1
|
Jurczewska J, Ostrowska J, Chełchowska M, Panczyk M, Rudnicka E, Kucharski M, Smolarczyk R, Szostak-Węgierek D. Physical Activity, Rather Than Diet, Is Linked to Lower Insulin Resistance in PCOS Women-A Case-Control Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:2111. [PMID: 37432289 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is a prominent feature of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The importance of lifestyle interventions in the management of PCOS is strongly highlighted and it is suggested that diet and physical activity may significantly influence insulin sensitivity. Therefore, we evaluated the link between diet and physical activity and various indices of insulin resistance, including adipokines secreted by the adipose tissue in 56 PCOS and 33 healthy control women. The original food frequency questionnaire and Actigraph GT3X-BT were used to assess the adherence to the diet recommended in IR and the level of physical activity, respectively. We observed that higher levels of physical activity were associated with lower HOMA-IR and a greater chance of its normal value in PCOS group. No such relationship was observed for other IR indices and adipokines or for the diet. However, we noted a strong correlation between HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance) and HOMA-AD (Homeostatic Model Assessment-Adiponectin) in PCOS women. Additionally, when we used HOMA-AD we observed a higher prevalence of IR among PCOS women. Our study supports the beneficial role of physical activity in the management of insulin resistance in PCOS women. Moreover, our findings indicate that HOMA-AD may be a promising surrogate marker for insulin resistance assessment in women with PCOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Jurczewska
- Department of Clinical Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, E Ciołka 27, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Ostrowska
- Department of Clinical Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, E Ciołka 27, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chełchowska
- Department of Screening Tests and Metabolic Diagnostics, Institute of Mother and Child, Kasprzaka 17a, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Panczyk
- Department of Education and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-581 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Rudnicka
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Karowa 2, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Kucharski
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Karowa 2, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Roman Smolarczyk
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Karowa 2, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Szostak-Węgierek
- Department of Clinical Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, E Ciołka 27, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
de Souza HCD, Philbois SV, de Paula Facioli T, Ferriani RA, Gastaldi AC. Aerobic physical training impact on adipokines in women with polycystic ovary syndrome - Effects of body fat percentage. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2022; 66:837-847. [PMID: 35929900 PMCID: PMC10118759 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective We investigated the effects of aerobic training on adipokine concentrations in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Subjects and methods 120 women, including 60 with PCOS and 60 without PCOS, were divided into six groups (n = 20) based on body fat percentages of 22%-27%, 28%-32%, and 33%-37%. All groups were submitted the same evaluations before and after 16 weeks of aerobic training. These included anthropometric and hemodynamic analyses, cardiopulmonary tests, and laboratory tests. Two-way analysis of variance was performed to evaluate the differences between women with and without PCOS, effect of the body fat percentage, and effect of aerobic training. Results Body fat and PCOS were associated with high values of blood glucose, insulin, and testosterone. Body fat also reduced adiponectin levels and increased leptin, tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). In contrast, the PCOS increased only TNF-α and IL-6 levels. In the PCOS group, aerobic training reduced insulin, triglycerides, leptin, and IL-6 levels. It also promoted an increase in adiponectin and high-density lipoprotein levels. However, aerobic training did not alter TNF-α concentrations. Conclusion The body fat potentiates metabolic impairments that may be harmful to women with PCOS. Aerobic training appears to promote an important beneficial effect on the metabolic regulation of adipokines, except TNF-α.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Celso Dutra de Souza
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil,
| | - Stella Vieira Philbois
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Tábata de Paula Facioli
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Rui Alberto Ferriani
- Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Ada Clarice Gastaldi
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
da Silva Rosa SC, Liu M, Sweeney G. Adiponectin Synthesis, Secretion and Extravasation from Circulation to Interstitial Space. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 36:134-149. [PMID: 33904786 PMCID: PMC8461789 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00031.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin, an adipokine that circulates as multiple multimeric complexes at high levels in serum, has antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antiatherogenic, and cardioprotective properties. Understanding the mechanisms regulating adiponectin's physiological effects is likely to provide critical insight into the development of adiponectin-based therapeutics to treat various metabolic-related diseases. In this review, we summarize our current understanding on adiponectin action in its various target tissues and in cellular models. We also focus on recent advances in two particular regulatory aspects; namely, the regulation of adiponectin gene expression, multimerization, and secretion, as well as extravasation of circulating adiponectin to the interstitial space and its degradation. Finally, we discuss some potential therapeutic approaches using adiponectin as a target and the current challenges facing adiponectin-based therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Meilian Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Gary Sweeney
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
McGrath C, Little-Letsinger SE, Sankaran JS, Sen B, Xie Z, Styner MA, Zong X, Chen W, Rubin J, Klett EL, Coleman RA, Styner M. Exercise Increases Bone in SEIPIN Deficient Lipodystrophy, Despite Low Marrow Adiposity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:782194. [PMID: 35145475 PMCID: PMC8822583 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.782194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise, typically beneficial for skeletal health, has not yet been studied in lipodystrophy, a condition characterized by paucity of white adipose tissue, with eventual diabetes, and steatosis. We applied a mouse model of global deficiency of Bscl2 (SEIPIN), required for lipid droplet formation. Male twelve-week-old B6 knockouts (KO) and wild type (WT) littermates were assigned six-weeks of voluntary, running exercise (E) versus non-exercise (N=5-8). KO weighed 14% less than WT (p=0.01) and exhibited an absence of epididymal adipose tissue; KO liver Plin1 via qPCR was 9-fold that of WT (p=0.04), consistent with steatosis. Bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT), unlike white adipose, was measurable, although 40.5% lower in KO vs WT (p=0.0003) via 9.4T MRI/advanced image analysis. SEIPIN ablation's most notable effect marrow adiposity was in the proximal femoral diaphysis (-56% KO vs WT, p=0.005), with relative preservation in KO-distal-femur. Bone via μCT was preserved in SEIPIN KO, though some quality parameters were attenuated. Running distance, speed, and time were comparable in KO and WT. Exercise reduced weight (-24% WT-E vs WT p<0.001) but not in KO. Notably, exercise increased trabecular BV/TV in both (+31%, KO-E vs KO, p=0.004; +14%, WT-E vs WT, p=0.006). The presence and distribution of BMAT in SEIPIN KO, though lower than WT, is unexpected and points to a uniqueness of this depot. That trabecular bone increases were achievable in both KO and WT, despite a difference in BMAT quantity/distribution, points to potential metabolic flexibility during exercise-induced skeletal anabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cody McGrath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Sarah E. Little-Letsinger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jeyantt Srinivas Sankaran
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Buer Sen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Zhihui Xie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Martin A. Styner
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Xiaopeng Zong
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Weiqin Chen
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Janet Rubin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- North Carolina Diabetes Research Center (NCDRC), Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Eric L. Klett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- North Carolina Diabetes Research Center (NCDRC), Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Rosalind A. Coleman
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Maya Styner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- North Carolina Diabetes Research Center (NCDRC), Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Maya Styner,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hsiang CH, Wu CJ, Kao TW, Chen WL. Calf circumference and risk of cardiovascular disease. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20:1133-1137. [PMID: 33009856 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.14052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Calf circumference (CC) is an anthropometric parameter that is easily obtained. Increasingly, research has shown that CC related to cardiovascular events. We aimed to determine the correlation between CC and Framingham risk score (FRS) for the 10-year cardiovascular disease risk assessment in Taiwanese elderly aged ≥65 years. METHODS We included 540 men and 683 women aged ≥65 years. All participants and data were collected from geriatric physical screenings in Tri-Service General Hospital in Taiwan during 2017. The correlation between CC and FRS-coronary heart disease (CHD) were calculated. We used multivariate regression models to investigate the correlation between CC and FRS-CHD. Covariate adjustments were investigated by performing an extended model. RESULTS A significantly negative association was observed between FRS-CHD and CC in both genders in both models (all P < 0.05). Male and female participants were divided into quartiles at the CC level (Q1-Q4) and we compared their baseline characteristics separately. We further explored the association between CC divided in quartiles and the FRS-CHD, which exhibited a significant negative correlation comparing the largest quartiles with the first quartile in a fully adjusted model in both genders (P < 0.05). In addition, the higher quartiles of CC seemed to have a lower FRS-CHD with statistical significance (P for trend <0.05). DISCUSSION CC had a strongly negative correlation with FRS-CHD in both genders. In the future, CC might be an applicable tool in geriatric research in Taiwan for the early detection of developing cardiovascular events. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 1133-1137.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsuan Hsiang
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Jung Wu
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Family Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Wei Kao
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Polito R, Monda V, Nigro E, Messina A, Di Maio G, Giuliano MT, Orrù S, Imperlini E, Calcagno G, Mosca L, Mollica MP, Trinchese G, Scarinci A, Sessa F, Salerno M, Marsala G, Buono P, Mancini A, Monda M, Daniele A, Messina G. The Important Role of Adiponectin and Orexin-A, Two Key Proteins Improving Healthy Status: Focus on Physical Activity. Front Physiol 2020; 11:356. [PMID: 32390865 PMCID: PMC7188914 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise represents the most important integrative therapy in metabolic, immunologic and chronic diseases; it represents a valid strategy in the non-pharmacological intervention of lifestyle linked diseases. A large body of evidence indicates physical exercise as an effective measure against chronic non-communicable diseases. The worldwide general evidence for health benefits are both for all ages and skill levels. In a dysregulated lifestyle such as in the obesity, there is an imbalance in the production of different cytokines. In particular, we focused on Adiponectin, an adipokine producted by adipose tissue, and on Orexin-A, a neuropeptide synthesized in the lateral hypothalamus. The production of both Adiponectin and Orexin-A increases following regular and structured physical activity and both these hormones have similar actions. Indeed, they improve energy and glucose metabolism, and also modulate energy expenditure and thermogenesis. In addition, a relevant biological role of Adiponectin and Orexin A has been recently highlighted in the immune system, where they function as immune-suppressor factors. The strong connection between these two cytokines and healthy status is mediated by physical activity and candidates these hormones as potential biomarkers of the beneficial effects induced by physical activity. For these reasons, this review aims to underly the interconnections among Adiponectin, Orexin-A, physical activity and healthy status. Furthermore, it is analyzed the involvement of Adiponectin and Orexin-A in physical activity as physiological factors improving healthy status through physical exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Polito
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Ersilia Nigro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.,Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Girolamo Di Maio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Giuliano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Orrù
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Naples, Italy.,IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Calcagno
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze della Salute "Vincenzo Tiberio", Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Laura Mosca
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universitá degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Mollica
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universitá degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Trinchese
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universitá degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Scarinci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Formazione, Psicologia, Comunicazione, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Sessa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Medical, Surgery Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gabriella Marsala
- Struttura Complessa di Farmacia, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria - Ospedali Riuniti, Foggia, Italy
| | - Pasqualina Buono
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Naples, Italy.,IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Mancini
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Aurora Daniele
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.,Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Potential exerkines for physical exercise-elicited pro-cognitive effects: Insight from clinical and animal research. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 147:361-395. [PMID: 31607361 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A sedentary lifestyle is now known as a critical risk factor for accelerated aging-related neurodegenerative disorders. In contract, having regular physical exercise has opposite effects. Clinical findings have suggested that physical exercise can promote brain plasticity, particularly the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex, that are important for learning and memory and mood regulations. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Animal studies reveal that the effects of physical exercise on promoting neuroplasticity could be mediated by different exerkines derived from the peripheral system and the brain itself. This book chapter summarizes the recent evidence from clinical and pre-clinical studies showing the emerging mediators for exercise-promoted brain health, including myokines secreted from skeletal muscles, adipokines from adipose tissues, and other factors secreted from the bone and liver.
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu Y, Vu V, Sweeney G. Examining the Potential of Developing and Implementing Use of Adiponectin-Targeted Therapeutics for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:842. [PMID: 31920962 PMCID: PMC6918867 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiometabolic diseases encompass those affecting the heart and vasculature as well as other metabolic problems, such as insulin resistance, diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. These diseases tend to have common risk factors, one of which is impaired adiponectin action. This may be due to reduced bioavailability of the hormone or resistance to its effects on target tissues. A strong negative correlation between adiponectin levels and cardiometabolic diseases has been well-documented and research shown that adiponectin has cardioprotective, insulin sensitizing and direct beneficial metabolic effects. Thus, therapeutic approaches to enhance adiponectin action are widely considered to be desirable. The complexity of adiponectin structure and function has so far made progress in this area less than ideal. In this article we will review the effects and mechanism of action of adiponectin on cardiometabolic tissues, identify scenarios where enhancing adiponectin action would be of clinical value and finally discuss approaches via which this can be achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Metabolic Disease Research Division, iCarbonX Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Liu
| | - Vivian Vu
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary Sweeney
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Gary Sweeney
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Accumulating research in rodents and humans indicates that exercise benefits brain function and may prevent or delay onset of neurodegenerative conditions. In particular, exercise modifies the structure and function of the hippocampus, a brain area important for learning and memory. This review addresses the central and peripheral mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise on the hippocampus. We focus on running-induced changes in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, neural circuitry, neurotrophins, synaptic plasticity, neurotransmitters, and vasculature. The role of peripheral factors in hippocampal plasticity is also highlighted. We discuss recent evidence that systemic factors released from peripheral organs such as muscle (myokines), liver (hepatokines), and adipose tissue (adipokines) during exercise contribute to hippocampal neurotrophin and neurogenesis levels, and memory function. A comprehensive understanding of the body-brain axis is needed to elucidate how exercise improves hippocampal plasticity and cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C'iana Cooper
- Neuroplasticity and Behavior Unit, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Hyo Youl Moon
- Neuroplasticity and Behavior Unit, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
- Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Henriette van Praag
- Neuroplasticity and Behavior Unit, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu CJ, Kao TW, Chang YW, Peng TC, Wu LW, Yang HF, Chen WL. Does the Additional Component of Calf Circumference Refine Metabolic Syndrome in Correlating With Cardiovascular Risk? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:1151-1160. [PMID: 29346655 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-02320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Calf circumference (CC) was a useful anthropometric tool, but there was limited study on the effect of CC on metabolic syndrome (MetS) for cardiovascular risk. OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to determine whether adding CC as a component of MetS refined correlating MetS with cardiovascular, all-cause, and cancer mortality risks. DESIGN, SETTING, PATIENTS, AND INTERVENTIONS From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data set for 1999 through 2002, we analyzed four types of MetS: (1) increased waist circumference and two or more of four MetS components (WaistMetS); (2) decreased CC and two or more of four MetS components (CalfMetS); (3) increased waist-to-calf ratio and two or more of four MetS components (WCRMetS); and (4) decreased CC and three or more of five MetS components (CC+MetS). PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE The cause-specific hazard ratios were measured as categorized by the four types of MetS. RESULTS For cardiovascular mortality, the adjusted hazard ratios for WaistMetS, CalfMetS, WCRMetS, and CC+MetS were 1.867, 1.871, 1.949, and 2.306, respectively (all P < 0.001). Notably, CalfMetS showed the strongest positive correlation with serum C-reactive protein levels, and WCRMetS had the strongest positive relationship with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS Adding CC to the components of MetS correlated with higher cardiovascular and all-cause mortality risk than the traditional definition of MetS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Jung Wu
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tung-Wei Kao
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yaw-Wen Chang
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tao-Chun Peng
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Li-Wei Wu
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hui-Fang Yang
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Winzer BM, Paratz JD, Whitehead JP, Whiteman DC, Reeves MM. The feasibility of an exercise intervention in males at risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117922. [PMID: 25706622 PMCID: PMC4338269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the feasibility and safety of a 24-week exercise intervention, compared to control, in males with Barrett’s oesophagus, and to estimate the effect of the intervention, compared to control, on risk factors associated with oesophageal adenocarcinoma development. Methods A randomized controlled trial of an exercise intervention (60 minutes moderate-intensity aerobic and resistance exercise five days/week over 24 weeks; one supervised and four unsupervised sessions) versus attention control (45 minutes stretching five days/week over 24 weeks; one supervised and four unsupervised sessions) in inactive, overweight/obese (25.0–34.9 kg/m2) males with Barrett’s oesophagus, aged 18–70 years. Primary outcomes were obesity-associated hormones relevant to oesophageal adenocarcinoma risk (circulating concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, C-reactive protein, and insulin resistance [HOMA]). Secondary outcomes included waist circumference, body composition, fitness, strength and gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms. Outcomes were measured at baseline and 24-weeks. Intervention effects were analysed using generalised linear models, adjusting for baseline value. Results Recruitment was difficult in this population with a total of 33 participants recruited (target sample size: n = 80); 97% retention at 24-weeks. Adherence to the exercise protocol was moderate. No serious adverse events were reported. A statistically significant intervention effect (exercise minus control) was observed for waist circumference (-4.5 [95% CI -7.5, -1.4] cm; p < 0.01). Effects on primary outcomes were not statistically significant. Conclusion This small, exploratory trial provides important information to inform future trial development including recruitment rates and estimates of effect sizes on outcomes related to oesophageal adenocarcinoma risk. Future trials should investigate a combined dietary and exercise intervention to achieve greater weight loss in this population and relax inclusion criteria to maximize recruitment. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) ACTRN12609000401257
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke M. Winzer
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jennifer D. Paratz
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jonathan P. Whitehead
- Metabolic Medicine Group, Mater Research Institute University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David C. Whiteman
- Cancer Control Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marina M. Reeves
- Cancer Prevention Research Centre, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Marette A, Liu Y, Sweeney G. Skeletal muscle glucose metabolism and inflammation in the development of the metabolic syndrome. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2014; 15:299-305. [PMID: 25326656 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-014-9296-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction in skeletal muscle play a major role in the development of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Numerous mechanisms have been proposed to explain the pathophysiology of obesity-linked metabolic dysfunction and this review will focus on the contributing role of adiponectin and inflammation. The beneficial effects of adiponectin on both insulin action and inflammation are now well documented and will be reviewed. More recent work provided new insights into adiponectin signaling mechanisms. The development of strategies to mimic adiponectin action holds promise that adiponectin-based compounds may translate into effective therapeutic applications. We will also discussed the novel role of long chain ω-3 PUFA-derived resolution mediators, which in addition to resolving inflammation, can also exert glucoregulatory effects in models of obesity and insulin resistance. We will focus on one resolution mediator, protectin DX (PDX), which was recently shown to act as a muscle interleukin-6 secretagogue. PDX and its isomer PD1 also enhance adiponectin expression and action. Ultimately, it is via a better understanding the molecular mechanisms of action via which inflammation, insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction occur in skeletal muscle, and also how they crosstalk with each other, that we can generate new and improved therapies for obesity-linked metabolic complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André Marette
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Martins LM, Oliveira ARS, Cruz KJC, Torres-Leal FL, Marreiro DDN. Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502014000400003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) is considered an endocrine organ. When present in excess, WAT can influence metabolism via biologically active molecules. Following unregulated production of such molecules, adipose tissue dysfunction results, contributing to complications associated with obesity. Previous studies have implicated pro- and anti-inflammatory substances in the regulation of inflammatory response and in the development of insulin resistance. In obese individuals, pro-inflammatory molecules produced by adipose tissue contribute to the development of insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, the molecules with anti-inflammatory action, that have been associated with the improvement of insulin sensitivity, have your decreased production. Imbalance of these substances contributes significantly to metabolic disorders found in obese individuals. The current review aims to provide updated information regarding the activity of biomolecules produced by WAT.
Collapse
|
14
|
Alfieri A, Martone D, Randers MB, Labruna G, Mancini A, Nielsen JJ, Bangsbo J, Krustrup P, Buono P. Effects of long-term football training on the expression profile of genes involved in muscle oxidative metabolism. Mol Cell Probes 2014; 29:43-7. [PMID: 25444938 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether long-term recreational football training affects the expression of health-related biochemical and molecular markers in healthy untrained subjects. Five untrained healthy men trained for 1 h 2.4 times/week for 12 weeks and 1.3 times/week for another 52 weeks. Blood samples and a muscle biopsy from the vastus lateralis were collected at T0 (pre intervention) and at T1 (post intervention). Gene expression was measured by RTqPCR on RNA extracted from muscle biopsies. The expression levels of the genes principally involved in energy metabolism (PPARγ, adiponectin, AMPKα1/α2, TFAM, NAMPT, PGC1α and SIRT1) were measured at T0 and T1. Up-regulation of PPARγ (p < 0.0005), AMPKα1 (p < 0.01), AMPKα2 (p < 0.0005) and adiponectin was observed at T1 vs T0. Increases were also found in the expression of TFAM (p < 0.001), NAMPT (p < 0.01), PGC1α (p < 0.01) and SIRT1 (p < 0.01), which are directly or indirectly involved in the glucose and lipid oxidative metabolism. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that fat percentage was independently associated with NAMPT, PPARγ and adiponectin expression. In conclusion, long-term recreational football training could be a useful tool to improve the expression of muscle molecular biomarkers that are correlated to oxidative metabolism in healthy males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Alfieri
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellness (DiSMEB), University Parthenope, Naples, Italy; CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - D Martone
- CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - M B Randers
- Copenhagen Centre for Team Sport and Health, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - A Mancini
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellness (DiSMEB), University Parthenope, Naples, Italy; CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - J J Nielsen
- Copenhagen Centre for Team Sport and Health, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Bangsbo
- Copenhagen Centre for Team Sport and Health, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Krustrup
- Copenhagen Centre for Team Sport and Health, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - P Buono
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellness (DiSMEB), University Parthenope, Naples, Italy; IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Physical exercise-induced hippocampal neurogenesis and antidepressant effects are mediated by the adipocyte hormone adiponectin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:15810-5. [PMID: 25331877 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1415219111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin (ADN) is an adipocyte-secreted protein with insulin-sensitizing, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, and antiatherogenic properties. Evidence is also accumulating that ADN has neuroprotective activities, yet the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here we show that ADN could pass through the blood-brain barrier, and elevating its levels in the brain increased cell proliferation and decreased depression-like behaviors. ADN deficiency did not reduce the basal hippocampal neurogenesis or neuronal differentiation but diminished the effectiveness of exercise in increasing hippocampal neurogenesis. Furthermore, exercise-induced reduction in depression-like behaviors was abrogated in ADN-deficient mice, and this impairment in ADN-deficient mice was accompanied by defective running-induced phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the hippocampal tissue. In vitro analyses indicated that ADN itself could increase cell proliferation of both hippocampal progenitor cells and Neuro2a neuroblastoma cells. The neurogenic effects of ADN were mediated by the ADN receptor 1 (ADNR1), because siRNA targeting ADNR1, but not ADNR2, inhibited the capacity of ADN to enhance cell proliferation. These data suggest that adiponectin may play a significant role in mediating the effects of exercise on hippocampal neurogenesis and depression, possibly by activation of the ADNR1/AMPK signaling pathways, and also raise the possibility that adiponectin and its agonists may represent a promising therapeutic treatment for depression.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
The increased prevalence of obesity has mandated extensive research focused on mechanisms responsible for associated clinical complications. Emerging from the focus on adipose tissue biology as a vitally important adipokine is adiponectin which is now believed to mediate anti-diabetic, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective and cancer modifying actions. Adiponectin mediates these primarily beneficial effects via direct signaling effects and via enhancing insulin sensitivity via crosstalk with insulin signaling pathways. Reduced adiponectin action is detrimental and occurs in obesity via decreased circulating levels of adiponectin action or development of adiponectin resistance. This review will focus on cellular mechanisms of adiponectin action, their crosstalk with insulin signaling and the resultant role of adiponectin in cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer and reviews data from in vitro cell based studies through animal models to clinical observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Scheid
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lustig Y, Barhod E, Ashwal-Fluss R, Gordin R, Shomron N, Baruch-Umansky K, Hemi R, Karasik A, Kanety H. RNA-binding protein PTB and microRNA-221 coregulate AdipoR1 translation and adiponectin signaling. Diabetes 2014; 63:433-45. [PMID: 24130336 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) mediates adiponectin's pleiotropic effects in muscle and liver and plays an important role in the regulation of insulin resistance and diabetes. Here, we demonstrate a pivotal role for microRNA-221 (miR-221) and the RNA-binding protein polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB) in posttranscriptional regulation of AdipoR1 during muscle differentiation and in obesity. RNA-immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays illustrated that both PTB and miR-221 bind AdipoR1-3'UTR and cooperatively inhibit AdipoR1 translation. Depletion of PTB or miR-221 increased, while overexpression of these factors decreased, AdipoR1 protein synthesis in both muscle and liver cells. During myogenesis, downregulation of PTB and miR-221 robustly induced AdipoR1 translation, providing a mechanism for enhanced AdipoR1 protein expression and activation in differentiated muscle cells. In addition, since both PTB and miR-221 are upregulated in liver and muscle of genetic and dietary mouse models of obesity, this novel translational mechanism may be at least partly responsible for the reduction in AdipoR1 protein levels in obesity. These findings highlight the importance of translational control in regulating AdipoR1 protein expression and adiponectin signaling. Given that adiponectin is reduced in obesity, induction of AdipoR1 could potentially enhance adiponectin beneficial effects and ameliorate insulin resistance and diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Lustig
- Institute of Endocrinology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
The beneficial metabolic effects of adiponectin which confer insulin-sensitizing and anti-diabetic effects are well established. Skeletal muscle is an important target tissue for adiponectin where it regulates glucose and fatty acid metabolism directly and via insulin sensitizing effects. Cell surface receptors and the intracellular signaling events via which adiponectin orchestrates metabolism are now becoming well characterized. The initially accepted dogma of adiponectin action was that the physiological effects were mediated via endocrine effects of adipose-derived adiponectin. However, in recent years it has been established that skeletal muscle can also produce and secrete adiponectin that can elicit important functional effects. There is evidence that skeletal muscle adiponectin resistance may develop in obesity and play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. In summary, adiponectin acting in an autocrine and endocrine manner has important metabolic and insulin sensitizing effects on skeletal muscle which contribute to the overall anti-diabetic outcome of adiponectin action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gary Sweeney
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bucci L, Yani SL, Fabbri C, Bijlsma AY, Maier AB, Meskers CG, Narici MV, Jones DA, McPhee JS, Seppet E, Gapeyeva H, Pääsuke M, Sipilä S, Kovanen V, Stenroth L, Musarò A, Hogrel JY, Barnouin Y, Butler-Browne G, Capri M, Franceschi C, Salvioli S. Circulating levels of adipokines and IGF-1 are associated with skeletal muscle strength of young and old healthy subjects. Biogerontology 2013; 14:261-72. [PMID: 23666343 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-013-9428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
It is known that adipose tissue mass increases with age, and that a number of hormones, collectively called adipokines, are produced by adipose tissue. For most of them it is not known whether their plasmatic levels change with age. Moreover, it is known that adipose tissue infiltration in skeletal muscle is related to sarcopenia and loss of muscle strength. In this study we investigated the age-related changes of representative adipokines and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and their effect on muscle strength. We studied the association between circulating levels of adiponectin, leptin, resistin and IGF-1 and muscle strength. This cross-sectional study included 412 subjects of different age (152 subjects aged 18-30 years and 260 subjects aged 69-81 years) recruited within the framework of the European research network project "Myoage". The levels of adiponectin (both in male and female subjects) and leptin (only in males) were significantly higher in old subjects compared to young, while those of IGF-1 were lower in old subjects. In old subjects adiponectin, resistin and the resistin/IGF-1 ratio (but not IGF-1 alone) were inversely associated with quadriceps torque, while only adiponectin was inversely associated with handgrip strength independently from percentage of fat mass, height, age, gender and geographical origin. The ratio of leptin to adiponectin was directly associated with handgrip strength in both young and old subjects. These results suggest that in humans the age-associated loss of strength is associated with the levels of representative adipokines and IGF-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bucci
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine and CIG-Interdepartmental Centre L. Galvani, University of Bologna, via S. Giacomo 12, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Almabouada F, Diaz-Ruiz A, Rabanal-Ruiz Y, Peinado JR, Vazquez-Martinez R, Malagon MM. Adiponectin receptors form homomers and heteromers exhibiting distinct ligand binding and intracellular signaling properties. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:3112-25. [PMID: 23255609 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.404624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin binds to two widely expressed receptors (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) that contain seven transmembrane domains but, unlike G-protein coupled receptors, present an extracellular C terminus and a cytosolic N terminus. Recently, AdipoR1 was found to associate in high order complexes. However, it is still unknown whether AdipoR2 may also form homomers or heteromers with AdipoR1 or if such interactions may be functionally relevant. Herein, we have analyzed the oligomerization pattern of AdipoRs by FRET and immunoprecipitation and evaluated both the internalization of AdipoRs in response to various adiponectin isoforms and the effect of adiponectin binding to different AdipoR combinations on AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α activation. Transfection of HEK293AD cells with AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 showed that both receptors colocalize at both the plasma membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum. Co-transfection with the different AdipoR pairs yielded high FRET efficiencies in non-stimulated cells, which indicates that AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 form homo- and heteromeric complexes under resting conditions. Live FRET imaging suggested that both homo- and heteromeric AdipoR complexes dissociate in response to adiponectin, but heteromers separate faster than homomers. Finally, phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase in response to adiponectin was delayed in cells wherein heteromer formation was favored. In sum, our findings indicate that AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 form homo- and heteromers that present unique interaction behaviors and signaling properties. This raises the possibility that the pleiotropic, tissue-dependent functions of adiponectin depend on the expression levels of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 and, therefore, on the steady-state proportion of homo- and heteromeric complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farid Almabouada
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Instituto Maimonides de Investigacion Biomedica de Cordoba/University Hospital Reina Sofia, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tishinsky JM, Robinson LE, Dyck DJ. Insulin-sensitizing properties of adiponectin. Biochimie 2012; 94:2131-6. [PMID: 22314192 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adiponectin administration improves glucose tolerance in rodents. This is due to both reductions in hepatic glucose production, and likely improved insulin stimulated glucose disposal in skeletal muscle. Adiponectin's effects in both liver and muscle are believed to be due in large part to AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, resulting in a reduction in hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes and increased fatty acid oxidation and reduced ectopic lipid deposition in muscle. In addition, adiponectin can robustly stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis, at least in muscle, and this appears to be due to AMPK-independent mechanisms. Various treatments successful at improving insulin response (thiazolidinediones (TZDs), n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation) also stimulate adiponectin production. Obesity and insulin resistance are often characterized by both a state of resistance to adiponectin (both liver and muscle), as well as a reduction in total circulating adiponectin concentrations. The mechanisms underlying the impaired response of muscle and liver to adiponectin have not been clearly elucidated. Surprisingly, the significance of adiponectin resistance, at least in muscle, is not entirely clear. While the development of adiponectin resistance precedes intramuscular lipid accumulation and impaired insulin response in high-fat fed rodents, the restoration of adiponectin response does not appear to be necessary in order to restore insulin response in muscle. Further research examining the cellular mechanisms underlying the development of adiponectin resistance, and the importance of treating this, needs to be conducted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justine M Tishinsky
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G2W1
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Dadson K, Liu Y, Sweeney G. Adiponectin action: a combination of endocrine and autocrine/paracrine effects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:62. [PMID: 22649379 PMCID: PMC3355882 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread physiological actions of adiponectin have now been well characterized as clinical studies and works in animal models have established strong correlations between circulating adiponectin level and various disease-related outcomes. Thus, conventional thinking attributes many of adiponectin's beneficial effects to endocrine actions of adipose-derived adiponectin. However, it is now clear that several tissues can themselves produce adiponectin and there is growing evidence that locally produced adiponectin can mediate functionally important autocrine or paracrine effects. In this review article we discuss regulation of adiponectin production, its mechanism of action via receptor isoforms and signaling pathways, and its principal physiological effects (i.e., metabolic and cardiovascular). The role of endocrine actions of adiponectin and changes in local production of adiponectin or its receptors in whole body physiology is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith Dadson
- Department of Biology, York UniversityToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Biology, York UniversityToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary Sweeney
- Department of Biology, York UniversityToronto, ON, Canada
- Institut Pasteur KoreaSeoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cocate PG, Domingues SF, Natali AJ. Concentrações sanguíneas de adiponectina e exercício físico: associações com a sensibilidade insulínica. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CIÊNCIAS DO ESPORTE 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0101-32892011000300018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O objetivo desta revisão foi apresentar e discutir a influência do exercício físico nas concentrações sanguíneas de adiponectina e a associação com a sensibilidade insulínica. Estudos realizados nos últimos 10 anos mostram que o exercício agudo, de intensidade alta, provoca redução nas concentrações sanguíneas de adiponectina, sem alterar as concentrações de insulina. Porém, exercícios agudos de intensidade moderada não alteram as concentrações sanguíneas de adiponectina, apesar de proporcionar melhoria na sensibilidade insulínica. O exercício crônico, por sua vez, aumenta os níveis sanguíneos de adiponectina, melhora a sensibilidade insulínica, mas altera a composição corporal em indivíduos obesos. Em indivíduos eutróficos, todavia, os níveis de adiponectina não são afetados, apesar dos benefícios do exercício crônico para a composição corporal e sensibilidade insulínica.
Collapse
|
25
|
Garekani ET, Mohebbi H, Kraemer RR, Fathi R. Exercise training intensity/volume affects plasma and tissue adiponectin concentrations in the male rat. Peptides 2011; 32:1008-12. [PMID: 21291933 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to determine the effects of exercise training intensity/volume on plasma total and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin and tissue total adiponectin concentrations. Thirty-two, eight week-old male Wistar rats (185 ± 5g) were randomly assigned to one of four groups: high intensity (HI: 34 m/min ∼%80-%85 VO(2)max), moderate intensity (MI: 28 m/min ∼%70-%75 VO(2)max), low intensity (LI: 20 m/min ∼ %50-%55 VO(2)max), and sedentary control (SED). Experimental groups completed a 12-week exercise program of treadmill running at 0° slope, 1h/day, 5 days/week. Since frequency and duration of exercise were identical among training groups, the volume of training was highest in the HI group followed by the MI and LI groups. Compared with SED animals, fasting plasma total and HMW adiponectin and adipose tissue total adiponectin concentrations were significantly higher in the HI and MI groups, but total adiponectin concentrations in liver and soleus muscle were not significantly lower than the SED rats. There were significantly lower plasma total testosterone levels in the HI group vs. SED group. Plasma total and HMW adiponectin were negatively correlated with HOMA-IR and insulin whereas total adiponectin was inversely related to TNF-α and HMW adiponectin was negatively correlated with total testosterone. Thus, data suggest there is a dose effect for exercise training intensity and accompanying volume for the adaptation of adipose tissue and circulating total and HMW adiponectin concentrations, whereas the changes of adiponectin concentrations in skeletal muscle and liver tissue may depend on the body's energy balance in the recovery period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Talebi Garekani
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ashwal R, Hemi R, Tirosh A, Gordin R, Yissachar E, Cohen-Dayag A, Rosenberg A, Karasik A, Blüher M, Kanety H. Differential expression of novel adiponectin receptor-1 transcripts in skeletal muscle of subjects with normal glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2011; 60:936-46. [PMID: 21289205 PMCID: PMC3046855 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adiponectin receptor-1 (AdipoR1) expression in skeletal muscle has been suggested to play an important role in insulin resistance and diabetes. We aimed at evaluating the presence of novel AdiopR1 splice variants in human muscle and their regulation under physiological and pathophysiological states. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS AdipoR1 5'UTR mRNA transcripts, predicted from bioinformatics data, were evaluated in fetal and adult human tissues. Expression and function of the identified transcripts were assessed in cultured human skeletal muscle cells and in muscle biopsies obtained from individuals with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and type 2 diabetes (n = 49). RESULTS Screening of potential AdipoR1 5'UTR splice variants revealed a novel highly abundant muscle transcript (R1T3) in addition to the previously described transcript (R1T1). Unlike R1T1, R1T3 expression was significantly increased during fetal development and myogenesis, paralleled with increased AdipoR1 protein expression. The 5'UTR of R1T3 was found to contain upstream open reading frames that repress translation of downstream coding sequences. Conversely, AdipoR1 3'UTR was associated with enhanced translation efficiency during myoblast-myotube differentiation. A marked reduction in muscle expression of R1T3, R1T1, and R1T3-to-R1T1 ratio was observed in individuals with type 2 diabetes compared with expression levels of NGT subjects, paralleled with decreased expression of the differentiation marker myogenin. Among NGT subjects, R1T3 expression was positively correlated with insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that AdipoR1 receptor expression in human skeletal muscle is subjected to posttranscriptional regulation, including alternative splicing and translational control. These mechanisms play an important role during myogenesis and may be important for whole-body insulin sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reut Ashwal
- Institute of Endocrinology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Rina Hemi
- Institute of Endocrinology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Amir Tirosh
- Institute of Endocrinology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Reut Gordin
- Institute of Endocrinology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Eleanor Yissachar
- Institute of Endocrinology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | | | | | - Avraham Karasik
- Institute of Endocrinology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hannah Kanety
- Institute of Endocrinology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Corresponding author: Hannah Kanety,
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Donoso MA, Muñoz-Calvo MT, Barrios V, Garrido G, Hawkins F, Argente J. Increased circulating adiponectin levels and decreased leptin/soluble leptin receptor ratio throughout puberty in female ballet dancers: association with body composition and the delay in puberty. Eur J Endocrinol 2010; 162:905-11. [PMID: 20145046 DOI: 10.1530/eje-09-0874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ballet dancers (BDs) have a negative energy balance related to physical training that results in alterations in body composition, sexual development, and adipokine secretion. Our aims were to study anthropometric parameters, body composition, and their relationship with adipokines throughout pubertal development. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We carried out a prospective follow-up study of 22 female Caucasian BDs (Tanner II stage) followed throughout puberty. Nutritional status was determined by measurement of height, weight, and body mass index (BMI). We calculated growth velocity, bone maturity, and body composition at Tanner stages II, III, and V by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Circulating leptin, adiponectin, and soluble leptin receptor (sObR) levels were determined. RESULTS BDs presented a delay in skeletal maturation during puberty, without affectation of final height. Energy intake was deficient according to their physical exercise, and they had a delay of 1 year in the mean age of menarche. Leptin levels were decreased, whereas sObR and adiponectin levels were increased throughout puberty. The percentage of trunk fat, total fat mass, and fat of the extremities was decreased throughout the study period (P<0.01). Lean mass was increased in the lower extremities, and bone mineral density was normal. CONCLUSION A negative energy balance together with maintained physical exercise induced modifications in body composition in BDs. Changes in leptin and adiponectin levels appear to be more related to total fat content than to BMI. Furthermore, the onset and delayed progress of puberty may be related with an inadequate energy balance due to increased exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Donoso
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Burr JF, Rowan CP, Jamnik VK, Riddell MC. The role of physical activity in type 2 diabetes prevention: physiological and practical perspectives. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2010; 38:72-82. [PMID: 20424404 DOI: 10.3810/psm.2010.04.1764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lifestyle changes that include a nutritionally balanced diet and increased physical activity (PA) are effective intervention options for persons with prediabetes who want to prevent progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although nutritional counseling is standard practice for patients in a clinical setting, an individualized PA prescription, including recommendations on the type, frequency, duration, and intensity, is much less likely to occur. This is surprising because lifestyle modifications including a PA program are at least as effective in diabetes prevention as any single pharmacological agent. The success of regular PA in improving glycemic control in persons with either prediabetes or type 2 diabetes likely results from adaptations that occur in several organs and tissues, including adipose, skeletal muscle, liver, and pancreas. Increased insulin sensitivity is an important link between increased PA, body composition, and metabolic health, and it is at this link where increases in PA and energy expenditure exert much of their effect on preventing metabolic disorders and improving symptoms of existing disease. In addition to improving insulin sensitivity, regular PA has several cardioprotective effects, especially for persons with metabolic dysfunction, and has been shown to elicit minimal adverse events in these populations. Effective PA prescription is contingent on an understanding of the underlying physiological adaptations and the differing responses to diverse modes and intensities of PA. This article highlights recent findings on the beneficial role of regular PA for improving and/or maintaining insulin sensitivity in persons with prediabetes. We also provide an evidence-informed prescription for the type, intensity, and duration of both resistance and aerobic PA in persons with prediabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie F Burr
- Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Alhusseini. Effect of Exercise Training on Adiponectin Receptor Expression and Insulin Resistance in Mice Fed a High Fat Diet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3844/ajbbsp.2010.77.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
30
|
Ibáñez J, Izquierdo M, Martínez-Labari C, Ortega F, Grijalba A, Forga L, Idoate F, García-Unciti M, Fernández-Real JM, Gorostiaga EM. Resistance training improves cardiovascular risk factors in obese women despite a significative decrease in serum adiponectin levels. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18:535-41. [PMID: 19713947 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Increased circulating adiponectin and insulin sensitivity are usually observed after body fat loss induced by a weight-loss diet. Progressive resistance training (PRT) without a concomitant weight-loss diet significantly decreases visceral fat, thus improving insulin sensitivity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to ascertain the effects of combined 16-week PRT and weight-loss diet on circulating adiponectin and insulin sensitivity index. Thirty-four obese (BMI: 30-40 kg/m(2)) women, aged 40-60 year, were randomized to three groups: a control group (C; n = 9); a diet group (WL; n = 12) with a caloric restriction of 500 kcal/d; and a diet plus resistance training group (WL+RT; n = 13) with the same caloric restriction as group WL and a 16-week supervised whole body PRT of two sessions/week. Both WL and WL+RT groups showed similar decreases in body mass (-6.3% and -7.7%) and visceral fat (-19.9% and -20.5%). WL resulted in an expected increase in circulating levels of adiponectin (P = 0.07) and insulin sensitivity. However, circulating total adiponectin decreased (P < 0.05) in WL+RT group, whereas an improvement in different cardiovascular risk factors (insulin sensitivity, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), etc.) was observed. In conclusion, in obese women a 16-week combined PRT and weight-loss diet is accompanied by significant improvements in different cardiovascular risk factors in spite of a significant decrease of circulating adiponectin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ibáñez
- Research and Sports Medicine Center, Government of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lakhdar N, Bouassida A, Ben Saad H, Zaouali M, Zbidi A, Tabka Z. Effect of training status on adiponectin concentrations. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-009-0086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
32
|
Current Opinion in Lipidology. Current world literature. Curr Opin Lipidol 2010; 21:84-8. [PMID: 20101119 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e32833592e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
33
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW An increase in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) through exercise training appears to partly ameliorate the health hazards of obesity and a number of mechanisms might explain the potential benefits. We review recent evidence about the relationships between CRF, exercise training and metabolic risk factors in obesity. RECENT FINDINGS Epidemiological data have shown that the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise could be an important mechanism in explaining cardio-protective effects of physical activity. Emerging evidence suggests that exercise training reduces markers of inflammation and improves glucose control in obesity, independent of weight loss. Novel mechanisms appear to involve exercise-induced changes in CD14+CD16+ cell populations, expression of toll-like receptors, and key changes in the metabolic regulation of visceral white adipose tissue. Other promising recent research has focused on exercise-induced signalling pathways governing glucose metabolism, such as insulin receptor substrate and Akt substrate. Using novel imaging techniques, studies have demonstrated exercise-induced improvements in lipoprotein subfraction particle size, and reduction in visceral adipose tissue and liver fat, independent of weight loss. These effects appear to be mostly restricted to interventions consisting of relatively high doses of exercise or exercise combined with calorie restriction, although further work is required to elucidate the dose-response relationships. SUMMARY Physical activity and the pursuit of physical fitness are important in the treatment of obesity because exercise training can improve a number of metabolic risk factors independent of weight loss. Thus exercise can provide important health benefits irrespective of weight loss in obese and overweight individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hamer
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yoshida H, Ishikawa T, Suto M, Kurosawa H, Hirowatari Y, Ito K, Yanai H, Tada N, Suzuki M. Effects of Supervised Aerobic Exercise Training on Serum Adiponectin and Parameters of Lipid and Glucose Metabolism in Subjects with Moderate Dyslipidemia. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010; 17:1160-6. [DOI: 10.5551/jat.4358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
35
|
Chiarugi P, Fiaschi T. Adiponectin in health and diseases: from metabolic syndrome to tissue regeneration. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 14:193-206. [DOI: 10.1517/14728220903530712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
36
|
Fang X, Fetros J, Dadson KE, Xu A, Sweeney G. Leptin prevents the metabolic effects of adiponectin in L6 myotubes. Diabetologia 2009; 52:2190-200. [PMID: 19636528 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1462-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Adiponectin and leptin are negatively and positively correlated with human obesity respectively, and have both been shown to regulate energy metabolism in skeletal muscle. However, little is known about their signalling and functional crosstalk. Here we investigated the effects of leptin on metabolic actions of (1) globular adiponectin (gAd) and (2) full-length adiponectin (fAd) in L6 cells. METHODS Glucose uptake was measured upon gAd and fAd treatment after incubation with different doses (0.3, 0.6, 3, 6, 60 nmol/l) of leptin for 6, 12 and 24 h. We also measured adiponectin receptor (ADIPOR) expression and stimulation of downstream signalling by gAd and fAd using co-immunoprecipitation and western blotting following leptin pretreatment, as well as analysis of fatty acid uptake and oxidation using radiolabelled tracers. RESULTS Leptin attenuated the stimulation of glucose uptake by gAd and fAd in a dose- and time-dependent manner, a finding correlated with decreased levels of ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2. gAd and fAd increased palmitate uptake via activation of AMP protein kinase (T172), enhanced expression of the fatty acid transporter CD36, phosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase (S79) and enhanced palmitate oxidation, all of which were attenuated by leptin pretreatment. Adiponectin can also enhance insulin sensitivity via direct signalling crosstalk; here we show that enhanced insulin-stimulated IRS-1 (Y612) and Akt (T308) phosphorylation in response to fAd was attenuated by leptin. APPL1 was recently identified as a critical mediator of adiponectin action in skeletal muscle. We demonstrated that leptin attenuated binding of APPL1 to LKB1, a downstream target leading to AMPK phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The direct metabolic and insulin-sensitising effects of adiponectin were attenuated in the presence of leptin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Fang
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Haus JM, Solomon TPJ, Marchetti CM, O'Leary VB, Brooks LM, Gonzalez F, Kirwan JP. Decreased visfatin after exercise training correlates with improved glucose tolerance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41:1255-60. [PMID: 19461540 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318195bad5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nampt/pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor/visfatin (visfatin) release from adipocytes has recently been suggested to be nutrient responsive and linked to systemic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis and regulation of pancreatic beta-cell function. PURPOSE We hypothesized that if visfatin does play a role in the insulin response, then the exercise training-induced reduction in insulin response to an oral glucose load would correlate with reduced plasma visfatin. METHODS Sixteen obese men and women (age = 65 +/- 1 yr, body mass index = 33.4 +/- 1.5 kg x m(-2)) volunteered to participate in a 12-wk supervised exercise program (5 d x wk(-1), 60 min x d(-1) at 85% of HRmax). Visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) were measured by computed tomographic scans. A 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test was performed to determine the effect of exercise training on the insulin response to a glucose load. Fasting plasma visfatin was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Exercise training resulted in an increase in (.)VO2max (21.1 +/- 0.9 vs 24.2 +/- 1.1 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1), P < 0.001), a decrease in body weight (96.4 +/- 4.1 vs 92.4 +/- 3.7 kg, P < 0.001), VAT (191 +/- 16 vs 144 +/- 16 cm, P < 0.001), and SAT (369 +/- 34 vs 309 +/- 41 cm, P < 0.02). Area under the glucose (450 +/- 31 vs 392 +/- 33 mmol x L(-1) x 2 h(-1), P < 0.01) and insulin (45,767 +/- 6142 vs 35,277 +/- 4997 pmol x L(-1) x 2 h(-1), P < 0.003) response curves were decreased after training. After intervention, plasma visfatin levels were significantly reduced (16.9 +/- 2.2 vs 14.5 +/- 1.8 ng x mL(-1), P < 0.05), and the change in visfatin was associated with the corresponding change in insulin (r = 0.56, P < 0.05) and glucose AUC (r = 0.53, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The exercise-induced reduction of plasma visfatin is most likely the result of weight loss and body composition changes. The potential regulatory role of visfatin in mediating the pancreatic insulin response to oral glucose requires further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Haus
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Abstract
One of the most exciting cell biology fields of study concerns the physiology and pathology of fat. The basic assumptions once held concerning the function of adipose tissue have been shown to be oversimplified or sometimes completely wrong. Fat does more than store excess energy; it is actually the largest endocrine organ in the body, and it may be one of the most active. Adipocytes release hormones and other molecules that act on nearby tissues and travel through the vasculature to distant sites, such as the brain, skeletal muscle, and liver. Under conditions of normal weight, those signals help the body to suppress hunger, utilize glucose, and decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, under conditions of obesity, the hormones (or the proteins that bind the hormones) become abnormal and can result in states of chronic inflammation leading to diabetes and heart disease. In addition, excessive fat can lead to the accumulation of lipid droplets in nonfat cells, including skeletal and cardiac muscle. Although some lipid droplets are used as an immediate source of energy for cells, large numbers of stored droplets can cause cellular damage and cell death. The purposes of this article are to review the normal and deviant signals released by fat cells, to draw a link between those signals and chronic diseases such as diabetes, and to discuss the role of exercise in reversing some of the deviant signaling perpetrated by excess fat.
Collapse
|
40
|
Krause MP, Liu Y, Vu V, Chan L, Xu A, Riddell MC, Sweeney G, Hawke TJ. Adiponectin is expressed by skeletal muscle fibers and influences muscle phenotype and function. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 295:C203-12. [PMID: 18463233 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00030.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin (Ad) is linked to various disease states and mediates antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. While it was originally thought that Ad expression was limited to adipocytes, we demonstrate here that Ad is expressed in mouse skeletal muscles and within differentiated L6 myotubes, as assessed by RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemical analyses. Serial muscle sections stained for fiber type, lipid content, and Ad revealed that muscle fibers with elevated intramyocellular Ad expression were consistently type IIA and IID fibers with detectably higher intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content. To determine the effect of Ad on muscle phenotype and function, we used an Ad-null [knockout (KO)] mouse model. Body mass increased significantly in 24-wk-old KO mice [+5.5 +/- 3% relative to wild-type mice (WT)], with no change in muscle mass observed. IMCL content was significantly increased (+75.1 +/- 25%), whereas epididymal fat mass, although elevated, was not different in the KO mice compared with WT (+35.1 +/- 23%; P = 0.16). Fiber-type composition was unaltered, although type IIB fiber area was increased in KO mice (+25.5 +/- 6%). In situ muscle stimulation revealed lower peak tetanic forces in KO mice relative to WT (-47.5 +/- 6%), with no change in low-frequency fatigue rates. These data demonstrate that the absence of Ad expression causes contractile dysfunction and phenotypical changes in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Ad is expressed in skeletal muscle and that its intramyocellular localization is associated with elevated IMCL, particularly in type IIA/D fibers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Krause
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|