1
|
Ji L, Meng J, Li C, Wang M, Jiang X. From Polyester Plastics to Diverse Monomers via Low-Energy Upcycling. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2403002. [PMID: 38626364 PMCID: PMC11220695 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202403002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Polyester plastics, constituting over 10% of the total plastic production, are widely used in packaging, fiber, single-use beverage bottles, etc. However, their current depolymerization processes face challenges such as non-broad spectrum recyclability, lack of diversified high-value-added depolymerization products, and crucially high energy consumption. Herein, an efficient strategy is developed for dismantling the compact structure of polyester plastics to achieve diverse monomer recovery. Polyester plastics undergo swelling and decrystallization with a low depolymerization energy barrier via synergistic effects of polyfluorine/hydrogen bonding, which is further demonstrated via density functional theory calculations. The swelling process is elucidated through scanning electron microscopy analysis. Obvious destruction of the crystalline region is demonstrated through X-ray crystal diffractometry curves. PET undergoes different aminolysis efficiently, yielding nine corresponding high-value-added monomers via low-energy upcycling. Furthermore, four types of polyester plastics and five types of blended polyester plastics are closed-loop recycled, affording diverse monomers with exceeding 90% yields. Kilogram-scale depolymerization of real polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste plastics is successfully achieved with a 96% yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular & Process EngineeringSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal UniversityNorth Zhongshan Road 3663Shanghai200062China
| | - Jiaolong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular & Process EngineeringSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal UniversityNorth Zhongshan Road 3663Shanghai200062China
| | - Chengliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular & Process EngineeringSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal UniversityNorth Zhongshan Road 3663Shanghai200062China
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular & Process EngineeringSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal UniversityNorth Zhongshan Road 3663Shanghai200062China
| | - Xuefeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular & Process EngineeringSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal UniversityNorth Zhongshan Road 3663Shanghai200062China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHenan Normal UniversityXinxiangHenan453007China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Iwasaki T, Nozaki K. Counterintuitive chemoselectivity in the reduction of carbonyl compounds. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:518-534. [PMID: 38831138 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00608-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The reactivity of carbonyl functional groups largely depends on the substituents on the carbon atom. Reversal of the commonly accepted order of reactivity of different carbonyl compounds requires novel synthetic approaches. Achieving selective reduction will enable the transformation of carbon resources such as plastic waste, carbon dioxide and biomass into valuable chemicals. In this Review, we explore the reduction of less reactive carbonyl groups in the presence of those typically considered more reactive. We discuss reductions, including the controlled reduction of ureas, amides and esters to aldehydes, as well as chemoselective reductions of carbonyl groups, including the reduction of ureas over carbamates, amides and esters; the reduction of amides over esters, ketones and aldehydes; and the reduction of ketones over aldehydes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Iwasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alkandari S, Ching M, Lightfoot JC, Berri N, Leese HS, Castro-Dominguez B. Recycling and 3D-Printing Biodegradable Membranes for Gas Separation-toward a Membrane Circular Economy. ACS APPLIED ENGINEERING MATERIALS 2024; 2:1515-1525. [PMID: 38962722 PMCID: PMC11217943 DOI: 10.1021/acsaenm.4c00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Polymer membranes employed in gas separation play a pivotal role in advancing environmental sustainability, energy production, and gas purification technologies. Despite their significance, the current design and manufacturing of these membranes lack cradle-to-cradle approaches, contributing to plastic waste pollution. This study explores emerging solutions, including the use of biodegradable biopolymers such as polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and membrane recycling, with a focus on the specific impact of mechanical recycling on the performance of biodegradable gas separation membranes. This research represents the first systematic exploration of recycling biodegradable membranes for gas separation. Demonstrating that PHB membranes can be recycled and remanufactured without solvents using hot-melt extrusion and 3D printing, the research highlights PHB's promising performance in developing more sustainable CO2 separations, despite an increase in gas permeability with successive recycling steps due to reduced polymer molecular weight. The study emphasizes the excellent thermal, chemical, and mechanical stability of PHB membranes, albeit with a marginal reduction in gas selectivity upon recycling. However, limitations in PHB's molecular weight affecting extrudability and processability restrict the recycling to three cycles. Anticipating that this study will serve as a foundational exploration, we foresee more sophisticated recycling studies for gas separation membranes, paving the way for a circular economy in future membrane technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Ching
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Jasmine C. Lightfoot
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
- Centre for Digital Manufacturing
and Design (dMaDe), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Nael Berri
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
- Centre
for Bioengineering and Biomedical Technologies, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Hannah S. Leese
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
- Centre
for Bioengineering and Biomedical Technologies, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Bernardo Castro-Dominguez
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
- Centre for Digital Manufacturing
and Design (dMaDe), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sun S, Huang W. Chemical Upcycling of Polyolefin Plastics Using Structurally Well-defined Catalysts. JACS AU 2024; 4:2081-2098. [PMID: 38938810 PMCID: PMC11200224 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Single-use polyolefins are widely used in our daily life and industrial production due to their light weight, low cost, superior stability, and durability. However, the rapid accumulation of plastic waste and low-profit recycling methods resulted in a global plastic crisis. Catalytic hydrogenolysis is regarded as a promising technique, which can effectively and selectively convert polyolefin plastic waste to value-added products. In this perspective, we focus on the design and synthesis of structurally well-defined hydrogenolysis catalysts across mesoscopic, nanoscopic, and atomic scales, accompanied by our insights into future directions in catalyst design for further enhancing catalytic performance. These design principles can also be applied to the depolymerization of other polymers and ultimately realize the chemical upcycling of waste plastics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simin Sun
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- US
Department of Energy, Ames National Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Wenyu Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- US
Department of Energy, Ames National Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li Y, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Wu H, Zhang S. Enhanced Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition in a Continuous-Flow Reactor over Immobilized Catalase with PAES-C. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1762. [PMID: 39000617 PMCID: PMC11243836 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the specificity, high efficiency, and gentleness of enzyme catalysis, the industrial utilization of enzymes has attracted more and more attention. Immobilized enzymes can be recovered/recycled easily compared to their free forms. The primary benefit of immobilization is protection of the enzymes from harsh environmental conditions (e.g., elevated temperatures, extreme pH values, etc.). In this paper, catalase was successfully immobilized in a poly(aryl ether sulfone) carrier (PAES-C) with tunable pore structure as well as carboxylic acid side chains. Moreover, immobilization factors like temperature, time, and free-enzyme dosage were optimized to maximize the value of the carrier and enzyme. Compared with free enzyme, the immobilized-enzyme exhibited higher enzymatic activity (188.75 U g-1, at 30 °C and pH 7) and better thermal stability (at 60 °C). The adsorption capacity of enzyme protein per unit mass carrier was 4.685 mg. Hydrogen peroxide decomposition carried out in a continuous-flow reactor was selected as a model reaction to investigate the performance of immobilized catalase. Immobilized-enzymes showed a higher conversion rate (90% at 8 mL/min, 1 h and 0.2 g) compared to intermittent operation. In addition, PAES-C has been synthesized using dichlorodiphenyl sulfone and the renewable resource bisphenolic acid, which meets the requirements of green chemistry. These results suggest that PAES-C as a carrier for immobilized catalase could improve the catalytic activity and stability of catalase, simplify the separation of enzymes, and exhibit good stability and reusability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunrui Li
- College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Wenyu Zhang
- College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Hao Wu
- College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Shaoyin Zhang
- College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mohammadi MJ, Farhadi M, Ghanbari S, Sepahvnand A, Dehvari M, Neisi M, Sharifi M, Bayat M. The concentration of phthalates in drinking water in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Toxicol Rep 2024; 12:299-306. [PMID: 38495472 PMCID: PMC10940755 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
PAE and PC polymers, such as BPA, are utilized to make water bottles. Due to the lack of polymer-chemical interaction, PAE can enter drinking bottles during production, wrapping, and keeping. Phthalates can transfer from the bottle to the water depending on keeping conditions (temperature, time, sunlight intensity), pH, and bottle capacity. Since there haven't been previous studies published on the subject, the aim of this meta-analysis and systematic review research is to determine the level of phthalates in drinking water consumed in Iranian cities. Web of Science, Science of Direct, Scopus, and PubMed, databases have been used in this study. Eight studies were selected from 556 initial publications after screening for duplication and irrelevant information. Articles from January 1, 2000, to February 10, 2024, were found in the mentioned databases. Among the types of phthalates, the concentration of DEHP was reported higher than the others Because its concentration has been reported in seven out of eight studies. The highest concentration of DEHP was reported by Mehraie(2.22 µg/l), Zare Jeddi (0.8 µg/l), Yousefi (0.77 µg/l), Abtahi (0.76 µg/l), Zare Jeddi (0.42 µg/l), Abdolahnejad(0.15 µg/l), and Pourzamani (0.08 µg/l). The highest concentration of DEP, DBP, BBP, and PA was reported by Abtahi (0.77 µg/l) and Esteki (2.25 µg/l), Mehraie(0.93 µg/l), and Pourzamani (0.83 µg/l). The results of this study showed that the most important phthalates measured in drinking water include DEP, DEHP, DBP, BBP, and PA. According to the results of the present studies, the most important factor in the increase of phthalates is the storage conditions of drinking water (temperature, sunlight, and the type of pipe or bottle).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Environmental Technologies Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Majid Farhadi
- Environmental Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Saeed Ghanbari
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Arefeh Sepahvnand
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Dehvari
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohadese Neisi
- Student of Research Committee and Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sharifi
- Student of Research Committee and Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Marzieh Bayat
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jiang Z, Liang Y, Guo F, Wang Y, Li R, Tang A, Tu Y, Zhang X, Wang J, Li S, Kong L. Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis-A New Way for the Sustainable Recycling and Upgrading of Plastic and Biomass: A Review. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400129. [PMID: 38773732 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
The efficient utilization of organic solid waste resources can help reducing the consumption of conventional fossil fuels, mitigating environmental pollution, and achieving green sustainable development. Due to its dual nature of being both a resource and a source of pollution, it is crucial to implement suitable recycling technologies throughout the recycling and upgrading processes for plastics and biomass, which are organic solid wastes with complex mixture of components. The conventional pyrolysis and hydropyrolysis were summarized for recycling plastics and biomass into high-value fuels, chemicals, and materials. To enhance reaction efficiency and improve product selectivity, microwave-assisted pyrolysis was introduced to the upgrading of plastics and biomass through efficient energy supply especially with the aid of catalysts and microwave absorbers. This review provides a detail summary of microwave-assisted pyrolysis for plastics and biomass from the technical, applied, and mechanistic perspectives. Based on the recent technological advances, the future directions for the development of microwave-assisted pyrolysis technologies are predicted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Fenfen Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Ruikai Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Aoyi Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Youjing Tu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Junxia Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Shenggang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Lingzhao Kong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dong L, Zhi W, Li W, Li J. Parameters optimization for decontamination and fine physical regeneration pathways of polypropylene plastics from waste lunchboxes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134247. [PMID: 38603912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Due to the development of the food delivery industry, a large amount of waste lunchboxes made of homo polypropylene (PP) plastic have been generated. This study developed a new technological strategy to effectively regenerate PP from waste lunchboxes. Through response surface curve analysis, it was found that under the optimal process conditions of hot alkali washing at 80 ℃, 30 min, and pH 13, the optimal contact angle was 65.55°, indicating a good oil stain removal effect. By identifying and analyzing the characteristics of impurities in waste lunchboxes, a physical sorting and granulation regeneration process was constructed. And through large-scale statistical analysis and data collection, it was further verified that recycled PP plastics maintained their physical stability and excellent processing performance. The quality stability of recycled PP plastics in terms of impurities content was also verified. By designing different formulations specifically, recycled PP was mixed with different virgin PP and antioxidants in appropriate proportions, and extruded into particles under 150-300 mesh filtration conditions to obtain modified recycled PP. Modified recycled PP was applied in textiles, clothing, and injection molded products. In conclusion, we achieve the up-cylcing of waste PP lunchboxes instead of down-cylcing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Dong
- GER Institute of Polymer Materials Recycling, Yichun, Jiangxi 331100, China; National Engineering Research Center of WEEE Recycling, Jingmen, Hubeiṭ 448124, China.
| | - Wenwu Zhi
- Wenzhou Environmental Development and Urban Solid Waste Comprehensive Disposal Research Center, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Weijun Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- Hunan Provincial Institute of Land and Resources Planning, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
O’Dea R, Nandi M, Kroll G, Arnold JR, Korley LTJ, Epps TH. Toward Circular Recycling of Polyurethanes: Depolymerization and Recovery of Isocyanates. JACS AU 2024; 4:1471-1479. [PMID: 38665666 PMCID: PMC11040557 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
We report a depolymerization strategy to nearly quantitatively regenerate isocyanates from thermoplastic and thermoset polyurethanes (PUs) and then resynthesize PUs using the recovered isocyanates. To date, chemical/advanced recycling of PUs has focused primarily on the recovery of polyols and diamines under comparatively harsh conditions (e.g., high pressure and temperature), and the recovery of isocyanates has been difficult. Our approach leverages an organoboron Lewis acid to depolymerize PUs directly to isocyanates under mild conditions (e.g., ∼80 °C in toluene) without the need for phosgene or other harsh reagents, and we show that both laboratory-synthesized and commercially sourced PUs can be depolymerized. Furthermore, we demonstrate the utility of the recovered isocyanate in the production of second-generation PUs with thermal properties and molecular weights similar to those of the virgin PUs. Overall, this route uniquely provides an opportunity for circularity in PU materials and can add significant value to end-of-life PU products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert
M. O’Dea
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Center
for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Mridula Nandi
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Genevieve Kroll
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jackie R. Arnold
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - LaShanda T. J. Korley
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Center
for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Thomas H. Epps
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Center
for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Brió Pérez M, Wurm FR, de Beer S. On the Road to Circular Polymer Brushes: Challenges and Prospects. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:7249-7256. [PMID: 38556745 PMCID: PMC11008239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Polymer brushes are unique surface coatings that have been of high interest in research for the past decades due to their covalent tethering to surfaces and the broad spectrum of polymers that can be grafted to or grafted from various surfaces. Modification of surfaces with brushes may provide lubricious and/or antifouling properties, and they can also potentially be used in many application fields due to their high responsiveness toward certain stimuli. Generally, polymer brushes are long-lasting coatings, while their end-of-life has to date largely been neglected. Therefore, it is important to consider additional design methodologies to produce circular brushes, which will degrade after a certain period of time such that surfaces can be reused, and the potentially obtained monomers may be used again to synthesize new brushes. In this Perspective, we aim to tackle and understand the challenges to translate the knowledge on degradation and chemical recycling of bulk polymers toward circular polymer brushes. We summarized the recent developments on (bio)degradable polymer brushes and the challenges that are to be tackled toward their potential implementation as circular coatings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Brió Pérez
- Department of Molecules &
Materials, MESA+ Institute, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Department of Molecules &
Materials, MESA+ Institute, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Department of Molecules &
Materials, MESA+ Institute, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Szewczyk-Łagodzińska M, Oleksiuk D, Kowalczyk S, Czajka A, Dużyńska A, Łapińska A, Ryszkowska J, Dziewit P, Janiszewski J, Plichta A. Multifunctional Block Copolymers, Acting as Recycling Aids, by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301232. [PMID: 37975580 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymers utilizing oligomeric poly(pentylene-co-hexylene carbonate)diol modified with 2,4-diisocyanatotoluene and further with 2-bromo-N-(3-hydroxypropyl)-2-methylpropanamide were synthesized and utilized as Activators ReGenerated by Electron Transfer Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization macroinitiators to obtain a first generation of multifunctional recycling additives with poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-butyl methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) side chains, which could act as chain extenders. Then, chosen additive was reacted with a radical scavenger, 3,5-ditertbutyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA), to obtain a second generation of reactive additives. Those copolymers had different numbers of epoxy groups per polymer chain, and different number of epoxides opened with DHBA, hence showed a range of properties, and were utilized as reactive modifiers for polylactide (PLA) extrusion melting. The first-generation modifiers caused an increase in PLA's blends relative melt viscosity, stabilized material properties, and enhanced impact strength, while the second-generation modifiers with more than 8 % of epoxide ring opened showed worse properties. However, they managed to suppress the UV degradation of PLA blend plates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dawid Oleksiuk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sebastian Kowalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Czajka
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Dużyńska
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Łapińska
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Ryszkowska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Dziewit
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Armament and Aerospace, Jarosław Dąbrowski Military University of Technology, Gen. Sylwester Kaliski 2, 00-908, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Janiszewski
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Armament and Aerospace, Jarosław Dąbrowski Military University of Technology, Gen. Sylwester Kaliski 2, 00-908, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Plichta
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Choi J, Kim H, Ahn YR, Kim M, Yu S, Kim N, Lim SY, Park JA, Ha SJ, Lim KS, Kim HO. Recent advances in microbial and enzymatic engineering for the biodegradation of micro- and nanoplastics. RSC Adv 2024; 14:9943-9966. [PMID: 38528920 PMCID: PMC10961967 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00844h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This review examines the escalating issue of plastic pollution, specifically highlighting the detrimental effects on the environment and human health caused by microplastics and nanoplastics. The extensive use of synthetic polymers such as polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polystyrene (PS) has raised significant environmental concerns because of their long-lasting and non-degradable characteristics. This review delves into the role of enzymatic and microbial strategies in breaking down these polymers, showcasing recent advancements in the field. The intricacies of enzymatic degradation are thoroughly examined, including the effectiveness of enzymes such as PETase and MHETase, as well as the contribution of microbial pathways in breaking down resilient polymers into more benign substances. The paper also discusses the impact of chemical composition on plastic degradation kinetics and emphasizes the need for an approach to managing the environmental impact of synthetic polymers. The review highlights the significance of comprehending the physical characteristics and long-term impacts of micro- and nanoplastics in different ecosystems. Furthermore, it points out the environmental and health consequences of these contaminants, such as their ability to cause cancer and interfere with the endocrine system. The paper emphasizes the need for advanced analytical methods and effective strategies for enzymatic degradation, as well as continued research and development in this area. This review highlights the crucial role of enzymatic and microbial strategies in addressing plastic pollution and proposes methods to create effective and environmentally friendly solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaewon Choi
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, College of Art, Culture and Engineering, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Korea
- Department of Smart Health Science and Technology, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Korea
| | - Hongbin Kim
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, College of Art, Culture and Engineering, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Korea
- Department of Smart Health Science and Technology, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Korea
| | - Yu-Rim Ahn
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, College of Art, Culture and Engineering, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Korea
- Department of Smart Health Science and Technology, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Korea
| | - Minse Kim
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, College of Art, Culture and Engineering, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Korea
- Department of Smart Health Science and Technology, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Korea
| | - Seona Yu
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, College of Art, Culture and Engineering, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Korea
- Department of Smart Health Science and Technology, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Korea
| | - Nanhyeon Kim
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, College of Art, Culture and Engineering, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Korea
- Department of Smart Health Science and Technology, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Korea
| | - Su Yeon Lim
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, College of Art, Culture and Engineering, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Korea
- Department of Smart Health Science and Technology, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Korea
| | - Jeong-Ann Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Jin Ha
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, College of Art, Culture and Engineering, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Korea
- Department of Smart Health Science and Technology, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Korea
| | - Kwang Suk Lim
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, College of Art, Culture and Engineering, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Korea
- Department of Smart Health Science and Technology, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Korea
| | - Hyun-Ouk Kim
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, College of Art, Culture and Engineering, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Korea
- Department of Smart Health Science and Technology, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Demchuk Z, Zhao X, Shen Z, Zhao S, Sokolov AP, Cao PF. Tuning the Mechanical and Dynamic Properties of Elastic Vitrimers by Tailoring the Substituents of Boronic Ester. ACS MATERIALS AU 2024; 4:185-194. [PMID: 38496049 PMCID: PMC10941276 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.3c00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Elastic vitrimers, i.e., elastic polymers with associative dynamic covalent bonds, can afford elastomers with recyclability while maintaining their thermal and chemical stability. Herein, we report a series of boronic ester-based vitrimers with tunable mechanical properties and recyclability by varying the substitute groups of boronic acid in polymer networks. The dynamic polymer networks are formed by reacting diol-containing tetra-arm poly(amidoamine) with boronic acid-terminated tetra-arm poly(ethylene glycol), which possesses different substituents adjacent to boronic acid moieties. Varying the substituent adjacent to the boronic ester unit will significantly affect the binding strength of the boronic ester, therefore affecting their dynamics and mechanical performance. The electron-withdrawing substituents noticeably suppress the dynamics of boronic ester exchange and increase the activation energy and relaxation time while enhancing the mechanical strength of the resulting elastic vitrimers. On the other hand, the presence of electron-rich substituent affords relatively reduced glass transition temperature (Tg), faster relaxation, and prominent recyclability and malleability at lower temperatures. The developed pathway will guide the rational design of elastomers with well-tunable dynamics and processabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoriana Demchuk
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Sheng Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Alexei P. Sokolov
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Peng-Fei Cao
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites, College of
Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing
University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang T, Asaro L, Gratton M, Aït Hocine N. An overview on waste rubber recycling by microwave devulcanization. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 353:120122. [PMID: 38308983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
This review deals with waste rubber recycling by devulcanization treatment using microwave method. In fact, vulcanized rubbers have been extensively used in various fields due to their superior performances. Subsequently, the massive use of such materials, especially in the automotive industry, has generated a substantial amount of wastes which are not easily to be degraded due to the three-dimensional network formed by the vulcanization process. One of the optimal solutions for the successful recycling of rubber is devulcanization, i.e., the process in which the sulfur bonds in the vulcanized material are selectively broken. Currently, to achieve rubber devulcanization, the microwave treatment has been proposed as a promising alternative process due to its precise manipulation of process variables. Furthermore, the microwave process is easily to be coupled with effects of other elements such as chemical and swelling agents. In this work, different microwave devulcanization methods are reviewed, the utilization of the corresponding devulcanized materials has also been discussed. The reviewed contents are believed to be of great interest to academics and industries since they represent a great challenge from scientific, economic and environmental points of view.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- INSA CVL, Univ. Tours, Univ. Orléans, LaMé, 3 rue de la Chocolaterie, CS 23410, 41034, Blois Cedex, France
| | - Lucia Asaro
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology (INTEMA), University of Mar del Plata and National Research Council (CONICET), Av. Colón 10850, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Michel Gratton
- INSA CVL, Univ. Tours, Univ. Orléans, LaMé, 3 rue de la Chocolaterie, CS 23410, 41034, Blois Cedex, France
| | - Nourredine Aït Hocine
- INSA CVL, Univ. Tours, Univ. Orléans, LaMé, 3 rue de la Chocolaterie, CS 23410, 41034, Blois Cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Minami Y, Imamura S, Matsuyama N, Nakajima Y, Yoshida M. Catalytic thiolation-depolymerization-like decomposition of oxyphenylene-type super engineering plastics via selective carbon-oxygen main chain cleavages. Commun Chem 2024; 7:37. [PMID: 38378901 PMCID: PMC10879179 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
As the effective use of carbon resources has become a pressing societal issue, the importance of chemical recycling of plastics has increased. The catalytic chemical decomposition for plastics is a promising approach for creating valuable products under efficient and mild conditions. Although several commodity and engineering plastics have been applied, the decompositions of stable resins composed of strong main chains such as polyamides, thermoset resins, and super engineering plastics are underdeveloped. Especially, super engineering plastics that have high heat resistance, chemical resistance, and low solubility are nearly unexplored. In addition, many super engineering plastics are composed of robust aromatic ethers, which are difficult to cleave. Herein, we report the catalytic depolymerization-like chemical decomposition of oxyphenylene-based super engineering plastics such as polyetheretherketone and polysulfone using thiols via selective carbon-oxygen main chain cleavage to form electron-deficient arenes with sulfur functional groups and bisphenols. The catalyst combination of a bulky phosphazene base P4-tBu with inorganic bases such as tripotassium phosphate enabled smooth decomposition. This method could be utilized with carbon- or glass fiber-enforced polyetheretherketone materials and a consumer resin. The sulfur functional groups in one product could be transformed to amino and sulfonium groups and fluorine by using suitable catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Minami
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Sae Imamura
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Nao Matsuyama
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yumiko Nakajima
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Masaru Yoshida
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Finny AS. 3D bioprinting in bioremediation: a comprehensive review of principles, applications, and future directions. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16897. [PMID: 38344299 PMCID: PMC10859081 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Bioremediation is experiencing a paradigm shift by integrating three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting. This transformative approach augments the precision and versatility of engineering with the functional capabilities of material science to create environmental restoration strategies. This comprehensive review elucidates the foundational principles of 3D bioprinting technology for bioremediation, its current applications in bioremediation, and the prospective avenues for future research and technological evolution, emphasizing the intersection of additive manufacturing, functionalized biosystems, and environmental remediation; this review delineates how 3D bioprinting can tailor bioremediation apparatus to maximize pollutant degradation and removal. Innovations in biofabrication have yielded bio-based and biodegradable materials conducive to microbial proliferation and pollutant sequestration, thereby addressing contamination and adhering to sustainability precepts. The review presents an in-depth analysis of the application of 3D bioprinted constructs in enhancing bioremediation efforts, exemplifying the synergy between biological systems and engineered solutions. Concurrently, the review critically addresses the inherent challenges of incorporating 3D bioprinted materials into diverse ecological settings, including assessing their environmental impact, durability, and integration into large-scale bioremediation projects. Future perspectives discussed encompass the exploration of novel biocompatible materials, the automation of bioremediation, and the convergence of 3D bioprinting with cutting-edge fields such as nanotechnology and other emerging fields. This article posits 3D bioprinting as a cornerstone of next-generation bioremediation practices, offering scalable, customizable, and potentially greener solutions for reclaiming contaminated environments. Through this review, stakeholders in environmental science, engineering, and technology are provided with a critical appraisal of the current state of 3D bioprinting in bioremediation and its potential to drive forward the efficacy of environmental management practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Samuel Finny
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, United States
- Waters Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lin YL, Zheng S, Chang CC, Lee LR, Chen JT. Light-responsive MXenegel via interfacial host-guest supramolecular bridging. Nat Commun 2024; 15:916. [PMID: 38296994 PMCID: PMC10831044 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Living in the global-changing era, intelligent and eco-friendly electronic components that can sense the environment and recycle or reprogram when needed are essential for sustainable development. Compared with solid-state electronics, composite hydrogels with multi-functionalities are promising candidates. By bridging the self-assembly of azobenzene-containing supramolecular complexes and MXene nanosheets, we fabricate a MXene-based composite gel, namely MXenegel, with reversible photo-modulated phase behavior. The MXenegel can undergo reversible liquefication and solidification under UV and visible light irradiations, respectively, while maintaining its conductive nature unchanged, which can be integrated into traditional solid-state circuits. The strategy presented in this work provides an example of light-responsive conducting material via supramolecular bridging and demonstrates an exciting platform for functional soft electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Liang Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
| | - Sheng Zheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chi Chang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Ruei Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Tai Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan.
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Langer DL, Oh S, Stache EE. Selective poly(vinyl ether) upcycling via photooxidative degradation with visible light. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1840-1845. [PMID: 38303945 PMCID: PMC10829002 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05613a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl ethers) (PVEs) have many applications, such as adhesives, lubricants, and anticorrosive agents, thanks to their elastic, nonirritating, and chemically inert properties. The recycling of PVEs remains largely underexplored, and current methods lack generality towards other polymer classes. Thus, the chemical upcycling of PVE into small molecule feedstocks would provide an alternative approach to combat these current issues. Here, we report a visible light-mediated method of upcycling poly(isobutyl vinyl ether) (PIBVE) into small molecules via photooxidative degradation using chlorine or bromine radicals. PIBVE can be degraded to low molecular weight oligomers within 2 h, producing good yields of alcohols, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. Mechanistic studies suggest that hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) from the backbone or the side chain leads to small molecule generation via oxidative cleavages. Additionally, this protocol was applied to a copolymer of poly(methyl acrylate-co-isobutyl vinyl ether) to demonstrate the preference for the degradation of polymers bearing more electron-rich C-H bonds through a judicious choice of abstraction agent. Ultimately, we show that photooxidative degradation enables the selective chemical upcycling of PVEs as a method of plastic waste valorization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren L Langer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Sewon Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Erin E Stache
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University Princeton New Jersey 08544 USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chai M, Xu G, Yang R, Sun H, Wang Q. Degradation Product-Promoted Depolymerization Strategy for Chemical Recycling of Poly(bisphenol A carbonate). Molecules 2024; 29:640. [PMID: 38338384 PMCID: PMC10856637 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of waste plastics has a severe impact on the environment, and therefore, the development of efficient chemical recycling methods has become an extremely important task. In this regard, a new strategy of degradation product-promoted depolymerization process was proposed. Using N,N'-dimethyl-ethylenediamine (DMEDA) as a depolymerization reagent, an efficient chemical recycling of poly(bisphenol A carbonate) (BPA-PC or PC) material was achieved under mild conditions. The degradation product 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI) was proven to be a critical factor in facilitating the depolymerization process. This strategy does not require catalysts or auxiliary solvents, making it a truly green process. This method improves the recycling efficiency of PC and promotes the development of plastic reutilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maoqing Chai
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China;
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China;
| | - Guangqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China;
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Rulin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China;
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Hongguang Sun
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China;
| | - Qinggang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China;
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dailing EA, Khanal P, Epstein AR, Demarteau J, Persson KA, Helms BA. Circular Polydiketoenamine Elastomers with Exceptional Creep Resistance via Multivalent Cross-Linker Design. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:54-64. [PMID: 38292616 PMCID: PMC10823519 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Elastomers are widely used in textiles, foam, and rubber, yet they are rarely recycled due to the difficulty in deconstructing polymer chains to reusable monomers. Introducing reversible bonds in these materials offers prospects for improving their circularity; however, concomitant bond exchange permits creep, which is undesirable. Here, we show how to architect dynamic covalent polydiketoenamine (PDK) elastomers prepared from polyetheramine and triketone monomers, not only for energy-efficient circularity, but also for outstanding creep resistance at high temperature. By appending polytopic cross-linking functionality at the chain ends of flexible polyetheramines, we reduced creep from >200% to less than 1%, relative to monotopic controls, producing mechanically robust and stable elastomers and carbon-reinforced rubbers that are readily depolymerized to pure monomer in high yield. We also found that the multivalent chain end was essential for ensuring complete PDK deconstruction. Mapping reaction coordinates in energy and space across a range of potential conformations reveals the underpinnings of this behavior, which involves preorganization of the transition state for diketoenamine bond acidolysis when a tertiary amine is also nearby.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Dailing
- Molecular
Foundry Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94270, United States
| | - Pawan Khanal
- Materials
Sciences and Engineering University of California,
Berkeley Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexander R. Epstein
- Materials
Sciences and Engineering University of California,
Berkeley Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jeremy Demarteau
- Molecular
Foundry Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94270, United States
| | - Kristin A. Persson
- Molecular
Foundry Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94270, United States
- Materials
Sciences and Engineering University of California,
Berkeley Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94270, United States
| | - Brett A. Helms
- Molecular
Foundry Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94270, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94270, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Spicer AJ, Brandolese A, Dove AP. Selective and Sequential Catalytic Chemical Depolymerization and Upcycling of Mixed Plastics. ACS Macro Lett 2024:189-194. [PMID: 38253019 PMCID: PMC10883033 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Chemical recycling to monomer (CRM) provides a useful technique to allow for polymer-to-monomer-to-polymer circular economies. A significant challenge remains, however, in the treatment of mixed plastics by CRM in which unselective depolymerization requires either presorting of plastics or purification processes postdepolymerization, both of which add cost to waste plastic processing. We report a simple, yet selective, chemical depolymerization of three commonly used polymers, poly(lactic acid) (PLA), bisphenol A polycarbonate (BPA-PC), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), using inexpensive and readily available common metal salt/organobase dual catalysts. By a judicious choice of catalyst and conditions, selective and sequential depolymerization of mixtures of the polymers was demonstrated. Furthermore, the potential for upcycling of polymers to value-added monomers was explored through the application of alternative nucleophiles within the depolymerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Spicer
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Arianna Brandolese
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P Dove
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Klotz M, Oberschelp C, Salah C, Subal L, Hellweg S. The role of chemical and solvent-based recycling within a sustainable circular economy for plastics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167586. [PMID: 37804985 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Chemical and solvent-based recycling of plastic waste may help overcome some of the challenges faced by predominantly applied mechanical recycling techniques. This study quantifies the environmental impacts of chemical and solvent-based recycling as a function of varying process parameters and product composition using life cycle assessment. Furthermore, potential benefits and impacts on a system level are determined. To that end, a high-resolution material flow analysis is conducted for the reference system of Switzerland, covering all main plastic types and applications. In a scenario for the year 2040, we employ environmentally beneficial mechanical recycling where possible and convey suitable remaining waste streams to chemical or solvent-based recycling processes. Applying chemical or solvent-based recycling as a complement to maximum mechanical recycling, instead of thermal treatment with energy recovery, may achieve a reduction in the climate change impact of the system ranging from less than 10 % to almost 40 %. For achieving high environmental benefits, proper process choice and configuration are crucial. Dissolution or depolymerization provide higher benefits relative to other chemical recycling processes, but can only treat certain waste streams and require prior sorting into plastic types. Pyrolysis and gasification appeared to only have the ability to achieve substantial benefits over incineration if their output products can substitute high-impact chemicals and provided that efficient heat transfer and recovery is warranted when implemented on a large scale. As industrial-scale plants for chemical or solvent-based plastic recycling are still lacking, the upscaling potential and the environmental benefits achievable in practice are highly uncertain today.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Klotz
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Christopher Oberschelp
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, ETH Zurich, Leopold-Ružička-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cecilia Salah
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, ETH Zurich, Leopold-Ružička-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luc Subal
- Realcycle GmbH, Hagenholzstrasse 85A, 8050 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Hellweg
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abbasoglu T, Ciardi D, Tournilhac F, Irusta L, Sardon H. Exploiting the Use of the Decarboxylative S-Alkylation Reaction to Produce Self-Blowing, Recyclable Polycarbonate Foams. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308339. [PMID: 37599264 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric foams are widely used in many industrial applications due to their light weight and superior thermal, mechanical, and optical properties. Currently, increasing research efforts is being directed towards the development of greener foam formulations that circumvent the use of isocyanates/blowing agents that are commonly used in the production of foam materials. Here, a straightforward, one-pot method is presented to prepare self-blown polycarbonate (PC) foams by exploiting the (decarboxylative) S-alkylation reaction for in situ generation of the blowing agent (CO2 ). The concomitant formation of a reactive alcohol intermediate promotes a cascade ring-opening polymerization of the cyclic carbonates to yield a cross-linked polymer network. It is shown that these hydroxyl-functionalized polycarbonate-based foams can be easily recycled into films through thermal compression molding. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that complete hydrolytic degradation of the foams is possible, thus offering the potential for zero-waste materials. This straightforward and versatile process broadens the scope of isocyanate-free, self-foaming materials, opening a new pathway for next-generation environmentally friendly foams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tansu Abbasoglu
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Diego Ciardi
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry,and Materials, CNRS, ESPCI-Paris, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Francois Tournilhac
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry,and Materials, CNRS, ESPCI-Paris, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Lourdes Irusta
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Subhashini, Mondal T. Experimental investigation on slow thermal pyrolysis of real-world plastic wastes in a fixed bed reactor to obtain aromatic rich fuel grade liquid oil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118680. [PMID: 37531671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Plastic wastes have become one of the biggest global environmental issues and thus recycling such massive quantities is targeted. Thermal pyrolysis has been the most suitable approach to convert the waste plastic into a source of energy. This study aims to compare the thermal pyrolysis of waste plastic with that of the modal plastic compounds in a fixed bed reactor. The liquid oil, obtained from the thermal pyrolysis of HDPE, LDPE, PP and PS wastes were characterized using FT-IR, GC-MS and 1H NMR. Also, their fuel properties such as viscosity and calorific values were characterized using parallel plate rheometer and bomb calorimeter respectively. C10-C44 paraffins and C10-C22 olefins were obtained along with aromatics and alcohols in different type of plastic waste pyrolysis oil. The viscosity of the plastic oil is within kerosene and diesel range. The calorific values of the oils are at par with the Petro fuels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhashini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, 140001, India
| | - Tarak Mondal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, 140001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li S, Scheiger JM, Wang Z, Huber B, Hoffmann M, Wilhelm M, Levkin PA. Diapers to Thickeners and Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives: Recycling of Superabsorbers via UV Degradation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:44186-44193. [PMID: 37676916 PMCID: PMC10521733 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Superabsorbers based on crosslinked sodium polyacrylate polymers cannot be easily recycled, resulting in 2 million tons of superabsorbers being landfilled or burned every year. A fast and efficient strategy to recycle superabsorbers would significantly alleviate environmental pollution and promote a sustainable use of these polymers. Herein, the rapid recycling of crosslinked sodium polyacrylate hydrogels based on their inherent UV degradation is demonstrated without the need for chemicals besides water. A quantitative conversion of crosslinked sodium polyacrylate into soluble sodium polyacrylate is achieved in minutes, almost 200 times faster than a previous approach based on de-esterification. The obtained soluble sodium polyacrylate can be used, for example, as a thickener for aqueous dyes or can be esterified with n-butanol or 2-ethylhexanol to serve as a pressure-sensitive adhesive. The UV photodegradation and esterification of superabsorbers is fast, scalable, safe, and economical and yields polymers with controllable molecular weight in the range of 100-400 kg/mol. It thus offers distinct advantages over the chemical de-crosslinking strategies presented previously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Institute
of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Department
of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Johannes M. Scheiger
- Institute
of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Zhenwu Wang
- Institute
of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Birgit Huber
- Soft
Matter Synthesis Laboratory (SML), Institute for Biological Interfaces
3 (IBG-3), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
(KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Maxi Hoffmann
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Pavel A. Levkin
- Institute
of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Minami Y, Inagaki Y, Tsuyuki T, Sato K, Nakajima Y. Hydroxylation-Depolymerization of Oxyphenylene-Based Super Engineering Plastics To Regenerate Arenols. JACS AU 2023; 3:2323-2332. [PMID: 37654597 PMCID: PMC10466334 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Super engineering plastics, high-performance thermoplastic resins, show high thermal stability and mechanical strength as well as chemical resistance. On the other hand, chemical recycling for these plastics has not been developed due to their stability. This study describes depolymerization of oxyphenylene super engineering plastics via carbon-oxygen main chain cleaving hydroxylation reaction with an alkali hydroxide nucleophile. This method is conducted with cesium hydroxide as a hydroxy source and calcium hydride as a dehydration agent in 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, which provides hydroxylated monomers effectively. In the case of polysulfone, both 4,4'-sulfonyldiphenol (bisphenol S) and 4,4'-(propane-2,2-diyl)diphenol (bisphenol A) were obtained in high yields. Other super engineering plastics such as polyethersulfone, polyphenylsulfone, and polyetheretherketone were also applicable to this depolymerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Minami
- Interdisciplinary
Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
(AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
- PRESTO,
Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yuuki Inagaki
- Interdisciplinary
Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
(AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
- Yoshimoto
Kogyo Holdings, 5-18-21
Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0022, Japan
| | - Tomoo Tsuyuki
- Interdisciplinary
Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
(AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Sato
- Interdisciplinary
Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
(AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yumiko Nakajima
- Interdisciplinary
Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
(AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ackerman J, Levin DB. Rethinking plastic recycling: A comparison between North America and Europe. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 340:117859. [PMID: 37121010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we identify the problem of plastic proliferation, the consequent expansion of plastic waste in our society, the inadequacies of current attempts to recycle plastic, and the urgency to address this problem in the light of the microplastic threat. It details the problems with current efforts to recycle plastic and the particularly poor recycling rates in North America (NA) when compared to certain countries in the European Union (EU). The obstacles to plastic recycling are overlapping economic, physical and regulatory problems spanning fluctuating resale market prices, residue and polymer contamination and offshore export which often circumvents the entire process. The primary differences between the EU and NA are the costs of end-of-life disposal methods with most EU citizens paying much higher prices for both landfilling and Energy from Waste (incineration) costs compared with NA. At the time of writing, some EU states are either restricted from landfilling mixed plastic waste or the cost is significantly greater than in NA ($80 to 125 USD/t vs $55 USD/t). This makes recycling a favourable option in the EU, and, in turn, has led to more industrial processing and innovation, more recycled product uptake, and the structuring of collection and sorting methods that favour cleaner polymer streams. This is a self-re-enforcing cycle and is evident by EU technologies and industries that have emerged to process "problem plastics", such as mixed plastic film wastes, co-polymer films, thermosets, Polystyrene, (PS) Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), and others. This is in contrast with NA recycling infrastructure, which has been tailored to shipping low-value mixed plastic waste abroad. Circularity is far from complete in any jurisdiction as export of plastic to developing countries is an opaque, but often used disposal method in the EU as it is in NA. Proposed restrictions on off-shore shipping and regulations requiring minimum recycled plastic content in new products will potentially increase plastic recycling by increasing both supply and demand for recycled product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joe Ackerman
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - David B Levin
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Du J, Zeng L, Yan T, Wang C, Wang M, Luo L, Wu W, Peng Z, Li H, Zeng J. Efficient solvent- and hydrogen-free upcycling of high-density polyethylene into separable cyclic hydrocarbons. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:772-779. [PMID: 37365277 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01429-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution is a planetary threat that has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic due to the surge in medical waste, personal protective equipment and takeaway packaging. A socially sustainable and economically viable method for plastic recycling should not use consumable materials such as co-reactants or solvents. Here we report that Ru nanoparticles on zeolitic HZSM-5 catalyse the solvent- and hydrogen-free upcycling of high-density polyethylene into a separable distribution of linear (C1 to C6) and cyclic (C7 to C15) hydrocarbons. The valuable monocyclic hydrocarbons accounted for 60.3 mol% of the total yield. Based on mechanistic studies, the dehydrogenation of polymer chains to form C=C bonds occurs on both Ru sites and acid sites in HZSM-5, whereas carbenium ions are generated on the acid sites via the protonation of the C=C bonds. Accordingly, optimizing the Ru and acid sites promoted the cyclization process, which requires the simultaneous existence of a C=C bond and a carbenium ion on a molecular chain at an appropriate distance, providing high activity and cyclic hydrocarbon selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Du
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Strongly Coupled Quantum Matter Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zeng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Strongly Coupled Quantum Matter Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Strongly Coupled Quantum Matter Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanhao Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Strongly Coupled Quantum Matter Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Menglin Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Strongly Coupled Quantum Matter Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Luo
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Strongly Coupled Quantum Matter Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlong Wu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Strongly Coupled Quantum Matter Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijun Peng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Strongly Coupled Quantum Matter Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Strongly Coupled Quantum Matter Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zeng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Strongly Coupled Quantum Matter Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Vickery WM, Wood HB, Orlando JD, Singh J, Deng C, Li L, Zhou JY, Lanni F, Porter AW, Sydlik SA. Environmental and health impacts of functional graphenic materials and their ultrasonically altered products. NANOIMPACT 2023; 31:100471. [PMID: 37315844 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2023.100471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Graphenic materials have excited the scientific community due to their exciting mechanical, thermal, and optoelectronic properties for a potential range of applications. Graphene and graphene derivatives have demonstrated application in areas stretching from composites to medicine; however, the environmental and health impacts of these materials have not been sufficiently characterized. Graphene oxide (GO) is one of the most widely used graphenic derivatives due to a relatively easy and scalable synthesis, and the ability to tailor the oxygen containing functional groups through further chemical modification. In this paper, ecological and health impacts of fresh and ultrasonically altered functional graphenic materials (FGMs) were investigated. Model organisms, specifically Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Caenorhabditis elegans, were used to assess the consequences of environmental exposure to fresh and ultrasonically altered FGMs. FGMs were selected to evaluate the environmental effects of aggregation state, degree of oxidation, charge, and ultrasonication. The major findings indicate that bacterial cell viability, nematode fertility, and nematode movement were largely unaffected, suggesting that a wide variety of FGMs may not pose significant health and environmental risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walker M Vickery
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Hunter B Wood
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Jason D Orlando
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Juhi Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Chenyun Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Li Li
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Jing-Yi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Frederick Lanni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Aidan W Porter
- Department of Pediatrics, Nephrology Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5th and Ruskin Ave, Pittsburg, PA 15260, United States; Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - Stefanie A Sydlik
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Iwasaki T, Tsuge K, Naito N, Nozaki K. Chemoselectivity change in catalytic hydrogenolysis enabling urea-reduction to formamide/amine over more reactive carbonyl compounds. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3279. [PMID: 37308470 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38997-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective transformation of a less reactive carbonyl moiety in the presence of more reactive ones can realize straightforward and environmentally benign chemical processes. However, such a transformation is highly challenging because the reactivity of carbonyl compounds, one of the most important functionalities in organic chemistry, depends on the substituents on the carbon atom. Herein, we report an Ir catalyst for the selective hydrogenolysis of urea derivatives, which are the least reactive carbonyl compounds, affording formamides and amines. Although formamide, as well as ester, amide, and carbamate substituents, are considered to be more reactive than urea, the proposed Ir catalyst tolerated these carbonyl groups and reacted with urea in a highly chemoselective manner. The proposed chemo- and regioselective hydrogenolysis allows the development of a strategy for the chemical recycling of polyurea resins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Iwasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Tsuge
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Naoki Naito
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kyoko Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yan T, Balzer AH, Herbert KM, Epps TH, Korley LTJ. Circularity in polymers: addressing performance and sustainability challenges using dynamic covalent chemistries. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5243-5265. [PMID: 37234906 PMCID: PMC10208058 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00551h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The circularity of current and future polymeric materials is a major focus of fundamental and applied research, as undesirable end-of-life outcomes and waste accumulation are global problems that impact our society. The recycling or repurposing of thermoplastics and thermosets is an attractive solution to these issues, yet both options are encumbered by poor property retention upon reuse, along with heterogeneities in common waste streams that limit property optimization. Dynamic covalent chemistry, when applied to polymeric materials, enables the targeted design of reversible bonds that can be tailored to specific reprocessing conditions to help address conventional recycling challenges. In this review, we highlight the key features of several dynamic covalent chemistries that can promote closed-loop recyclability and we discuss recent synthetic progress towards incorporating these chemistries into new polymers and existing commodity plastics. Next, we outline how dynamic covalent bonds and polymer network structure influence thermomechanical properties related to application and recyclability, with a focus on predictive physical models that describe network rearrangement. Finally, we examine the potential economic and environmental impacts of dynamic covalent polymeric materials in closed-loop processing using elements derived from techno-economic analysis and life-cycle assessment, including minimum selling prices and greenhouse gas emissions. Throughout each section, we discuss interdisciplinary obstacles that hinder the widespread adoption of dynamic polymers and present opportunities and new directions toward the realization of circularity in polymeric materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianwei Yan
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Plastics Innovation (CPI), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
| | - Alex H Balzer
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Plastics Innovation (CPI), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
| | - Katie M Herbert
- Center for Plastics Innovation (CPI), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
| | - Thomas H Epps
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Plastics Innovation (CPI), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Research in Soft matter and Polymers (CRiSP), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
| | - LaShanda T J Korley
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Plastics Innovation (CPI), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Research in Soft matter and Polymers (CRiSP), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sahoo S, Rathod W, Vardikar H, Biswal M, Mohanty S, Nayak SK. Biomedical waste plastic: bacteria, disinfection and recycling technologies-a comprehensive review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : IJEST 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37360566 PMCID: PMC10189688 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-023-04975-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Plastic recycling reduces the wastage of potentially useful materials as well as the consumption of virgin materials, thereby lowering the energy consumption, air pollution by incineration, soil and water pollution by landfilling. Plastics used in the biomedical sector have played a significant role. Reducing the transmission of the virus while protecting the human life in particular the frontline workers. Enormous volumes of plastics in biomedical waste have been observed during the outbreak of the pandemic COVID-19. This has resulted from the extensive use of personal protective equipment such as masks, gloves, face shields, bottles, sanitizers, gowns, and other medical plastics which has created challenges to the existing waste management system in the developing countries. The current review focuses on the biomedical waste and its classification, disinfection, and recycling technology of different types of plastics waste generated in the sector and their corresponding approaches toward end-of-life option and value addition. This review provides a broader overview of the process to reduce the volume of plastics from biomedical waste directly entering the landfill while providing a knowledge step toward the conversion of "waste" to "wealth." An average of 25% of the recyclable plastics are present in biomedical waste. All the processes discussed in this article accounts for cleaner techniques and a sustainable approach to the treatment of biomedical waste. Graphical abstract
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Sahoo
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials, Central Institute of Petrochemical Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024 India
- Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha 753003 India
| | - W. Rathod
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials, Central Institute of Petrochemical Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024 India
| | - H. Vardikar
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials, Central Institute of Petrochemical Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024 India
| | - M. Biswal
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials, Central Institute of Petrochemical Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024 India
| | - S. Mohanty
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials, Central Institute of Petrochemical Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024 India
| | - S. K. Nayak
- Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha 753003 India
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lu L, Li W, Cheng Y, Liu M. Chemical recycling technologies for PVC waste and PVC-containing plastic waste: A review. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 166:245-258. [PMID: 37196390 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The extensive production and consumption of plastics has resulted in significant plastic waste and plastic pollution. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) waste has a high chlorine content and is the primary source of chlorine in the plastic waste stream, potentially generating hazardous chlorinated organic pollutants if treated improperly. This review discusses PVC synthesis, applications, and the current types and challenges of PVC waste management. Dechlorination is vital for the chemical recycling of PVC waste and PVC-containing plastic waste. We review dehydrochlorination and dechlorination mechanisms of PVC using thermal degradation and wet treatments, and summarize the recent progress in chemical treatments and dechlorination principles. This review provides readers with a comprehensive analysis of chemical recycling technologies for PVC waste and PVC-containing plastic waste to transform them into chemicals, fuels, feedstock, and value-added polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Weiming Li
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Meng Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Marquez C, Martin C, Linares N, De Vos D. Catalytic routes towards polystyrene recycling. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:1625-1640. [PMID: 36861895 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01215d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Polystyrene (PS) is one of the most popular plastics due to its versatility, which renders it useful for a large variety of applications, including laboratory equipment, insulation and food packaging. However, its recycling is still a challenge, as both mechanical and chemical (thermal) recycling strategies are often cost-prohibitive in comparison to current disposal methods. Therefore, catalytic depolymerization of PS represents the best alternative to overcome these economical drawbacks, since the presence of a catalyst can improve product selectivity for chemical recycling and upcycling of PS. This minireview focuses on the catalytic processes for the production of styrene and other valuable aromatics from PS waste, and it aims to lay the ground for PS recyclability and long-term sustainable PS production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Marquez
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Cristina Martin
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, C/José María Sánchez Ibañez s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics (MIP), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Noemi Linares
- Molecular Nanotechnology Lab, Department of Inorganic Chemistry. University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Dirk De Vos
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
La Mantia FP, Scaffaro R, Baiamonte M, Ceraulo M, Mistretta MC. Comparison of the Recycling Behavior of a Polypropylene Sample Aged in Air and in Marine Water. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092173. [PMID: 37177318 PMCID: PMC10180966 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During the processing and during their lifetime, polymers are subjected to several environmental stresses-thermomechanical, photo-oxidative, etc.-that can strongly modify their chemical and molecular structure and, consequently, their morphology. Reduction of the molecular weight and formation of double bonds and oxygenated groups are the main changes observed as a consequence of the degradation. As a result of these changes, the macroscopic properties are dramatically modified. These changes can have a relevant effect if the post-consumer plastic manufacts are recycled. In this work, a sample of polypropylene subjected to two different degradation histories-photo-oxidation in air and in marine water-is reprocessed two times in a mini twin-screw extruder in the same processing conditions. The effect of the thermomechanical degradation during the reprocessing is different. Indeed, the less severe degraded sample shows a higher degradation level during reprocessing because the shear stress is larger. This means that the thermomechanical degradation kinetics is larger in the less degraded samples. Nevertheless, the final properties of the recycled polymers are different because the properties of the photo-oxidized samples before reprocessing were very different.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paolo La Mantia
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- INSTM, Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale di Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, Via Giusti, 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Roberto Scaffaro
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- INSTM, Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale di Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, Via Giusti, 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Marilena Baiamonte
- INSTM, Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale di Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, Via Giusti, 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Manuela Ceraulo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Mistretta
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mastropietro TF. Metal-organic frameworks and plastic: an emerging synergic partnership. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2023; 24:2189890. [PMID: 37007671 PMCID: PMC10054298 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2023.2189890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mismanagement of plastic waste results in its ubiquitous presence in the environment. Despite being durable and persistent materials, plastics are reduced by weathering phenomena into debris with a particle size down to nanometers. The fate and ecotoxicological effects of these solid micropollutants are not fully understood yet, but they are raising increasing concerns for the environment and people's health. Even if different current technologies have the potential to remove plastic particles, the efficiency of these processes is modest, especially for nanoparticles. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline nano-porous materials with unique properties, have unique properties, such as strong coordination bonds, large and robustus porous structures, high accessible surface areas and adsorption capacity, which make them suitable adsorbent materials for micropollutants. This review examines the preliminary results reported in literature indicating that MOFs are promising adsorbents for the removal of plastic particles from water, especially when MOFs are integrated in porous composite materials or membranes, where they are able to assure high removal efficiency, superior water flux and antifouling properties, even in the presence of other dissolved co-pollutants. Moreover, a recent trend for the alternative preparation of MOFs starting from plastic waste, especially polyethylene terephthalate, as a sustainable source of organic linkers is also reviewed, as it represents a promising route for mitigating the impact of the costs deriving from the widescale MOFs production and application. This connubial between MOFs and plastic has the potential to contribute at implementing a more effective waste management and the circular economy principles in the polymer life cycle.
Collapse
|
37
|
Tournier V, Duquesne S, Guillamot F, Cramail H, Taton D, Marty A, André I. Enzymes' Power for Plastics Degradation. Chem Rev 2023; 123:5612-5701. [PMID: 36916764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Plastics are everywhere in our modern way of living, and their production keeps increasing every year, causing major environmental concerns. Nowadays, the end-of-life management involves accumulation in landfills, incineration, and recycling to a lower extent. This ecological threat to the environment is inspiring alternative bio-based solutions for plastic waste treatment and recycling toward a circular economy. Over the past decade, considerable efforts have been made to degrade commodity plastics using biocatalytic approaches. Here, we provide a comprehensive review on the recent advances in enzyme-based biocatalysis and in the design of related biocatalytic processes to recycle or upcycle commodity plastics, including polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes, and polyolefins. We also discuss scope and limitations, challenges, and opportunities of this field of research. An important message from this review is that polymer-assimilating enzymes are very likely part of the solution to reaching a circular plastic economy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Tournier
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux-Bâtiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sophie Duquesne
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France, 135, avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Frédérique Guillamot
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux-Bâtiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Henri Cramail
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Daniel Taton
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Alain Marty
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux-Bâtiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Isabelle André
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France, 135, avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zunita M, Winoto HP, Fauzan MFK, Haikal R. Recent Advances in Plastics Waste Degradation Using Ionic Liquid-Based Process. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
|
39
|
Ling M, Ma D, Hu X, Liu Z, Wang D, Feng Q. Hydrothermal treatment of polyvinyl chloride: Reactors, dechlorination chemistry, application, and challenges. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 316:137718. [PMID: 36592841 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic wastes can bring a series of problems during pyrolysis or incineration such as the emission of dioxins, corrosion, slagging in the reactors, etc. Hydrothermal treatment of PVC plastics has been intensively studied as it can efficiently remove chlorine from PVC plastics under relatively mild reaction conditions (220-300 °C) to provide value-added products. Meanwhile, the research progress, knowledge gaps, and challenges in this field have not been well addressed yet. This paper gives a comprehensive review of hydrothermal dechlorination of PVC plastics regarding reactors, process variables and fundamentals, possible applications, and challenges. The main pathways of hydrothermal dechlorination of PVC plastics are elimination and -OH nucleophilic substitution. Catalytic hydrothermal and co-hydrothermal optimize the chemical reactions and transportation, boosting the dechlorination of PVC plastics. Hydrochar derived from PVC plastics, on the one hand, is coalified close to sub-bituminous and bituminous coal and can be used as low-chlorine solid fuel. On the other hand, it is also a porous material with aromatic structure and oxygen-containing functional groups, with good potential as adsorbent or energy storage materials. Further studies are expected to focus on waste liquid treatment, revealing the energy and economic balance, reducing the dechlorination temperature and pressure, expanding the application of products, etc. for promoting the implementation of the hydrothermal treatment of PVC plastic wastes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Ling
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Dachao Ma
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Xuan Hu
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Dongbo Wang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Qingge Feng
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Eissenberger K, Ballesteros A, De Bisschop R, Bugnicourt E, Cinelli P, Defoin M, Demeyer E, Fürtauer S, Gioia C, Gómez L, Hornberger R, Ißbrücker C, Mennella M, von Pogrell H, Rodriguez-Turienzo L, Romano A, Rosato A, Saile N, Schulz C, Schwede K, Sisti L, Spinelli D, Sturm M, Uyttendaele W, Verstichel S, Schmid M. Approaches in Sustainable, Biobased Multilayer Packaging Solutions. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051184. [PMID: 36904425 PMCID: PMC10007551 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The depletion of fossil resources and the growing demand for plastic waste reduction has put industries and academic researchers under pressure to develop increasingly sustainable packaging solutions that are both functional and circularly designed. In this review, we provide an overview of the fundamentals and recent advances in biobased packaging materials, including new materials and techniques for their modification as well as their end-of-life scenarios. We also discuss the composition and modification of biobased films and multilayer structures, with particular attention to readily available drop-in solutions, as well as coating techniques. Moreover, we discuss end-of-life factors, including sorting systems, detection methods, composting options, and recycling and upcycling possibilities. Finally, regulatory aspects are pointed out for each application scenario and end-of-life option. Moreover, we discuss the human factor in terms of consumer perception and acceptance of upcycling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Eissenberger
- Sustainable Packaging Institute SPI, Faculty of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University, Anton-Günther-Str. 51, 72488 Sigmaringen, Germany
- Correspondence: (K.E.); (M.S.)
| | - Arantxa Ballesteros
- Centro Tecnológico ITENE, Parque Tecnológico, Carrer d’Albert Einstein 1, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Robbe De Bisschop
- Centexbel, Textile Competence Centre, Etienne Sabbelaan 49, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Elodie Bugnicourt
- Graphic Packaging International, Fountain Plaza, Belgicastraat 7, 1930 Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Cinelli
- Planet Bioplastics S.r.l., Via San Giovanni Bosco 23, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marc Defoin
- Bostik SA, 420 rue d’Estienne d’Orves, 92700 Colombes, France
| | - Elke Demeyer
- Centexbel, Textile Competence Centre, Etienne Sabbelaan 49, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Siegfried Fürtauer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging, Materials Development, Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Claudio Gioia
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lola Gómez
- AIMPLAS, Plastics Technology Center, Valencia Parc Tecnologic, Carrer de Gustave Eiffel 4, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Ramona Hornberger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging, Materials Development, Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | | | - Mara Mennella
- KNEIA S.L., Carrer d’Aribau 168-170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hasso von Pogrell
- AIMPLAS, Plastics Technology Center, Valencia Parc Tecnologic, Carrer de Gustave Eiffel 4, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | | | - Angela Romano
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonella Rosato
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nadja Saile
- Sustainable Packaging Institute SPI, Faculty of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University, Anton-Günther-Str. 51, 72488 Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Christian Schulz
- European Bioplastics e.V. (EUBP), Marienstr. 19/20, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Schwede
- European Bioplastics e.V. (EUBP), Marienstr. 19/20, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Sisti
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Spinelli
- Next Technology Tecnotessile, Chemical Division, Via del Gelso 13, 59100 Prato, Italy
| | - Max Sturm
- Sustainable Packaging Institute SPI, Faculty of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University, Anton-Günther-Str. 51, 72488 Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Willem Uyttendaele
- Centexbel, Textile Competence Centre, Etienne Sabbelaan 49, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Markus Schmid
- Sustainable Packaging Institute SPI, Faculty of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University, Anton-Günther-Str. 51, 72488 Sigmaringen, Germany
- Correspondence: (K.E.); (M.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gopal J, Muthu M. The COVID-19 pandemic redefining the mundane food packaging material industry? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 861:160463. [PMID: 36503651 PMCID: PMC9701582 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has been the talk of the globe, as it swept across the world population, changing enumerable aspects. The pandemic affected all sectors directly or indirectly. The food sector took a direct hit. The food packaging sector rose to the occasion to serve and feed the pandemic affected, but there were interactions, reactions, and consequences that evolved through the course of the journey through the pandemic. The aim of this perspective is to address the importance of the food packaging industry (from the COVID-19 point of view) and to highlight the unpreparedness of the food packaging materials, for times as these. As the world has been asked to learn to live with Corona, improvisations are definitely necessary, the lapses in the system need to be rectified, and the entire packaging industry has to go through fortification to co-exist with Corona or confront something worse than Corona. This discussion is set out to understand the gravity of the actual situation, assimilating information available from the scattered shreds of reports. Food packaging materials were used, and plastic wastes were generated in bulks, single-use plastics for fear of contamination gained prominence, leading to an enormous turnover of wastes. Fear of Corona, sprayed overloads of sanitizers and disinfectants on food package material surfaces for surface sterilization. The food packages were tailored for food containment needs, never were they planned for sanitizer sprays. The consequences of these sanitization procedures are unprecedented, neglected and in the post-COVID-19 phase no action appears to have been taken. Corona took us by surprise this time, but next time atleast the food packaging industry needs to be fully equipped. Speculated consequences have been reviewed and plausible suggestions have been proposed. The need for extensive research focus in this direction in exploring the ground-reality has been highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judy Gopal
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manikandan Muthu
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Fused Deposition Modeling of Single-Use Plastic Alloy. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/9313467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Packaging plastics are called ‘single-use plastics’ because of short lifetime. Among which, the three plastics of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) take more than 70%. Due to incompatibility, few research has been done on the alloy of the three plastics. The aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of single-use plastic alloy (SUPA) of ternary PE, PP, and PET as the 3D printing material. Tensile and bending tests are carried out to investigate the mechanical properties, photographs of scanning electron microscope (SEM) are taken for morphology analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are used to study the crystallization behavior of the alloys. The results show that there is an optimal ratio for all the components to obtain the best mechanical performances, i.e., the ratio of
with 20 wt% PET, 2 wt% maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MAH) and 2 wt% organic modified montmorillonite (OMMT). This SUPA has a tensile strength of 14.48 MPa, a tensile modulus of 586.42 MPa, a flexural strength of 15.85 MPa, and a flexural modulus of 544.67 MPa. Due to the function of compatibilizer and nanoclay (NC) will be affected by redundancy, the potential primary fibrosis while collecting the feeding filaments and the secondary fibrosis at the nozzle of 3D printing might be responsible for the variation of the mechanical performances.
Collapse
|
43
|
Shi Z, Yu X, Duan J, Guo W. The complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas chengduensis BC1815 for genome mining of PET degrading enzymes. Mar Genomics 2023; 67:101008. [PMID: 36682853 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2022.101008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas chengduensis BC1815, isolated from a marine sediment sample of the Pacific Ocean, can grow in mineral medium with PET plastic as sole carbon source. Here, we present the complete genome of Pseudomonas chengduensis BC1815, which will facilitate the genome mining of PET degrading enzymes. The total length of the sequenced genome consists of 5,578,440 bases, with mean G + C content of 62.65%. A total of 5150 coding genes including 65 tRNAs and 12 rRNAs were predicted in the genome. Thirteen proteins of esterase, lipase and α/β hydrolase were taken as candidates for PET degrading enzymes, in which eight were membrane bounded and the others were secretory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengguang Shi
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang 362251, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Xue Yu
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang 362251, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Jingjing Duan
- College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Wenbin Guo
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang 362251, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Pillay R, Hansraj R, Rampersad N. Spectacle lens and contact lens recycling in South Africa. AFRICAN VISION AND EYE HEALTH 2023. [DOI: 10.4102/aveh.v82i1.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
|
45
|
Minami Y, Matsuyama N, Takeichi Y, Watanabe R, Mathew S, Nakajima Y. Depolymerization of robust polyetheretherketone to regenerate monomer units using sulfur reagents. Commun Chem 2023; 6:14. [PMID: 36697710 PMCID: PMC9873933 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00814-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Super engineering plastics, high-performance thermoplastic resins such as polyetheretherketone, and polyphenylene sulfide have been utilized in industries, owing to their high thermal stability and mechanical strength. However, their robustness hinders their depolymerization to produce monomers and low-weight molecules. Presently, chemical recycling for most super engineering plastics remains relatively unexplored. Herein, we report the depolymerization of insoluble polyetheretherketone using sulfur nucleophiles via carbon-oxygen bond cleavages to form benzophenone dithiolate and hydroquinone. Treatment with organic halides converted only the former products to afford various dithiofunctionalized benzophenones. The depolymerization proceeded as a solid-liquid reaction in the initial phase. Therefore, this method was not affected by the shape of polyetheretherketone, e.g., pellets or films. Moreover, this depolymerization method was applicable to carbon- or glass fiber-enforced polyetheretherketone material. The depolymerized product, dithiofunctionalized benzophenones, could be converted into diiodobenzophenone, which was applicable to the polymerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Minami
- grid.208504.b0000 0001 2230 7538Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan ,grid.419082.60000 0004 1754 9200PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Nao Matsuyama
- grid.208504.b0000 0001 2230 7538Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Yasuo Takeichi
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Ryota Watanabe
- grid.208504.b0000 0001 2230 7538Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Siby Mathew
- grid.208504.b0000 0001 2230 7538Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Yumiko Nakajima
- grid.208504.b0000 0001 2230 7538Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zanella D, Romagnoli M, Malcangi S, Beccaria M, Chenet T, De Luca C, Testoni F, Pasti L, Visentini U, Morini G, Cavazzini A, Franchina FA. The contribution of high-resolution GC separations in plastic recycling research. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:2343-2355. [PMID: 36650250 PMCID: PMC10149442 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
One convenient strategy to reduce environmental impact and pollution involves the reuse and revalorization of waste produced by modern society. Nowadays, global plastic production has reached 367 million tons per year and because of their durable nature, their recycling is fundamental for the achievement of the circular economy objective. In closing the loop of plastics, advanced recycling, i.e., the breakdown of plastics into their building blocks and their transformation into valuable secondary raw materials, is a promising management option for post-consumer plastic waste. The most valuable product from advanced recycling is a fluid hydrocarbon stream (or pyrolysis oil) which represents the feedstock for further refinement and processing into new plastics. In this context, gas chromatography is currently playing an important role since it is being used to study the pyrolysis oils, as well as any organic contaminants, and it can be considered a high-resolution separation technique, able to provide the molecular composition of such complex samples. This information significantly helps to tailor the pyrolysis process to produce high-quality feedstocks. In addition, the detection of contaminants (i.e., heteroatom-containing compounds) is crucial to avoid catalytic deterioration and to implement and design further purification processes. The current review highlights the importance of molecular characterization of waste stream products, and particularly the pyrolysis oils obtained from waste plastics. An overview of relevant applications published recently will be provided, and the potential of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography, which represents the natural evolution of gas chromatography into a higher-resolution technique, will be underlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Zanella
- Giulio Natta Research Center, LyondellBasell Italy, Piazzale Donegani 12, 44122, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Monica Romagnoli
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sofia Malcangi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Beccaria
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tatiana Chenet
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Testoni
- Giulio Natta Research Center, LyondellBasell Italy, Piazzale Donegani 12, 44122, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luisa Pasti
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ugo Visentini
- Giulio Natta Research Center, LyondellBasell Italy, Piazzale Donegani 12, 44122, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giampiero Morini
- Giulio Natta Research Center, LyondellBasell Italy, Piazzale Donegani 12, 44122, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Flavio A Franchina
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Mouren A, Avérous L. Sustainable cycloaliphatic polyurethanes: from synthesis to applications. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:277-317. [PMID: 36520183 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00509c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyurethanes (PUs) are a versatile and major polymer family, mainly produced via polyaddition between polyols and polyisocyanates. A large variety of fossil-based building blocks is commonly used to develop a wide range of macromolecular architectures with specific properties. Due to environmental concerns, legislation, rarefaction of some petrol fractions and price fluctuation, sustainable feedstocks are attracting significant attention, e.g., plastic waste and biobased resources from biomass. Consequently, various sustainable building blocks are available to develop new renewable macromolecular architectures such as aromatics, linear aliphatics and cycloaliphatics. Meanwhile, the relationship between the chemical structures of these building blocks and properties of the final PUs can be determined. For instance, aromatic building blocks are remarkable to endow materials with rigidity, hydrophobicity, fire resistance, chemical and thermal stability, whereas acyclic aliphatics endow them with oxidation and UV light resistance, flexibility and transparency. Cycloaliphatics are very interesting as they combine most of the advantages of linear aliphatic and aromatic compounds. This original and unique review presents a comprehensive overview of the synthesis of sustainable cycloaliphatic PUs using various renewable products such as biobased terpenes, carbohydrates, fatty acids and cholesterol and/or plastic waste. Herein, we summarize the chemical modification of the main sustainable cycloaliphatic feedstocks, synthesis of PUs using these building blocks and their corresponding properties and subsequently present their major applications in hot-topic fields, including building, transportation, packaging and biomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Mouren
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France.
| | - Luc Avérous
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zheng K, Wu Y, Hu Z, Wang S, Jiao X, Zhu J, Sun Y, Xie Y. Progress and perspective for conversion of plastic wastes into valuable chemicals. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8-29. [PMID: 36468343 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00688j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Today, discarded plastics in nature have caused serious "white pollution", however these plastic wastes contain abundant carbon resources that could serve as the feedstock to produce commodities. Because of this, it is requisite to convert these plastic wastes into valuable chemicals. Herein, the state-of-the-art techniques for plastic conversion are divided into two categories, those performed under violent conditions and mild conditions, in which the conversion mechanisms are discussed. The strategies under violent conditions are closer to practical application thanks to their excellent conversion efficiencies, while the strategies under mild conditions are more environmentally friendly, showing enormous development potential in the future. We summarize in detail the pyrolysis, hydropyrolysis, solvolysis and microwave-initiated catalysis for bond cleavage in plastic wastes at temperatures ranging from 448 to 973 K. Also, we overview the photocatalysis, electrocatalysis and biocatalysis for bond cleavage in plastic wastes at near and even normal temperature and pressure. Finally, we present some suggestions and outlooks concerning the improvement of current techniques and in-depth mechanisms of investigation for conversion of plastics into valuable chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Yang Wu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Zexun Hu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Shumin Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Xingchen Jiao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Juncheng Zhu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Yongfu Sun
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Yi Xie
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Undas AK, Groenen M, Peters RJB, van Leeuwen SPJ. Safety of recycled plastics and textiles: Review on the detection, identification and safety assessment of contaminants. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137175. [PMID: 36370761 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In 2019, 368 mln tonnes of plastics were produced worldwide. Likewise, the textiles and apparel industry, with an annual revenue of 1.3 trillion USD in 2016, is one of the largest fast-growing industries. Sustainable use of resources forces the development of new plastic and textile recycling methods and implementation of the circular economy (reduce, reuse and recycle) concept. However, circular use of plastics and textiles could lead to the accumulation of a variety of contaminants in the recycled product. This paper first reviewed the origin and nature of potential hazards that arise from recycling processes of plastics and textiles. Next, we reviewed current analytical methods and safety assessment frameworks that could be adapted to detect and identify these contaminants. Various contaminants can end up in recycled plastic. Phthalates are formed during waste collection while flame retardants and heavy metals are introduced during the recycling process. Contaminants linked to textile recycling include; detergents, resistant coatings, flame retardants, plastics coatings, antibacterial and anti-mould agents, pesticides, dyes, volatile organic compounds and nanomaterials. However, information is limited and further research is required. Various techniques are available that have detected various compounds, However, standards have to be developed in order to identify these compounds. Furthermore, the techniques mentioned in this review cover a wide range of organic chemicals, but studies covering potential inorganic contamination in recycled materials are still missing. Finally, approaches like TTC and CoMSAS for risk assessment should be used for recycled plastic and textile materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Undas
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marc Groenen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB, Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Ruud J B Peters
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wu H, Liu Q, Sun W, Lu Y, Qi Y, Zhang H. Biodegradability of polyethylene mulch film by Bacillus paramycoides. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:136978. [PMID: 36306965 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Discarded polyethylene (PE) mulch film has led to persistent agricultural pollution. Biodegradation of plastic waste is considered as a promising solution that can potentially overcome environmental and economic problems. In this study, a novel bacterium (Bacillus paramycoides) was isolated from a waste mulch recycling plant and showed an extraordinary ability to customize polyethylene film. It was observed by scanning electron microscopy that a large number of pits and wrinkle cracks existed on the polyethylene, indicating that the strain used PE film as the sole carbon source. Meanwhile, the loss of weight of the film was tested continuously, and approximately 12% of the initial weight of the film was found to be lost within 45 days after coincubation with TW-2. The surface hydrophobicity of the polyethylene film decreased while the surface tension increased from 9.755 to 31.013. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis indicated that absorption peaks near 1740 cm-1 and 2760 cm-1 were attributed to the stretching vibrations of aldehyde and carboxyl groups, respectively, suggesting that hydrophilic groups were produced. This was also confirmed by XPS spectroscopy analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis also showed that the relative crystallinity decreased from 33% to 11.51%. In addition, GPC analysis showed that the molecular weight decreased, while the proportion of low molecular weight fragments increased. These results strongly indicated that the PE film was able to be degraded to some extent by the strain. Finally, a new biodegradable mechanism for polyethylene was proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Wenxiao Sun
- Key Laboratory for Utility of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in University of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Yahong Lu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Yanjiao Qi
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China; Key Laboratory for Utility of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in University of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China; Key Laboratory for Utility of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in University of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China; College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|