1
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Vardhan S, Jordan T, Sakiyama-Elbert S. Stem cell engineering approaches for investigating glial cues in central nervous system disorders. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2024; 87:103131. [PMID: 38599012 PMCID: PMC11351366 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Glial cells are important in maintaining homeostasis for neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). During CNS disease or after injury, glia react to altered microenvironments and often acquire altered functions that contribute to disease pathology. A major focus for research is utilizing stem cell (SC)-derived glia as a potential renewable source for cell replacement to restore function, including neuronal support, and as a model for disease states to identify therapeutic targets. In this review, we focus on SC differentiation protocols for deriving three types of glial cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. These SC-derived glia can be used to identify critical cues that contribute to CNS disease progression and aid in investigation of therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangamithra Vardhan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tyler Jordan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Shelly Sakiyama-Elbert
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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2
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Queiroz LY, Kageyama R, Cimarosti HI. SUMOylation effects on neural stem cells self-renewal, differentiation, and survival. Neurosci Res 2024; 199:1-11. [PMID: 37742800 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) conjugation or SUMOylation, a post-translational modification, is a crucial regulator of protein function and cellular processes. In the context of neural stem cells (NSCs), SUMOylation has emerged as a key player, affecting their proliferation, differentiation, and survival. By modifying transcription factors, such as SOX1, SOX2, SOX3, SOX6, Bmi1, and Nanog, SUMOylation can either enhance or impair their transcriptional activity, thus impacting on NSCs self-renewal. Moreover, SUMOylation regulates neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation by modulating key proteins, such as Foxp1, Mecp2, MEF2A, and SOX10. SUMOylation is also crucial for the survival and proliferation of NSCs in both developing and adult brains. By regulating the activity of transcription factors, coactivators, and corepressors, SUMOylation acts as a molecular switch, inducing cofactor recruitment and function during development. Importantly, dysregulation of NSCs SUMOylation has been implicated in various disorders, including embryonic defects, ischemic cerebrovascular disease, glioma, and the harmful effects of benzophenone-3 exposure. Here we review the main findings on SUMOylation-mediated regulation of NSCs self-renewal, differentiation and survival. Better understanding NSCs SUMOylation mechanisms and its functional consequences might provide new strategies to promote neuronal differentiation that could contribute for the development of novel therapies targeting neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Yoshitome Queiroz
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Ryoichiro Kageyama
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Helena I Cimarosti
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Neuroscience, UFSC, Florianopolis, Brazil.
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3
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Rowton M, Perez-Cervantes C, Hur S, Jacobs-Li J, Lu E, Deng N, Guzzetta A, Hoffmann AD, Stocker M, Steimle JD, Lazarevic S, Oubaha S, Yang XH, Kim C, Yu S, Eckart H, Koska M, Hanson E, Chan SSK, Garry DJ, Kyba M, Basu A, Ikegami K, Pott S, Moskowitz IP. Hedgehog signaling activates a mammalian heterochronic gene regulatory network controlling differentiation timing across lineages. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2181-2203.e9. [PMID: 36108627 PMCID: PMC10506397 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many developmental signaling pathways have been implicated in lineage-specific differentiation; however, mechanisms that explicitly control differentiation timing remain poorly defined in mammals. We report that murine Hedgehog signaling is a heterochronic pathway that determines the timing of progenitor differentiation. Hedgehog activity was necessary to prevent premature differentiation of second heart field (SHF) cardiac progenitors in mouse embryos, and the Hedgehog transcription factor GLI1 was sufficient to delay differentiation of cardiac progenitors in vitro. GLI1 directly activated a de novo progenitor-specific network in vitro, akin to that of SHF progenitors in vivo, which prevented the onset of the cardiac differentiation program. A Hedgehog signaling-dependent active-to-repressive GLI transition functioned as a differentiation timer, restricting the progenitor network to the SHF. GLI1 expression was associated with progenitor status across germ layers, and it delayed the differentiation of neural progenitors in vitro, suggesting a broad role for Hedgehog signaling as a heterochronic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Rowton
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carlos Perez-Cervantes
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Suzy Hur
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jessica Jacobs-Li
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emery Lu
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nikita Deng
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alexander Guzzetta
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrew D Hoffmann
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew Stocker
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Steimle
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sonja Lazarevic
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sophie Oubaha
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xinan H Yang
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chul Kim
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shuhan Yu
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Heather Eckart
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mervenaz Koska
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Erika Hanson
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sunny S K Chan
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daniel J Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Michael Kyba
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Anindita Basu
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kohta Ikegami
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sebastian Pott
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ivan P Moskowitz
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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4
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Chang CY, Ting HC, Liu CA, Su HL, Chiou TW, Harn HJ, Lin SZ, Ho TJ. Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Into Specific Neural Lineages. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:9636897211017829. [PMID: 34665040 PMCID: PMC8529300 DOI: 10.1177/09636897211017829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are sources of several somatic cell
types for human developmental studies, in vitro disease modeling, and
cell transplantation therapy. Improving strategies of derivation of
high-purity specific neural and glial lineages from hPSCs is critical
for application to the study and therapy of the nervous system. Here,
we will focus on the principles behind establishment of neuron and
glia differentiation methods according to developmental studies. We
will also highlight the limitations and challenges associated with the
differentiation of several “difficult” neural lineages and delay in
neuronal maturation and functional integration. To overcome these
challenges, we will introduce strategies and novel technologies aimed
at improving the differentiation of various neural lineages to expand
the application potential of hPSCs to the study of the nervous
system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Chang
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chien Ting
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ann Liu
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Lin Su
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Wen Chiou
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Jyh Harn
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Jung Ho
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.,Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.,School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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5
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Talukdar S, Emdad L, Das SK, Fisher PB. GAP junctions: multifaceted regulators of neuronal differentiation. Tissue Barriers 2021; 10:1982349. [PMID: 34651545 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1982349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions are intercellular membrane channels consisting of connexin proteins, which contribute to direct cytoplasmic exchange of small molecules, substrates and metabolites between adjacent cells. These channels play important roles in neuronal differentiation, maintenance, survival and function. Gap junctions regulate differentiation of neurons from embryonic, neural and induced pluripotent stem cells. In addition, they control transdifferentiation of neurons from mesenchymal stem cells. The expression and levels of several connexins correlate with cell cycle changes and different stages of neurogenesis. Connexins such as Cx36, Cx45, and Cx26, play a crucial role in neuronal function. Several connexin knockout mice display lethal or severely impaired phenotypes. Aberrations in connexin expression is frequently associated with various neurodegenerative disorders. Gap junctions also act as promising therapeutic targets for neuronal regenerative medicine, because of their role in neural stem cell integration, injury and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Talukdar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.,Vcu Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.,Vcu Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.,Vcu Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.,Vcu Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.,Vcu Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.,Vcu Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.,Vcu Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
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6
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Ye K, Yu J, Li L, Wang H, Tang B, Ni W, Zhou J, Ling Y, Lu X, Niu D, Ramalingam M, Hu J. Microvesicles from Schwann-Like Cells as a New Biomaterial Promote Axonal Growth. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2021; 17:291-302. [PMID: 33785099 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2021.3037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cells promote axonal regeneration following peripheral nerve injury. However, in terms of clinical treatment, the therapeutic effects of Schwann cells are limited by their source. The transmission of microvesicles from neuroglia cells to axons is a novel communication mechanism in axon regeneration.To evaluate the effect of microvesicles released from Schwann-like cells on axonal regeneration, neural stem cells derived from human embryonic stem cells differentiated into Schwann-like cells, which presented a typical morphology and characteristics similar to those of schwann cells. The glial markers like MBP, P0, P75NTR, PMP-22, GFAP, HNK-1 and S100 were upregulated, whereas the neural stem markers like NESTIN, SOX1 and SOX2 were significantly downregulated in schwann-like cells. Microvesicles enhanced axonal growth in dorsal root ganglia neurons and regulated GAP43 expression in neuron-like cells (N2A and PC12) through the PTEN/PI3 K/Akt signaling pathway. A 5 mm section of sciatic nerve was transected in Sprague-Dawley rats. With microvesicles transplantation, regenerative nerves were evaluated after 6 weeks. Microvesicles increased sciatic function index scores, delayed gastrocnemius muscle atrophy and elevated βIII-tubulin-labeled axons in vivo. Schwann-like cells serve as a convenient source and promote axonal growth by secreting microvesicles, which may potentially be used as bioengineering materials for nerve tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiahong Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiqin Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yating Ling
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaorui Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongdong Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Murugan Ramalingam
- Biomaterials and Organ Engineering Group, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Jiabo Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
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7
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Khalil W, Tiraihi T, Soleimani M, Baheiraei N, Zibara K. Conversion of Neural Stem Cells into Functional Neuron-Like Cells by MicroRNA-218: Differential Expression of Functionality Genes. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:707-722. [PMID: 32696438 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00244-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) into neuron-like cells (NLC) is a feasible cell therapy strategy for replacing lost neurons in neuronal disorders. In this study, adipose-derived MSC (ADMSC) were converted into neural stem cells (NSC) via neurosphere. The resulting NSC were then differentiated into NLC by transduction with microRNA-218, using a lentiviral vector. ADMSC, NSC, and NLC were first characterized by flow cytometry, RT-PCR, and immunocytochemistry. The functionality of the NLC was evaluated by qRT-PCR and patch clamp recording. Immunophenotyping of ADMSC showed their immunoreactivity to MSC markers CD90, CD73, CD105, and CD49d, but not to CD31 and CD45. RT-PCR results demonstrated the expression of nestin, neurogenin, neurod1, neurofilament light, and GAP43 genes in NSC while NLC expressed synaptophysin, neurofilament heavy, and GAP43. In addition, NSC morphology changed into multipolar with long processes after transduction with miR-218. Moreover, using qRT-PCR, the expression levels of miR-218 and functionality genes CACNA1C, SNAP25, KCNH1, KCNMA1, and SCN9A were significantly increased in NLC, compared with NSC, and ADMSC at 3 weeks and 5 months post-transduction. Furthermore, the generated NLC expressed significantly higher protein levels of neurofilament heavy polypeptide (NFh) and enolase 2 (Eno2) neuronal markers, compared with ADMSC and NSC. Finally, action potentials were successfully recorded by the generated NLC, using patch clamp. In summary, ADMSC-derived NSC differentiated into functional NLC by transduction with miR-218. The generated NLC expressed functional SNAP25, CACNA1C, KCNH1, KCNMA1, and SCN9A and produced an action potential, which provides useful insights into the generation of functional neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissam Khalil
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taki Tiraihi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Baheiraei
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Zibara
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
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8
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Chen X, Ye K, Yu J, Gao J, Zhang L, Ji X, Chen T, Wang H, Dai Y, Tang B, Xu H, Sun X, Hu J. Regeneration of sciatic nerves by transplanted microvesicles of human neural stem cells derived from embryonic stem cells. Cell Tissue Bank 2020; 21:233-248. [PMID: 32052220 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-020-09816-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Injured nerves cannot regenerate on their own, and a lack of engraftable human nerves has been a major obstacle in cell-based therapies for regenerating damaged nerves. A monolayer culture approach to obtain adherent neural stem cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESC-NSCs) was established, and the greatest number of stemness characteristics were achieved by the eighth generation of hESC-NSCs (P8 hESC-NSCs). To overcome deficits in cell therapy, we used microvesicles secreted from P8 hESC-NSCs (hESC-NSC-MVs) instead of entire hESC-NSCs. To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of hESC-NSC-MVs in vitro, hESC-NSC-MVs were cocultured with dorsal root ganglia to determine the length of axons. In vivo, we transected the sciatic nerve in SD rats and created a 5-mm gap. A sciatic nerve defect was bridged using a silicone tube filled with hESC-NSC-MVs (45 μg) in the MVs group, P8 hESC-NSCs (1 × 106 single cells) in the cell group and PBS in the control group. The hESC-NSC-MVs group showed better morphological recovery and a significantly greater number of regenerated axons than the hESC-NSCs group 12 weeks after nerve injury. These results indicated that the hESC-NSC-MVs group had the greatest ability to repair and reconstruct nerve structure and function. As a result, hESC-NSC-MVs may have potential for applications in the field of nerve regenerative repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nantong First People's Hospital, Nantong, 226000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiahong Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianyi Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xianyan Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tianyan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yao Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhenjiang Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaochun Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiabo Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China.
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9
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Kang MK, Kim TJ, Kim YJ, Kang L, Kim J, Lee N, Hyeon T, Lim MS, Mo HJ, Shin JH, Ko SB, Yoon BW. Targeted Delivery of Iron Oxide Nanoparticle-Loaded Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Spherical Neural Masses for Treating Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103658. [PMID: 32455909 PMCID: PMC7279437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the potential of iron oxide nanoparticle-loaded human embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived spherical neural masses (SNMs) to improve the transportation of stem cells to the brain, ameliorate brain damage from intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and recover the functional status after ICH under an external magnetic field of a magnet attached to a helmet. At 24 h after induction of ICH, rats were randomly separated into three experimental groups: ICH with injection of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS group), ICH with intravenous injection of magnetosome-like ferrimagnetic iron oxide nanocubes (FION)-labeled SNMs (SNMs* group), and ICH with intravenous injection of FION-labeled SNMs followed by three days of external magnetic field exposure for targeted delivery by a magnet-embedded helmet (SNMs*+Helmet group). On day 3 after ICH induction, an increased Prussian blue-stained area and decreased swelling volume were observed in the SNMs*+Helmet group compared with that of the other groups. A significantly decreased recruitment of macrophages and neutrophils and a downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines followed by improved neurological function three days after ICH were observed in the SNMs*+Helmet group. Hemispheric atrophy at six weeks after ICH was significantly decreased in the SNMs*+Helmet group compared with that of the PBS group. In conclusion, we have developed a targeted delivery system using FION tagged to stem cells and a magnet-embedded helmet. The targeted delivery of SNMs might have the potential for developing novel therapeutic strategies for ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyoung Kang
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (M.K.K.); (T.J.K.); (J.H.S.); (S.-B.K.)
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Tae Jung Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (M.K.K.); (T.J.K.); (J.H.S.); (S.-B.K.)
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Young-Ju Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (Y.-J.K.); (L.K.)
| | - Lamie Kang
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (Y.-J.K.); (L.K.)
| | - Jonghoon Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.K.); (T.H.)
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Nohyun Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea;
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.K.); (T.H.)
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Mi-sun Lim
- Research and Development Center, Jeil Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17172, Korea;
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Population, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hee Jung Mo
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Gyeonggi-do 14068, Korea;
| | - Jung Hwan Shin
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (M.K.K.); (T.J.K.); (J.H.S.); (S.-B.K.)
| | - Sang-Bae Ko
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (M.K.K.); (T.J.K.); (J.H.S.); (S.-B.K.)
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Byung-Woo Yoon
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (M.K.K.); (T.J.K.); (J.H.S.); (S.-B.K.)
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2072-2875; Fax: +82-2-3673-1990
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10
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Microvesicles Derived from Human Embryonic Neural Stem Cells Inhibit the Apoptosis of HL-1 Cardiomyocytes by Promoting Autophagy and Regulating AKT and mTOR via Transporting HSP-70. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:6452684. [PMID: 31772588 PMCID: PMC6854932 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6452684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial reperfusion injury (MRI) induced by cardiomyocyte apoptosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of a variety of cardiovascular diseases. New MRI treatments involving stem cells are currently being developed because these cells may exert their therapeutic effects primarily through paracrine mechanisms. Microvesicles (MVs) are small extracellular vesicles that have become the key mediators of intercellular communication. MVs derived from stem cells have been reported to play an important role in MRI. In this article, we attempted to explore the mechanisms by which MVs derived from human embryonic neural stem cells (hESC-NSC-derived MVs) rescue MRI. hESCs were differentiated into NSCs, and MVs were isolated from their supernatants by ultracentrifugation. H2O2 was used to induce apoptosis in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. Cell viability was detected by using the CCK-8 assay, apoptosis was detected by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining, and apoptosis-related proteins and signalling pathway-related proteins were detected by western blot analysis. Autophagic flux was measured using the tandem fluorescent mRFG-GFP-LC3 assay. Transmission electron microscopy and western blot analysis were adopted to evaluate autophagy levels. hESC-NSC-derived MVs increased the autophagy and inhibited the apoptosis of HL-1 cells exposed to H2O2 for 3 h in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, hESC-NSC-derived MVs contained high levels of heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70), which can increase the level of HSP-70 in cells. Moreover, the same effect could be achieved by heat shock preconditioning of HL-1 cells overexpressing HSP-70. The benefits of NSC-MVs may be due to the involvement of AKT and mTOR signalling pathways. Importantly, hESC-NSC-derived MVs stimulated the activation of the AKTand mTOR signalling pathway in those cells by transporting HSP-70. Our results suggest that hESC-NSC-derived MVs inhibit the apoptosis of HL-1 cardiomyocytes by promoting autophagy and regulating AKT and mTOR via transporting HSP-70. However, this hypothesis requires in vivo confirmation.
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11
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Recent Progress in the Regeneration of Spinal Cord Injuries by Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153838. [PMID: 31390782 PMCID: PMC6695701 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of injuries occurring in the central nervous system, particularly spinal cord injuries (SCIs), is extremely difficult. The complex pathological events following a SCI often restrict regeneration of nervous tissue at the injury site and frequently lead to irreversible loss of motor and sensory function. Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs/NPCs) possess neuroregenerative and neuroprotective features, and transplantation of such cells into the site of damaged tissue is a promising stem cell-based therapy for SCI. However, NSC/NPCs have mostly been induced from embryonic stem cells or fetal tissue, leading to ethical concerns. The pioneering work of Yamanaka and colleagues gave rise to the technology to induce pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells, overcoming these ethical issues. The advent of iPSCs technology has meant significant progress in the therapy of neurodegenerative disease and nerve tissue damage. A number of published studies have described the successful differentiation of NSCs/NPCs from iPSCs and their subsequent engraftment into SCI animal models, followed by functional recovery of injury. The aim of this present review is to summarize various iPSC- NPCs differentiation methods, SCI modelling, and the current status of possible iPSC- NPCs- based therapy of SCI.
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12
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Shparberg RA, Glover HJ, Morris MB. Modeling Mammalian Commitment to the Neural Lineage Using Embryos and Embryonic Stem Cells. Front Physiol 2019; 10:705. [PMID: 31354503 PMCID: PMC6637848 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early mammalian embryogenesis relies on a large range of cellular and molecular mechanisms to guide cell fate. In this highly complex interacting system, molecular circuitry tightly controls emergent properties, including cell differentiation, proliferation, morphology, migration, and communication. These molecular circuits include those responsible for the control of gene and protein expression, as well as metabolism and epigenetics. Due to the complexity of this circuitry and the relative inaccessibility of the mammalian embryo in utero, mammalian neural commitment remains one of the most challenging and poorly understood areas of developmental biology. In order to generate the nervous system, the embryo first produces two pluripotent populations, the inner cell mass and then the primitive ectoderm. The latter is the cellular substrate for gastrulation from which the three multipotent germ layers form. The germ layer definitive ectoderm, in turn, is the substrate for multipotent neurectoderm (neural plate and neural tube) formation, representing the first morphological signs of nervous system development. Subsequent patterning of the neural tube is then responsible for the formation of most of the central and peripheral nervous systems. While a large number of studies have assessed how a competent neurectoderm produces mature neural cells, less is known about the molecular signatures of definitive ectoderm and neurectoderm and the key molecular mechanisms driving their formation. Using pluripotent stem cells as a model, we will discuss the current understanding of how the pluripotent inner cell mass transitions to pluripotent primitive ectoderm and sequentially to the multipotent definitive ectoderm and neurectoderm. We will focus on the integration of cell signaling, gene activation, and epigenetic control that govern these developmental steps, and provide insight into the novel growth factor-like role that specific amino acids, such as L-proline, play in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael B. Morris
- Embryonic Stem Cell Laboratory, Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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13
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Zamanighomi M, Lin Z, Daley T, Chen X, Duren Z, Schep A, Greenleaf WJ, Wong WH. Unsupervised clustering and epigenetic classification of single cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2410. [PMID: 29925875 PMCID: PMC6010417 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04629-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing epigenetic heterogeneity at the cellular level is a critical problem in the modern genomics era. Assays such as single cell ATAC-seq (scATAC-seq) offer an opportunity to interrogate cellular level epigenetic heterogeneity through patterns of variability in open chromatin. However, these assays exhibit technical variability that complicates clear classification and cell type identification in heterogeneous populations. We present scABC, an R package for the unsupervised clustering of single-cell epigenetic data, to classify scATAC-seq data and discover regions of open chromatin specific to cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Zamanighomi
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Zhixiang Lin
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Timothy Daley
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Zhana Duren
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alicia Schep
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - William J Greenleaf
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Wing Hung Wong
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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14
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Studying the Toxic Effects of Some Biologically Active Peptides on the Model of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Bull Exp Biol Med 2017; 163:731-736. [PMID: 29063333 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-017-3891-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effects of peptide drugs (HLDF-6, PGP, RPGP, and PGLP) and peptide pharmaceutical products (Semax, Selank, and thyroliberin) on proliferation and survival of mouse embryonic stem cells and their derivatives. Differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into neuronal precursors was evaluated. PGP and PGLP in concentrations of 10 and 0.1 μM, respectively, had little, but significant inhibitory effect on proliferative activity of cells. These peptides in concentrations of 10 and 0.1 μM, respectively, and Semax (10 and 0.1 μM) significantly increased the survival rate of mouse embryonic stem cells (serum deprivation). Moreover, study peptides had little effect on the formation of neuronal precursors from mouse embryonic stem cells. HLDF-6, Selank, and thyroliberin produced an insignificant effect on the differentiation of these cells into mature neurons. Analysis of differentiation of embryonic stem cells into GABA+ neurons showed that Selank, thyroliberin (100 μM), and NGF (100 ng/ml) decrease the ratio of these cells by 61, 58, and 87%, respectively, in comparison with the control. Our results indicate that these peptide compounds do not produce toxic effect during the embryonic and fetal period of life.
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15
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Joshi R, Buchanan JC, Tavana H. Self-regulatory factors of embryonic stem cells in co-culture with stromal cells enhance neural differentiation. Integr Biol (Camb) 2017; 9:418-426. [PMID: 28406502 PMCID: PMC5498101 DOI: 10.1039/c7ib00038c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), due to their intrinsic capability to generate somatic cells of all three germ layers, are potential sources of neural cells for cell replacement therapies. However, the empirical differentiation protocols and the lack of mechanistic understanding of the neural differentiation of ESCs have limited the utility of ESCs as a developmental model or as a cell source for neural cell populations for replacement therapies. Co-culturing ESCs with stromal cells is one of the extensively used methods to induce neural differentiation. Despite several studies to identify neural inducing factors in stromal cell induced neural differentiation, the self-regulatory effects of ESCs in the neural differentiation process remain unexplored. For the first time, we elucidate the self-regulatory role of mESCs in their neural cell differentiation by supplementing conditioned media from differentiating mESCs to mESC-PA6 co-cultures and quantitatively evaluating the change in neural differentiation. Moreover, we use statistical tools to analyze the expression of various growth and trophic factors and distinguish the factors produced primarily by PA6 cells versus mESCs in co-culture. We observe that addition of the medium containing mESC-secreted factors to a single mESC colony co-cultured with PA6 cells significantly enhances the neural differentiation of mESCs compares to the medium extracted from the stromal cells only. Hierarchical clustering of gene expression data from PA6 and co-cultured mESCs segregates two groups of factors that are produced by the stromal cells and differentiating mESCs. Identifying the major soluble factors that drive and regulate the neural differentiation process in the mESC-PA6 co-culture niche will help understand molecular mechanisms of neural development. Moreover, it can be a major step toward developing novel protocols to differentiate stem cells with mESC derived factor supplementation without using feeder cells and with greater efficiency compared to existing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Joshi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA
| | - J. C. Buchanan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA
| | - H. Tavana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA
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16
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Effect of Nerve Growth Factor on Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Bull Exp Biol Med 2017; 162:679-683. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-017-3686-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Dakic V, Maciel RDM, Drummond H, Nascimento JM, Trindade P, Rehen SK. Harmine stimulates proliferation of human neural progenitors. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2727. [PMID: 27957390 PMCID: PMC5144684 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmine is the β-carboline alkaloid with the highest concentration in the psychotropic plant decoction Ayahuasca. In rodents, classical antidepressants reverse the symptoms of depression by stimulating neuronal proliferation. It has been shown that Ayahuasca presents antidepressant effects in patients with depressive disorder. In the present study, we investigated the effects of harmine in cell cultures containing human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs, 97% nestin-positive) derived from pluripotent stem cells. After 4 days of treatment, the pool of proliferating hNPCs increased by 71.5%. Harmine has been reported as a potent inhibitor of the dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase (DYRK1A), which regulates cell proliferation and brain development. We tested the effect of analogs of harmine, an inhibitor of DYRK1A (INDY), and an irreversible selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAO) but not DYRK1A (pargyline). INDY but not pargyline induced proliferation of hNPCs similarly to harmine, suggesting that inhibition of DYRK1A is a possible mechanism to explain harmine effects upon the proliferation of hNPCs. Our findings show that harmine enhances proliferation of hNPCs and suggest that inhibition of DYRK1A may explain its effects upon proliferation in vitro and antidepressant effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Dakic
- IDOR, D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Hannah Drummond
- IDOR, D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana M Nascimento
- IDOR, D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology/Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Pablo Trindade
- IDOR, D'Or Institute for Research and Education , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | - Stevens K Rehen
- IDOR, D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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18
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Joshi R, Buchanan JC, Paruchuri S, Morris N, Tavana H. Molecular Analysis of Stromal Cells-Induced Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166316. [PMID: 27832161 PMCID: PMC5104328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Deriving specific neural cells from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is a promising approach for cell replacement therapies of neurodegenerative diseases. When co-cultured with certain stromal cells, mouse ESCs (mESCs) differentiate efficiently to neural cells. In this study, a comprehensive gene and protein expression analysis of differentiating mESCs is performed over a two-week culture period to track temporal progression of cells from a pluripotent state to specific terminally-differentiated neural cells such as neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Expression levels of 26 genes consisting of marker genes for pluripotency, neural progenitors, and specific neuronal, astroglial, and oligodendrocytic cells are tracked using real time q-PCR. The time-course gene expression analysis of differentiating mESCs is combined with the hierarchal clustering and functional principal component analysis (FPCA) to elucidate the evolution of specific neural cells from mESCs at a molecular level. These statistical analyses identify three major gene clusters representing distinct phases of transition of stem cells from a pluripotent state to a terminally-differentiated neuronal or glial state. Temporal protein expression studies using immunohistochemistry demonstrate the generation of neural stem/progenitor cells and specific neural lineages and show a close agreement with the gene expression profiles of selected markers. Importantly, parallel gene and protein expression analysis elucidates long-term stability of certain proteins compared to those with a quick turnover. Describing the molecular regulation of neural cells commitment of mESCs due to stromal signaling will help identify major promoters of differentiation into specific cell types for use in cell replacement therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramila Joshi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States of America
| | - James Carlton Buchanan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States of America
| | - Sailaja Paruchuri
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States of America
| | - Nathan Morris
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States of America
| | - Hossein Tavana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States of America
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19
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Selvaraj P, Xiao L, Lee C, Murthy SRK, Cawley NX, Lane M, Merchenthaler I, Ahn S, Loh YP. Neurotrophic Factor-α1: A Key Wnt-β-Catenin Dependent Anti-Proliferation Factor and ERK-Sox9 Activated Inducer of Embryonic Neural Stem Cell Differentiation to Astrocytes in Neurodevelopment. Stem Cells 2016; 35:557-571. [PMID: 27709799 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic neurodevelopment involves inhibition of proliferation of multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) followed by differentiation into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes to form the brain. We have identified a new neurotrophic factor, NF-α1, which inhibits proliferation and promotes differentiation of NSC/progenitors derived from E13.5 mouse cortex. Inhibition of proliferation of these cells was mediated through negatively regulating the Wnt pathway and decreasing β-catenin. NF-α1 induced differentiation of NSCs to astrocytes by enhancing Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) expression through activating the ERK1/2-Sox9 signaling pathway. Cultured E13.5 cortical stem cells from NF-α1-knockout mice showed decreased astrocyte numbers compared to wild-type mice, which was rescued by treatment with NF-α1. In vivo, immunocytochemistry of brain sections and Western blot analysis of neocortex of mice showed a gradual increase of NF-α1 expression from E14.5 to P1 and a surge of GFAP expression at P1, the time of increase in astrogenesis. Importantly, NF-α1-Knockout mice showed ∼49% fewer GFAP positive astrocytes in the neocortex compared to WT mice at P1. Thus, NF-α1 is critical for regulating antiproliferation and cell fate determination, through differentiating embryonic stem cells to GFAP-positive astrocytes for normal neurodevelopment. Stem Cells 2017;35:557-571.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lan Xiao
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cheol Lee
- Unit on Developmental Neurogenetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Niamh X Cawley
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Malcolm Lane
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health and Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Istvan Merchenthaler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health and Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sohyun Ahn
- Unit on Developmental Neurogenetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Y Peng Loh
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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20
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Bradshaw A, Wickremsekera A, Tan ST, Peng L, Davis PF, Itinteang T. Cancer Stem Cell Hierarchy in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Front Surg 2016; 3:21. [PMID: 27148537 PMCID: PMC4831983 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2016.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), an aggressive tumor that typically exhibits treatment failure with high mortality rates, is associated with the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) within the tumor. CSCs possess the ability for perpetual self-renewal and proliferation, producing downstream progenitor cells that drive tumor growth. Studies of many cancer types have identified CSCs using specific markers, but it is still unclear as to where in the stem cell hierarchy these markers fall. This is compounded further by the presence of multiple GBM and glioblastoma cancer stem cell subtypes, making investigation and establishment of a universal treatment difficult. This review examines the current knowledge on the CSC markers SALL4, OCT-4, SOX2, STAT3, NANOG, c-Myc, KLF4, CD133, CD44, nestin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein, specifically focusing on their use and validity in GBM research and how they may be utilized for investigations into GBM's cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Bradshaw
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Agadha Wickremsekera
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand; Department of Neurosurgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Swee T Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Lifeng Peng
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Paul F Davis
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Tinte Itinteang
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute , Wellington , New Zealand
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21
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Embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitors transplanted to the hippocampus migrate on host vasculature. Stem Cell Res 2016; 16:579-88. [PMID: 26999761 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2016.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes the migration of transplanted ESNPs either injected directly into the hippocampus of a mouse, seeded onto hippocampal slices, or under in vitro culture conditions. We show that transplanted mouse ESNPs associate with, and appear to migrate on the surface of the vasculature, and that human ESNPs also associate with blood vessels when seeded on hippocampal slices, and migrate towards BECs in vitro using a Boyden chamber assay. This initial adhesion to vessels is mediated, at least in part, via the integrin α6β1, as observed for SVZ neural progenitor cells. Our data are consistent with CXCL12, expressed by the astroglial-vasculature niche, playing an important role in the migration of transplanted neural progenitors within and outside of the hippocampus.
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22
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Sart S, Yan Y, Li Y, Lochner E, Zeng C, Ma T, Li Y. Crosslinking of extracellular matrix scaffolds derived from pluripotent stem cell aggregates modulates neural differentiation. Acta Biomater 2016; 30:222-232. [PMID: 26577988 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
At various developmental stages, pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) and their progeny secrete a large amount of extracellular matrices (ECMs) which could interact with regulatory growth factors to modulate stem cell lineage commitment. ECMs derived from PSC can be used as unique scaffolds that provide broad signaling capacities to mediate cellular differentiation. However, the rapid degradation of ECMs can impact their applications as the scaffolds for in vitro cell expansion and in vivo transplantation. To address this issue, this study investigated the effects of crosslinking on the ECMs derived from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and the regulatory capacity of the crosslinked ECMs on the proliferation and differentiation of reseeded ESC-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs). To create different biological cues, undifferentiated aggregates, spontaneous embryoid bodies, and ESC-derived NPC aggregates were decellularized. The derived ECMs were crosslinked using genipin or glutaraldehyde to enhance the scaffold stability. ESC-derived NPC aggregates were reseeded on different ECM scaffolds and differential cellular compositions of neural progenitors, neurons, and glial cells were observed. The results indicate that ESC-derived ECM scaffolds affect neural differentiation through intrinsic biological cues and biophysical properties. These scaffolds have potential for in vitro cell culture and in vivo tissue regeneration study. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Dynamic interactions of acellular extracellular matrices and stem cells are critical for lineage-specific commitment and tissue regeneration. Understanding the synergistic effects of biochemical, biological, and biophysical properties of acellular matrices would facilitate scaffold design and the functional regulation of stem cells. The present study assessed the influence of crosslinked embryonic stem cell-derived extracellular matrix on neural differentiation and revealed the synergistic interactions of various matrix properties. While embryonic stem cell-derived matrices have been assessed as tissue engineering scaffolds, the impact of crosslinking on the embryonic stem cell-derived matrices to modulate neural differentiation has not been studied. The results from this study provide novel knowledge on the interface of embryonic stem cell-derived extracellular matrix and neural aggregates. The findings reported in this manuscript are significant for stem cell differentiation toward the applications in stem cell-based drug screening, disease modeling, and cell therapies.
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23
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Chen H, Mao Y, Wang S, Li B, Wang J, Li J, Ma Y. Characterization of glial-restricted precursors from rhesus monkey embryonic stem cells. Transl Neurosci 2015; 6:244-251. [PMID: 28123809 PMCID: PMC4936634 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2015-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial-restricted precursor (GRP) cells, the earliest glial progenitors for both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, have been derived from embryos and embryonic stem cells (ESC) in rodents. However, knowledge regarding the equivalent cell type in primates is limited due to restrictions imposed by ethics and resources. Here we report successful derivation and characterization of primate GRP cells from rhesus monkey ESC. The purified monkey GRP cells were A2B5-positive and FGF2-dependent for survival and proliferation. The differentiation assays indicated that they were tri-potential in vitro and bi-potential in vivo. These newly purified GRP cells will help to facilitate understanding of the molecular mechanism of glial development in primates as well as provide a source of therapeutic donor cells for use in neuroregenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Chen
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Kunming Primate Research Center, and Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, P. R. China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Biology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, P. R. China; Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U846, Bron 69675, France; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yu Mao
- Laboratory of Primate Recognition Neurosciences, Kunming Primate Research Center, and Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, P. R. China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shufen Wang
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Kunming Primate Research Center, and Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, P. R. China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Biology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, P. R. China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bin Li
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Kunming Primate Research Center, and Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, P. R. China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Biology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, P. R. China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jinhuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, P. R. China
| | - Jian Li
- Central Laboratory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, P. R. China
| | - Yuanye Ma
- Laboratory of Primate Recognition Neurosciences, Kunming Primate Research Center, and Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, P. R. China
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Pirmoazen E, Matin M, Najafzadeh N, Golmohammadi MG, Sagha M. Retinoic acid recapitulates the action of the somites on neural differentiation of the developing caudal neural plate in chick embryo. NEUROCHEM J+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712415040133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Comparison of Capability of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Endometrial Stem Cells to Differentiate into Motor Neurons on Electrospun Poly(ε-caprolactone) Scaffold. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5278-87. [PMID: 26420037 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9442-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human endometrial and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells can be differentiated into a number of cell lineages. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are potential candidates for cellular therapy. The differentiation of human bone marrow MSCs (hBM-MSCs) and endometrial stem cells (hEnSCs) into motor neuron-like cells has been rarely investigated previously; however, the comparison between these stem cells when they are differentiated into motor neuron-like cell is yet to be studied. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate and compare the capability of hBM-MSCs and hEnSCs cultured on tissue culture polystyrene (TCP) and poly ε-caprolactone (PCL) nanofibrous scaffold to differentiate into motor neuron-like cells in the presence of neural inductive molecules. Engineered hBM-MSCs and hEnSCs seeded on PCL nanofibrous scaffold were differentiated into beta-tubulin III, islet-1, Neurofilament-H (NF-H), HB9, Pax6, and choactase-positive motor neurons by immunostaining and real-time PCR, in response to the signaling molecules. The data obtained from PCR and immunostaining showed that the expression of motor neuron markers of both hBM-MSCs and hEnSCs differentiated cells on PCL scaffold are significantly higher than that of the control group. The expression of these markers in hEnSCs differentiated cells was higher than that in hBM-MSCs. However, this difference was not statistically significant. In conclusion, differentiated hBM-MSCs and hEnSCs on PCL can provide a suitable three-dimensional situation for neuronal survival and outgrowth for regeneration of the central nervous system. Both cells may be potential candidates for cellular therapy in motor neuron disorders. However, differentiation of hEnSCs into motor neuron-like cells was better than hBM-MSCs.
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Komura T, Kato K, Konagaya S, Nakaji-Hirabayashi T, Iwata H. Optimization of surface-immobilized extracellular matrices for the proliferation of neural progenitor cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:2388-96. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Komura
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences; Kyoto University; 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8507 Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences; Kyoto University; 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8507 Japan
| | - Shuhei Konagaya
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences; Kyoto University; 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8507 Japan
| | - Tadashi Nakaji-Hirabayashi
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences; Kyoto University; 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8507 Japan
| | - Hiroo Iwata
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences; Kyoto University; 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8507 Japan
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Kim BJ, Lee YA, Kim KJ, Kim YH, Jung MS, Ha SJ, Kang HG, Jung SE, Kim BG, Choi YR, Do JT, Ryu BY. Effects of paracrine factors on CD24 expression and neural differentiation of male germline stem cells. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:255-62. [PMID: 25976705 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are adult male germ cells that develop after birth. Throughout the lifetime of an organism, SSCs sustain spermatogenesis through self-renewal and produce daughter cells that differentiate into spermatozoa. Several studies have demonstrated that SSCs can acquire pluripotency under appropriate culture conditions, thus becoming multipotent germline stem cells (mGSCs) that express markers of pluripotency in culture and form teratomas following transplantation into immunodeficient mice. In the present study, we generated neural precursor cells expressing CD24, a neural precursor marker, from pluripotent stem cell lines and demonstrated that these cells effectively differentiated along a neural lineage in vitro. In addition, we found that paracrine factors promoted CD24 expression during the neural differentiation of mGSCs. Our results indicated that the expression of CD24, enhanced by a combination of retinoic acid (RA), noggin and fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) under serum-free conditions promoted neural precursor differentiation. Using a simple cell sorting method, we were able to collect neural precursor cells with the potential to differentiate from mGSCs into mature neurons and astrocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Jin Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-An Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Jung Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hee Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Seon Jung
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jung Ha
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Gu Kang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Eun Jung
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Gak Kim
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Yu-Ri Choi
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Buom-Yong Ryu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
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Taheri M, Salamian A, Ghaedi K, Peymani M, Izadi T, Nejati AS, Atefi A, Nematollahi M, Ahmadi Ghahrizjani F, Esmaeili M, Kiani Esfahani A, Irani S, Baharvand H, Nasr-Esfahani MH. A ground state of PPARγ activity and expression is required for appropriate neural differentiation of hESCs. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:1103-14. [PMID: 26481528 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several evidences indicate stimulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARg), promotes neuronal differentiation. This study was conducted to testify the prominence of PPARγ during neural differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). METHODS PPARγ expression level was assessed during neural differentiation of hESCs. Meanwhile, the level of endogenous miRNAs, which could be engaged in regulation of PPARγ expression, was measured. Next, natural and synthetic components of PPARγ agonists and antagonist were implemented on neural progenitor formation during neural differentiation of hESCs. RESULTS Data showed an increasing wave of PPARγ expression level when human neural progenitors (NPs) were formed upon retinoic acid treatment. Interestingly, there was no significant difference in the amount of PPARγ proteins during the differentiation of hESCs that is inconsistent with what we observed for RNA level. Our results indicated that miRNAs are not involved in the regulation of PPARγ expression, while proteasome-mediated degradation may to some degree be involved in this process. Among numerous treatments, PPARγ inactivation during NPs formation significantly decreased expression of NP markers. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that a ground state of PPARγ activity is required for NP formation of hESCs during early neural differentiation. However, high expression and activity of PPARγ could not enhance the required neural differentiation, whereas the PPARγ inactivation could negatively influence NP formation from hESCs by antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Taheri
- Biology Department, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Salamian
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Maryam Peymani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Izadi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Shoaraye Nejati
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Atefeh Atefi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Marzieh Nematollahi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ahmadi Ghahrizjani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Esmaeili
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abbas Kiani Esfahani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shiva Irani
- Biology Department, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran.
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Zhu JM, Hu N. Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in rat retina during development. Int J Ophthalmol 2015; 8:52-6. [PMID: 25709907 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.01.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the spatiotemporal expression pattern of PPARγ in embryonic and early postnatal stages of rat retina. METHODS Fetal rats were collected at 13-18d of gestation (GD) from pregnant females and postnatal rats at 1d (P1) and 5d (P5) after birth were also used. We used RT-PCR to detect PPARγ mRNA and immunohistochemical to observe PPARγ protein. And at last, we chose HE staining showed the structural changes of rat retina during development. RESULTS RT-PCR analysis showed that PPARγ mRNA was expressed as early as GD13 and gradually decreased as maturation continued. However, the PPARγ gene expression significantly increased after birth, especially in P5. Immunohistochemical analysis showed PPARγ protein was expressed throughout the retinal neuroepithelium at GD13 and GD14, and then decreased during late embryogenesis but remained relatively high in the predicted ganglion cell zone. During postnatal development, PPARγ protein was remarkably increased and the positive signals were mainly located in nerve fiber layer (NFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL) and outer layers of the retina. CONCLUSION The spatiotemporal changes of PPARγ expression demonstrated that PPARγ might play a role in regulating the differentiation and maturation of retinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Ming Zhu
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong Medical College, Yancheng City No.1 People's Hospital, Yancheng 224006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
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30
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Habibollah S, Forraz N, McGuckin CP. Application of Umbilical Cord and Cord Blood as Alternative Modes for Liver Therapy. Regen Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6542-2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Directed Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells into Neural Progenitors. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1307:289-98. [PMID: 24500897 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2014_67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A variety of protocols have been used to produce neural progenitors from human embryonic stem cells. We have focused on a monolayer culture approach that generates neural rosettes. To initiate differentiation, cells are plated in a serum-free nutrient-poor medium in the presence of a BMP inhibitor. Depending on the cell line used, additional growth factor inhibitors may be required to promote neural differentiation. Long-term culture and addition of the Notch inhibitor DAPT can promote terminal neuronal differentiation. Extent of differentiation is monitored using immunocytochemistry for cell type-specific markers.
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32
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Fujiwara N, Shimizu J, Takai K, Arimitsu N, Saito A, Kono T, Umehara T, Ueda Y, Wakisaka S, Suzuki T, Suzuki N. Restoration of spatial memory dysfunction of human APP transgenic mice by transplantation of neuronal precursors derived from human iPS cells. Neurosci Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Liang Y, Ågren L, Lyczek A, Walczak P, Bulte JW. Neural progenitor cell survival in mouse brain can be improved by co-transplantation of helper cells expressing bFGF under doxycycline control. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:73-9. [PMID: 23570903 PMCID: PMC3742733 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based therapy of neurological disorders is hampered by poor survival of grafted neural progenitor cells (NPCs). We hypothesized that it is possible to enhance the survival of human NPCs (ReNcells) by co-transplantation of helper cells expressing basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) under control of doxycycline (Dox). 293 cells or C17.2 cells were transduced with a lentiviral vector encoding the fluorescent reporter mCherry and bFGF under tetracycline-regulated transgene expression (Tet-ON). The bFGF secretion level in the engineered helper cells was positively correlated with the dose of Dox (Pearson correlation test; r=0.95 and 0.99 for 293 and C17.2 cells, respectively). Using bioluminescence imaging (BLI) as readout for firefly luciferase-transduced NPC survival, the addition of both 293-bFGF and C17.2-bFGF helper cells was found to significantly improve cell survival up to 6-fold in vitro, while wild-type (WT, non-transduced) helper cells had no effect. Following co-transplantation of 293-bFGF or C17.2-bFGF cells in the striatum of Rag2(-/-) immunodeficient mice, in vivo human NPC survival could be significantly improved as compared to no helper cells or co-transplantation of WT cells for the first two days after co-transplantation. This enhancement of survival in C17.2-bFGF group was not achieved without Dox administration, indicating that the neuroprotective effect was specific for bFGF. The present results warrant further studies on the use of engineered helper cells, including those expressing other growth factors injected as mixed cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Liang
- Russell H. Morgan Dept. of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Louise Ågren
- Russell H. Morgan Dept. of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Agatha Lyczek
- Russell H. Morgan Dept. of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Russell H. Morgan Dept. of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jeff W.M. Bulte
- Russell H. Morgan Dept. of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Dept. of Chemical &Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Dept. of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Duester G. Retinoid signaling in control of progenitor cell differentiation during mouse development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 24:694-700. [PMID: 23973941 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid (RA) serves as a ligand for nuclear RA receptors that control differentiation of progenitor cells important for vertebrate development. Genetic studies in mouse embryos deficient for RA-generating enzymes have been invaluable for deciphering RA function. RA first begins to act during early organogenesis when RA generated in trunk mesoderm begins to function as a diffusible signal controlling progenitor cell differentiation. In neuroectoderm, RA functions as an instructive signal to stimulate neuronal differentiation of progenitor cells in the hindbrain and spinal cord. RA is not required for early neuronal differentiation of the forebrain, but at later stages RA stimulates neuronal differentiation in forebrain basal ganglia. RA also acts as a permissive signal for differentiation by repressing fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling in differentiated cells as they emerge from progenitor populations in the caudal progenitor zone and second heart field. In addition, RA signaling stimulates differentiation of spermatogonial germ cells and induces meiosis in male but not female gonads. A more complete understanding of the normal functions of RA signaling during development will guide efforts to use RA as a differentiation agent for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg Duester
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Development and Aging Program, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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35
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Maruyama M, Yamashita Y, Kase M, Trifonov S, Sugimoto T. Lineage-specific purification of neural stem/progenitor cells from differentiated mouse induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:420-33. [PMID: 23694811 PMCID: PMC3673754 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have differentiation potential into all three germ layer-derived tissues, efficient purification of target cells is required in many fields of iPS research. One useful strategy is isolation of desired cells from differentiated iPS cells by lineage-specific expression of a drug-resistance gene, followed by drug selection. With this strategy, we purified neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs), a good candidate source for regenerative therapy, from differentiated mouse iPS cells. We constructed a bicistronic expression vector simultaneously expressing blasticidin S resistance gene and DsRed under the control of tandem enhancer of a 257-base pair region of nestin second intron, an NSC-specific enhancer. This construct was efficiently inserted into the iPS genome by piggyBac transposon-mediated gene transfer, and the established subclone was differentiated into NSCs in the presence or absence of blasticidin S. Consequently, incubation with blasticidin S led to purification of NSCs from differentiated iPS cells. Our results suggest that a lineage-specific drug selection strategy is useful for purification of NSCs from differentiated iPS cells and that this strategy can be applied for the purification of other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Maruyama
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuji Yamashita
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kase
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Stefan Trifonov
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Sugimoto
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
Since their identification, there has been tremendous interest in adult neural stem cells, in part based upon their potential therapeutic uses in understanding and treating neurological disorders. But what's the origin of these cells in the embryo? We outline here the onset of neural specification in the vertebrate embryo and describe the molecular mechanisms regulating patterning of the central nervous system (CNS). We trace the lineage of the multipotential stem cell of the nervous system from embryonic neuroepithelial cell to adult astrocyte-like neural stem cell. As these stem cells emerge throughout development and in the adult, they appear to be predetermined to a specific neuronal or glial fate. Finally, we compare the properties of embryonic stem cell-derived neural stem cells and CNS-derived neural stem cells.
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37
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Germain ND, Hartman NW, Cai C, Becker S, Naegele JR, Grabel LB. Teratocarcinoma Formation in Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Neural Progenitor Hippocampal Transplants. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:1603-11. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x647243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) hold great therapeutic potential due to their ability to differentiate into cells of the three primary germ layers, which can be used to repopulate disease-damaged tissues. In fact, two cell therapies using ESC derivatives are currently in phase I clinical trials. A main concern in using ESCs and their derivatives for cell transplantation is the ability of undifferentiated ESCs to generate tumors in the host. Positive selection steps are often included in protocols designed to generate particular cell types from ESCs; however, the transition from ESC to progenitor cell or terminally differentiated cell is not synchronous, and residual undifferentiated cells often remain. In our transplants of ESC-derived neural progenitors (ESNPs) into the adult mouse hippocampus, we have observed the formation of teratocarcinomas. We set out to reduce teratocarcinoma formation by enrichment of ESNPs using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and have found that, although enrichment prior to transplant reduces the overall rate of teratocarcinoma formation, the tumorigenicity of cell batches can vary widely, even after FACS enrichment to as much as 95% ESNPs. Our data suggest that this variability may be due to the percentage of residual ESCs remaining in the transplant cell population and to the presence of pluripotent epiblast-like cells, not previously identified in transplant batches. Our data emphasize the need for stringent characterization of transplant cell populations that will be used for cell replacement therapies in order to reduce the risk of tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chunyu Cai
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Sandy Becker
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Janice R. Naegele
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Laura B. Grabel
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
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Dang LTH, Wong L, Tropepe V. Zfhx1b induces a definitive neural stem cell fate in mouse embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2838-51. [PMID: 22594450 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducing a stable and predictable program of neural cell fate in pluripotent cells in vitro is an important goal for utilizing these cells for modeling human disease mechanisms. However, the extent to which in vitro neural specification recapitulates in vivo neural specification remains to be fully established. We previously demonstrated that in the mouse embryo, activation of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling promotes definitive neural stem cell (NSC) development through the upregulation of the transcription factor Zfhx1b. Here, we asked whether Zfhx1b is similarly required during neural lineage development of embryonic stem (ES) cells. Zfhx1b gene expression is rapidly upregulated in mouse ES cells cultured in a permissive neural-inducing environment, compared to ES cells in a standard pluripotency maintenance environment, and is potentiated by FGF signalling. However, overexpression of Zfhx1b in ES cells in maintenance conditions, containing serum and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), is sufficient to induce Sox1 expression, a marker found in neural precursors and to promote definitive NSC colony formation. Knockdown of Zfhx1b in ES cells using siRNA did not affect the initial transition of ES cells to a neural cell fate, but did diminish the ability of these neural cells to develop further into definitive NSCs. Thus, our findings using ES cells are congruent with evidence from mouse embryos and support a model, whereby intercellular FGF signaling induces Zfhx1b, which promotes the development of definitive NSCs subsequent to an initial neural specification event that is independent of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan T H Dang
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Leclerc C, Néant I, Moreau M. The calcium: an early signal that initiates the formation of the nervous system during embryogenesis. Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 5:3. [PMID: 22593733 PMCID: PMC3351002 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The calcium (Ca(2+)) signaling pathways have crucial roles in development from fertilization through differentiation to organogenesis. In the nervous system, Ca(2+) signals are important regulators for various neuronal functions, including formation and maturation of neuronal circuits and long-term memory. However, Ca(2+) signals are also involved in the earliest steps of neurogenesis including neural induction, differentiation of neural progenitors into neurons, and the neuro-glial switch. This review examines when and how Ca(2+) signals are generated during each of these steps with examples taken from in vivo studies in vertebrate embryos and from in vitro assays using embryonic and neural stem cells (NSCs). During the early phases of neurogenesis few investigations have been performed to study the downstream targets of Ca(2+) which posses EF-hand in their structure. This opens an entire field of research. We also discuss the highly specific nature of the Ca(2+) signaling pathway and its interaction with the other signaling pathways involved in early neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Leclerc
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université Toulouse III, CNRS UMR 5547Toulouse, France and GDRE n731, “Ca toolkit coded proteins as drug targets in animal and plant cells”
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40
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Mobarakeh ZT, Ai J, Yazdani F, Sorkhabadi SMR, Ghanbari Z, Javidan AN, Mortazavi-Tabatabaei SA, Massumi M, Barough SE. Human endometrial stem cells as a new source for programming to neural cells. CELL BIOLOGY INTERNATIONAL REPORTS 2012; 19:e00015. [PMID: 23124318 PMCID: PMC3475442 DOI: 10.1042/cbr20110009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human EnSC (endometrial-derived stem cell) is an abundant and easily available source for cell replacement therapy. Many investigations have shown the potency of the cells to differentiate into several mesoderm-derived cell lineages, including osteocytes and adipocytes. Here, the potency of EnSC in neural differentiation has been investigated. Flow cytometric analysis showed that they were positive for CD90, CD105, OCT4, CD44 and negative for CD31, CD34, CD133. The characterized cells were induced into neural differentiation by bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor), PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor) and EGF (epidermal growth factor) signalling molecules, respectively in a sequential protocol, and differentiated cells were analysed for expression of neuronal markers by RT-PCR (reverse transcription-PCR) and immunocytochemistry, including Nestin, GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid), MAP2 (microtubule-associated protein 2), β3-tub (class III β-tubulin) and NF-L (neurofilament-light) at the level of their mRNAs. The expression of MAP2, β3-tub and NF-L proteins in EnSC was confirmed 28 days PT (post-treatment) by immunocytochemistry. In conclusion, EnSC can respond to signalling molecules that are usually used as standards in neural differentiation and can programme neuronal cells, making these cells worth considering as a unique source for cell therapy in neurodegenerative disease.
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Key Words
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- ES, embryonic stem
- EnSC, endometrial-derived stem cell
- GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid
- GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- HBSS, Hank's balanced salt solution
- MAP2, microtubule-associated protein 2
- MSC, mesenchymal stem cell
- NF-L, neurofilament-light
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PFA, paraformaldehyde
- PT, post-treatment
- RT–PCR, reverse transcription–PCR
- T-PBS, Triton X-100 in PBS
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- differentiation
- endometrial stem cell
- neural cell
- β3-tub, class III β-tubulin
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Taherian Mobarakeh
- *Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- †Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- ‡Brain and Spinal Injury Research Center, Imam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- §Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- ‖Stem Cell and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzad Yazdani
- *Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zinat Ghanbari
- **Gynecology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Noroozi Javidan
- ‡Brain and Spinal Injury Research Center, Imam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Massumi
- †Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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41
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Zhang D, Zhao T, Ang HS, Chong P, Saiki R, Igarashi K, Yang H, Vardy LA. AMD1 is essential for ESC self-renewal and is translationally down-regulated on differentiation to neural precursor cells. Genes Dev 2012; 26:461-73. [PMID: 22391449 DOI: 10.1101/gad.182998.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The gene expression networks governing embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency are complex and finely regulated during differentiation toward specific lineages. We describe a new role for Amd1 (adenosyl methionine decarboxylase), a key enzyme in the polyamine synthesis pathway, in regulating both ESC self-renewal and differentiation to the neural lineage. Amd1 is highly expressed in ESCs and is translationally down-regulated by the neural precursor cell (NPC)-enriched microRNA miR-762 during NPC differentiation. Overexpression of Amd1 or addition of the polyamine spermine blocks ESC-to-NPC conversion, suggesting Amd1 must be down-regulated to decrease the levels of inhibitory spermine during differentiation. In addition, we demonstrate that high levels of Amd1 are required for maintenance of the ESC state. We show that forced overexpression of Amd1 in ESCs results in maintenance of high Myc levels and a delay in differentiation on removal of LIF. We propose that Amd1 is a major regulator of ESC self-renewal and that its essential role lies in its regulation of Myc levels within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Immunos, Singapore
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42
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Differentiation and functional incorporation of embryonic stem cell-derived GABAergic interneurons in the dentate gyrus of mice with temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurosci 2012; 32:46-61. [PMID: 22219269 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2683-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapies for neurological disorders require an extensive knowledge of disease-associated neuropathology and procedures for generating neurons for transplantation. In many patients with severe acquired temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), the dentate gyrus exhibits sclerosis and GABAergic interneuron degeneration. Mounting evidence suggests that therapeutic benefits can be obtained by transplanting fetal GABAergic progenitors into the dentate gyrus in rodents with TLE, but the scarcity of human fetal cells limits applicability in patient populations. In contrast, virtually limitless quantities of neural progenitors can be obtained from embryonic stem (ES) cells. ES cell-based therapies for neurological repair in TLE require evidence that the transplanted neurons integrate functionally and replace cell types that degenerate. To address these issues, we transplanted mouse ES cell-derived neural progenitors (ESNPs) with ventral forebrain identities into the hilus of the dentate gyrus of mice with TLE and evaluated graft differentiation, mossy fiber sprouting, cellular morphology, and electrophysiological properties of the transplanted neurons. In addition, we compared electrophysiological properties of the transplanted neurons with endogenous hilar interneurons in mice without TLE. The majority of transplanted ESNPs differentiated into GABAergic interneuron subtypes expressing calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin, calbindin, or calretinin. Global suppression of mossy fiber sprouting was not observed; however, ESNP-derived neurons formed dense axonal arborizations in the inner molecular layer and throughout the hilus. Whole-cell hippocampal slice electrophysiological recordings and morphological analyses of the transplanted neurons identified five basic types; most with strong after-hyperpolarizations and smooth or sparsely spiny dendritic morphologies resembling endogenous hippocampal interneurons. Moreover, intracellular recordings of spontaneous EPSCs indicated that the new cells functionally integrate into epileptic hippocampal circuitry.
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43
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Soldati C, Bithell A, Johnston C, Wong KY, Teng SW, Beglopoulos V, Stanton LW, Buckley NJ. Repressor Element 1 Silencing Transcription Factor Couples Loss of Pluripotency with Neural Induction and Neural Differentiation. Stem Cells 2012; 30:425-34. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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44
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Grabel L. Prospects for pluripotent stem cell therapies: Into the clinic and back to the bench. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:381-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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45
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The influence of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ1 during differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells to neural cells. Differentiation 2012; 83:60-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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Leclerc C, Néant I, Moreau M. Early neural development in vertebrates is also a matter of calcium. Biochimie 2011; 93:2102-11. [PMID: 21742011 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The calcium (Ca(2+)) signaling pathways have crucial roles in development from fertilization through differentiation to organogenesis. In the nervous system, Ca(2+) signals are important regulators for various neuronal functions, including formation and maturation of neuronal circuits and long-term memory. However, Ca(2+) signals are mainly involved in the earliest steps of nervous system development including neural induction, differentiation of neural progenitors into neurons, and the neuro-glial switch. This review examines when and how Ca(2+) signals are generated during each of these steps with examples taken from in vivo studies in vertebrate embryos and from in vitro assays using embryonic and neural stem cells. Also discussed is the highly specific nature of the Ca(2+) signaling pathway and its interaction with the other signaling pathways involved in early neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Leclerc
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR CNRS 5547 and GDR 2688, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse, France.
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47
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Germain N, Banda E, Grabel L. Embryonic stem cell neurogenesis and neural specification. J Cell Biochem 2011; 111:535-42. [PMID: 20589755 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The prospect of using embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived neural progenitors and neurons to treat neurological disorders has led to great interest in defining the conditions that guide the differentiation of ESCs, and more recently induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), into neural stem cells (NSCs) and a variety of neuronal and glial subtypes. Over the past decade, researchers have looked to the embryo to guide these studies, applying what we know about the signaling events that direct neural specification during development. This has led to the design of a number of protocols that successfully promote ESC neurogenesis, terminating with the production of neurons and glia with diverse regional addresses and functional properties. These protocols demonstrate that ESCs undergo neural specification in two, three, and four dimensions, mimicking the cell-cell interactions, patterning, and timing that characterizes the in vivo process. We therefore propose that these in vitro systems can be used to examine the molecular regulation of neural specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noélle Germain
- Biology Department, Wesleyan University, Lawn Avenue, Middletown, Connecticut 06459-0170., USA
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48
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Lorberbaum DS, Gottlieb D. Regulated expression of transgenes in embryonic stem cell-derived neural cells. Genesis 2011; 49:66-74. [PMID: 21344609 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Discovery and characterization of gene promoters, enhancers and repressor binding elements is an important research area in neuroscience. Here, the suitability of embryonic stem cells and their neural derivatives as a model system for this research is investigated. Three neural transgenic constructs (from the Mnx1, Fabp7, and tuba1a genes) that have been validated in transgenic mice were inserted into embryonic stem cells as stable transgenes. These transgenic embryonic stem cells were differentiated into neural cultures and the pattern of transgene expression across a series of inducing conditions determined. The pattern of expression matched that predicted from transgenic mouse experiments for each of the three transgenes. The results show that embryonic stem cells and their neural derivatives comprise a promising model for investigating the mechanisms that control cell- and temporal-specific neural gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Lorberbaum
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Missouri, USA
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Christie VB, Maltman DJ, Henderson AP, Whiting A, Marder TB, Lako M, Przyborski SA. Retinoid supplementation of differentiating human neural progenitors and embryonic stem cells leads to enhanced neurogenesis in vitro. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 193:239-45. [PMID: 20817032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Retinoids are important molecules involved in the development and homeostasis of the nervous system. As such, various retinoid derivatives are often found in culture media and supplement formulations to support the growth and maintenance of neural cells. However, all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and its associated derivatives are light sensitive and are highly susceptible to isomerisation. This can lead to variability in retinoid concentrations and the nature of the retinoid species present in culture solutions which in turn can influence biological activity and introduce inconsistency. We have previously described the development of the synthetic retinoid derivative, EC23, as a chemically and light stable alternative that does not degrade and has biological activity similar to ATRA. In this study we demonstrate that the addition of exogenous retinoid can significantly enhance neuronal differentiation of both human neuroprogenitor and human embryonic stem cells. In the former, both ATRA and EC23 induced increased maturation and stabilisation of the axonal cytoskeleton. However, EC23 was particularly potent at lower nanomolar concentrations resulting in significantly greater neurogenesis than ATRA. In ES cells enhanced motor neuron marker expression was also detected in response to both retinoids when incorporated into an established protocol for neuronal differentiation. We propose that synthetic retinoid EC23 represents a valuable addition to the formulation of new and existing culture supplements to enhance neuronal differentiation whilst enabling improved consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria B Christie
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham, UK
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50
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Tao O, Shimazaki T, Okada Y, Naka H, Kohda K, Yuzaki M, Mizusawa H, Okano H. Efficient generation of mature cerebellar Purkinje cells from mouse embryonic stem cells. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:234-47. [PMID: 19705453 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can generate cerebellar neurons, including Purkinje cells (PCs) and their precursor cells, in a floating culture system called serum-free culture of embryoid body-like aggregates (SFEB) treated with BMP4, Fgf8b, and Wnt3a. Here we successfully established a coculture system that induced the maturation of PCs in ESC-derived Purkinje cell (EDPC) precursors in SFEB, using as a feeder layer a cerebellum dissociation culture prepared from mice at postnatal day (P) 6-8. PC maturation was incomplete or abnormal when the adherent culture did not include feeder cells or when the feeder layer was from neonatal cerebellum. In contrast, EDPCs exhibited the morphology of mature PCs and synaptogenesis with other cerebellar neurons when grown for 4 weeks in coculture system with the postnatal cerebellar feeder. Furthermore, the electrophysiological properties of these EDPCs were compatible with those of native mature PCs in vitro, such as Na(+) or Ca(2+) spikes elicited by current injections and excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic currents, which were assessed by whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. Thus, EDPC precursors in SFEB can mature into PCs whose properties are comparable with those of native PCs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Tao
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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