1
|
Goes CP, Botezelli VS, De La Cruz SM, Cruz MC, Azambuja AP, Simoes-Costa M, Yan CYI. ASCL1 promotes Scrt2 expression in the neural tube. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1324584. [PMID: 38655067 PMCID: PMC11036302 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1324584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
ASCL1 is a transcription factor that directs neural progenitors towards lineage differentiation. Although many of the molecular mechanisms underlying its action have been described, several of its targets remain unidentified. We identified in the chick genome a putative enhancer (cE1) upstream of the transcription factor Scratch2 (Scrt2) locus with a predicted heterodimerization motif for ASCL1 and POU3F2. In this study, we investigated the role of ASCL1 and this enhancer in regulating the expression of the Scrt2 in the embryonic spinal cord. We confirmed that cE1 region interacted with the Scrt2 promoter. cE1 was sufficient to mediate ASCL1-driven expression in the neural tube through the heterodimerization sites. Moreover, Scrt2 expression was inhibited when we removed cE1 from the genome. These findings strongly indicate that ASCL1 regulates Scrt2 transcription in the neural tube through cE1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Purcell Goes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitória Samartin Botezelli
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Shirley Mirna De La Cruz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Mário Costa Cruz
- Core Research Facilities (CEFAP), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Azambuja
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Department of Systems Biology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marcos Simoes-Costa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Department of Systems Biology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Chao Yun Irene Yan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
González-Iglesias A, Arcas A, Domingo-Muelas A, Mancini E, Galcerán J, Valcárcel J, Fariñas I, Nieto MA. Intron detention tightly regulates the stemness/differentiation switch in the adult neurogenic niche. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2837. [PMID: 38565566 PMCID: PMC10987655 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47092-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The adult mammalian brain retains some capacity to replenish neurons and glia, holding promise for brain regeneration. Thus, understanding the mechanisms controlling adult neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation is crucial. Paradoxically, adult NSCs in the subependymal zone transcribe genes associated with both multipotency maintenance and neural differentiation, but the mechanism that prevents conflicts in fate decisions due to these opposing transcriptional programmes is unknown. Here we describe intron detention as such control mechanism. In NSCs, while multiple mRNAs from stemness genes are spliced and exported to the cytoplasm, transcripts from differentiation genes remain unspliced and detained in the nucleus, and the opposite is true under neural differentiation conditions. We also show that m6A methylation is the mechanism that releases intron detention and triggers nuclear export, enabling rapid and synchronized responses. m6A RNA methylation operates as an on/off switch for transcripts with antagonistic functions, tightly controlling the timing of NSCs commitment to differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aida Arcas
- Instituto de Neurociencias (CSIC-UMH), Sant Joan d'Alacant, 03550, Spain
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain
| | - Ana Domingo-Muelas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física and Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Carlos Simon Foundation, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Igenomix Foundation, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Estefania Mancini
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Joan Galcerán
- Instituto de Neurociencias (CSIC-UMH), Sant Joan d'Alacant, 03550, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Valcárcel
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Fariñas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física and Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Angela Nieto
- Instituto de Neurociencias (CSIC-UMH), Sant Joan d'Alacant, 03550, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Choi EK, Choi BM, Cho Y, Kim S. Myelin toxicity of chlorhexidine in zebrafish larvae. Pediatr Res 2023; 93:845-851. [PMID: 35854088 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02186-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) is a topical antiseptic solution recommended for skin preparation before central venous catheter placement and maintenance in adults and children. Although CHG is not recommended for use in children aged <2 months owing to limited safety data, it is commonly used in neonatal intensive care units worldwide. We used zebrafish model to verify the effects of early-life exposure to CHG on the developing nervous system, highlighting its impact on oligodendrocyte development and myelination. METHODS Zebrafish embryos were exposed to different concentrations of CHG from 4 h post fertilization to examine developmental toxicity. The hatching rate, mortality, and malformation of the embryos/larvae were monitored. Oligodendrocyte lineage in transgenic zebrafish embryos was used to investigate defects in oligodendrocytes and myelin. Myelin structure, locomotor behavior, and expression levels of genes involved in myelination were investigated. RESULTS Exposure to CHG significantly induced oligodendrocyte defects in the central nervous system, delayed myelination, and locomotor alterations. Ultra-microstructural changes with splitting and fluid-accumulated vacuoles between the myelin sheaths were found. Embryonic exposure to CHG decreased myelination, in association with downregulated mbpa, plp1b, and scrt2 gene expression. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that CHG has a potential for myelin toxicity in the developing brain. IMPACT To date, the neurodevelopmental toxicity of chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) exposure on the developing brains of infants remains unknown. We demonstrated that CHG exposure to zebrafish larvae resulted in significant defects in oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths. These CHG-exposed zebrafish larvae exhibited structural changes and locomotor alterations. Given the increased CHG use in neonates, this study is the first to identify the risk of early-life CHG exposure on the developing nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eui Kyung Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Korea University Guro Hospital, Ulsan, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Min Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuji Cho
- Core Research & Development Center, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Zebrafish Translational Medical Research Center, Korea University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sokpor G, Brand-Saberi B, Nguyen HP, Tuoc T. Regulation of Cell Delamination During Cortical Neurodevelopment and Implication for Brain Disorders. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:824802. [PMID: 35281509 PMCID: PMC8904418 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.824802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical development is dependent on key processes that can influence apical progenitor cell division and progeny. Pivotal among such critical cellular processes is the intricate mechanism of cell delamination. This indispensable cell detachment process mainly entails the loss of apical anchorage, and subsequent migration of the mitotic derivatives of the highly polarized apical cortical progenitors. Such apical progenitor derivatives are responsible for the majority of cortical neurogenesis. Many factors, including transcriptional and epigenetic/chromatin regulators, are known to tightly control cell attachment and delamination tendency in the cortical neurepithelium. Activity of these molecular regulators principally coordinate morphogenetic cues to engender remodeling or disassembly of tethering cellular components and external cell adhesion molecules leading to exit of differentiating cells in the ventricular zone. Improper cell delamination is known to frequently impair progenitor cell fate commitment and neuronal migration, which can cause aberrant cortical cell number and organization known to be detrimental to the structure and function of the cerebral cortex. Indeed, some neurodevelopmental abnormalities, including Heterotopia, Schizophrenia, Hydrocephalus, Microcephaly, and Chudley-McCullough syndrome have been associated with cell attachment dysregulation in the developing mammalian cortex. This review sheds light on the concept of cell delamination, mechanistic (transcriptional and epigenetic regulation) nuances involved, and its importance for corticogenesis. Various neurodevelopmental disorders with defective (too much or too little) cell delamination as a notable etiological underpinning are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Sokpor
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Godwin Sokpor,
| | - Beate Brand-Saberi
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Tran Tuoc,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Involvement of Scratch2 in GalR1-mediated depression-like behaviors in the rat ventral periaqueductal gray. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:1922586118. [PMID: 34108238 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922586118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Galanin receptor1 (GalR1) transcript levels are elevated in the rat ventral periaqueductal gray (vPAG) after chronic mild stress (CMS) and are related to depression-like behavior. To explore the mechanisms underlying the elevated GalR1 expression, we carried out molecular biological experiments in vitro and in animal behavioral experiments in vivo. It was found that a restricted upstream region of the GalR1 gene, from -250 to -220, harbors an E-box and plays a negative role in the GalR1 promoter activity. The transcription factor Scratch2 bound to the E-box to down-regulate GalR1 promoter activity and lower expression levels of the GalR1 gene. The expression of Scratch2 was significantly decreased in the vPAG of CMS rats. Importantly, local knockdown of Scratch2 in the vPAG caused elevated expression of GalR1 in the same region, as well as depression-like behaviors. RNAscope analysis revealed that GalR1 mRNA is expressed together with Scratch2 in both GABA and glutamate neurons. Taking these data together, our study further supports the involvement of GalR1 in mood control and suggests a role for Scratch2 as a regulator of depression-like behavior by repressing the GalR1 gene in the vPAG.
Collapse
|
6
|
Scrt1, a transcriptional regulator of β-cell proliferation identified by differential chromatin accessibility during islet maturation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8800. [PMID: 33888791 PMCID: PMC8062533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-induced insulin secretion, a hallmark of mature β-cells, is achieved after birth and is preceded by a phase of intense proliferation. These events occurring in the neonatal period are decisive for establishing an appropriate functional β-cell mass that provides the required insulin throughout life. However, key regulators of gene expression involved in functional maturation of β-cells remain to be elucidated. Here, we addressed this issue by mapping open chromatin regions in newborn versus adult rat islets using the ATAC-seq assay. We obtained a genome-wide picture of chromatin accessible sites (~ 100,000) among which 20% were differentially accessible during maturation. An enrichment analysis of transcription factor binding sites identified a group of transcription factors that could explain these changes. Among them, Scrt1 was found to act as a transcriptional repressor and to control β-cell proliferation. Interestingly, Scrt1 expression was controlled by the transcriptional repressor RE-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) and was increased in an in vitro reprogramming system of pancreatic exocrine cells to β-like cells. Overall, this study led to the identification of several known and unforeseen key transcriptional events occurring during β-cell maturation. These findings will help defining new strategies to induce the functional maturation of surrogate insulin-producing cells.
Collapse
|
7
|
Chriett S, Lindqvist A, Shcherbina L, Edlund A, Abels M, Asplund O, Martínez López JA, Ottosson-Laakso E, Hatem G, Prasad RB, Groop L, Eliasson L, Hansson O, Wierup N. SCRT1 is a novel beta cell transcription factor with insulin regulatory properties. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 521:111107. [PMID: 33309639 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Here we show that scratch family transcriptional repressor 1 (SCRT1), a zinc finger transcriptional regulator, is a novel regulator of beta cell function. SCRT1 was found to be expressed in beta cells in rodent and human islets. In human islets, expression of SCRT1 correlated with insulin secretion capacity and the expression of the insulin (INS) gene. Furthermore, SCRT1 mRNA expression was lower in beta cells from T2D patients. siRNA-mediated Scrt1 silencing in INS-1832/13 cells, mouse- and human islets resulted in impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and decreased expression of the insulin gene. This is most likely due to binding of SCRT1 to E-boxes of the Ins1 gene as shown with ChIP. Scrt1 silencing also reduced the expression of several key beta cell transcription factors. Moreover, Scrt1 mRNA expression was reduced by glucose and SCRT1 protein was found to translocate between the nucleus and the cytosol in a glucose-dependent fashion in INS-1832/13 cells as well as in a rodent model of T2D. SCRT1 was also regulated by a GSK3β-dependent SCRT1-serine phosphorylation. Taken together, SCRT1 is a novel beta cell transcription factor that regulates insulin secretion and is affected in T2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Chriett
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - A Lindqvist
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - A Edlund
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - M Abels
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - O Asplund
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - J A Martínez López
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - G Hatem
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - R B Prasad
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - L Groop
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden; Finnish Institute of Molecular Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - L Eliasson
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - O Hansson
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden; Finnish Institute of Molecular Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - N Wierup
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Goes CP, Vieceli FM, De La Cruz SM, Simões-Costa M, Yan CYI. Scratch2, a Snail Superfamily Member, Is Regulated by miR-125b. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:769. [PMID: 32984310 PMCID: PMC7477046 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Scratch2 is a transcription factor expressed in a very restricted population of vertebrate embryonic neural cell precursors involved in their survival, differentiation, and migration. The mechanisms that control its expression remain unknown and could contribute towards our understanding of gene regulation during neural differentiation and evolution. Here we investigate the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the Scrt2 post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism. We identified binding sites for miR-125b and -200b in the Scrt2 3′UTR in silico. We confirmed the repressive-mediated activity of the Scrt2 3′UTR through electroporation of luciferase constructs into chick embryos. Further, both CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of miR-125b/-200b responsive elements from chicken Scrt2 3′UTR and expression of miRNAs sponges increased Scrt2 expression field, suggesting a role for these miRNAs as post-transcriptional regulators of Scrt2. The biological effect of miR-125b titration was much more pronounced than that of miR-200b. Therefore, we propose that, after transcription, miR-125b fine-tunes the Scrt2 expression domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Purcell Goes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Felipe Monteleone Vieceli
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Shirley Mirna De La Cruz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Simões-Costa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Chao Yun Irene Yan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nibbeling EAR, Delnooz CCS, de Koning TJ, Sinke RJ, Jinnah HA, Tijssen MAJ, Verbeek DS. Using the shared genetics of dystonia and ataxia to unravel their pathogenesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 75:22-39. [PMID: 28143763 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this review we explore the similarities between spinocerebellar ataxias and dystonias, and suggest potentially shared molecular pathways using a gene co-expression network approach. The spinocerebellar ataxias are a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by coordination problems caused mainly by atrophy of the cerebellum. The dystonias are another group of neurological movement disorders linked to basal ganglia dysfunction, although evidence is now pointing to cerebellar involvement as well. Our gene co-expression network approach identified 99 shared genes and showed the involvement of two major pathways: synaptic transmission and neurodevelopment. These pathways overlapped in the two disorders, with a large role for GABAergic signaling in both. The overlapping pathways may provide novel targets for disease therapies. We need to prioritize variants obtained by whole exome sequencing in the genes associated with these pathways in the search for new pathogenic variants, which can than be used to help in the genetic counseling of patients and their families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther A R Nibbeling
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cathérine C S Delnooz
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neurology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom J de Koning
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neurology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J Sinke
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hyder A Jinnah
- Departments of Neurology, Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Emory Clinic, Atlanta, USA
| | - Marina A J Tijssen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neurology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kirsch L, Chechik G. On Expression Patterns and Developmental Origin of Human Brain Regions. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005064. [PMID: 27564987 PMCID: PMC5001727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anatomical substructures of the human brain have characteristic cell-types, connectivity and local circuitry, which are reflected in area-specific transcriptome signatures, but the principles governing area-specific transcription and their relation to brain development are still being studied. In adult rodents, areal transcriptome patterns agree with the embryonic origin of brain regions, but the processes and genes that preserve an embryonic signature in regional expression profiles were not quantified. Furthermore, it is not clear how embryonic-origin signatures of adult-brain expression interplay with changes in expression patterns during development. Here we first quantify which genes have regional expression-patterns related to the developmental origin of brain regions, using genome-wide mRNA expression from post-mortem adult human brains. We find that almost all human genes (92%) exhibit an expression pattern that agrees with developmental brain-region ontology, but that this agreement changes at multiple phases during development. Agreement is particularly strong in neuron-specific genes, but also in genes that are not spatially correlated with neuron-specific or glia-specific markers. Surprisingly, agreement is also stronger in early-evolved genes. We further find that pairs of similar genes having high agreement to developmental region ontology tend to be more strongly correlated or anti-correlated, and that the strength of spatial correlation changes more strongly in gene pairs with stronger embryonic signatures. These results suggest that transcription regulation of most genes in the adult human brain is spatially tuned in a way that changes through life, but in agreement with development-determined brain regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lior Kirsch
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Gal Chechik
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vieceli FM, Simões-Costa M, Turri JA, Kanno T, Bronner M, Yan CYI. The transcription factor chicken Scratch2 is expressed in a subset of early postmitotic neural progenitors. Gene Expr Patterns 2013; 13:189-96. [PMID: 23570883 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Scratch proteins are members of the Snail superfamily which have been shown to regulate invertebrate neural development. However, in vertebrates, little is known about the function of Scratch or its relationship to other neural transcription factors. We report the cloning of chicken Scratch2 (cScrt2) and describe its expression pattern in the chick embryo from HH15 through HH29. cScrt2 was detected in cranial ganglia, the nasal placode and neural tube. At all stages examined, cScrt2 expression is only detected within a subregion of the intermediate zone of the neural tube. cScrt2 is also expressed in the developing dorsal root ganglia from HH22-23 onwards and becomes limited to its dorsal medial domain at HH29. phospho-Histone H3 and BrdU-labeling revealed that the cScrt2 expression domain is located immediately external to the proliferative region. In contrast, cScrt2 domain overlapped almost completely with that of the postmitotic neural transcription factor NeuroM/Ath3/NEUROD4. Together, these data define cScrt2-positive cells as a subset of immediately postmitotic neural progenitors. Previous data has shown that Scrt2 is a repressor of E-box-driven transcription whereas NeuroM is an E-box-transactivator. In light of these data, the co-localization detected here suggests that Scrt2 and NeuroM may have opposing roles during definition of neural subtypes.
Collapse
|
12
|
Rodríguez-Aznar E, Barrallo-Gimeno A, Nieto MA. Scratch2 prevents cell cycle re-entry by repressing miR-25 in postmitotic primary neurons. J Neurosci 2013; 33:5095-105. [PMID: 23516276 PMCID: PMC6704984 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4459-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
During the development of the nervous system the regulation of cell cycle, differentiation, and survival is tightly interlinked. Newly generated neurons must keep cell cycle components under strict control, as cell cycle re-entry leads to neuronal degeneration and death. However, despite their relevance, the mechanisms controlling this process remain largely unexplored. Here we show that Scratch2 is involved in the control of the cell cycle in neurons in the developing spinal cord of the zebrafish embryo. scratch2 knockdown induces postmitotic neurons to re-enter mitosis. Scratch2 prevents cell cycle re-entry by maintaining high levels of the cycle inhibitor p57 through the downregulation of miR-25. Thus, Scratch2 appears to safeguard the homeostasis of postmitotic primary neurons by preventing cell cycle re-entry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M. Angela Nieto
- Instituto de Neurociencias, CSIC-UMH, San Juan de Alicante 03550, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Itoh Y, Moriyama Y, Hasegawa T, Endo TA, Toyoda T, Gotoh Y. Scratch regulates neuronal migration onset via an epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like mechanism. Nat Neurosci 2013; 16:416-25. [PMID: 23434913 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During neocortical development, the neuroepithelial or neural precursor cells that commit to neuronal fate need to delaminate and start migration toward the pial surface. However, the mechanism that couples neuronal fate commitment to detachment from the neuroepithelium remains largely unknown. Here we show that Scratch1 and Scratch2, members of the Snail superfamily of transcription factors, are expressed upon neuronal fate commitment under the control of proneural genes and promote apical process detachment and radial migration in the developing mouse neocortex. Scratch-induced delamination from the apical surface was mediated by transcriptional repression of the adhesion molecule E-cadherin. These findings suggest that Scratch proteins constitute a molecular link between neuronal fate commitment and the onset of neuronal migration. On the basis of their similarity to proteins involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), we propose that Scratch proteins mediate the conversion of neuroepithelial cells to migrating neurons or intermediate neuronal progenitors through an EMT-related mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Itoh
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Paul V, Tonchev AB, Henningfeld KA, Pavlakis E, Rust B, Pieler T, Stoykova A. Scratch2 modulates neurogenesis and cell migration through antagonism of bHLH proteins in the developing neocortex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [PMID: 23180754 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Scratch genes (Scrt) are neural-specific zinc-finger transcription factors (TFs) with an unknown function in the developing brain. Here, we show that, in addition to the reported expression of mammalian Scrt2 in postmitotic differentiating and mature neurons in the developing and early postnatal brain, Scrt2 is also localized in subsets of mitotic and neurogenic radial glial (RGP) and intermediate (IP) progenitors, as well as in their descendants-postmitotic IPs and differentiating neurons at the border subventricular/intermediate zone. Conditional activation of transgenic Scrt2 in cortical progenitors in mice promotes neuronal differentiation by favoring the direct mode of neurogenesis of RGPs at the onset of neurogenesis, at the expense of IP generation. Neuronal amplification via indirect IP neurogenesis is thereby extenuated, leading to a mild postnatal reduction of cortical thickness. Forced in vivo overexpression of Scrt2 suppressed the generation of IPs from RGPs and caused a delay in the radial migration of upper layer neurons toward the cortical plate. Mechanistically, our results indicate that Scrt2 negatively regulates the transcriptional activation of the basic helix loop helix TFs Ngn2/NeuroD1 on E-box containing common target genes, including Rnd2, a well-known major effector for migrational defects in developing cortex. Altogether, these findings reveal a modulatory role of Scrt2 protein in cortical neurogenesis and neuronal migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Paul
- Research Group Molecular Developmental Neurobiology, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chiang C, Ayyanathan K. Snail/Gfi-1 (SNAG) family zinc finger proteins in transcription regulation, chromatin dynamics, cell signaling, development, and disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 24:123-31. [PMID: 23102646 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Snail/Gfi-1 (SNAG) family of zinc finger proteins is a group of transcriptional repressors that have been intensively studied in mammals. SNAG family members are similarly structured with an N-terminal SNAG repression domain and a C-terminal zinc finger DNA binding domain, however, the spectrum of target genes they regulate and the ranges of biological functions they govern vary widely between them. They play active roles in transcriptional regulation, formation of repressive chromatin structure, cellular signaling and developmental processes. They can also result in disease states due to deregulation. We have performed a thorough investigation of the relevant literature and present a comprehensive mini-review. Based on the available information, we also propose a mechanism by which SNAG family members may function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Chiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Analysis of snail genes in the crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis: insight into snail gene family evolution. Dev Genes Evol 2012; 222:139-51. [PMID: 22466422 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-012-0396-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptional repressor snail was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, where it initially plays a role in gastrulation and mesoderm formation, and later plays a role in neurogenesis. Among arthropods, this role of snail appears to be conserved in the insects Tribolium and Anopheles gambiae, but not in the chelicerates Cupiennius salei and Achaearanea tepidariorum, the myriapod Glomeris marginata, or the Branchiopod crustacean Daphnia magna. These data imply that within arthropoda, snail acquired its role in gastrulation and mesoderm formation in the insect lineage. However, crustaceans are a diverse group with several major taxa, making analysis of more crustaceans necessary to potentially understand the ancestral role of snail in Pancrustacea (crustaceans + insects) and thus in the ancestor of insects as well. To address these questions, we examined the snail family in the Malacostracan crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis. We found three snail homologs, Ph-snail1, Ph-snail2 and Ph-snail3, and one scratch homolog, Ph-scratch. Parhyale snail genes are expressed after gastrulation, during germband formation and elongation. Ph-snail1, Ph-snail2, and Ph-snail3 are expressed in distinct patterns in the neuroectoderm. Ph-snail1 is the only Parhyale snail gene expressed in the mesoderm, where its expression cycles in the mesodermal stem cells, called mesoteloblasts. The mesoteloblasts go through a series of cycles, where each cycle is composed of a migration phase and a division phase. Ph-snail1 is expressed during the migration phase, but not during the division phase. We found that as each mesoteloblast division produces one segment's worth of mesoderm, Ph-snail1 expression is linked to both the cell cycle and the segmental production of mesoderm.
Collapse
|
17
|
Girard F, Meszar Z, Marti C, Davis FP, Celio M. Gene expression analysis in the parvalbumin-immunoreactive PV1 nucleus of the mouse lateral hypothalamus. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 34:1934-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07918.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
18
|
Baron R, Binda C, Tortorici M, McCammon JA, Mattevi A. Molecular mimicry and ligand recognition in binding and catalysis by the histone demethylase LSD1-CoREST complex. Structure 2011; 19:212-20. [PMID: 21300290 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Histone demethylases LSD1 and LSD2 (KDM1A/B) catalyze the oxidative demethylation of Lys4 of histone H3. We used molecular dynamics simulations to probe the diffusion of the oxygen substrate. Oxygen can reach the catalytic center independently from the presence of a bound histone peptide, implying that LSD1 can complete subsequent demethylation cycles without detaching from the nucleosomal particle. The simulations highlight the role of a strictly conserved active-site Lys residue providing general insight into the enzymatic mechanism of oxygen-reacting flavoenzymes. The crystal structure of LSD1-CoREST bound to a peptide of the transcription factor SNAIL1 unravels a fascinating example of molecular mimicry. The SNAIL1 N-terminal residues bind to the enzyme active-site cleft, effectively mimicking the H3 tail. This finding predicts that other members of the SNAIL/Scratch transcription factor family might associate to LSD1/2. The combination of selective histone-modifying activity with the distinct recognition mechanisms underlies the biological complexity of LSD1/2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Baron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, and Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0365, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dam TMT, Kim HT, Moon HY, Hwang KS, Jeong YM, You KH, Lee JS, Kim CH. Neuron-specific expression of scratch genes during early zebrafish development. Mol Cells 2011; 31:471-5. [PMID: 21448584 PMCID: PMC3887603 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-0052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Scratch (scrt) genes are neural-specific in mammals, but their homologues have not been well studied in non-mammalian vertebrates. In this report, we isolated three zebrafish scrt genes, scratch1a (scrt1a), scratch1b (scrt1b), and scratch2 (scrt2), which belong to the Snail superfamily of zinc finger transcription factors. Spatiotemporal expression analysis revealed that scrt1a and scrt2 were initially detected in the central nervous system (CNS) during early somitogenesis while scrt1b was first detectable in neuronal clusters in the brain during late somitogenesis. Interestingly, scrt-expressing cells largely overlapped with huC-positive differentiating neurons and partially with neurogenin1-positive neuronal precursor cells. In addition, scrt-expressing cells were dramatically increased in mind bomb, a neurogenic mutant. Taken together, these results suggest that each zebrafish scrt gene is specifically expressed in neuronal cells and may be involved in differentiation of distinct neuronal populations in the vertebrate nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Minh-Tho Dam
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
- These authors equally contributed to this work
| | - Hyun-Taek Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
- These authors equally contributed to this work
| | - Hyun-Yi Moon
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Kyu-Seok Hwang
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Yun-Mi Jeong
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Kwan-Hee You
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Jeong-Soo Lee
- Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-719, Korea
| | - Cheol-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Repression of Puma by scratch2 is required for neuronal survival during embryonic development. Cell Death Differ 2011; 18:1196-207. [PMID: 21252910 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2010.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Snail factors promote cell survival in development and cancer, the tumor-suppressor p53 promotes apoptosis in response to stress. p53 and Snail2 act antagonistically to regulate p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (Puma) and cell death in hematopoietic progenitors following DNA damage. Here, we show that this relationship is conserved in the developing nervous system in which Snail genes are excluded from vertebrate neurons and they are substituted by Scratch, a related but independent neural-specific factor. The transcription of scratch2 is induced directly by p53 after DNA damage to repress puma, thereby antagonizing p53-mediated apoptosis. In addition, we show that scratch2 is required for newly differentiated neurons to survive by maintaining Puma levels low during normal embryonic development in the absence of damage. scratch2 knockdown in zebrafish embryos leads to neuronal death through the activation of the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. To compensate for neuronal loss, the proliferation of neuronal precursors increases in scratch2-deficient embryos, reminiscent of the activation of progenitor/stem cell proliferation after damage-induced apoptosis. Our data indicate that the regulatory loop linking p53/Puma with Scratch is active in the vertebrate nervous system, not only controlling cell death in response to damage but also during normal embryonic development.
Collapse
|
21
|
Barrallo-Gimeno A, Nieto MA. Evolutionary history of the Snail/Scratch superfamily. Trends Genet 2009; 25:248-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
22
|
Kim CH, Hahn MK, Joung Y, Anderson SL, Steele AH, Mazei-Robinson MS, Gizer I, Teicher MH, Cohen BM, Robertson D, Waldman ID, Blakely RD, Kim KS. A polymorphism in the norepinephrine transporter gene alters promoter activity and is associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:19164-9. [PMID: 17146058 PMCID: PMC1748193 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0510836103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The norepinephrine transporter critically regulates both neurotransmission and homeostasis of norepinephrine in the nervous system. In this study, we report a previously uncharacterized and common A/T polymorphism at -3081 upstream of the transcription initiation site of the human norepinephrine transporter gene [solute carrier family 6, member 2 (SLC6A2)]. Using both homologous and heterologous promoter-reporter constructs, we found that the -3081(T) allele significantly decreases promoter function compared with the A allele. Interestingly, this T allele creates a new palindromic E2-box motif that interacts with Slug and Scratch, neural-expressed transcriptional repressors binding to the E2-box motif. We also found that both Slug and Scratch repress the SLC6A2 promoter activity only when it contains the T allele. Finally, we observed a significant association between the -3081(A/T) polymorphism and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), suggesting that anomalous transcription factor-based repression of SLC6A2 may increase risk for the development of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and other neuropsychiatric diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maureen K. Hahn
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Yoosook Joung
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-170, Korea
| | | | - Angela H. Steele
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Michelle S. Mazei-Robinson
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Ian Gizer
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | | | - Bruce M. Cohen
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratories, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - David Robertson
- **Autonomic Dysfunction Center, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology, and Neurology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Irwin D. Waldman
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Randy D. Blakely
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Kwang-Soo Kim
- *Molecular Neurobiology
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|