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Farazi M, Houghton MJ, Nicolotti L, Murray M, Cardoso BR, Williamson G. Inhibition of human starch digesting enzymes and intestinal glucose transport by walnut polyphenols. Food Res Int 2024; 189:114572. [PMID: 38876610 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
One approach to controlling type 2 diabetes (T2D) is to lower postprandialglucose spikesby slowing down the digestion of carbohydrates and the absorption of glucose in the small intestine. The consumption of walnuts is associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases such as T2D, suggested to be partly due to the high content of (poly)phenols. This study evaluated, for the first time, the inhibitory effect of a (poly)phenol-rich walnut extract on human carbohydrate digesting enzymes (salivary and pancreatic α-amylases, brush border sucrase-isomaltase) and on glucose transport across fully differentiated human intestinal Caco-2/TC7 monolayers. The walnut extract was rich in multiple (poly)phenols (70 % w/w) as analysed by Folin-Ciocalteau and by LCMS. It exhibited potent inhibition of both human salivary (IC50: 32.2 ± 2.5 µg walnut (poly)phenols (WP)/mL) and pancreatic (IC50: 56.7 ± 1.7 µg WP/mL) α-amylases, with weaker effects on human sucrase (IC50: 990 ± 20 µg WP/mL), maltase (IC50: 1300 ± 80 µg WP/mL), and isomaltase (IC25: 830 ± 60 µg WP/mL) activities. Selected individual walnut (poly)phenols inhibited human salivary α-amylase in the order: 1,3,4,6-tetragalloylglucose > ellagic acid pentoside > 1,2,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose, with no inhibition by ellagic acid, gallic acid and 4-O-methylgallic acid. The (poly)phenol-rich walnut extract also attenuated (up to 59 %) the transfer of 2-deoxy-D-glucose across differentiated Caco-2/TC7 cell monolayers. This is the first report on the effect of (poly)phenol-rich extracts from any commonly-consumed nut kernel on any human starch-digesting enzyme, and suggests a mechanism through which walnut consumption may lower postprandial glucose spikes and contribute to their proposed health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mena Farazi
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, BASE Facility, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia; Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Level 2, Victorian Heart Hospital, 631 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Michael J Houghton
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, BASE Facility, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia; Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Level 2, Victorian Heart Hospital, 631 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Luca Nicolotti
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia; Metabolomics Australia, The Australian Wine Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Margaret Murray
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, BASE Facility, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia; Department of Health Sciences and Biostatistics, Swinburne University of Technology, John St, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Barbara R Cardoso
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, BASE Facility, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia; Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Level 2, Victorian Heart Hospital, 631 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Gary Williamson
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, BASE Facility, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia; Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Level 2, Victorian Heart Hospital, 631 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia.
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Samei M, Dowlatkhahi N, Boozari M, Hosseinzadeh H. Can daily consumption of enriched fatty acids diet be effective in improving metabolic syndrome? An attractive paradox for walnut kernel. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:2311-2333. [PMID: 38628188 PMCID: PMC11016402 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Imagine consuming a daily diet rich in fatty acids to help treat diseases such as hypertension and obesity. This concept presents an attractive paradox. In particular, consuming walnut kernels is beneficial for treating diseases associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS), including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, and obesity. Different parts of the Juglans regia tree (family Juglandaceae), including its leaves, green husks, bark, and septum, have shown promising effects on pathological conditions related to MetS. The therapeutic advantages of consuming walnut kernels for MetS can be attributed to the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyphenolic compounds such as juglone and ellagic acid. Diets enriched with walnut kernel have a positive impact on MetS complications by reducing diastolic blood pressure, improving blood lipid profiles, lowering fasting blood sugar levels, and increasing insulin sensitivity. The potential cellular mechanisms responsible for these benefits involve activating the cholesterol hemostasis pathway by inhibiting sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). Furthermore, other by-products of walnuts, such as leaves and green husks, have also demonstrated effectiveness in managing MetS. These findings highlight the potential of incorporating walnut-based products into our diets as a natural approach to combating MetS and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melika Samei
- School of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | | | - Motahareh Boozari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology InstituteMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
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Yang Y, Zhang D, Chen B, Huang X. Nuts and seeds consumption impact on adolescent obesity: sex-specific associations from 2003 to 2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38356165 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2024.2314682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The nutritional benefits and immunological advantages of consuming nuts and seeds are well-established. However, the link between nuts and seeds consumption and the susceptibility of being overweight or obese among adolescents is not clear. This study aims to explore this relationship in adolescents aged 12-19. Using a weighted multiple logistic regression model, we analysed data of the Food Patterns Equivalents Database and the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2003 to 2018. We found a significant association between nuts and seeds consumption and a reduced odds of being overweight or obese in females. Specifically, females who habitually consumed nuts and seeds had lower odds of being overweight or obese (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.32-0.94). Additionally, we found an L-shaped relationship between nuts and seeds consumption and appropriate waist-to-height ratio in males. The findings suggest that nuts and seeds consumption may contribute to healthier physical development in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Yang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baiying Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyan Huang
- Hengyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hengyang, China
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Medrano M, Garrido-Miguel M, Martínez-Ortega IA, Mesas AE, Amaro-Gahete FJ, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Fernández-Rodríguez R. Association of nut consumption with insulin resistance and blood lipid profile in Spanish university students. Physiol Behav 2023; 271:114332. [PMID: 37595817 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To examine whether nut consumption was associated with insulin resistance and blood lipid parameters in a sample of young healthy adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 306 first-year students (aged 18-30 years) from the University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain. Biochemical variables related to insulin resistance and blood lipid profile (glucose, insulin, HbA1c, total cholesterol (total-c), LDL-c, HDL-c, and triglycerides) were determined from morning fasting blood samples. Nut consumption was estimated using a 137-item Food-Frequency Questionnaire. The associations of walnuts, other nuts and total nut intakes with insulin resistance and lipid profile variables and surrogates were assessed by linear regression analysis. Differences in insulin resistance and lipid profiles between participants meeting or not meeting the nut consumption recommendations were examined by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Logistic regressions were used to analyze the likelihood of having higher levels of blood lipids or insulin resistance in participants who met or did not meet the recommended intake of nuts. RESULTS There was no association found between nut consumption, whether walnuts or other nut varieties, and insulin resistance and lipid profile variables. Additionally, there were no significant differences in insulin resistance or blood lipid profile variables between university students meeting or not meeting nut consumption recommendations. Finally, stratified analyses based on sex were consistent and did not substantially modify our estimates in the fully adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our results suggest that walnuts, other types of nuts, and total nut consumption did not adversely influence metabolic or lipid profile variables among healthy young adults. Although nuts are recommended among healthy dietary patterns, our findings showed that nut consumption has a null effect on the cardiometabolic risk parameters explored in young healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Medrano
- Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Food Chain Development, Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, s/n, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain
| | - Miriam Garrido-Miguel
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Faculty of Nursing, Albacete, Spain.
| | | | - Arthur Eumann Mesas
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain; Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Postgraduate Program in Public Health, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs. Granada, Spain
| | - Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Faculty of Health Sciences, Talca, Chile
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Spence LA, Henschel B, Li R, Tekwe CD, Thiagarajah K. A Dietary Model of Partial Meat Replacement with Walnuts Demonstrates Changes in the Nutrient Profile and Quality of the United States Population's Diet. Nutrients 2023; 15:4518. [PMID: 37960171 PMCID: PMC10648433 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study is to assess the impact of partial meat replacement with walnuts using a dose-escalation approach on nutrient intake and diet quality in the usual US diet. Food modeling was implemented using the nationally representative 2015-2018 National Health and Examination Survey (NHANES), with a focus on non-nut consumers, which included 2707 children and adolescents and 5190 adults. Walnuts replaced meat in a dose-escalating manner (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 oz walnuts per day replaced 1, 2, 3, and 4 oz meat, respectively). Diet quality was estimated using the population ratio method of the 2015 Healthy Eating Index. The usual intake of nutrients was estimated using the National Cancer Institute method. Significant differences were determined using non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals. The partial replacement of meat with walnuts demonstrated significant increases in the mean intake of fiber, magnesium, and omega-3 fatty acids and significant decreases in cholesterol and vitamin B12 in the modeled diets for children, adolescents, and adults. Additionally, the partial replacement of meat with walnuts improved overall diet quality. Walnut consumption at 1-2 oz as a replacement for some meat may improve nutrient intake and diet quality across age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Spence
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA;
| | - Beate Henschel
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (B.H.); (C.D.T.)
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China;
| | - Carmen D. Tekwe
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (B.H.); (C.D.T.)
| | - Krisha Thiagarajah
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA;
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Lopez-Neyman SM, Zohoori N, Broughton KS, Miketinas DC. Association of Tree Nut Consumption with Cardiovascular Disease and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Health Outcomes in US Adults: NHANES 2011-2018. Curr Dev Nutr 2023; 7:102007. [PMID: 37869524 PMCID: PMC10585646 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.102007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tree nuts are nutrient dense, and their consumption has been associated with improvements in health outcomes. Objective To estimate the usual tree nut intake and examine the association between tree nut consumption and cardiometabolic (CM) health outcomes in a nationally representative sample of US adults. Methods Cross-sectional data were analyzed from a sample of 18,150 adults aged ≥ 20y who provided at least one reliable 24-h dietary recall and had complete data for the variables of interest in the NHANES 2011-2018. Tree nut consumers were defined as those consuming ≥ ¼ ounce/d (7.09 g). The National Cancer Institute Method was used to estimate the usual tree nut intake among consumers. Measurement error calibrated regression models were used to assess the association between tree nut consumption and each health outcome of interest. Results Approximately 8% of all participants (n = 1238) consumed tree nuts and had a mean ± SE usual intake of 39.5 ± 1.8 g/d. Tree nut consumers were less likely to have obesity (31% vs. 40%, P < 0.001) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (22% vs. 30%, P < 0.001) compared with nonconsumers. Moreover, tree nut consumers had a lower mean waist circumference (WC) (97.1 ± 0.7 vs. 100.5 ± 0.3 cm, P < 0.001) and apolipoprotein B (87.5 ± 1.2 vs. 91.8 ± 0.5 mg/dL, P = 0.004) than nonconsumers. After adjusting models for demographics and lifestyle covariates, the difference in WC between average intake (33.7 g/d) and low threshold intake (7.09/g) of tree nuts was -1.42 ± 0.58 cm (P = 0.005). Conclusions Most US adults do not consume tree nuts, yet modest consumption was associated with decreased prevalence of cardiovascular disease and CM risk factors and improvement for some health outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Namvar Zohoori
- Department of Epidemiology, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - K. Shane Broughton
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Derek C. Miketinas
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Texas Woman’s University, Houston, TX, United States
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Nishi SK, Viguiliouk E, Kendall CWC, Jenkins DJA, Hu FB, Sievenpiper JL, Atzeni A, Misra A, Salas-Salvadó J. Nuts in the Prevention and Management of Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040878. [PMID: 36839236 PMCID: PMC9965730 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a continuously growing global concern affecting >10% of adults, which may be mitigated by modifiable lifestyle factors. Consumption of nuts and their inclusion in dietary patterns has been associated with a range of beneficial health outcomes. Diabetes guidelines recommend dietary patterns that incorporate nuts; however, specific recommendations related to nuts have been limited. This review considers the epidemiological and clinical evidence to date for the role of nut consumption as a dietary strategy for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and related complications. Findings suggest nut consumption may have a potential role in the prevention and management of T2D, with mechanistic studies assessing nuts and individual nut-related nutritional constituents supporting this possibility. However, limited definitive evidence is available to date, and future studies are needed to elucidate better the impact of nuts on the prevention and management of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K. Nishi
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició, 43201 Reus, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43201 Reus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Toronto 3D (Diet, Digestive Tract and Disease) Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
- Correspondence: (S.K.N.); (J.S.-S.)
| | - Effie Viguiliouk
- Toronto 3D (Diet, Digestive Tract and Disease) Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
| | - Cyril W. C. Kendall
- Toronto 3D (Diet, Digestive Tract and Disease) Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - David J. A. Jenkins
- Toronto 3D (Diet, Digestive Tract and Disease) Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John L. Sievenpiper
- Toronto 3D (Diet, Digestive Tract and Disease) Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Alessandro Atzeni
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició, 43201 Reus, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43201 Reus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anoop Misra
- Fortis C-DOC Hospital for Diabetes & Allied Sciences, New Delhi 110048, India
- National Diabetes, Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation, New Delhi 110016, India
- Diabetes Foundation (India), New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició, 43201 Reus, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43201 Reus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.K.N.); (J.S.-S.)
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Mateș L, Popa DS, Rusu ME, Fizeșan I, Leucuța D. Walnut Intake Interventions Targeting Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome and Inflammation in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071412. [PMID: 35883903 PMCID: PMC9312161 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers of metabolic syndrome and inflammation are pathophysiological predictors and factors of senescence and age-related diseases. Recent evidence showed that particular diet components, such as walnuts rich in antioxidant bioactive compounds and with a balanced lipid profile, could have positive outcomes on human health. A systematic search in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases was performed to retrieve randomized controlled trials published from the beginning of each database through November 2021, reporting on the outcomes of walnut consumption over 22 metabolic syndrome and inflammatory markers in middle-aged and older adults. The search strategy rendered 17 studies in the final selection, including 11 crossover and 6 parallel trials. The study revealed that walnut-enriched diets had statistically significant decreasing effects for triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol concentrations on some inflammatory markers and presented no consequences on anthropometric and glycemic parameters. Although further studies and better-designed ones are needed to strengthen these findings, the results emphasize the benefits of including walnuts in the dietary plans of this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letiția Mateș
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.M.); (I.F.)
| | - Daniela-Saveta Popa
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.M.); (I.F.)
- Correspondence: (D.-S.P.); (M.E.R.); Tel.: +40-264-450-555 (D.-S.P.)
| | - Marius Emil Rusu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (D.-S.P.); (M.E.R.); Tel.: +40-264-450-555 (D.-S.P.)
| | - Ionel Fizeșan
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.M.); (I.F.)
| | - Daniel Leucuța
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.L.)
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Nuts and Metabolic Syndrome: Reducing the Burden of Metabolic Syndrome in Menopause. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081677. [PMID: 35458240 PMCID: PMC9028023 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Menopause imposes a dramatic fall in estrogens, which is followed by an increase in the proportion of fat. The rising androgen/estrogen ratio along the menopause transition favors the accumulation of central fat, which contributes to insulin resistance and a series of concatenated effects, leading to a higher incidence of metabolic syndrome. The modulatory effect of diet on the metabolic syndrome phenotype has been shown for the Mediterranean diet, and nuts are key determinants of these health benefits. This review of the impact of nuts on the risk factors of the metabolic syndrome cluster examined studies—prioritizing meta-analyses and systemic reviews—to summarize the potential benefits of nut ingestion on the risk of metabolic syndrome associated with menopause. Nuts have a general composition profile that includes macronutrients, with a high proportion of unsaturated fat, bioactive compounds, and fiber. The mechanisms set in motion by nuts have shown different levels of efficacy against the disturbances associated with metabolic syndrome, but a beneficial impact on lipids and carbohydrate metabolism, and a potential, but minimal reduction in blood pressure and fat accumulation have been found.
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Sala-Vila A, Fleming J, Kris-Etherton P, Ros E. Impact of α-Linolenic Acid, the Vegetable ω-3 Fatty Acid, on Cardiovascular Disease and Cognition. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:1584-1602. [PMID: 35170723 PMCID: PMC9526859 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the evidence of the health benefits of plant-based diets and long-chain n-3 (ω-3) fatty acids, there is keen interest in better understanding the role of α-linolenic acid (ALA), a plant-derived n-3 fatty acid, on cardiometabolic diseases and cognition. There is increasing evidence for ALA largely based on its major food sources (i.e., walnuts and flaxseed); however, this lags behind our understanding of long-chain n-3 fatty acids. Meta-analyses of observational studies have shown that increasing dietary ALA is associated with a 10% lower risk of total cardiovascular disease and a 20% reduced risk of fatal coronary heart disease. Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) [AlphaOmega trial, Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea (PREDIMED) trial, and Lyon Diet Heart Study] all showed benefits of diets high in ALA on cardiovascular-related outcomes, but the AlphaOmega trial, designed to specifically evaluate ALA effects, only showed a trend for benefit. RCTs have shown that dietary ALA reduced total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure, and epidemiologic studies and some trials also have shown an anti-inflammatory effect of ALA, which collectively account for, in part, the cardiovascular benefits of ALA. A meta-analysis reported a trend toward diabetes risk reduction with both dietary and biomarker ALA. For metabolic syndrome and obesity, the evidence for ALA benefits is inconclusive. The role of ALA in cognition is in the early stages but shows promising evidence of counteracting cognitive impairment. Much has been learned about the health benefits of ALA and with additional research we will be better positioned to make strong evidence-based dietary recommendations for the reduction of many chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Fleming
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Penny Kris-Etherton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Emilio Ros
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Clínic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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11
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Takumi H, Kato K, Ohto-N T, Nakanishi H, Kamasaka H, Kuriki T. Analysis of Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxyl Fatty Acid in Nut Oils and Other Plant Oils. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:1707-1717. [PMID: 34866108 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oils and lipids are common food components and efficient sources of energy. Both the quantity and the quality of oils and lipids are important with regard to health and disease. Fatty acid ester of hydroxy fatty acid (FAHFA) is a novel lipid class that was discovered as an endogenous lipid; FAHFAs have shown anti-diabetic effects in a mammalian system. We analyzed the overall FAHFA composition in nut oils and other common oils: almond (raw, roasted), walnut, peanut, olive, palm, soybean, and rapeseed oils. We developed a method of liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS/MS) for a comprehensive target analysis of FAHFAs. The analysis revealed wide variation in the FAHFA profiles (15 compounds and 62 peaks). For 7-11 compounds of FAHFA, a total level of 8-29 pmol/mg oil was detected in nuts oils; for 11 compounds, 4.9 pmol/mg oil was detected in olive oil, and for 4-9 compounds, < 2 pmol/mg oil was detected in palm, soy, and rapeseed oils. The major FAHFAs were FAHFA 36:3, FAHFA 36:2, and FAHFA 36:4 in nut oil, FAHFA 36:2, FAHFA 34:1, and FAHFA 36:1 in olive oil, and FAHFA 32:1, FAHFA 34:0, FAHFA 36:0, and FAHFA 36:1 in all of the common oils. The composition of FAHFAs in nut oils is mainly unsaturated fatty acids, whereas those in olive oil are unsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids. The composition of FAHFAs in common oils was mainly saturated fats. This is the first report to demonstrate the quality and quantity of the FAHFAs in the nut oils. Nuts have been described to be a great source of many nutrients and to be beneficial for our health. Our present findings comprise additional evidence that the intake of nuts in daily diets may prevent metabolic and inflammatory-based diseases.
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12
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Njike VY, Kela GC, Khan N, Ayettey R, Tindong M, Treu JA, Costales V. Cardio-Metabolic Benefits of Walnuts in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Literature Review. EUROPEAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.33590/emj/21-00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and its complications are main causes of morbidity and mortality among adults in the USA. An increase in the number of individuals with diabetes is primarily attributed to changes in dietary patterns including increased consumption of obesogenic foods and beverages. Many individuals who are overweight and obese show signs of insulin resistance and are at increased risk of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease. Lifestyle interventions (i.e., physical activity and nutrition) are the cornerstone of T2DM management and prevention. Prior research attests to the health benefits of consuming nuts, which have a substantial amount of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, for individuals at risk for or with T2DM, and walnuts appear to be particularly promising. Walnuts are rich in nutrients, minerals, antioxidants, and vitamins that can contribute to improved cardio-metabolic risk factors in individuals at risk for or with T2DM. This review assesses the cardio-metabolic benefits of walnuts in T2DM. The authors’ review indicates that the reported effects of walnuts on glycaemic control have been inconclusive, with several studies showing association with improved glycaemic control while others show no effect. Despite their high energy density and potential to contribute to weight gain, the authors’ review suggests that walnuts can contribute to satiety without association with weight gain. This review also suggests that walnut consumption has been associated with improved low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and endothelial function but has not been associated with blood pressure improvement. Meta-analyses are warranted to quantitatively assess impact of walnut consumption on these cardio-metabolic risk factors in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Y Njike
- Yale-Griffin Prevention Research Center, Griffin Hospital Medical Education, Derby, Connecticut, USADerby, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Nisar Khan
- Griffin Hospital Medical Education, Derby, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rockiy Ayettey
- Yale-Griffin Prevention Research Center, Derby, Connecticut, USA
| | - Maxime Tindong
- Yale-Griffin Prevention Research Center, Derby, Connecticut, USA
| | - Judith A Treu
- Griffin Hospital Medical Education, Derby, Connecticut, USA
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13
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Nuts: Natural Pleiotropic Nutraceuticals. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093269. [PMID: 34579146 PMCID: PMC8468443 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Common nuts (tree nuts and peanuts) are energy-dense foods that nature has gifted with a complex matrix of beneficial nutrients and bioactives, including monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, high-quality protein, fiber, non-sodium minerals, tocopherols, phytosterols, and antioxidant phenolics. These nut components synergize to favorably influence metabolic and vascular physiology pathways, ameliorate cardiovascular risk factors and improve cardiovascular prognosis. There is increasing evidence that nuts positively impact myriad other health outcomes as well. Nut consumption is correlated with lower cancer incidence and cancer mortality, and decreased all-cause mortality. Favorable effects on cognitive function and depression have also been reported. Randomized controlled trials consistently show nuts have a cholesterol-lowering effect. Nut consumption also confers modest improvements on glycemic control, blood pressure (BP), endothelial function, and inflammation. Although nuts are energy-dense foods, they do not predispose to obesity, and in fact may even help in weight loss. Tree nuts and peanuts, but not peanut butter, generally produce similar positive effects on outcomes. First level evidence from the PREDIMED trial shows that, in the context of a Mediterranean diet, consumption of 30 g/d of nuts (walnuts, almonds, and hazelnuts) significantly lowered the risk of a composite endpoint of major adverse cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, and death from cardiovascular disease) by ≈30% after intervention for 5 y. Impressively, the nut-supplemented diet reduced stroke risk by 45%. As they are rich in salutary bioactive compounds and beneficially impact various health outcomes, nuts can be considered natural pleiotropic nutraceuticals.
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14
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Becerra-Tomás N, Paz-Graniel I, Hernández-Alonso P, Jenkins DJA, Kendall CWC, Sievenpiper JL, Salas-Salvadó J. Nut consumption and type 2 diabetes risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 113:960-971. [PMID: 33471083 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous meta-analyses, with some methodological controversies, have assessed the relation between nut consumption and type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk and pointed to contradictory results, making desirable the performance of an updated meta-analysis. OBJECTIVES We aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze all the published studies investigating the relations of total nuts and different types of nuts-i.e., walnuts, peanuts, peanut butter, and total tree nuts-with the prevalence and incidence of T2D. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed and Cochrane databases through 12 August, 2020. The inverse variance method with fixed-effect models was used to pool data across studies, expressed as risk ratios (RRs) or ORs and 95% CIs for prospective cohort and cross-sectional studies, respectively. The Cochran Q test and I2 statistics were used to test and quantify heterogeneity, respectively. Dose-response meta-analysis was also conducted. RESULTS Eight studies (5 prospective and 3 cross-sectional) were included in the quantitative synthesis. Meta-analyses of cross-sectional studies and prospective cohort studies, comparing the highest with the lowest categories, revealed a nonsignificant association between total nut consumption and T2D. Meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies showed an inverse association between peanut butter consumption and T2D incidence (RR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.77, 0.98; I2 = 50.6%; Pheterogeneity = 0.16), whereas no association was observed between peanuts or tree nuts and T2D. There was no evidence of a linear dose-response or nonlinear dose-response gradient for total nut and peanut consumption in prospective cohort studies. The certainty of the evidence using NutriGrade was very low for all the exposures. CONCLUSIONS Current results do not demonstrate an association of total nut, peanut, or tree nut consumption with T2D. Peanut butter consumption may be inversely associated with this disease.This review protocol was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ as CRD42020149756.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Becerra-Tomás
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Unit of Human Nutrition, Reus, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain.,Consorcio Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red, M.P (CIBERObn), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Indira Paz-Graniel
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Unit of Human Nutrition, Reus, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain.,Consorcio Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red, M.P (CIBERObn), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Hernández-Alonso
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Unit of Human Nutrition, Reus, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain.,Consorcio Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red, M.P (CIBERObn), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain
| | - David J A Jenkins
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cyril W C Kendall
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John L Sievenpiper
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Unit of Human Nutrition, Reus, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain.,Consorcio Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red, M.P (CIBERObn), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,University Hospital of Sant Joan de Reus, Nutrition Unit, Reus, Spain
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15
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Can Walnut Serve as a Magic Bullet for the Management of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease? APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app11010218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Walnut contains many nutrients and bioactive components such as essential fatty acids, polyphenols, fiber, ɤ-tocopherol, folate, minerals, and vegetable protein, and has therefore been regarded as a natural functional food. Walnut-enriched diets have been demonstrated to be useful for heart health, cancer prevention, and metabolic disorders owing to their anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties as well as for the maintenance of a healthy metabolism and immune function. Walnut extracts, either phenolic or lipid, also demonstrated the health effects in animal and cultured cell studies. More recently, the beneficial effects of walnut consumption on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, which is a hepatic manifestation of obesity, hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome with substantial hepatic accumulation of triglyceride, have been proposed because walnut and a walnut-containing diet can modulate the etiologic mechanism such as ameliorating systemic and hepatic dyslipidemia, reducing lipotoxicity and inflammation, enhancing immune function, and maintaining gut microbiota balance. Through the extensive literature review we discuss the preventive roles of walnut in the development and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and provide mechanistic insights into these effects.
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16
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Julibert A, Del Mar Bibiloni M, Gallardo-Alfaro L, Abbate M, Martínez-González MÁ, Salas-Salvadó J, Corella D, Fitó M, Martínez JA, Alonso-Gómez ÁM, Wärnberg J, Vioque J, Romaguera D, Lopez-Miranda J, Estruch R, Tinahones FJ, Lapetra J, Serra-Majem L, Cano-Ibañez N, Martín-Sánchez V, Pintó X, Gaforio JJ, Matía-Martín P, Vidal J, Vázquez C, Daimiel L, Ros E, Sayon-Orea C, Becerra-Tomás N, Gimenez-Alba IM, Castañer O, Abete I, Tojal-Sierra L, Pérez-López J, Notario-Barandiaran L, Colom A, Garcia-Rios A, Castro-Barquero S, Bernal R, Santos-Lozano JM, Fernández-Lázaro CI, Hernández-Alonso P, Saiz C, Zomeño MD, Zulet MA, Belló-Mora MC, Basterra-Gortari J, Canudas S, Goday A, Tur JA. Metabolic Syndrome Features and Excess Weight Were Inversely Associated with Nut Consumption after 1-Year Follow-Up in the PREDIMED-Plus Study. J Nutr 2020; 150:3161-3170. [PMID: 33300039 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High nut consumption has been previously associated with decreased prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) regardless of race and dietary patterns. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess whether changes in nut consumption over a 1-y follow-up are associated with changes in features of MetS in a middle-aged and older Spanish population at high cardiovascular disease risk. METHODS This prospective 1-y follow-up cohort study, conducted in the framework of the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED)-Plus randomized trial, included 5800 men and women (55-75 y old) with overweight/obesity [BMI (in kg/m2) ≥27 and <40] and MetS. Nut consumption (almonds, pistachios, walnuts, and other nuts) was assessed using data from a validated FFQ. The primary outcome was the change from baseline to 1 y in features of MetS [waist circumference (WC), glycemia, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure] and excess weight (body weight and BMI) according to tertiles of change in nut consumption. Secondary outcomes included changes in dietary and lifestyle characteristics. A generalized linear model was used to compare 1-y changes in features of MetS, weight, dietary intakes, and lifestyle characteristics across tertiles of change in nut consumption. RESULTS As nut consumption increased, between each tertile there was a significant decrease in WC, TG, systolic blood pressure, weight, and BMI (P < 0.05), and a significant increase in HDL cholesterol (only in women, P = 0.044). The interaction effect between time and group was significant for total energy intake (P < 0.001), adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) (P < 0.001), and nut consumption (P < 0.001). Across tertiles of increasing nut consumption there was a significant increase in extra virgin olive oil intake and adherence to the MedDiet; change in energy intake, on the other hand, was inversely related to consumption of nuts. CONCLUSIONS Features of MetS and excess weight were inversely associated with nut consumption after a 1-y follow-up in the PREDIMED-Plus study cohort. This trial was registered at isrctn.com as ISRCTN89898870.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Julibert
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Research Group on Community Nutrition & Oxidative Stress, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Maria Del Mar Bibiloni
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Research Group on Community Nutrition & Oxidative Stress, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Laura Gallardo-Alfaro
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Research Group on Community Nutrition & Oxidative Stress, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Manuela Abbate
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Research Group on Community Nutrition & Oxidative Stress, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Miguel Á Martínez-González
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Navarra Health Research Institute (IDISNA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Pere Virgili Medical Research Institute (IISPV), Sant Joan University Hospital, University Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Dolores Corella
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Montse Fitó
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Unit of Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Alfredo Martínez
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Cardiometabolics Nutrition Program, Madrid Institute for Advanced Research (IMDEA) Food, Excellence International Campus, Autonomous University of Madrid and Higher Council of Scientific Research (CEI UAM + CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences, and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ángel M Alonso-Gómez
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cardiology, OSI ARABA, University Hospital Araba, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Julia Wärnberg
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Vioque
- Alicante Health and Biomedical Research Institute and Miguel Hernández University (ISABIAL-UMH),Alicante, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dora Romaguera
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - José Lopez-Miranda
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ramon Estruch
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Internal Medicine, August Pi Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Clinic Hospital, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, Department of Endocrinology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - José Lapetra
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Family Medicine, Research Unit, Sevilla Primary Health Care District, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Lluís Serra-Majem
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Naomi Cano-Ibañez
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Vicente Martín-Sánchez
- CIBER Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Leon, Spain
| | - Xavier Pintó
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José J Gaforio
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Health Sciences, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - Pilar Matía-Martín
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, San Carlos Hospital Health Research Institute (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Vidal
- Department of Endocrinology, August Pi Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Clinic Hospital, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clotilde Vázquez
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Endocrinology, Jiménez-Díaz Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Daimiel
- Nutritional Control of the Epigenome Group, Precision Nutrition and Obesity Program, Madrid Institute for Advanced Research (IMDEA) Food, Excellence International Campus, Autonomous University of Madrid and Higher Council of Scientific Research (CEI UAM + CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Ros
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, August Pi Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Clinic Hospital, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Sayon-Orea
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Navarra Health Research Institute (IDISNA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Health Service, Osasunbidea, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nerea Becerra-Tomás
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Pere Virgili Medical Research Institute (IISPV), Sant Joan University Hospital, University Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Ignacio M Gimenez-Alba
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Olga Castañer
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Unit of Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Itziar Abete
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences, and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lucas Tojal-Sierra
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cardiology, OSI ARABA, University Hospital Araba, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jéssica Pérez-López
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Leyre Notario-Barandiaran
- Alicante Health and Biomedical Research Institute and Miguel Hernández University (ISABIAL-UMH),Alicante, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Colom
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Antonio Garcia-Rios
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sara Castro-Barquero
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Internal Medicine, August Pi Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Clinic Hospital, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Bernal
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, Department of Endocrinology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - José M Santos-Lozano
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Family Medicine, Research Unit, Sevilla Primary Health Care District, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cesar I Fernández-Lázaro
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Navarra Health Research Institute (IDISNA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pablo Hernández-Alonso
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Pere Virgili Medical Research Institute (IISPV), Sant Joan University Hospital, University Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Carmen Saiz
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria D Zomeño
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Unit of Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria A Zulet
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences, and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria C Belló-Mora
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cardiology, OSI ARABA, University Hospital Araba, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Javier Basterra-Gortari
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Navarra Health Research Institute (IDISNA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Health Service, Osasunbidea, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Silvia Canudas
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Pere Virgili Medical Research Institute (IISPV), Sant Joan University Hospital, University Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Albert Goday
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Unit of Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep A Tur
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Research Group on Community Nutrition & Oxidative Stress, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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17
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Haramiishi R, Okuyama S, Yoshimura M, Nakajima M, Furukawa Y, Ito H, Amakura Y. Identification of the characteristic components in walnut and anti-inflammatory effect of glansreginin A as an indicator for quality evaluation. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:187-197. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1670046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Walnut is a nutritious food material, but only a few studies have been conducted on the mechanisms of its functions and the technique for quality evaluation. Therefore, we analyzed the components in aqueous methanol extract of walnut, and characterized 30 components, including three new compounds, glansreginin C, ellagic acid 4-O-(3′-O-galloyl)-β-D-xyloside, and platycaryanin A methyl ester. We analyzed the extracts of other nuts using HPLC and clarified that a characteristic peak corresponding to glansreginin A was mainly observed in walnut. These results suggested that glansreginin A might be an indicator component of the quality of walnut. We then examined whether glansreginin A has neuroprotective effect, using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory model mice. The results revealed that oral administration of glansreginin A prevented LPS-induced abnormal behavior and LPS-induced hyper-activation of microglia in the hippocampus. These results suggested that glansreginin A has the ability to exert neuroprotective effect via anti-inflammation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Haramiishi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okuyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Morio Yoshimura
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Mitsunari Nakajima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Furukawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ito
- Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Amakura
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, Matsuyama, Japan
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18
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Rusu ME, Mocan A, Ferreira ICFR, Popa DS. Health Benefits of Nut Consumption in Middle-Aged and Elderly Population. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8080302. [PMID: 31409026 PMCID: PMC6719153 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8080302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is considered the major risk factor for most chronic disorders. Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are two major contributors for cellular senescence, downregulation of stress response pathways with a decrease of protective cellular activity and accumulation of cellular damage, leading in time to age-related diseases. This review investigated the most recent clinical trials and cohort studies published in the last ten years, which presented the influence of tree nut and peanut antioxidant diets in preventing or delaying age-related diseases in middle-aged and elderly subjects (≥55 years old). Tree nut and peanut ingestion has the possibility to influence blood lipid count, biochemical and anthropometric parameters, endothelial function and inflammatory biomarkers, thereby positively affecting cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality, cancers, and cognitive disorders, mainly through the nuts’ healthy lipid profile and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of actions. Clinical evidence and scientific findings demonstrate the importance of diets characterized by a high intake of nuts and emphasize their potential in preventing age-related diseases, validating the addition of tree nuts and peanuts in the diet of older adults. Therefore, increased consumption of bioactive antioxidant compounds from nuts clearly impacts many risk factors related to aging and can extend health span and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Emil Rusu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Luliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrei Mocan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Luliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Laboratory of Chromatography, ICHAT, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Isabel C F R Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança (IPB), Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Daniela-Saveta Popa
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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19
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Arab L, Dhaliwal SK, Martin CJ, Larios AD, Jackson NJ, Elashoff D. Association between walnut consumption and diabetes risk in NHANES. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2018; 34:e3031. [PMID: 29927053 PMCID: PMC6220814 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary interventions and cohort studies relating tree nut consumption to blood glucose levels suggest a possible effect of walnuts. OBJECTIVE To examine the associations between walnut consumption and diabetes risk using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. METHODS National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data on adults conducting 24-hour dietary recall was pooled across the years 1999 through 2014. Diabetes status or risk was based on self-report, medication use, fasting plasma glucose levels, and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c ) levels. Individuals were characterized based on reported consumption of walnuts, mixed-nuts, or no nuts. RESULTS After adjustment for covariates, walnut consumers showed lower risk for diabetes compared with non-nut consumers based on self-report (odds ratio of 0.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.31-0.72) as well as fasting blood glucose (relative risk ratio 0.32, CI 0.17-0.58) and HbA1c (relative risk ratio 0.51, CI 0.27-0.99). For each standard deviation of increase in walnut intake, prevalence of diabetes dropped 47%. The gender by walnut interaction suggests that the effect may be more potent among women than men (dose response P = .061). CONCLUSIONS Both among individuals with known diabetes and those diagnosed based on elevated diabetes blood markers, the prevalence of individuals with diabetes was significantly lower among the walnut consumers. A possible gender-specific effect invites further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenore Arab
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services ResearchDavid Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Satvinder K. Dhaliwal
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Carly J. Martin
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services ResearchDavid Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Alena D. Larios
- School of DentistryUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | - David Elashoff
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
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