1
|
Jin Y, Lin L, Xiong M, Sun S, Wu SC. Moderating effects of cognitive reserve on the relationship between brain structure and cognitive abilities in middle-aged and older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 128:49-64. [PMID: 37163923 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The cognitive reserve (CR) hypothesis is reinforced by negative moderating effects, suggesting that those with higher CR are less reliant on brain structure for cognitive function. Previous research on CR's moderating effects yielded inconsistent results, motivating our 3 studies using UK Biobank data. Study I examined five CR proxies' moderating effects on global, lobar, and regional brain-cognition models; study II extended study I by using a larger sample size; and study III investigated age-related moderating effects on the hippocampal regions. In study I, most moderating effects were negative and none survived the multiple comparison correction, but study II identified 13 global-level models with significant negative moderating effects that survived correction. Study III showed age influenced CR proxies' moderating effects in hippocampal regions. Our findings suggest that the effects of CR proxies on brain integrity and cognition varied depending on the proxy used, brain integrity indicators, cognitive domain, and age group. This study offers significant insights regarding the importance of CR for brain integrity and cognitive outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jin
- Intelligent Physiological Measurement and Clinical Translation, Beijing International Base for Scientific and Technological Cooperation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Lin
- Intelligent Physiological Measurement and Clinical Translation, Beijing International Base for Scientific and Technological Cooperation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Min Xiong
- Intelligent Physiological Measurement and Clinical Translation, Beijing International Base for Scientific and Technological Cooperation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shen Sun
- Intelligent Physiological Measurement and Clinical Translation, Beijing International Base for Scientific and Technological Cooperation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shui-Cai Wu
- Intelligent Physiological Measurement and Clinical Translation, Beijing International Base for Scientific and Technological Cooperation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zwolińska W, Dmitrzak-Węglarz M, Słopień A. Biomarkers in Child and Adolescent Depression. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2023; 54:266-281. [PMID: 34590201 PMCID: PMC9867683 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01246-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the significant prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder in the pediatric population, the pathophysiology of this condition remains unclear, and the treatment outcomes poor. Investigating tools that might aid in diagnosing and treating early-onset depression seems essential in improving the prognosis of the future disease course. Recent studies have focused on searching for biomarkers that constitute biochemical indicators of MDD susceptibility, diagnosis, or treatment outcome. In comparison to increasing evidence of possible biomarkers in adult depression, the studies investigating this subject in the youth population are lacking. This narrative review aims to summarize research on molecular and biochemical biomarkers in child and adolescent depression in order to advocate future directions in the research on this subject. More studies on depression involving the youth population seem vital to comprehend the natural course of the disease and identify features that may underlie commonly observed differences in treatment outcomes between adults and children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Zwolińska
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna St. 27/33, 60-572, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Monika Dmitrzak-Węglarz
- grid.22254.330000 0001 2205 0971Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Medical Biology Center, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka St. 8, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Słopień
- grid.22254.330000 0001 2205 0971Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna St. 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mulligan CJ, Clukay CJ, Matarazzo A, Hadfield K, Nevell L, Dajani R, Panter-Brick C. Novel GxE effects and resilience: A case:control longitudinal study of psychosocial stress with war-affected youth. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266509. [PMID: 35377919 PMCID: PMC8979449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Responses to early life adversity differ greatly across individuals. Elucidating which factors underlie this variation can help us better understand how to improve health trajectories. Here we used a case:control study of refugee and non-refugee youth, differentially exposed to war-related trauma, to investigate the effects of genetics and psychosocial environment on response to trauma. We investigated genetic variants in two genes (serotonin transporter, 5-HTT, and catechol-O-methyltransferase, COMT) that have been implicated in response to trauma. We collected buccal samples and survey data from 417 Syrian refugee and 306 Jordanian non-refugee youth who were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial to evaluate a mental health-focused intervention. Measures of lifetime trauma exposure, resilience, and six mental health and psychosocial stress outcomes were collected at three time points: baseline, ~13 weeks, and ~48 weeks. We used multilevel models to identify gene x environment (GxE) interactions and direct effects of the genetic variants in association with the six outcome measures over time. We did not identify any interactions with trauma exposure, but we did identify GxE interactions with both genes and resilience; 1) individuals with high expression (HE) variants of 5-HTTLPR and high levels of resilience had the lowest levels of perceived stress and 2) individuals homozygous for the Val variant of COMT with high levels of resilience showed stable levels of post-traumatic stress symptoms. We also identified a direct protective effect of 5-HTTLPR HE homozygotes on perceived insecurity. Our results point to novel interactions between the protective effects of genetic variants and resilience, lending support to ideas of differential susceptibility and altered stress reactivity in a cohort of war-affected adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connie J. Mulligan
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Christopher J. Clukay
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Anthony Matarazzo
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kristin Hadfield
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Global Health, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lisa Nevell
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rana Dajani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Catherine Panter-Brick
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Jackson Institute of Global Affairs, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Henry LM, Steele EH, Watson KH, Bettis AH, Gruhn M, Dunbar J, Reising M, Compas BE. Stress Exposure and Maternal Depression as Risk Factors for Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Adolescents. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2020; 51:572-584. [PMID: 31729628 PMCID: PMC7225034 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-019-00940-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Little research has explored the implications of stress inside and outside of the family as a risk factor for psychological symptoms in adolescents of depressed mothers. In a sample of 115 adolescents and their mothers with and without depression histories, adolescents' family and peer stress exposure was measured through the Responses to Stress Questionnaire, and adolescents' anxious/depressed symptoms were measured with the Youth Self Report and Child Behavior Checklist. Mothers reported their current depression symptoms on the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Results suggest that adolescents of mothers with depression histories and current depression symptoms experience more family and peer stress than adolescents of nondepressed mothers. In multiple linear regression analyses, current maternal depression symptoms moderated the relation between adolescent peer stress and adolescent anxious/depressed symptoms, such that peer stress was associated with anxious/depressed symptoms when maternal depression symptoms were average or high, but not when maternal depression symptoms were low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Henry
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Ellen H. Steele
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Kelly H. Watson
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Alexandra H. Bettis
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Meredith Gruhn
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Jennifer Dunbar
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Michelle Reising
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Bruce E. Compas
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vrshek-Schallhorn S, Sapuram V, Avery BM. Letter to the Editor: Bias in the measurement of bias. Letter regarding 'Citation bias and selective focus on positive findings in the literature on the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR), life stress and depression'. Psychol Med 2017; 47:187-192. [PMID: 27681844 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716002178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Vrshek-Schallhorn
- The University of North Carolina at Greensboro,Department of Psychology,Greensboro, NC,USA
| | - V Sapuram
- The University of North Carolina at Greensboro,Department of Psychology,Greensboro, NC,USA
| | - B M Avery
- The University of North Carolina at Greensboro,Department of Psychology,Greensboro, NC,USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Isbell E, Stevens C, Hampton Wray A, Bell T, Neville HJ. 5-HTTLPR polymorphism is linked to neural mechanisms of selective attention in preschoolers from lower socioeconomic status backgrounds. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2016; 22:36-47. [PMID: 27837677 PMCID: PMC6987652 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While a growing body of research has identified experiential factors associated with differences in selective attention, relatively little is known about the contribution of genetic factors to the skill of sustained selective attention, especially in early childhood. Here, we assessed the association between the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) genotypes and the neural mechanisms of selective attention in young children from lower socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during a dichotic listening task from 121 children (76 females, aged 40-67 months), who were also genotyped for the short and long allele of 5-HTTLPR. The effect of selective attention was measured as the difference in ERP mean amplitudes elicited by identical probe stimuli embedded in stories when they were attended versus unattended. Compared to children homozygous for the long allele, children who carried at least one copy of the short allele showed larger effects of selective attention on neural processing. These findings link the short allele of the 5-HTTLPR to enhanced neural mechanisms of selective attention and lay the groundwork for future studies of gene-by-environment interactions in the context of key cognitive skills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elif Isbell
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Greensboro, NC, 27412, United States.
| | - Courtney Stevens
- Willamette University, Department of Psychology, 900 State Street, Salem, OR 97301, United States
| | - Amanda Hampton Wray
- Michigan State University, Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, 1026 Red Cedar Rd., East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Theodore Bell
- University of Oregon, Department of Psychology, 1227 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, United States
| | - Helen J Neville
- University of Oregon, Department of Psychology, 1227 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fristad MA, Vesco AT, Young AS, Healy KZ, Nader ES, Gardner W, Seidenfeld AM, Wolfson HL, Arnold LE. Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of Omega-3 and Individual-Family Psychoeducational Psychotherapy for Children and Adolescents With Depression. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2016; 48:S105-S118. [PMID: 27819485 PMCID: PMC6066443 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2016.1233500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study is to evaluate feasibility and estimate effect sizes of omega-3 fatty acids (Ω3), individual-family psychoeducational psychotherapy (PEP), their combination, and moderating effects of maternal depression and psychosocial stressors in youth with depression. In a pilot 2 × 2 randomized controlled trial, 72 youth (ages 7-14; 57% Caucasian, 57% male) with major depression, dysthymia, or depression not otherwise specified were randomized to 12 weeks of Ω3, PEP+placebo, Ω3+PEP, or placebo. Ω3 versus placebo was double-masked. Evaluators masked to condition assessed depressive severity at baseline (randomization) and at 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 weeks using the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised. Side effects were either absent or mild. PEP was administered with 74% fidelity. Remission was 77%, Ω3+PEP; 61%, PEP+placebo; 44%, Ω3; 56%, placebo. Intent-to-treat analyses found small to medium effects of combined treatment (d = .29) and Ω3 monotherapy (d = .42), but negligible effect for PEP+placebo (d < .10), all compared to placebo alone. Relative to placebo, youth with fewer social stressors responded better to Ω3 (p = .04), PEP (p = .028), and their combination (p = .035), and those with maternal depression responded better to PEP (p = .020) than did those without maternal depression. Remission rates were favorable compared to other studies of psychotherapy and comparable to an existing randomized controlled trial of Ω3; results warrant further evaluation in a larger sample. Ω3 was well tolerated. Active treatments show significantly more placebo-controlled depression improvement in the context of maternal depression and fewer stressors, suggesting that they may benefit depression with a more endogenous than environmental origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Fristad
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health , The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
| | - Anthony T Vesco
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health , The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
| | - Andrea S Young
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health , The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
| | - K Zachary Healy
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health , The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
| | - Elias S Nader
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health , The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
| | - William Gardner
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health , The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
| | - Adina M Seidenfeld
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health , The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
| | - Hannah L Wolfson
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health , The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
| | - L Eugene Arnold
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health , The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Koss KJ, Cummings EM, Davies PT, Hetzel S, Cicchetti D. Harsh Parenting and Serotonin Transporter and BDNF Val66Met Polymorphisms as Predictors of Adolescent Depressive Symptoms. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 47:S205-S218. [PMID: 27736236 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2016.1220311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Depressive symptoms are prevalent and rise during adolescence. The present study is a prospective investigation of environmental and genetic factors that contribute to the growth in depressive symptoms and the frequency of heightened symptoms during adolescence. Participants included 206 mother-father-adolescent triads (M age at Time 1 = 13.06 years, SD = .51, 52% female). Harsh parenting was observationally assessed during a family conflict paradigm. DNA was extracted from saliva samples and genotyped for the 5-HTTLPR and BDNF Val66Met polymorphisms. Adolescents provide self-reports of depressive symptoms annually across early adolescence. The results reveal Gene × Environment interactions as predictors of adolescent depressive symptom trajectories in the context of harsh parenting as an environmental risk factor. A BDNF Val66Met × Harsh Parenting interaction predicted the rise in depressive symptoms across a 3-year period, whereas a 5-HTTLPR × Harsh Parenting interaction predicted greater frequency in elevated depressive symptoms. The findings highlight the importance of unique genetic and environmental influences in the development and course of heightened depressive symptoms during adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalsea J Koss
- a Department of Psychology and Human Development , Vanderbilt University
| | | | | | - Susan Hetzel
- d Institute of Child Development , University of Minnesota
| | - Dante Cicchetti
- d Institute of Child Development , University of Minnesota.,e Mt. Hope Family Center , University of Rochester
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jenness JL, Hankin BL, Young JF, Smolen A. Stressful life events moderate the relationship between genes and biased attention to emotional faces in youth. Clin Psychol Sci 2016; 4:386-400. [PMID: 27375963 PMCID: PMC4928638 DOI: 10.1177/2167702615601000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Attention bias to emotion may be an intermediate trait for stress-reactive psychopathology associated with biologically plausible candidate genes, yet the precise direction of effects within the youth literature remains unclear. The present study investigated whether stressful life events (SLEs) moderate the link between genetic risk (5-HTTLPR and COMT) and attention bias to emotion among youth (n= 467). Analyses revealed a differential effect of gene. Among youth who had experienced more recent SLEs, those homozygous for the low expressing allele of 5-HTTLPR (S/S) demonstrated preferential attention toward negative emotional expressions, whereas youth homozygous for the high expressing COMT genotype (Val/Val) showed attentional avoidance of positive facial expressions. No interaction between 5-HTTLPR and COMT was found. These findings highlight the importance of investigating stress as a moderator within the intermediate trait literature and suggest that biologically plausible candidate genes may have a differential effect in the pathway to psychological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jami F Young
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University
| | - Andrew Smolen
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado-Boulder
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xia L, Yao S. The Involvement of Genes in Adolescent Depression: A Systematic Review. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:329. [PMID: 26733829 PMCID: PMC4685064 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have reported on the roles of genetic factors in the development of depression in adolescents and young adults. However, there are few systematic reviews that update our understanding of adolescent depression with the biological findings identifying the roles of gene expression and/or polymorphism(s). This review systematically summarized the findings that clearly identified the contribution of a gene to the risk of depression in adolescents between the ages of 10 and 19 years old and young adults between the ages of 20 and 25 years old. Data were obtained through searching PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. A total of 47 studies on early adolescence and three studies on young adults were included in the current review. Most articles studied genes in the serotonergic system (n = 26), dopaminergic system (n = 3), and the Brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) gene (n = 12). 92.3% of studies (24/26) identified positive associations of 5-HTTLPR polymorphism with depressive illness or depressive symptoms. 83.3% of studies (10/12) found positive association between BDNF Val66Met genotype and adolescent depressive symptoms. More studies should be conducted on the 18 genes reported in a few studies to clarify their roles in the risk for adolescent depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangwei Xia
- Medical Psychological Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuqiao Yao
- Medical Psychological Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China; National Technology Institute of PsychiatryChangsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hankin BL, Young JF, Abela JRZ, Smolen A, Jenness JL, Gulley LD, Technow JR, Gottlieb AB, Cohen JR, Oppenheimer CW. Depression from childhood into late adolescence: Influence of gender, development, genetic susceptibility, and peer stress. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 124:803-16. [PMID: 26595469 PMCID: PMC4662048 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a debilitating mental illness with clear developmental patterns from childhood through late adolescence. Here, we present data from the Gene Environment Mood (GEM) study, which used an accelerated longitudinal cohort design with youth (N = 665) starting in 3rd, 6th, and 9th grades, and a caretaker, who were recruited from the general community, and were then assessed repeatedly through semistructured diagnostic interviews every 6 months over 3 years (7 waves of data) to establish and then predict trajectories of depression from age 8 to 18. First, we demonstrated that overall prevalence rates of depression over time, by age, gender, and pubertal status, in the GEM study closely match those trajectories previously obtained in past developmental epidemiological research. Second, we tested whether a genetic vulnerability-stress model involving 5-HTTLPR and chronic peer stress was moderated by developmental factors. Results showed that older aged adolescents with SS/SL genotype, who experienced higher peer chronic stress over 3 years, were the most likely to be diagnosed with a depressive episode over time. Girls experiencing greater peer chronic stress were the most likely to develop depression. This study used repeated assessments of diagnostic interviewing in a moderately large sample of youth over 3 years to show that depression rates increase in middle to late adolescence, or postpubertally, and that the gender difference in depression emerges earlier in adolescence (age 12.5), or postpubertally. Additionally, genetically susceptible older adolescents who experience chronic peer stress were the most likely to become depressed over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jami F Young
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University
| | - John R Z Abela
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University
| | - Andrew Smolen
- Institute of Behavior Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Caroline W Oppenheimer
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hankin BL. Depression from childhood through adolescence: Risk mechanisms across multiple systems and levels of analysis. Curr Opin Psychol 2015; 4:13-20. [PMID: 25692174 PMCID: PMC4327904 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper selectively reviews recent research, especially in the last two years (2012-2014) in preschool, child, and adolescent depression. In particular, attention is paid to developmental epidemiology as well as risk factors and processes that contribute to depression trajectories over time. Emphasis is placed on a developmental psychopathology perspective in which risks are instantiated across multiple systems and levels of analysis, including genetics, stress contexts and processes, biological stress mechanisms, temperament, emotion, reward, cognitive factors and processes, and interpersonal influences. These risks dynamically transact over time, as they emerge and stabilize into relatively trait-like vulnerabilities that confer risk for the increasing rates of depression observed in adolescence. Overall, this summary illustrates that considerable progress has been made recently in understanding the complex developmental processes contributing to depression. Finally, a few gaps are highlighted as opportunities for future research.
Collapse
|
13
|
Genetic moderation of the association between adolescent romantic involvement and depression: Contributions of serotonin transporter gene polymorphism, chronic stress, and family discord. Dev Psychopathol 2015; 28:447-57. [PMID: 26037034 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579415000498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Studies support a link between adolescent romantic involvement and depression. Adolescent romantic relationships may increase depression risk by introducing chronic stress, and genetic vulnerability to stress reactivity/emotion dysregulation may moderate these associations. We tested genetic moderation of longitudinal associations between adolescent romantic involvement and later depressive symptoms by a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region gene (5-HTTLPR) and examined contributory roles of chronic stress and family discord. Three hundred eighty-one youth participated at ages 15 and 20. The results indicated that 5-HTTLPR moderated the association between age 15 romantic involvement and age 20 depressive symptoms, with strongest effects for short homozygotes. Conditional process analysis revealed that chronic stress functioned as a moderated mediator of this association, fully accounting for the romantic involvement-depression link among short/short genotypes. Also, romantic involvement predicted later depressive symptoms most strongly among short-allele carriers with high family discord. The results have important implications for understanding the romantic involvement-depression link and the behavioral and emotional correlates of the 5-HTTLPR genotype.
Collapse
|
14
|
Resistance to antidepressant drugs: the case for a more predisposition-based and less hippocampocentric research paradigm. Behav Pharmacol 2015; 25:352-71. [PMID: 25083567 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The first half of this paper briefly reviews the evidence that (i) stress precipitates depression by damaging the hippocampus, leading to changes in the activity of a distributed neural system involving, inter alia, the amygdala, the ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the lateral habenula and ascending monoamine pathways, and (ii) antidepressants work by repairing the damaged hippocampus, thus restoring the normal balance of activity within that circuitry. In the second half of the paper we review the evidence that heightened vulnerability to depression, either because of a clinical history of depression or because of the presence of genetic, personality or developmental risk factors, also confers resistance to antidepressant drug treatment. Thus, although antidepressants provide an efficient means of reversing the neurotoxic effects of stress, they are much less effective in conditions where vulnerability to depression is elevated and the role of stress in precipitating depression is correspondingly lower. Consequently, the issue of vulnerability should feature much more prominently in antidepressant research. Most of the current animal models of depression are based on the induction of a depressive-like phenotype by stress, and pay scant attention to vulnerability. As antidepressants are relatively ineffective in vulnerable individuals, this in turn implies a need for the development of different clinical and preclinical methodologies, and a shift of focus away from the current preoccupation with the hippocampus as a target for antidepressant action in vulnerable patients.
Collapse
|
15
|
Social stress regulation in 4-month-old infants: contribution of maternal social engagement and infants' 5-HTTLPR genotype. Early Hum Dev 2015; 91:173-9. [PMID: 25676184 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal behavior and infant 5-HTTLPR polymorphism have been linked to infants' social stress reactivity and recovery at different ages. Nonetheless, Gene×Environment (G×E) studies focusing on early infancy are rare and have led to mixed results. AIM To investigate the contribution of maternal social engagement and infants' 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in predicting infants' negative emotionality in response to a social stressor, namely maternal unresponsiveness. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional, G×E study. SUBJECTS 73 4-month-old infants and their mothers took part to the Face-to-Face Still-Face (FFSF) procedure. OUTCOME MEASURES A micro-analytical coding of negative emotionality was adopted to measure infants' reactivity to social stress (Still-Face episode) and infants' recovery after social stress (Reunion episode). Maternal contribution was measured as maternal social engagement during the Play episode. Infants were genotyped as S-carriers or L-homozygotes. RESULTS The interplay between maternal social engagement and infants' genotype was found to be predictive of infants' negative emotionality during both Still-Face and Reunion episodes of the FFSF paradigm. The interaction highlighted that maternal social engagement predicted minor negative emotionality during Still-Face and Reunion episodes for S-carrier infants, but not for L-homozygotes. CONCLUSIONS Findings extend previous results on adults and children, highlighting that maternal behavior might be a protective factor for stress reactivity and regulation, especially for S-carrier infants who are at risk for heightened stress susceptibility.
Collapse
|
16
|
Hankin BL, Barrocas AL, Young JF, Haberstick B, Smolen A. 5-HTTLPR × interpersonal stress interaction and nonsuicidal self-injury in general community sample of youth. Psychiatry Res 2015; 225:609-12. [PMID: 25500344 PMCID: PMC4314334 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
No research with youth has investigated whether measured genetic risk interacts with stressful environment (G⁎E) to explain engagement in non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). Two independent samples of youth were used to test the a priori hypothesis that the Transporter-Linked Polymorphic Region (5-HTTLPR) would interact with chronic interpersonal stress to predict NSSI. We tested this hypothesis with children and adolescents from United States public schools in two independent samples (N׳s=300 and 271) using identical procedures and methods. They were interviewed in person with the Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview to assess NSSI engagement and with the UCLA Chronic Stress Interview to assess interpersonal stress. Buccal cells were collected for genotyping of 5-HTTLPR. For both samples, ANOVAs revealed the hypothesized G*E. Specifically, short carriers who experienced severe interpersonal stress exhibited the highest level of NSSI engagement. Replicated across two independent samples, results provide the first demonstration that youth at high genetic susceptibility (5-HTTLPR) and high environmental exposure (chronic interpersonal stress) are at heightened risk for NSSI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L. Hankin
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver. 2155 South Race Street, Denver CO 80208
,Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Benjamin L. Hankin, Department of Psychology, University of Denver, 2155 South Race Street, Denver CO 80208. Internet correspondence can be addressed to . Phone: 303-871-7468
| | - Andrea L. Barrocas
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver. 2155 South Race Street, Denver CO 80208
| | | | - Brett Haberstick
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0447
| | - Andrew Smolen
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0447
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hasselmo K, Sbarra DA, O'Connor MF, Moreno FA. Psychological distress following marital separation interacts with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene to predict cardiac vagal control in the laboratory. Psychophysiology 2015; 52:736-44. [PMID: 25630596 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Marital separation is linked to negative mental and physical health; however, the strength of this link may vary across people. This study examined changes in respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), used to assess cardiac vagal control, in recently separated adults (N = 79; M time since separation = 3.5 months). When reflecting on the separation, self-reported psychological distress following the separation interacted with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) and a relevant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs25531, to predict RSA. Among people reporting emotional difficulties after the separation, those who were homozygous for the short allele had lower RSA levels while reflecting on their relationship than other genotypes. The findings, although limited by the relatively small sample size, are discussed in terms of how higher-sensitivity genotypes may interact with psychological responses to stress to alter physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hasselmo
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - David A Sbarra
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Francisco A Moreno
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sharpley CF, Palanisamy SKA, Glyde NS, Dillingham PW, Agnew LL. An update on the interaction between the serotonin transporter promoter variant (5-HTTLPR), stress and depression, plus an exploration of non-confirming findings. Behav Brain Res 2014; 273:89-105. [PMID: 25078292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the three years since the most recent meta-analysis of the association between the serotonin transported promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR), stress and the development of depression, another 27 studies have been published on this issue, which is an increase of 50% more studies than were previously reviewed. In addition, previous findings of inconsistency of results across studies argued for further exploration of this relationship. From the 81 studies identified to June 2013, the significant relationship between the short form of the 5-HTTLPR was confirmed (p=.0000009), which is stronger than the relationship reported in the most recent meta-analysis in 2011. However, nearly 26% of the 81 studies reviewed failed to show any significant association between the 5-HTTLPR, stress and depression, and four studies found opposite results to those expected. Examination of the methodologies of all studies failed to indicate any flaws in the opposite or unequivocal studies, and the latter had larger sample sizes than those studies which supported the expected association, arguing that the null results were not an outcome of insufficient statistical power. The need to consider aspects of samples and measures of depression, particularly the presence of subtypes of depression in future research is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F Sharpley
- Brain-Behaviour Research Group, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia; Centre for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Bond University, Robina, Qld, Australia.
| | - Suresh K A Palanisamy
- Collaborative Network Research, Mental Health and Well-being in Rural and Regional Communities & Centre for Bioactive Discovery in Health and Ageing, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicarla S Glyde
- School of Science & Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter W Dillingham
- School of Science & Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Linda L Agnew
- Brain-Behaviour Research Group, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Vinberg M, Miskowiak K, Kessing LV. Serotonin transporter genotype, salivary cortisol, neuroticism and life events: impact on subsequent psychopathology in healthy twins at high and low risk for affective disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 48:193-8. [PMID: 24140930 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate if cortisol alone or in interaction with other risk factors (familial risk, the serotonin transporter genotype, neuroticism and life events (LEs)) predicts onset of psychiatric disorder in healthy individuals at heritable risk. MATRIAL AND METHODS In a high-risk study, 234 healthy monozygotic and dizygotic twins with or without a co-twin history of affective disorder (high and low risk twins) were baseline assessed. Participants were followed up for seven years and then reassessed with a personal interview revealing whether they had developed psychiatric illness. RESULTS 36 participants (15.4%) developed psychiatric disorder. Using Cox proportional hazards ratio (HR) estimates neither morning nor evening salivary cortisol at baseline did predict illness onset. In multivariate Cox models, the two-way interaction between morning cortisol and LEs lifetime before baseline was significantly associated with onset. Further, the HR of onset was higher concerning individuals carrying the short allele of the 5-HTTPLR and having experienced more LEs lifetime. Familial risk for affective disorder predicted illness and the risk of onset was further increased in individuals at familial risk carrying the short allele of the 5-HTTPLR. CONCLUSIONS Cortisol levels alone do not increase the risk of onset of psychiatric illness but the interaction of a lower cortisol level and the experience of more LEs do. The 5-HTTLPR genotype seems to interact and contribute to increased stress vulnerability in combination with other stress indicators of illness thereby adding to the risk of subsequent psychopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maj Vinberg
- Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Leiner M, Argus-Calvo B, Peinado J, Keller L, Blunk DI. Is there a need to modify existing coping scales to include using electronic media for coping in young people? Front Pediatr 2014; 2:127. [PMID: 25453026 PMCID: PMC4233927 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2014.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Leiner
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , El Paso, TX , USA
| | - Beverley Argus-Calvo
- Department of Educational Psychology and Special Services, The University of Texas at El Paso , El Paso, TX , USA
| | - Jesus Peinado
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , El Paso, TX , USA
| | - Liz Keller
- Department of Medical Education, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , El Paso, TX , USA
| | - Dan I Blunk
- Department of Medical Education, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , El Paso, TX , USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
A translational neuroscience framework for the development of socioemotional functioning in health and psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol 2013; 25:1293-309. [DOI: 10.1017/s095457941300062x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe development of socioemotional functioning is a complex process that occurs over a protracted time period and requires coordinating affective, cognitive, and social faculties. At many points in development, the trajectory of socioemotional development can be deleteriously altered due to a combination of environmental insults and individual vulnerabilities. The result can be psychopathology. However, researchers are just beginning to understand the neural and genetic mechanisms involved in the development of healthy and disordered socioemotional functioning. We propose a translational developmental neuroscience framework to understand the transactional process that results in socioemotional functioning in both healthy and disordered populations. We then apply this framework to healthy socioemotional development, pediatric anxiety, pediatric depression, and autism spectrum disorder, selectively reviewing current literature in light of the framework. Finally, we examine ways that the framework can help to frame future directions of research on socioemotional development and translational implications for intervention.
Collapse
|
22
|
Vrshek-Schallhorn S, Mineka S, Zinbarg RE, Craske MG, Griffith JW, Sutton J, Redei EE, Wolitzky-Taylor K, Hammen C, Adam EK. Refining the Candidate Environment: Interpersonal Stress, the Serotonin Transporter Polymorphism, and Gene-Environment Interactions in Major Depression. Clin Psychol Sci 2013; 2:235-248. [PMID: 27446765 DOI: 10.1177/2167702613499329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Meta-analytic evidence supports a gene-environment (G×E) interaction between life stress and the serotonin transporter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) on depression, but few studies have examined factors that influence detection of this effect, despite years of inconsistent results. We propose that the "candidate environment" (akin to a candidate gene) is key. Theory and evidence implicate major stressful life events (SLEs)-particularly major interpersonal SLEs-as well as chronic family stress. Participants (N = 400) from the Youth Emotion Project (which began with 627 high school juniors oversampled for high neuroticism) completed up to five annual diagnostic and life stress interviews and provided DNA samples. A significant G×E effect for major SLEs and S-carrier genotype was accounted for significantly by major interpersonal SLEs but not significantly by major non-interpersonal SLEs. S-carrier genotype and chronic family stress also significantly interacted. Identifying such candidate environments may facilitate future G×E research in depression and psychopathology more broadly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan Mineka
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Richard E Zinbarg
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; The Family Institute at Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Michelle G Craske
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James W Griffith
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jonathan Sutton
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Eva E Redei
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kate Wolitzky-Taylor
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Constance Hammen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emma K Adam
- School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Northwestern University and Cells to Society Center, Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
G × E interaction and neurodevelopment II. Focus on adversities in paediatric depression: the moderating role of serotonin transporter. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2013; 22:21-8. [PMID: 23114056 PMCID: PMC6998341 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796012000625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In a short series of articles, we will review the evidence for genotype by environment interaction (G × E) in developmental psychopathology. We will focus specifically on the characteristics of types of exposure assessed with respect to both their methods and findings. This article aims to review the studies exploring the moderating role of serotonin transporter on the effect of environmental adversities over time, particularly during childhood and adolescence, which is when level of internalizing symptoms and prevalence of mood disorders change substantially. Environmental adversities will not include abuse and maltreatment that have been reviewed before (see Bellani et al. 2012) and child's broader social ecology that will be reviewed in the next section.
Collapse
|
24
|
The neurobiology of depression and antidepressant action. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 37:2331-71. [PMID: 23261405 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive overview of the neurobiology of unipolar major depression and antidepressant drug action, integrating data from affective neuroscience, neuro- and psychopharmacology, neuroendocrinology, neuroanatomy, and molecular biology. We suggest that the problem of depression comprises three sub-problems: first episodes in people with low vulnerability ('simple' depressions), which are strongly stress-dependent; an increase in vulnerability and autonomy from stress that develops over episodes of depression (kindling); and factors that confer vulnerability to a first episode (a depressive diathesis). We describe key processes in the onset of a 'simple' depression and show that kindling and depressive diatheses reproduce many of the neurobiological features of depression. We also review the neurobiological mechanisms of antidepressant drug action, and show that resistance to antidepressant treatment is associated with genetic and other factors that are largely similar to those implicated in vulnerability to depression. We discuss the implications of these conclusions for the understanding and treatment of depression, and make some strategic recommendations for future research.
Collapse
|
25
|
Hankin BL. Future directions in vulnerability to depression among youth: integrating risk factors and processes across multiple levels of analysis. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2012; 41:695-718. [PMID: 22900513 PMCID: PMC4030594 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2012.711708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a developmental phenomenon. Considerable progress has been made in describing the syndrome, establishing its prevalence and features, providing clues as to its etiology, and developing evidence-based treatment and prevention options. Despite considerable headway in distinct lines of vulnerability research, there is an explanatory gap in the field's ability to more comprehensively explain and predict who is likely to become depressed, when, and why. Still, despite clear success in predicting moderate variance for future depression, especially with empirically rigorous methods and designs, the heterogeneous and multi-determined nature of depression suggests that additional etiologies need to be included to advance knowledge on developmental pathways to depression. This paper advocates for a multiple levels of analysis approach to investigating vulnerability to depression across the lifespan and providing a more comprehensive understanding of its etiology. One example of a multiple levels of analysis model of vulnerabilities to depression is provided that integrates the most accessible, observable factors (e.g., cognitive and temperament risks), intermediate processes and endophenotypes (e.g., information-processing biases, biological stress physiology, and neural activation and connectivity), and genetic influences (e.g., candidate genes and epigenetics). Evidence for each of these factors as well as their cross-level integration is provided. Methodological and conceptual considerations important for conducting integrative, multiple levels of depression vulnerability research are discussed. Finally, translational implications for how a multiple levels of analysis perspective may confer additional leverage to reduce the global burden of depression and improve care are considered.
Collapse
|
26
|
Priess-Groben HA, Hyde JS. 5-HTTLPR X Stress in Adolescent Depression: Moderation by MAOA and Gender. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 41:281-94. [PMID: 22836288 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-012-9672-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Priess-Groben
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1202 W. Johnson St., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|