no metabolic consequence of WAT glucagon receptor deletion.NEW & NOTEWORTHY It has been postulated that glucagon stimulates lipolysis and fatty acid release from white adipose tissue. We observed no metabolic effects of eliminating or activating glucagon receptor signaling at white adipose tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Vasileva
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Tyler Marx
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jacqueline L Beaudry
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer H Stern
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Habegger KM. Cross Talk Between Insulin and Glucagon Receptor Signaling in the Hepatocyte. Diabetes 2022; 71:1842-1851. [PMID: 35657690 PMCID: PMC9450567 DOI: 10.2337/dbi22-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
While the consumption of external energy (i.e., feeding) is essential to life, this action induces a temporary disturbance of homeostasis in an animal. A primary example of this effect is found in the regulation of glycemia. In the fasted state, stored energy is released to maintain physiological glycemic levels. Liver glycogen is liberated to glucose, glycerol and (glucogenic) amino acids are used to build new glucose molecules (i.e., gluconeogenesis), and fatty acids are oxidized to fuel long-term energetic demands. This regulation is driven primarily by the counterregulatory hormones epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol, and glucagon. Conversely, feeding induces a rapid influx of diverse nutrients, including glucose, that disrupt homeostasis. Consistently, a host of hormonal and neural systems under the coordination of insulin are engaged in the transition from fasting to prandial states to reduce this disruption. The ultimate action of these systems is to appropriately store the newly acquired energy and to return to the homeostatic norm. Thus, at first glance it is tempting to assume that glucagon is solely antagonistic regarding the anabolic effects of insulin. We have been intrigued by the role of glucagon in the prandial transition and have attempted to delineate its role as beneficial or inhibitory to glycemic control. The following review highlights this long-known yet poorly understood hormone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirk M. Habegger
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Organ-Specific Glucose Uptake: Does Sex Matter? Cells 2022; 11:cells11142217. [PMID: 35883660 PMCID: PMC9323353 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose uptake by peripheral organs is essential for maintaining blood glucose levels within normal range. Impaired glucose uptake is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome and is characterized by insulin resistance. Male sex is an independent risk factor for the development of T2D. We tested whether sex and diet are independent variables for differential glucose uptake by various organs. Here, in a longitudinal study, we used 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and positron emission tomography (PET) to determine baseline differences in whole-body glucose uptake in young male and female mice on chow and high-fat diets. We report that sex and diet are important independent variables that account for differential glucose uptake in brown fat, skeletal muscle, liver, heart, kidney, and the stomach, but not the brain, lungs, pancreas, small intestine, or perigonadal adipose. Of the seven organs analyzed, two organs, namely brown fat, and the heart had the highest concentrations of FDG, followed by the brain, kidneys, and skeletal muscle on chow diet. Young female mice had 47% greater FDG uptake in the brown fat compared to male mice, whereas skeletal muscle FDG uptake was 49% greater in male mice. The high-fat diet inhibited FDG uptake in brown fat, skeletal muscle, and the heart, three major organs involved in uptake, whereas brain uptake was enhanced in both sexes. These foundational and groundbreaking findings suggest that mechanisms of glucose homeostasis are context- and organ-dependent and highlight the need to study sex-specific outcomes and mechanisms for diseases such as T2D, obesity, and metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
|
25
|
Tan Q, Akindehin SE, Orsso CE, Waldner RC, DiMarchi RD, Müller TD, Haqq AM. Recent Advances in Incretin-Based Pharmacotherapies for the Treatment of Obesity and Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:838410. [PMID: 35299971 PMCID: PMC8921987 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.838410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has received enormous attention during the past three decades as a therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Continuous improvement of the pharmacokinetic profile of GLP-1R agonists, starting from native hormone with a half-life of ~2-3 min to the development of twice daily, daily and even once-weekly drugs highlight the pharmaceutical evolution of GLP-1-based medicines. In contrast to GLP-1, the incretin hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) received little attention as a pharmacological target, because of conflicting observations that argue activation or inhibition of the GIP receptor (GIPR) provides beneficial effects on systemic metabolism. Interest in GIPR agonism for the treatment of obesity and diabetes was recently propelled by the clinical success of unimolecular dual-agonists targeting the receptors for GIP and GLP-1, with reported significantly improved body weight and glucose control in patients with obesity and type II diabetes. Here we review the biology and pharmacology of GLP-1 and GIP and discuss recent advances in incretin-based pharmacotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Seun E. Akindehin
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Camila E. Orsso
- Department of Agricultural Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | | | - Timo D. Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Timo D. Müller, ; Andrea M. Haqq,
| | - Andrea M. Haqq
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Agricultural Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Timo D. Müller, ; Andrea M. Haqq,
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wagner R, Eckstein SS, Fritsche L, Prystupa K, Hörber S, Häring HU, Birkenfeld AL, Peter A, Fritsche A, Heni M. Postprandial Dynamics of Proglucagon Cleavage Products and Their Relation to Metabolic Health. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:892677. [PMID: 35872982 PMCID: PMC9297683 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.892677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While oral glucose ingestion typically leads to a decrease in circulating glucagon levels, a substantial number of persons display stable or rising glucagon concentrations when assessed by radioimmunoassay (RIA). However, these assays show cross-reactivity to other proglucagon cleavage products. Recently, more specific assays became available, therefore we systematically assessed glucagon and other proglucagon cleavage products and their relation to metabolic health. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used samples from 52 oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) that were randomly selected from persons with different categories of glucose tolerance in an extensively phenotyped study cohort. RESULTS Glucagon concentrations quantified with RIA were non-suppressed at 2 hours of the OGTT in 36% of the samples. Non-suppressors showed lower fasting glucagon levels compared to suppressors (p=0.011). Similar to RIA measurements, ELISA-derived fasting glucagon was lower in non-suppressors (p<0.001). Glucagon 1-61 as well as glicentin and GLP-1 kinetics were significantly different between suppressors and non-suppressors (p=0.004, p=0.002, p=0.008 respectively) with higher concentrations of all three hormones in non-suppressors. Levels of insulin, C-peptide, and free fatty acids were comparable between groups. Non-suppressors were leaner and had lower plasma glucose concentrations (p=0.03 and p=0.047, respectively). Despite comparable liver fat content and insulin sensitivity (p≥0.3), they had lower 2-hour post-challenge glucose (p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS Glucagon 1-61, glicentin and GLP-1 partially account for RIA-derived glucagon measurements due to cross-reactivity of the assay. However, this contribution is small, since the investigated proglucagon cleavage products contribute less than 10% to the variation in RIA measured glucagon. Altered glucagon levels and higher post-challenge incretins are associated with a healthier metabolic phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wagner
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sabine S. Eckstein
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Louise Fritsche
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katsiaryna Prystupa
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hörber
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas L. Birkenfeld
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peter
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Heni
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- *Correspondence: Martin Heni,
| |
Collapse
|