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Ellis JL, Evason KJ, Zhang C, Fourman MN, Liu J, Ninov N, Delous M, Vanhollebeke B, Fiddes I, Otis JP, Houvras Y, Farber SA, Xu X, Lin X, Stainier DYR, Yin C. A missense mutation in the proprotein convertase gene furinb causes hepatic cystogenesis during liver development in zebrafish. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:3083-3097. [PMID: 36017776 PMCID: PMC9592797 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.2038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic cysts are fluid-filled lesions in the liver that are estimated to occur in 5% of the population. They may cause hepatomegaly and abdominal pain. Progression to secondary fibrosis, cirrhosis, or cholangiocarcinoma can lead to morbidity and mortality. Previous studies of patients and rodent models have associated hepatic cyst formation with increased proliferation and fluid secretion in cholangiocytes, which are partially due to impaired primary cilia. Congenital hepatic cysts are thought to originate from faulty bile duct development, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In a forward genetic screen, we identified a zebrafish mutant that developed hepatic cysts during larval stages. The cyst formation was not due to changes in biliary cell proliferation, bile secretion, or impairment of primary cilia. Instead, time-lapse live imaging data showed that the mutant biliary cells failed to form interconnecting bile ducts because of defects in motility and protrusive activity. Accordingly, immunostaining revealed a disorganized actin and microtubule cytoskeleton in the mutant biliary cells. By whole-genome sequencing, we determined that the cystic phenotype in the mutant was caused by a missense mutation in the furinb gene, which encodes a proprotein convertase. The mutation altered Furinb localization and caused endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The cystic phenotype could be suppressed by treatment with the ER stress inhibitor 4-phenylbutyric acid and exacerbated by treatment with the ER stress inducer tunicamycin. The mutant liver also exhibited increased mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Treatment with mTOR inhibitors halted cyst formation at least partially through reducing ER stress. Conclusion: Our study has established a vertebrate model for studying hepatic cystogenesis and illustrated the contribution of ER stress in the disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian L. Ellis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Kimberley J. Evason
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsProgram in Developmental and Stem Cell BiologyLiver Center and Diabetes CenterUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of PathologyUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Changwen Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Makenzie N. Fourman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Jiandong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsProgram in Developmental and Stem Cell BiologyLiver Center and Diabetes CenterUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- McAllister Heart InstituteDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineSchool of MedicineThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Nikolay Ninov
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsProgram in Developmental and Stem Cell BiologyLiver Center and Diabetes CenterUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU DresdenDresdenGermany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus of TU DresdenGerman Center for Diabetes ResearchDresdenGermany
| | - Marion Delous
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsProgram in Developmental and Stem Cell BiologyLiver Center and Diabetes CenterUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Equipe GENDEVCentre de Recherche en Neurosciences de LyonInserm U1028CNRS UMR5292Universite Lyon 1Universite St EtienneLyonFrance
| | - Benoit Vanhollebeke
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsProgram in Developmental and Stem Cell BiologyLiver Center and Diabetes CenterUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Laboratory of Neurovascular SignalingDepartment of Molecular BiologyULB Neuroscience InstituteUniversite Libre de BruxellesGosseliesBelgium
| | - Ian Fiddes
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsProgram in Developmental and Stem Cell BiologyLiver Center and Diabetes CenterUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jessica P. Otis
- Department of EmbryologyCarnegie Institution for ScienceBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of BiologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and BiochemistryBrown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Yariv Houvras
- Weill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian HospitalNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Steven A. Farber
- Department of EmbryologyCarnegie Institution for ScienceBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of BiologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyDepartment of Cardiovascular MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Xueying Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyDepartment of Cardiovascular MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Didier Y. R. Stainier
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsProgram in Developmental and Stem Cell BiologyLiver Center and Diabetes CenterUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Developmental GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Heart and Lung ResearchBad NauheimGermany
| | - Chunyue Yin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhioUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsProgram in Developmental and Stem Cell BiologyLiver Center and Diabetes CenterUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Division of Developmental BiologyCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhioUSA
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2
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Rusterholz TDS, Hofmann C, Bachmann-Gagescu R. Insights Gained From Zebrafish Models for the Ciliopathy Joubert Syndrome. Front Genet 2022; 13:939527. [PMID: 35846153 PMCID: PMC9280682 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.939527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are quasi-ubiquitous microtubule-based sensory organelles, which play vital roles in signal transduction during development and cell homeostasis. Dysfunction of cilia leads to a group of Mendelian disorders called ciliopathies, divided into different diagnoses according to clinical phenotype constellation and genetic causes. Joubert syndrome (JBTS) is a prototypical ciliopathy defined by a diagnostic cerebellar and brain stem malformation termed the “Molar Tooth Sign” (MTS), in addition to which patients display variable combinations of typical ciliopathy phenotypes such as retinal dystrophy, fibrocystic renal disease, polydactyly or skeletal dystrophy. Like most ciliopathies, JBTS is genetically highly heterogeneous with ∼40 associated genes. Zebrafish are widely used to model ciliopathies given the high conservation of ciliary genes and the variety of specialized cilia types similar to humans. In this review, we compare different existing JBTS zebrafish models with each other and describe their contributions to our understanding of JBTS pathomechanism. We find that retinal dystrophy, which is the most investigated ciliopathy phenotype in zebrafish ciliopathy models, is caused by distinct mechanisms according to the affected gene. Beyond this, differences in phenotypes in other organs observed between different JBTS-mutant models suggest tissue-specific roles for proteins implicated in JBTS. Unfortunately, the lack of systematic assessment of ciliopathy phenotypes in the mutants described in the literature currently limits the conclusions that can be drawn from these comparisons. In the future, the numerous existing JBTS zebrafish models represent a valuable resource that can be leveraged in order to gain further insights into ciliary function, pathomechanisms underlying ciliopathy phenotypes and to develop treatment strategies using small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara D. S. Rusterholz
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Hofmann
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ruxandra Bachmann-Gagescu
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Ruxandra Bachmann-Gagescu,
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3
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Role of Primary Cilia in Skeletal Disorders. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:6063423. [PMID: 35761830 PMCID: PMC9233574 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6063423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are highly conserved microtubule-based organelles that project from the cell surface into the extracellular environment and play important roles in mechanosensation, mechanotransduction, polarity maintenance, and cell behaviors during organ development and pathological changes. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins are essential for cilium formation and function. The skeletal system consists of bones and connective tissue, including cartilage, tendons, and ligaments, providing support, stability, and movement to the body. Great progress has been achieved in primary cilia and skeletal disorders in recent decades. Increasing evidence suggests that cells with cilium defects in the skeletal system can cause numerous human diseases. Moreover, specific deletion of ciliary proteins in skeletal tissues with different Cre mice resulted in diverse malformations, suggesting that primary cilia are involved in the development of skeletal diseases. In addition, the intact of primary cilium is essential to osteogenic/chondrogenic induction of mesenchymal stem cells, regarded as a promising target for clinical intervention for skeletal disorders. In this review, we summarized the role of primary cilia and ciliary proteins in the pathogenesis of skeletal diseases, including osteoporosis, bone/cartilage tumor, osteoarthritis, intervertebral disc degeneration, spine scoliosis, and other cilium-related skeletal diseases, and highlighted their promising treatment methods, including using mesenchymal stem cells. Our review tries to present evidence for primary cilium as a promising target for clinical intervention for skeletal diseases.
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4
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Nandamuri SP, Lusk S, Kwan KM. Loss of zebrafish dzip1 results in inappropriate recruitment of periocular mesenchyme to the optic fissure and ocular coloboma. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265327. [PMID: 35286359 PMCID: PMC8920261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are essential for the development and function of many different tissues. Although cilia machinery is crucial in the eye for photoreceptor development and function, a role for cilia in early eye development and morphogenesis is still somewhat unclear: many zebrafish cilia mutants retain cilia at early stages due to maternal deposition of cilia components. An eye phenotype has been described in the mouse Arl13 mutant, however, zebrafish arl13b is maternally deposited, and an early role for cilia proteins has not been tested in zebrafish eye development. Here we use the zebrafish dzip1 mutant, which exhibits a loss of cilia throughout stages of early eye development, to examine eye development and morphogenesis. We find that in dzip1 mutants, initial formation of the optic cup proceeds normally, however, the optic fissure subsequently fails to close and embryos develop the structural eye malformation ocular coloboma. Further, neural crest cells, which are implicated in optic fissure closure, do not populate the optic fissure correctly, suggesting that their inappropriate localization may be the underlying cause of coloboma. Overall, our results indicate a role for dzip1 in proper neural crest localization in the optic fissure and optic fissure closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Pratima Nandamuri
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Sarah Lusk
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Kristen M. Kwan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
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Cerrizuela S, Vega-Lopez GA, Méndez-Maldonado K, Velasco I, Aybar MJ. The crucial role of model systems in understanding the complexity of cell signaling in human neurocristopathies. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1537. [PMID: 35023327 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are useful to study the molecular, cellular, and morphogenetic mechanisms underlying normal and pathological development. Cell-based study models have emerged as an alternative approach to study many aspects of human embryonic development and disease. The neural crest (NC) is a transient, multipotent, and migratory embryonic cell population that generates a diverse group of cell types that arises during vertebrate development. The abnormal formation or development of the NC results in neurocristopathies (NCPs), which are characterized by a broad spectrum of functional and morphological alterations. The impaired molecular mechanisms that give rise to these multiphenotypic diseases are not entirely clear yet. This fact, added to the high incidence of these disorders in the newborn population, has led to the development of systematic approaches for their understanding. In this article, we have systematically reviewed the ways in which experimentation with different animal and cell model systems has improved our knowledge of NCPs, and how these advances might contribute to the development of better diagnostic and therapeutic tools for the treatment of these pathologies. This article is categorized under: Congenital Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Congenital Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Cerrizuela
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Guillermo A Vega-Lopez
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Karla Méndez-Maldonado
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular - Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Iván Velasco
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular - Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular del Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Manuel J Aybar
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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6
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He L, Long X, Qi J, Wang Z, Huang Z, Wu S, Zhang X, Luo H, Chen X, Lin J, Yang Q, Huang S, Zhou Q, Zheng L. Genome and gene evolution of seahorse species revealed by the chromosome-level genome of Hippocampus abdominalis. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 22:1465-1477. [PMID: 34698429 PMCID: PMC9298228 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Seahorses belong to the teleost family Syngnathidae that evolved a distinct body plan and unique male pregnancy compared to other teleosts. As a classic model for studying evolution of viviparity and sexual selection of teleosts, seahorse species still lack a publicly available high‐quality reference genome. Here, we generated the genome assembly of the big‐belly seahorse, Hippocampus abdominalis with long‐read and Hi‐C technologies. We managed to place over 99% of the total length of 444.7 Mb of assembled genome into 21 linkage groups with almost no gaps. We reconstructed a phylogenomic tree with the big‐belly seahorse genome and other representative Syngnathidae and teleost species. We also reconstructed the historical population dynamics of four representative Syngnathidae species. We found the gene families that underwent expansion or contraction in the Syngnathidae ancestor were enriched for immune‐related or ion transporter gene ontology terms. Many of these genes were also reported to show a dynamic expression pattern during the pregnancy stages of H. abdominalis. We also identified putative positively selected genes in the Syngnathidae ancestor or in H. abdominalis, whose mouse mutants are enriched for abnormal craniofacial and limb morphological phenotypes. Overall, our study provides an important genome resource for evolutionary and developmental studies of seahorse species, and candidate genes for future experimental works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin He
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen, China
| | - Xin Long
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianfei Qi
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen, China
| | - Zongji Wang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Animal Sex and Development, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Featured Marine Bioresources, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuiqing Wu
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen, China
| | - Xingtan Zhang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huiyu Luo
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Xiamen Xiaodeng Aquatic Science and Technology Company Limited, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinbo Lin
- Xiamen Xiaodeng Aquatic Science and Technology Company Limited, Xiamen, China
| | - Qiuhua Yang
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen, China
| | - Shiyu Huang
- Fisheries College of Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neuroscience and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Leyun Zheng
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen, China
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7
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Ttc30a affects tubulin modifications in a model for ciliary chondrodysplasia with polycystic kidney disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2106770118. [PMID: 34548398 PMCID: PMC8488674 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106770118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are tubulin-based cellular appendages, and their dysfunction has been linked to a variety of genetic diseases. Ciliary chondrodysplasia is one such condition that can co-occur with cystic kidney disease and other organ manifestations. We modeled skeletal ciliopathies by mutating two established disease genes in Xenopus tropicalis frogs. Bioinformatic analysis identified ttc30a as a ciliopathy network component, and targeting it replicated skeletal malformations and renal cysts as seen in patients and the amphibian models. A loss of Ttc30a affected cilia by altering posttranslational tubulin modifications. Our findings identify TTC30A/B as a component of ciliary segmentation essential for cartilage differentiation and renal tubulogenesis. These findings may lead to novel therapeutic targets in treating ciliary skeletopathies and cystic kidney disease. Skeletal ciliopathies (e.g., Jeune syndrome, short rib polydactyly syndrome, and Sensenbrenner syndrome) are frequently associated with nephronophthisis-like cystic kidney disease and other organ manifestations. Despite recent progress in genetic mapping of causative loci, a common molecular mechanism of cartilage defects and cystic kidneys has remained elusive. Targeting two ciliary chondrodysplasia loci (ift80 and ift172) by CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis, we established models for skeletal ciliopathies in Xenopus tropicalis. Froglets exhibited severe limb deformities, polydactyly, and cystic kidneys, closely matching the phenotype of affected patients. A data mining–based in silico screen found ttc30a to be related to known skeletal ciliopathy genes. CRISPR/Cas9 targeting replicated limb malformations and renal cysts identical to the models of established disease genes. Loss of Ttc30a impaired embryonic renal excretion and ciliogenesis because of altered posttranslational tubulin acetylation, glycylation, and defective axoneme compartmentalization. Ttc30a/b transcripts are enriched in chondrocytes and osteocytes of single-cell RNA-sequenced embryonic mouse limbs. We identify TTC30A/B as an essential node in the network of ciliary chondrodysplasia and nephronophthisis-like disease proteins and suggest that tubulin modifications and cilia segmentation contribute to skeletal and renal ciliopathy manifestations of ciliopathies in a cell type–specific manner. These findings have implications for potential therapeutic strategies.
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8
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Marí-Beffa M, Mesa-Román AB, Duran I. Zebrafish Models for Human Skeletal Disorders. Front Genet 2021; 12:675331. [PMID: 34490030 PMCID: PMC8418114 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.675331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, the Nosology Committee of the International Skeletal Dysplasia Society provided an updated version of the Nosology and Classification of Genetic Skeletal Disorders. This is a reference list of recognized diseases in humans and their causal genes published to help clinician diagnosis and scientific research advances. Complementary to mammalian models, zebrafish has emerged as an interesting species to evaluate chemical treatments against these human skeletal disorders. Due to its versatility and the low cost of experiments, more than 80 models are currently available. In this article, we review the state-of-art of this “aquarium to bedside” approach describing the models according to the list provided by the Nosology Committee. With this, we intend to stimulate research in the appropriate direction to efficiently meet the actual needs of clinicians under the scope of the Nosology Committee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Marí-Beffa
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain.,Networking Biomedical Research Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana B Mesa-Román
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ivan Duran
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain.,Networking Biomedical Research Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
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9
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Pollock LM, Perkins B, Anand-Apte B. Primary cilia are present on endothelial cells of the hyaloid vasculature but are not required for the development of the blood-retinal barrier. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0225351. [PMID: 32735563 PMCID: PMC7394433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cilia are found in a variety of tissues including the cranial vasculature of zebrafish embryos. Recently, endothelial cells in the developing mouse retina were reported to also possess primary cilia that are potentially involved in vascular remodeling. Fish carrying mutations in intraflagellar transport (ift) genes have disrupted cilia and have been reported to have an increased rate of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), potentially due to disruption of the sonic hedgehog (shh) signaling pathway. However, it remains unknown whether the endothelial cells forming the retinal microvasculature in zebrafish also possess cilia, and whether endothelial cilia are necessary for development and maintenance of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). In the present study, we found that the endothelial cells lining the zebrafish hyaloid vasculature possess primary cilia during development. To determine whether endothelial cilia are necessary for BRB integrity, ift57, ift88, and ift172 mutants, which lack cilia, were crossed with the double-transgenic zebrafish strain Tg(l-fabp:DBP-EGFP;flk1:mCherry). This strain expresses a vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) as a tracer in the blood plasma, while the endothelial cells forming the vasculature are tagged by mCherry. The Ift mutant fish develop a functional BRB, indicating that endothelial cilia are not necessary for early BRB integrity. Additionally, although treatment of zebrafish larvae with Shh inhibitor cyclopamine results in BRB breakdown, the Ift mutant fish were not sensitized to cyclopamine-induced BRB breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana M. Pollock
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Brian Perkins
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Bela Anand-Apte
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
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10
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Jiang H, Liang S, He K, Hu J, Xu E, Lin T, Meng Y, Zhao J, Ma J, Gao R, Wang C, Yang F, Zhou X. Exome sequencing analysis identifies frequent oligogenic involvement and FLNB variants in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Med Genet 2020; 57:405-413. [PMID: 32381728 PMCID: PMC7279190 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a genetically heterogeneous disease characterised by three-dimensional deformity of the spine in the absence of a congenital spinal anomaly or neurological musculoskeletal disorder. The clinical variability and incomplete penetrance of some genes linked with AIS indicate that this disease constitutes an oligogenic trait. Objective We aimed to explore the oligogenic nature of this disease and identify novel AIS genes. Methods We analysed rare damaging variants within AIS-associated genes by using exome sequencing in 40 AIS trios and 183 sporadic patients. Results Multiple variants within AIS-associated genes were identified in eight AIS trios, and five individuals harboured rare damaging variants in the FLNB gene. The patients showed more frequent oligogenicity than the controls. In the gene-based burden test, the top signal resided in FLNB. In functional studies, we found that the AIS-associated FLNB variants altered the protein’s conformation and subcellular localisation and its interaction with other proteins (TTC26 and OFD1) involved in AIS. The most compelling evidence of an oligogenic basis was that the number of rare damaging variants was recognised as an independent prognostic factor for curve progression in Cox regression analysis. Conclusion Our data indicate that AIS is an oligogenic disease and identify FLNB as a susceptibility gene for AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shulun Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jinghua Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Enjie Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yichen Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianquan Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ce Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fu Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Second Military Medical University, Shangahi, China.,Department of Cell Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Solanki AK, Kondkar AA, Fogerty J, Su Y, Kim SH, Lipschutz JH, Nihalani D, Perkins BD, Lobo GP. A Functional Binding Domain in the Rbpr2 Receptor Is Required for Vitamin A Transport, Ocular Retinoid Homeostasis, and Photoreceptor Cell Survival in Zebrafish. Cells 2020; 9:E1099. [PMID: 32365517 PMCID: PMC7290320 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary vitamin A/all-trans retinol/ROL plays a critical role in human vision. ROL circulates bound to the plasma retinol-binding protein (RBP4) as RBP4-ROL. In the eye, the STRA6 membrane receptor binds to circulatory RBP4 and internalizes ROL. STRA6 is, however, not expressed in systemic tissues, where there is high affinity RBP4 binding and ROL uptake. We tested the hypothesis that the second retinol binding protein 4 receptor 2 (Rbpr2), which is highly expressed in systemic tissues of zebrafish and mouse, contains a functional RBP4 binding domain, critical for ROL transport. As for STRA6, modeling and docking studies confirmed three conserved RBP4 binding residues in zebrafish Rbpr2. In cell culture studies, disruption of the RBP4 binding residues on Rbpr2 almost completely abolished uptake of exogenous vitamin A. CRISPR-generated rbpr2-RBP4 domain zebrafish mutants showed microphthalmia, shorter photoreceptor outer segments, and decreased opsins, which were attributed to impaired ocular retinoid content. Injection of WT-Rbpr2 mRNA into rbpr2 mutant or all-trans retinoic acid treatment rescued the mutant eye phenotypes. In conclusion, zebrafish Rbpr2 contains a putative extracellular RBP4-ROL ligand-binding domain, critical for yolk vitamin A transport to the eye for ocular retinoid production and homeostasis, for photoreceptor cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish K. Solanki
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (A.K.S.); (Y.S.); (S.-H.K.); (J.H.L.); (D.N.)
| | - Altaf A. Kondkar
- Glaucoma Research Chair, Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Joseph Fogerty
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (J.F.); (B.D.P.)
| | - Yanhui Su
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (A.K.S.); (Y.S.); (S.-H.K.); (J.H.L.); (D.N.)
| | - Seok-Hyung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (A.K.S.); (Y.S.); (S.-H.K.); (J.H.L.); (D.N.)
| | - Joshua H. Lipschutz
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (A.K.S.); (Y.S.); (S.-H.K.); (J.H.L.); (D.N.)
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Division of Research, Charleston, SC 29420, USA
| | - Deepak Nihalani
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (A.K.S.); (Y.S.); (S.-H.K.); (J.H.L.); (D.N.)
| | - Brian D. Perkins
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (J.F.); (B.D.P.)
| | - Glenn P. Lobo
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (A.K.S.); (Y.S.); (S.-H.K.); (J.H.L.); (D.N.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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12
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Guo DF, Rahmouni K. The Bardet-Biedl syndrome protein complex regulates cell migration and tissue repair through a Cullin-3/RhoA pathway. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C457-C465. [PMID: 31216194 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00498.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell motility and migration play critical roles in various physiological processes and disease states. Here, we show that the BBBsome, a macromolecule composed of eight Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) proteins including BBS1, is a critical determinant of cell migration and wound healing. Fibroblast cells derived from mice or humans harboring a homozygous missense mutation (BBS1M390R/M390R) that disrupt the BBSome exhibit defects in migration and wound healing. Furthermore, we demonstrate that BBS1M390R/M390R mice have significantly delayed wound closure. In line with this, we provide data suggesting that BBS1M390R/M390R fibroblasts have impaired platelet-derived growth factor-AA (PDGF) receptor-α signaling, a key regulator of directional cell migration acting as a chemoattractant during postnatal migration responses such as wound healing. In addition, we show that BBS1M390R/M390R fibroblasts have upregulated RhoA expression and activity. The relevance of RhoA upregulation is demonstrated by the ability of RhoA-kinase inhibitor Y27632 to partially rescue the migration defect of BBS1M390R/M390R fibroblasts cells. We also show that accumulation of RhoA protein in BBS1M390R/M390R fibroblasts cells is associated with reduction and inactivation of the ubiquitin ligase Cullin-3. Consistent with this, Cullin-3 inhibition with MLN4924 is sufficient to reduce migration of normal fibroblasts. These data implicate the BBSome in cell motility and tissue repair through a mechanism that involves PDGF receptor signaling and Cullin-3-mediated control of RhoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Fu Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.,Obesity Education and Research Initiative, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.,Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa
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13
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Eisa-Beygi S, Benslimane FM, El-Rass S, Prabhudesai S, Abdelrasool MKA, Simpson PM, Yalcin HC, Burrows PE, Ramchandran R. Characterization of Endothelial Cilia Distribution During Cerebral-Vascular Development in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:2806-2818. [PMID: 30571172 PMCID: PMC6309420 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective- Endothelial cells (ECs) sense and respond to flow-induced mechanical stress, in part, via microtubule-based projections called primary cilia. However, many critical steps during vascular morphogenesis occur independent of flow. The involvement of cilia in regulating these stages of cranial vascular morphogenesis is poorly understood because cilia have not been visualized in primary head vessels. The objective of this study was to investigate involvement of cilia in regulating the early stages of cranial vascular morphogenesis. Approach and Results- Using high-resolution imaging of the Tg(kdrl:mCherry-CAAX) y171 ;(bactin::Arl13b:GFP) zebrafish line, we showed that cilia are enriched in the earliest formed cranial vessels that assemble via vasculogenesis and in angiogenic hindbrain capillaries. Cilia were more prevalent around the boundaries of putative intravascular spaces in primary and angiogenic vessels. Loss of cardiac contractility and blood flow, because of knockdown of cardiac troponin T type 2a ( tnnt2a) expression, did not affect the distribution of cilia in primary head vasculature. In later stages of development, cilia were detected in retinal vasculature, areas of high curvature, vessel bifurcation points, and during vessel anastomosis. Loss of genes crucial for cilia biogenesis ( ift172 and ift81) induced intracerebral hemorrhages in an EC-autonomous manner. Exposure to high shear stress induced premature cilia disassembly in brain ECs and was associated with intracerebral hemorrhages. Conclusions- Our study suggests a functional role for cilia in brain ECs, which is associated with the emergence and remodeling of the primary cranial vasculature. This cilia function is flow-independent, and cilia in ECs are required for cerebral-vascular stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Eisa-Beygi
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA 53226
| | | | - Suzan El-Rass
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Patricia E. Burrows
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA 53226
| | - Ramani Ramchandran
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI 53226
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14
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Elmonem MA, Berlingerio SP, van den Heuvel LP, de Witte PA, Lowe M, Levtchenko EN. Genetic Renal Diseases: The Emerging Role of Zebrafish Models. Cells 2018; 7:cells7090130. [PMID: 30200518 PMCID: PMC6162634 DOI: 10.3390/cells7090130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural and functional similarity of the larval zebrafish pronephros to the human nephron, together with the recent development of easier and more precise techniques to manipulate the zebrafish genome have motivated many researchers to model human renal diseases in the zebrafish. Over the last few years, great advances have been made, not only in the modeling techniques of genetic diseases in the zebrafish, but also in how to validate and exploit these models, crossing the bridge towards more informative explanations of disease pathophysiology and better designed therapeutic interventions in a cost-effective in vivo system. Here, we review the significant progress in these areas giving special attention to the renal phenotype evaluation techniques. We further discuss the future applications of such models, particularly their role in revealing new genetic diseases of the kidney and their potential use in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Elmonem
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 817, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, 11628 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Sante Princiero Berlingerio
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 817, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Lambertus P van den Heuvel
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 817, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter A de Witte
- Laboratory for Molecular Bio-Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Martin Lowe
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Elena N Levtchenko
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 817, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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15
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Song P, Perkins BD. Developmental expression of the zebrafish Arf-like small GTPase paralogs arl13a and arl13b. Gene Expr Patterns 2018; 29:82-87. [PMID: 30009987 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Arf-like (Arl) family of small GTP-binding proteins regulate a number of cellular functions and play important roles in cilia structure and signaling. The small GTPase Arl13a is a close paralog to Arl13b, a small GTPase required for normal cilia formation that causes Joubert Syndrome when mutated. As mutation of arl13b causes a slow retinal degeneration in zebrafish (Song et al., 2016), we hypothesized that expression of arl13a may provide functional redundancy. We determined the expression domains of arl13a and arl13b during zebrafish development and examined subcellular localization by expression of fluorescence fusion proteins. Both genes are widely expressed during early cell division and gastrulation and Arl13a and Arl13b both localize to microtubules in ciliated and dividing cells of the early zebrafish embryo. Between 2 and 5 days post fertilization (dpf), arl13b is expressed in neural tissues while expression of arl13a is downregulated by 2 dpf and restricted to craniofacial structures. These results indicate that arl13a and arl13b have evolved different roles and that arl13a does not function in the zebrafish retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Song
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Brian D Perkins
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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16
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Gupta PR, Pendse N, Greenwald SH, Leon M, Liu Q, Pierce EA, Bujakowska KM. Ift172 conditional knock-out mice exhibit rapid retinal degeneration and protein trafficking defects. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:2012-2024. [PMID: 29659833 PMCID: PMC5961092 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is a bidirectional transport process that occurs along primary cilia and specialized sensory cilia, such as photoreceptor outersegments. Genes coding for various IFT components are associated with ciliopathies. Mutations in IFT172 lead to diseases ranging from isolated retinal degeneration to severe syndromic ciliopathies. In this study, we created a mouse model of IFT172-associated retinal degeneration to investigate the ocular disease mechanism. We found that depletion of IFT172 in rod photoreceptors leads to a rapid degeneration of the retina, with severely reduced electroretinography (ERG) responses by 1 month and complete outer-nuclear layer (ONL) degeneration by 2 months. We investigated molecular mechanisms of degeneration and show that IFT172 protein reduction leads to mislocalization of specific photoreceptor outersegment (OS) proteins (RHO, RP1, IFT139), aberrant light-driven translocation of alpha transducin and altered localization of glioma-associated oncogene family member 1 (GLI1). This mouse model exhibits key features of the retinal phenotype observed in patients with IFT172-associated blindness and can be used for in vivo testing of ciliopathy therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya R Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Nachiket Pendse
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Scott H Greenwald
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mihoko Leon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Eric A Pierce
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kinga M Bujakowska
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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17
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Neurocristopathies: New insights 150 years after the neural crest discovery. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S110-S143. [PMID: 29802835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a transient, multipotent and migratory cell population that generates an astonishingly diverse array of cell types during vertebrate development. These cells, which originate from the ectoderm in a region lateral to the neural plate in the neural fold, give rise to neurons, glia, melanocytes, chondrocytes, smooth muscle cells, odontoblasts and neuroendocrine cells, among others. Neurocristopathies (NCP) are a class of pathologies occurring in vertebrates, especially in humans that result from the abnormal specification, migration, differentiation or death of neural crest cells during embryonic development. Various pigment, skin, thyroid and hearing disorders, craniofacial and heart abnormalities, malfunctions of the digestive tract and tumors can also be considered as neurocristopathies. In this review we revisit the current classification and propose a new way to classify NCP based on the embryonic origin of the affected tissues, on recent findings regarding the molecular mechanisms that drive NC formation, and on the increased complexity of current molecular embryology techniques.
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18
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Ji ZY, Sha YW, Ding L, Li P. Genetic factors contributing to human primary ciliary dyskinesia and male infertility. Asian J Androl 2018; 19:515-520. [PMID: 27270341 PMCID: PMC5566842 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.181227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is an autosomal-recessive disorder resulting from the loss of normal ciliary function. Symptoms include neonatal respiratory distress, chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, situs inversus, and infertility. However, only 15 PCD-associated genes have been identified to cause male infertility to date. Owing to the genetic heterogeneity of PCD, comprehensive molecular genetic testing is not considered the standard of care. Here, we provide an update of the progress on the identification of genetic factors related to PCD associated with male infertility, summarizing the underlying molecular mechanisms, and discuss the clinical implications of these findings. Further research in this field will impact the diagnostic strategy for male infertility, enabling clinicians to provide patients with informed genetic counseling, and help to adopt the best course of treatment for developing directly targeted personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yong Ji
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine, Xiamen Maternity and Child Care Hospital, No. 10 Zhenhai Road, Xiamen, China
| | - Yan-Wei Sha
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine, Xiamen Maternity and Child Care Hospital, No. 10 Zhenhai Road, Xiamen, China
| | - Lu Ding
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine, Xiamen Maternity and Child Care Hospital, No. 10 Zhenhai Road, Xiamen, China
| | - Ping Li
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine, Xiamen Maternity and Child Care Hospital, No. 10 Zhenhai Road, Xiamen, China
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19
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Radhakrishnan U, Alsrhani A, Sundaramoorthi H, Khandekar G, Kashyap M, Fuchs JL, Perkins BD, Omori Y, Jagadeeswaran P. Intraflagellar transport proteins are involved in thrombocyte filopodia formation and secretion. Platelets 2017; 29:811-820. [PMID: 29125377 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2017.1361524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins are vital for the genesis and maintenance of cilia. Our identification of ift122 transcripts in zebrafish thrombocytes that lack primary cilia was unexpected. IFT proteins serve transport in cilia, whose narrow dimensions may have necessitated the evolution of IFT from vesicular transport in ancestral eukaryotes. We hypothesized that IFTs might also facilitate transport within the filopodia that form when thrombocytes are activated. To test this possibility, we knocked down ift122 expression by injecting antisense Morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) into zebrafish embryos. Laser-induced arterial thrombosis showed prolonged time to occlusion (TTO) of the vessel, as would be expected with defective thrombocyte function. Acute effects in adult zebrafish were evaluated by Vivo-Morpholino (Vivo-MO) knockdown of ift122. Vivo-MO morphants showed a prolonged time to thrombocyte aggregation (TTA) in the plate tilt assay after thrombocyte activation by the following agonists: ADP, collagen, PAR1 peptide, and epinephrine. A luminescence assay for ATP revealed that ATP secretion by thrombocytes was reduced in collagen-activated blood of Vivo-MO ift122 morphants. Moreover, DiI-C18 labeled morphant thrombocytes exposed to collagen showed reductions in filopodia number and length. Analysis of ift mutants, in which cilia defects have been noted, also showed prolongation of TTO in our arterial laser thrombosis assay. Additionally, collagen activation of wild-type thrombocytes led to a concentration of IFT122 both within and at the base of filopodia. Taken together these results, suggest that IFT proteins are involved in both the extension of filopodia and secretion of ATP, which are critical in thrombocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uvaraj Radhakrishnan
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of North Texas , Denton , TX, USA
| | - Abdullah Alsrhani
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of North Texas , Denton , TX, USA
| | | | - Gauri Khandekar
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of North Texas , Denton , TX, USA
| | - Meghana Kashyap
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of North Texas , Denton , TX, USA
| | - Jannon L Fuchs
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of North Texas , Denton , TX, USA
| | - Brian D Perkins
- b Department of Ophthalmic Research , Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland , OH, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Omori
- c Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Pudur Jagadeeswaran
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of North Texas , Denton , TX, USA
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20
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Shi L, Koll F, Arnaiz O, Cohen J. The Ciliary Protein IFT57 in the Macronucleus of Paramecium. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 65:12-27. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), formerly Centre de Génétique Moléculaire; Université Paris Saclay; CEA; CNRS; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif sur Yvette France
- Department of Biochemical and Molecular Biology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Xinxiang Medical University; Xinxiang 453003 China
| | - France Koll
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), formerly Centre de Génétique Moléculaire; Université Paris Saclay; CEA; CNRS; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Olivier Arnaiz
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), formerly Centre de Génétique Moléculaire; Université Paris Saclay; CEA; CNRS; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Jean Cohen
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), formerly Centre de Génétique Moléculaire; Université Paris Saclay; CEA; CNRS; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif sur Yvette France
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21
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Song P, Dudinsky L, Fogerty J, Gaivin R, Perkins BD. Arl13b Interacts With Vangl2 to Regulate Cilia and Photoreceptor Outer Segment Length in Zebrafish. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:4517-26. [PMID: 27571019 PMCID: PMC5015978 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mutations in the gene ARL13B cause the classical form of Joubert syndrome, an autosomal recessive ciliopathy with variable degrees of retinal degeneration. As second-site modifier alleles can contribute to retinal pathology in ciliopathies, animal models provide a unique platform to test how genetic interactions modulate specific phenotypes. In this study, we analyzed the zebrafish arl13b mutant for retinal degeneration and for epistatic relationships with the planar cell polarity protein (PCP) component vangl2. METHODS Photoreceptor and cilia structure was examined by light and electron microscopy. Immunohistochemistry was performed to examine ciliary markers. Genetic interactions were tested by pairwise crosses of heterozygous animals. Genetic mosaic animals were generated by blastula transplantation and analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS At 5 days after fertilization, photoreceptor outer segments were shorter in zebrafish arl13b-/- mutants compared to wild-type larvae, no overt signs of retinal degeneration were observed by light or electron microscopy. Starting at 14 days after fertilization (dpf) and continuing through 30 dpf, cells lacking Arl13b died following transplantation into wild-type host animals. Photoreceptors of arl13b-/-;vangl2-/- mutants were more compromised than the photoreceptors of single mutants. Finally, when grown within a wild-type retina, the vangl2-/- mutant cone photoreceptors displayed normal basal body positioning. CONCLUSIONS We show that arl13b-/- mutants have shortened cilia and photoreceptor outer segments and exhibit a slow, progressive photoreceptor degeneration that occurs over weeks. The data suggest that loss of Arl13b leads to slow photoreceptor degeneration, but can be exacerbated by the loss of vangl2. Importantly, the data show that Arl13b can genetically and physically interact with Vangl2 and this association is important for normal photoreceptor structure. The loss of vangl2, however, does not affect basal body positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Song
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Lynn Dudinsky
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Joseph Fogerty
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Robert Gaivin
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Brian D Perkins
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States 2Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States
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22
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Thevenon J, Duplomb L, Phadke S, Eguether T, Saunier A, Avila M, Carmignac V, Bruel AL, St-Onge J, Duffourd Y, Pazour GJ, Franco B, Attie-Bitach T, Masurel-Paulet A, Rivière JB, Cormier-Daire V, Philippe C, Faivre L, Thauvin-Robinet C. Autosomal recessive IFT57 hypomorphic mutation cause ciliary transport defect in unclassified oral-facial-digital syndrome with short stature and brachymesophalangia. Clin Genet 2016; 90:509-517. [PMID: 27060890 PMCID: PMC5765760 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 13 subtypes of oral-facial-digital syndrome (OFDS) belong to the heterogeneous group of ciliopathies. Disease-causing genes encode for centrosomal proteins, components of the transition zone or proteins implicated in ciliary signaling. A unique consanguineous family presenting with an unclassified OFDS with skeletal dysplasia and brachymesophalangia was explored. Homozygosity mapping and exome sequencing led to the identification of a homozygous mutation in IFT57, which encodes a protein implicated in ciliary transport. The mutation caused splicing anomalies with reduced expression of the wild-type transcript and protein. Both anterograde ciliary transport and sonic hedgehog signaling were significantly decreased in subjects' fibroblasts compared with controls. Sanger sequencing of IFT57 in 13 OFDS subjects and 12 subjects with Ellis-Van Creveld syndrome was negative. This report identifies the implication of IFT57 in human pathology and highlights the first description of a ciliary transport defect in OFDS, extending the genetic heterogeneity of this subgroup of ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Thevenon
- FHU-TRANSLAD, Université de Bourgogne/CHU Dijon; France
- Equipe EA4271 GAD, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Centre de Référence maladies rares « Anomalies du Développement et syndrome malformatifs » de l’Est et Centre de Génétique, Hôpital d’Enfants, CHU, Dijon, France
| | - Laurence Duplomb
- FHU-TRANSLAD, Université de Bourgogne/CHU Dijon; France
- Equipe EA4271 GAD, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Shubha Phadke
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Thibaut Eguether
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aline Saunier
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, CHU - Hopitaux de Brabois, 54511 Vandoeuvre les Nancy cedex, France
| | - Magali Avila
- FHU-TRANSLAD, Université de Bourgogne/CHU Dijon; France
- Equipe EA4271 GAD, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Virginie Carmignac
- FHU-TRANSLAD, Université de Bourgogne/CHU Dijon; France
- Equipe EA4271 GAD, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Ange-Line Bruel
- FHU-TRANSLAD, Université de Bourgogne/CHU Dijon; France
- Equipe EA4271 GAD, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Judith St-Onge
- FHU-TRANSLAD, Université de Bourgogne/CHU Dijon; France
- Equipe EA4271 GAD, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, PTB, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Yannis Duffourd
- FHU-TRANSLAD, Université de Bourgogne/CHU Dijon; France
- Equipe EA4271 GAD, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Gregory J. Pazour
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brunella Franco
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine-TIGEM, Naples, Italy
- Department of Medical Translational Sciences, Division of Pediatrics, Federico II University of Naples, Italy
| | - Tania Attie-Bitach
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Institut Imagine, INSERM UMR1163, University Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alice Masurel-Paulet
- FHU-TRANSLAD, Université de Bourgogne/CHU Dijon; France
- Centre de Référence maladies rares « Anomalies du Développement et syndrome malformatifs » de l’Est et Centre de Génétique, Hôpital d’Enfants, CHU, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Rivière
- FHU-TRANSLAD, Université de Bourgogne/CHU Dijon; France
- Equipe EA4271 GAD, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, PTB, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Institut Imagine, INSERM UMR1163, University Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Philippe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, CHU - Hopitaux de Brabois, 54511 Vandoeuvre les Nancy cedex, France
| | - Laurence Faivre
- FHU-TRANSLAD, Université de Bourgogne/CHU Dijon; France
- Equipe EA4271 GAD, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Centre de Référence maladies rares « Anomalies du Développement et syndrome malformatifs » de l’Est et Centre de Génétique, Hôpital d’Enfants, CHU, Dijon, France
| | - Christel Thauvin-Robinet
- FHU-TRANSLAD, Université de Bourgogne/CHU Dijon; France
- Equipe EA4271 GAD, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Centre de Référence maladies rares « Anomalies du Développement et syndrome malformatifs » de l’Est et Centre de Génétique, Hôpital d’Enfants, CHU, Dijon, France
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Blanco-Sánchez B, Clément A, Phillips JB, Westerfield M. Zebrafish models of human eye and inner ear diseases. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 138:415-467. [PMID: 28129854 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Eye and inner ear diseases are the most common sensory impairments that greatly impact quality of life. Zebrafish have been intensively employed to understand the fundamental mechanisms underlying eye and inner ear development. The zebrafish visual and vestibulo-acoustic systems are very similar to these in humans, and although not yet mature, they are functional by 5days post-fertilization (dpf). In this chapter, we show how the zebrafish has significantly contributed to the field of biomedical research and how researchers, by establishing disease models and meticulously characterizing their phenotypes, have taken the first steps toward therapies. We review here models for (1) eye diseases, (2) ear diseases, and (3) syndromes affecting eye and/or ear. The use of new genome editing technologies and high-throughput screening systems should increase considerably the speed at which knowledge from zebrafish disease models is acquired, opening avenues for better diagnostics, treatments, and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Clément
- University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
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24
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Samsa LA, Givens C, Tzima E, Stainier DYR, Qian L, Liu J. Cardiac contraction activates endocardial Notch signaling to modulate chamber maturation in zebrafish. Development 2016; 142:4080-91. [PMID: 26628092 DOI: 10.1242/dev.125724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease often features structural abnormalities that emerge during development. Accumulating evidence indicates a crucial role for cardiac contraction and the resulting fluid forces in shaping the heart, yet the molecular basis of this function is largely unknown. Using the zebrafish as a model of early heart development, we investigated the role of cardiac contraction in chamber maturation, focusing on the formation of muscular protrusions called trabeculae. By genetic and pharmacological ablation of cardiac contraction, we showed that cardiac contraction is required for trabeculation through its role in regulating notch1b transcription in the ventricular endocardium. We also showed that Notch1 activation induces expression of ephrin b2a (efnb2a) and neuregulin 1 (nrg1) in the endocardium to promote trabeculation and that forced Notch activation in the absence of cardiac contraction rescues efnb2a and nrg1 expression. Using in vitro and in vivo systems, we showed that primary cilia are important mediators of fluid flow to stimulate Notch expression. Together, our findings describe an essential role for cardiac contraction-responsive transcriptional changes in endocardial cells to regulate cardiac chamber maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Ann Samsa
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA McAllister Heart Institute, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chris Givens
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA McAllister Heart Institute, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Eleni Tzima
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA McAllister Heart Institute, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Li Qian
- McAllister Heart Institute, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jiandong Liu
- McAllister Heart Institute, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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25
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Taschner M, Weber K, Mourão A, Vetter M, Awasthi M, Stiegler M, Bhogaraju S, Lorentzen E. Intraflagellar transport proteins 172, 80, 57, 54, 38, and 20 form a stable tubulin-binding IFT-B2 complex. EMBO J 2016; 35:773-90. [PMID: 26912722 PMCID: PMC4818760 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201593164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) relies on the IFT complex and is required for ciliogenesis. The IFT‐B complex consists of 9–10 stably associated core subunits and six “peripheral” subunits that were shown to dissociate from the core structure at moderate salt concentration. We purified the six “peripheral” IFT‐B subunits of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as recombinant proteins and show that they form a stable complex independently of the IFT‐B core. We suggest a nomenclature of IFT‐B1 (core) and IFT‐B2 (peripheral) for the two IFT‐B subcomplexes. We demonstrate that IFT88, together with the N‐terminal domain of IFT52, is necessary to bridge the interaction between IFT‐B1 and B2. The crystal structure of IFT52N reveals highly conserved residues critical for IFT‐B1/IFT‐B2 complex formation. Furthermore, we show that of the three IFT‐B2 subunits containing a calponin homology (CH) domain (IFT38, 54, and 57), only IFT54 binds αβ‐tubulin as a potential IFT cargo, whereas the CH domains of IFT38 and IFT57 mediate the interaction with IFT80 and IFT172, respectively. Crystal structures of IFT54 CH domains reveal that tubulin binding is mediated by basic surface‐exposed residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Taschner
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Kristina Weber
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - André Mourão
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Melanie Vetter
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mayanka Awasthi
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Marc Stiegler
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sagar Bhogaraju
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Esben Lorentzen
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
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26
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Schock EN, Chang CF, Struve JN, Chang YT, Chang J, Delany ME, Brugmann SA. Using the avian mutant talpid2 as a disease model for understanding the oral-facial phenotypes of oral-facial-digital syndrome. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:855-66. [PMID: 26044959 PMCID: PMC4527291 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral-facial-digital syndrome (OFD) is a ciliopathy that is characterized by oral-facial abnormalities, including cleft lip and/or palate, broad nasal root, dental anomalies, micrognathia and glossal defects. In addition, these individuals have several other characteristic abnormalities that are typical of a ciliopathy, including polysyndactyly, polycystic kidneys and hypoplasia of the cerebellum. Recently, a subset of OFD cases in humans has been linked to mutations in the centriolar protein C2 Ca(2+)-dependent domain-containing 3 (C2CD3). Our previous work identified mutations in C2CD3 as the causal genetic lesion for the avian talpid(2) mutant. Based on this common genetic etiology, we re-examined the talpid(2) mutant biochemically and phenotypically for characteristics of OFD. We found that, as in OFD-affected individuals, protein-protein interactions between C2CD3 and oral-facial-digital syndrome 1 protein (OFD1) are reduced in talpid(2) cells. Furthermore, we found that all common phenotypes were conserved between OFD-affected individuals and avian talpid(2) mutants. In light of these findings, we utilized the talpid(2) model to examine the cellular basis for the oral-facial phenotypes present in OFD. Specifically, we examined the development and differentiation of cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) when C2CD3-dependent ciliogenesis was impaired. Our studies suggest that although disruptions of C2CD3-dependent ciliogenesis do not affect CNCC specification or proliferation, CNCC migration and differentiation are disrupted. Loss of C2CD3-dependent ciliogenesis affects the dispersion and directional persistence of migratory CNCCs. Furthermore, loss of C2CD3-dependent ciliogenesis results in dysmorphic and enlarged CNCC-derived facial cartilages. Thus, these findings suggest that aberrant CNCC migration and differentiation could contribute to the pathology of oral-facial defects in OFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth N Schock
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ching-Fang Chang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jaime N Struve
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ya-Ting Chang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Julie Chang
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Mary E Delany
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Samantha A Brugmann
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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TCTEX1D2 mutations underlie Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy with impaired retrograde intraflagellar transport. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7074. [PMID: 26044572 PMCID: PMC4468853 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of individuals with ciliary chondrodysplasias can shed light on sensitive mechanisms controlling ciliogenesis and cell signalling that are essential to embryonic development and survival. Here we identify TCTEX1D2 mutations causing Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy with partially penetrant inheritance. Loss of TCTEX1D2 impairs retrograde intraflagellar transport (IFT) in humans and the protist Chlamydomonas, accompanied by destabilization of the retrograde IFT dynein motor. We thus define TCTEX1D2 as an integral component of the evolutionarily conserved retrograde IFT machinery. In complex with several IFT dynein light chains, it is required for correct vertebrate skeletal formation but may be functionally redundant under certain conditions. Severe congenital development defects such as Jeune syndrome can result from the malfunction of primary cilia and dynein. Here Schmidts et al. report unique biallelic null mutations in a gene encoding a dynein light chain, helping to explain the nature of ciliopathies in human patients.
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28
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IFT46 plays an essential role in cilia development. Dev Biol 2015; 400:248-57. [PMID: 25722189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based structures that project into the extracellular space. Ciliary defects are associated with several human diseases, including polycystic kidney disease, primary ciliary dyskinesia, left-right axis patterning, hydrocephalus and retinal degeneration. However, the genetic and cellular biological control of ciliogenesis remains poorly understood. The IFT46 is one of the highly conserved intraflagellar transport complex B proteins. In zebrafish, ift46 is expressed in various ciliated tissues such as Kupffer׳s vesicle, pronephric ducts, ears and spinal cord. We show that ift46 is localized to the basal body. Knockdown of ift46 gene results in multiple phenotypes associated with various ciliopathies including kidney cysts, pericardial edema and ventral axis curvature. In ift46 morphants, cilia in kidney and spinal canal are shortened and abnormal. Similar ciliary defects are observed in otic vesicles, lateral line hair cells, olfactory pits, but not in Kupffer׳s vesicle. To explore the functions of Ift46 during mouse development, we have generated Ift46 knock-out mice. The Ift46 mutants have developmental defects in brain, neural tube and heart. In particular Ift46(-/-) homozygotes displays randomization of the embryo heart looping, which is a hallmark of defective left-right (L/R) axis patterning. Taken together, our results demonstrated that IFT46 has an essential role in vertebrate ciliary development.
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29
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Abstract
Primary cilia are essential cellular organelles projecting from the cell surface to sense and transduce developmental signaling. They are tiny but have complicated structures containing microtubule (MT)-based internal structures (the axoneme) and mother centriole formed basal body. Intraflagellar transport (Ift) operated by Ift proteins and motors are indispensable for cilia formation and function. Mutations in Ift proteins or Ift motors cause various human diseases, some of which have severe bone defects. Over the last few decades, major advances have occurred in understanding the roles of these proteins and cilia in bone development and remodeling by examining cilia/Ift protein-related human diseases and establishing mouse transgenic models. In this review, we describe current advances in the understanding of the cilia/Ift structure and function. We further summarize cilia/Ift-related human diseases and current mouse models with an emphasis on bone-related phenotypes, cilia morphology, and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yuan
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
- Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 701 Ellicott St, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
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30
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31
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Huang L, Xiao A, Choi SY, Kan Q, Zhou W, Chacon-Heszele MF, Ryu YK, McKenna S, Zuo X, Kuruvilla R, Lipschutz JH. Wnt5a is necessary for normal kidney development in zebrafish and mice. Nephron Clin Pract 2014; 128:80-8. [PMID: 25412793 DOI: 10.1159/000368411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wnt5a is important for the development of various organs and postnatal cellular function. Little is known, however, about the role of Wnt5a in kidney development, although WNT5A mutations were identified in patients with Robinow syndrome, a genetic disease which includes developmental defects in kidneys. Our goal in this study was to determine the role of Wnt5a in kidney development. METHODS Whole-mount in situ hybridization was used to establish the expression pattern of Wnt5a during kidney development. Zebrafish with wnt5a knockdown and Wnt5a global knockout mice were used to identify kidney phenotypes. RESULTS In zebrafish, wnt5a knockdown resulted in glomerular cyst formation and dilated renal tubules. In mice, Wnt5a global knockout resulted in pleiotropic, but severe, kidney phenotypes, including agenesis, fused kidney, hydronephrosis and duplex kidney/ureter. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated the important role of Wnt5a in kidney development. Disrupted Wnt5a resulted in kidney cysts in zebrafish and pleiotropic abnormal kidney development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Huang
- Department of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Va., USA
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32
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Swiderski RE, Nakano Y, Mullins RF, Seo S, Bánfi B. A mutation in the mouse ttc26 gene leads to impaired hedgehog signaling. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004689. [PMID: 25340710 PMCID: PMC4207615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotype of the spontaneous mutant mouse hop-sterile (hop) is characterized by a hopping gait, polydactyly, hydrocephalus, and male sterility. Previous analyses of the hop mouse revealed a deficiency of inner dynein arms in motile cilia and a lack of sperm flagella, potentially accounting for the hydrocephalus and male sterility. The etiology of the other phenotypes and the location of the hop mutation remained unexplored. Here we show that the hop mutation is located in the Ttc26 gene and impairs Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Expression analysis showed that this mutation led to dramatically reduced levels of the Ttc26 protein, and protein-protein interaction assays demonstrated that wild-type Ttc26 binds directly to the Ift46 subunit of Intraflagellar Transport (IFT) complex B. Although IFT is required for ciliogenesis, the Ttc26 defect did not result in a decrease in the number or length of primary cilia. Nevertheless, Hh signaling was reduced in the hop mouse, as revealed by impaired activation of Gli transcription factors in embryonic fibroblasts and abnormal patterning of the neural tube. Unlike the previously characterized mutations that affect IFT complex B, hop did not interfere with Hh-induced accumulation of Gli at the tip of the primary cilium, but rather with the subsequent dissociation of Gli from its negative regulator, Sufu. Our analysis of the hop mouse line provides novel insights into Hh signaling, demonstrating that Ttc26 is necessary for efficient coupling between the accumulation of Gli at the ciliary tip and its dissociation from Sufu. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway determines pattern formation in many developing tissues, e.g., during digit formation in the limbs, by regulating proteins of the Gli family. Activation of these proteins requires their transport to the tip of the primary cilium (an antenna-like sensory structure of the cell), and subsequent dissociation from their negative regulator, Sufu. Little is known about the mechanism underlying this dissociation. To gain new insights into Hh signaling, we analyzed the mutant mouse hop-sterile (hop), whose developmental defects suggest that the primary cilia are dysfunctional. We discovered that the hop mutation lies in the Ttc26 gene, and that levels of the encoded protein are low in hop mice. Normal Ttc26 was found to bind to Intraflagellar Transport (IFT) complex B, a structure essential for building the cilium and moving proteins towards its tip. Nevertheless, unlike previously characterized mutations that affect IFT complex B, hop did not interfere with either the formation of primary cilia or the accumulation of Gli at their tips, but rather with dissociation of Gli from Sufu. Our results provide novel insights into Hh signaling, demonstrating that efficient coupling between Gli's accumulation at the ciliary tip and its dissociation from Sufu depends on Ttc26.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Swiderski
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America; Inflammation Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Yoko Nakano
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America; Inflammation Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Robert F Mullins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Seongjin Seo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Botond Bánfi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America; Inflammation Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America; Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
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Verleyen D, Luyten FP, Tylzanowski P. Orphan G-protein coupled receptor 22 (Gpr22) regulates cilia length and structure in the zebrafish Kupffer's vesicle. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110484. [PMID: 25335082 PMCID: PMC4204907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR22 is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Since the ligand of the receptor is currently unknown, its biological function has not been investigated in depth. Many GPCRs and their intracellular effectors are targeted to cilia. Cilia are highly conserved eukaryotic microtubule-based organelles that protrude from the membrane of most mammalian cells. They are involved in a large variety of physiological processes and diseases. However, the details of the downstream pathways and mechanisms that maintain cilia length and structure are poorly understood. We show that morpholino knock down or overexpression of gpr22 led to defective left-right (LR) axis formation in the zebrafish embryo. Specifically, defective LR patterning included randomization of the left-specific lateral plate mesodermal genes (LPM) (lefty1, lefty2, southpaw and pitx2a), resulting in randomized cardiac looping. Furthermore, gpr22 inactivation in the Kupffer’s vesicle (KV) alone was still able to generate the phenotype, indicating that Gpr22 mainly regulates LR asymmetry through the KV. Analysis of the KV cilia by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), revealed that gpr22 knock down or overexpression resulted in changes of cilia length and structure. Further, we found that Gpr22 does not act upstream of the two cilia master regulators, Foxj1a and Rfx2. To conclude, our study characterized a novel player in the field of ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Verleyen
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory for Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Centre, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P. Luyten
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory for Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Centre, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Przemko Tylzanowski
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory for Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Centre, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
- * E-mail:
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34
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Bujakowska KM, Zhang Q, Siemiatkowska AM, Liu Q, Place E, Falk MJ, Consugar M, Lancelot ME, Antonio A, Lonjou C, Carpentier W, Mohand-Saïd S, den Hollander AI, Cremers FPM, Leroy BP, Gai X, Sahel JA, van den Born LI, Collin RWJ, Zeitz C, Audo I, Pierce EA. Mutations in IFT172 cause isolated retinal degeneration and Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:230-42. [PMID: 25168386 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are sensory organelles present on most mammalian cells. The assembly and maintenance of primary cilia are facilitated by intraflagellar transport (IFT), a bidirectional protein trafficking along the cilium. Mutations in genes coding for IFT components have been associated with a group of diseases called ciliopathies. These genetic disorders can affect a variety of organs including the retina. Using whole exome sequencing in three families, we identified mutations in Intraflagellar Transport 172 Homolog [IFT172 (Chlamydomonas)] that underlie an isolated retinal degeneration and Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Extensive functional analyses of the identified mutations in cell culture, rat retina and in zebrafish demonstrated their hypomorphic or null nature. It has recently been reported that mutations in IFT172 cause a severe ciliopathy syndrome involving skeletal, renal, hepatic and retinal abnormalities (Jeune and Mainzer-Saldino syndromes). Here, we report for the first time that mutations in this gene can also lead to an isolated form of retinal degeneration. The functional data for the mutations can partially explain milder phenotypes; however, the involvement of modifying alleles in the IFT172-associated phenotypes cannot be excluded. These findings expand the spectrum of disease associated with mutations in IFT172 and suggest that mutations in genes originally reported to be associated with syndromic ciliopathies should also be considered in subjects with non-syndromic retinal dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga M Bujakowska
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U968, Paris 75012, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR_7210, Paris 75012, France
| | - Qi Zhang
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - Qin Liu
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Emily Place
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Marni J Falk
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mark Consugar
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Marie-Elise Lancelot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U968, Paris 75012, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR_7210, Paris 75012, France
| | - Aline Antonio
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U968, Paris 75012, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR_7210, Paris 75012, France
| | - Christine Lonjou
- Plateforme Post-génomique P3S, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris 75013, France
| | - Wassila Carpentier
- Plateforme Post-génomique P3S, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris 75013, France
| | - Saddek Mohand-Saïd
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U968, Paris 75012, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR_7210, Paris 75012, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale and Direction de L'Hospitalisation et de L'Organisation des Soins Centre D'Investigation Clinique 1423, Centre Hospitalier National D'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris 75012, France
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Department of Human Genetics Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, and Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Frans P M Cremers
- Department of Human Genetics Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, and
| | - Bart P Leroy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital and Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Electrophysiology, Division of Ophthalmology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xiaowu Gai
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U968, Paris 75012, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR_7210, Paris 75012, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale and Direction de L'Hospitalisation et de L'Organisation des Soins Centre D'Investigation Clinique 1423, Centre Hospitalier National D'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris 75012, France Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris 75019, France Academie des Sciences, Institut de France, Paris 75006, France University College London, Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK and
| | | | - Rob W J Collin
- Department of Human Genetics Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, and
| | - Christina Zeitz
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U968, Paris 75012, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR_7210, Paris 75012, France
| | - Isabelle Audo
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U968, Paris 75012, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR_7210, Paris 75012, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale and Direction de L'Hospitalisation et de L'Organisation des Soins Centre D'Investigation Clinique 1423, Centre Hospitalier National D'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris 75012, France University College London, Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK and
| | - Eric A Pierce
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Krock BL, Perkins BD. The Par-PrkC polarity complex is required for cilia growth in zebrafish photoreceptors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104661. [PMID: 25144710 PMCID: PMC4140697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Specification and development of the apical membrane in epithelial cells requires the function of polarity proteins, including Pard3 and an atypical protein kinase C (PrkC). Many epithelial cells possess microtubule-based organelles, known as cilia, that project from their apical surface and the membrane surrounding the cilium is contiguous with the apical cell membrane. Although cilia formation in cultured cells required Pard3, the in vivo requirement for Pard3 in cilia development remains unknown. The vertebrate photoreceptor outer segment represents a highly specialized cilia structure in which to identify factors necessary for apical and ciliary membrane formation. Pard3 and PrkC localized to distinct domains within vertebrate photoreceptors. Using partial morpholino knockdown, photo-morpholinos, and pharmacological approaches, the function of Pard3 and PrkC were found to be required for the formation of both the apical and ciliary membrane of vertebrate photoreceptors. Inhibition of Pard3 or PrkC activity significantly reduced the size of photoreceptor outer segments and resulted in mislocalization of rhodopsin. Suppression of Pard3 or PrkC also led to a reduction in cilia size and cilia number in Kupffer's Vesicle, which resulted in left-right asymmetry defects. Thus, the Par-PrkC complex functions in cilia formation in vivo and this likely reflects a general role in specifying non-ciliary and ciliary compartments of the apical domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan L. Krock
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Perkins
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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Development of an automated imaging pipeline for the analysis of the zebrafish larval kidney. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82137. [PMID: 24324758 PMCID: PMC3852951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of kidney malformation caused by environmental influences during nephrogenesis or by hereditary nephropathies requires animal models allowing the in vivo observation of developmental processes. The zebrafish has emerged as a useful model system for the analysis of vertebrate organ development and function, and it is suitable for the identification of organotoxic or disease-modulating compounds on a larger scale. However, to fully exploit its potential in high content screening applications, dedicated protocols are required allowing the consistent visualization of inner organs such as the embryonic kidney. To this end, we developed a high content screening compatible pipeline for the automated imaging of standardized views of the developing pronephros in zebrafish larvae. Using a custom designed tool, cavities were generated in agarose coated microtiter plates allowing for accurate positioning and orientation of zebrafish larvae. This enabled the subsequent automated acquisition of stable and consistent dorsal views of pronephric kidneys. The established pipeline was applied in a pilot screen for the analysis of the impact of potentially nephrotoxic drugs on zebrafish pronephros development in the Tg(wt1b:EGFP) transgenic line in which the developing pronephros is highlighted by GFP expression. The consistent image data that was acquired allowed for quantification of gross morphological pronephric phenotypes, revealing concentration dependent effects of several compounds on nephrogenesis. In addition, applicability of the imaging pipeline was further confirmed in a morpholino based model for cilia-associated human genetic disorders associated with different intraflagellar transport genes. The developed tools and pipeline can be used to study various aspects in zebrafish kidney research, and can be readily adapted for the analysis of other organ systems.
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Halbritter J, Bizet A, Schmidts M, Porath J, Braun D, Gee H, McInerney-Leo A, Krug P, Filhol E, Davis E, Airik R, Czarnecki P, Lehman A, Trnka P, Nitschké P, Bole-Feysot C, Schueler M, Knebelmann B, Burtey S, Szabó A, Tory K, Leo P, Gardiner B, McKenzie F, Zankl A, Brown M, Hartley J, Maher E, Li C, Leroux M, Scambler P, Zhan S, Jones S, Kayserili H, Tuysuz B, Moorani K, Constantinescu A, Krantz I, Kaplan B, Shah J, Hurd T, Doherty D, Katsanis N, Duncan E, Otto E, Beales P, Mitchison H, Saunier S, Hildebrandt F. Defects in the IFT-B component IFT172 cause Jeune and Mainzer-Saldino syndromes in humans. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 93:915-25. [PMID: 24140113 PMCID: PMC3824130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) depends on two evolutionarily conserved modules, subcomplexes A (IFT-A) and B (IFT-B), to drive ciliary assembly and maintenance. All six IFT-A components and their motor protein, DYNC2H1, have been linked to human skeletal ciliopathies, including asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (ATD; also known as Jeune syndrome), Sensenbrenner syndrome, and Mainzer-Saldino syndrome (MZSDS). Conversely, the 14 subunits in the IFT-B module, with the exception of IFT80, have unknown roles in human disease. To identify additional IFT-B components defective in ciliopathies, we independently performed different mutation analyses: candidate-based sequencing of all IFT-B-encoding genes in 1,467 individuals with a nephronophthisis-related ciliopathy or whole-exome resequencing in 63 individuals with ATD. We thereby detected biallelic mutations in the IFT-B-encoding gene IFT172 in 12 families. All affected individuals displayed abnormalities of the thorax and/or long bones, as well as renal, hepatic, or retinal involvement, consistent with the diagnosis of ATD or MZSDS. Additionally, cerebellar aplasia or hypoplasia characteristic of Joubert syndrome was present in 2 out of 12 families. Fibroblasts from affected individuals showed disturbed ciliary composition, suggesting alteration of ciliary transport and signaling. Knockdown of ift172 in zebrafish recapitulated the human phenotype and demonstrated a genetic interaction between ift172 and ift80. In summary, we have identified defects in IFT172 as a cause of complex ATD and MZSDS. Our findings link the group of skeletal ciliopathies to an additional IFT-B component, IFT172, similar to what has been shown for IFT-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Halbritter
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Albane A. Bizet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-983, Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Birth Defects Research Centre, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Jonathan D. Porath
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniela A. Braun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Heon Yung Gee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aideen M. McInerney-Leo
- Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Level 7, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Pauline Krug
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-983, Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Emilie Filhol
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-983, Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Erica E. Davis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rannar Airik
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter G. Czarnecki
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anna M. Lehman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Peter Trnka
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Patrick Nitschké
- Bioinformatic Platform, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75270 Paris, France
| | | | - Markus Schueler
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bertrand Knebelmann
- Department of Nephrology, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Burtey
- Centre de Néphrologie et Transplantation Rénale, Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Attila J. Szabó
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kálmán Tory
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-983, Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Paul J. Leo
- Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Level 7, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Brooke Gardiner
- Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Level 7, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Fiona A. McKenzie
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Andreas Zankl
- Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Level 7, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
- Genetic Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Academic Department of Medical Genetics, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Brown
- Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Level 7, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | | | - Eamonn R. Maher
- Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Chunmei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Michel R. Leroux
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Peter J. Scambler
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Birth Defects Research Centre, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Shing H. Zhan
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Steven J. Jones
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Hülya Kayserili
- Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | - Beyhan Tuysuz
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Khemchand N. Moorani
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, National Institute of Child Health, Karachi 75510, Pakistan
| | | | - Ian D. Krantz
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bernard S. Kaplan
- Division of Nephrology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4399, USA
| | - Jagesh V. Shah
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, MA 02139, USA
- Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Toby W. Hurd
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dan Doherty
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6320, USA
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Emma L. Duncan
- Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Level 7, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, James Mayne Building, Butterfield Road, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Edgar A. Otto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Philip L. Beales
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Birth Defects Research Centre, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Hannah M. Mitchison
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Birth Defects Research Centre, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Sophie Saunier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-983, Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
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Wang J, Deretic D. Molecular complexes that direct rhodopsin transport to primary cilia. Prog Retin Eye Res 2013; 38:1-19. [PMID: 24135424 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Rhodopsin is a key molecular constituent of photoreceptor cells, yet understanding of how it regulates photoreceptor membrane trafficking and biogenesis of light-sensing organelles, the rod outer segments (ROS) is only beginning to emerge. Recently identified sequence of well-orchestrated molecular interactions of rhodopsin with the functional networks of Arf and Rab GTPases at multiple stages of intracellular targeting fits well into the complex framework of the biogenesis and maintenance of primary cilia, of which the ROS is one example. This review will discuss the latest progress in dissecting the molecular complexes that coordinate rhodopsin incorporation into ciliary-targeted carriers with the recruitment and activation of membrane tethering complexes and regulators of fusion with the periciliary plasma membrane. In addition to revealing the fundamental principals of ciliary membrane renewal, recent advances also provide molecular insight into the ways by which disruptions of the exquisitely orchestrated interactions lead to cilia dysfunction and result in human retinal dystrophies and syndromic diseases that affect multiple organs, including the eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Dusanka Deretic
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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The Role of Arrestins in Development. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 118:225-42. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394440-5.00009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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40
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Hsiao YC, Tuz K, Ferland RJ. Trafficking in and to the primary cilium. Cilia 2012; 1:4. [PMID: 23351793 PMCID: PMC3541539 DOI: 10.1186/2046-2530-1-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polarized vesicle trafficking is mediated by small GTPase proteins, such as Rabs and Arls/Arfs. These proteins have essential roles in maintaining normal cellular function, in part, through regulating intracellular trafficking. Moreover, these families of proteins have recently been implicated in the formation and function of the primary cilium. The primary cilium, which is found on almost every cell type in vertebrates, is an organelle that protrudes from the surface of the cell and functions as a signaling center. Interestingly, it has recently been linked to a variety of human diseases, collectively referred to as ciliopathies. The primary cilium has an exceptionally high density of receptors on its membrane that are important for sensing and transducing extracellular stimuli. Moreover, the primary cilium serves as a separate cellular compartment from the cytosol, providing for unique spatial and temporal regulation of signaling molecules to initiate downstream events. Thus, functional primary cilia are essential for normal signal transduction. Rabs and Arls/Arfs play critical roles in early cilia formation but are also needed for maintenance of ciliary function through their coordination with intraflagellar transport (IFT), a specialized trafficking system in primary cilia. IFT in cilia is pivotal for the proper movement of proteins into and out of this highly regulated organelle. In this review article, we explore the involvement of polarized vesicular trafficking in cilia formation and function, and discuss how defects in these processes could subsequently lead to the abnormalities observed in ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Hsiao
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.,Albany Medical College, Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Karina Tuz
- Albany Medical College, Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Russell J Ferland
- Albany Medical College, Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany, NY 12208, USA.,Department of Neurology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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Sasai N, Briscoe J. Primary cilia and graded Sonic Hedgehog signaling. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 1:753-72. [PMID: 23799571 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are evolutionary-conserved microtubule-containing organelles protruding from the surface of cells. They are classified into two types--primary and motile cilia. Primary cilia are nearly ubiquitous, at least in vertebrate cells, and it has become apparent that they play an essential role in the intracellular transduction of a range of stimuli. Most notable among these is Sonic Hedgehog. In this article we briefly summarize the structure and biogenesis of primary cilia. We discuss the evidence implicating cilia in the transduction of extrinsic signals. We focus on the involvement and molecular mechanism of cilia in signaling by Sonic Hedgehog in embryonic tissues, specifically the neural tube, and we discuss how cilia play an active role in the interpretation of gradients of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Sasai
- Developmental Biology, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, UK
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Mutations in axonemal dynein assembly factor DNAAF3 cause primary ciliary dyskinesia. Nat Genet 2012; 44:381-9, S1-2. [PMID: 22387996 PMCID: PMC3315610 DOI: 10.1038/ng.1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) most often arises from loss of the dynein motors that power ciliary beating. Here we show that PF22/DNAAF3, a previously uncharacterized protein, is essential for the preassembly of dyneins into complexes prior to their transport into cilia. We identified loss-of-function mutations in the human DNAAF3 gene in patients from families with situs inversus and defects in assembly of inner and outer dynein arms. Zebrafish dnaaf3 knockdown likewise disrupts dynein arm assembly and ciliary motility, causing PCD phenotypes including hydrocephalus and laterality malformations. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii PF22 is exclusively cytoplasmic, and a null mutant fails to assemble outer and some inner dynein arms. Altered abundance of dynein subunits in mutant cytoplasm suggests PF22/DNAAF3 acts at a similar stage to other preassembly proteins, PF13/KTU and ODA7/LRRC50, in the dynein preassembly pathway. These results support the existence of a conserved multi-step pathway for cytoplasmic formation of assembly-competent ciliary dynein complexes.
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Ben J, Elworthy S, Ng ASM, van Eeden F, Ingham PW. Targeted mutation of the talpid3 gene in zebrafish reveals its conserved requirement for ciliogenesis and Hedgehog signalling across the vertebrates. Development 2011; 138:4969-78. [PMID: 22028029 DOI: 10.1242/dev.070862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Using zinc-finger nuclease-mediated mutagenesis, we have generated mutant alleles of the zebrafish orthologue of the chicken talpid3 (ta3) gene, which encodes a centrosomal protein that is essential for ciliogenesis. Animals homozygous for these mutant alleles complete embryogenesis normally, but manifest a cystic kidney phenotype during the early larval stages and die within a month of hatching. Elimination of maternally derived Ta3 activity by germline replacement resulted in embryonic lethality of ta3 homozygotes. The phenotype of such maternal and zygotic (MZta3) mutant zebrafish showed strong similarities to that of chick ta3 mutants: absence of primary and motile cilia as well as aberrant Hedgehog (Hh) signalling, the latter manifest by the expanded domains of engrailed and ptc1 expression in the somites, reduction of nkx2.2 expression in the neural tube, symmetric pectoral fins, cyclopic eyes and an ectopic lens. GFP-tagged Gli2a localised to the basal bodies in the absence of the primary cilia and western blot analysis showed that Gli2a protein is aberrantly processed in MZta3 embryos. Zygotic expression of ta3 largely rescued the effects of maternal depletion, but the motile cilia of Kupffer's vesicle remained aberrant, resulting in laterality defects. Our findings underline the importance of the primary cilium for Hh signaling in zebrafish and reveal the conservation of Ta3 function during vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ben
- Developmental and Biomedical Genetics Group, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore
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Roy S. Cilia and Hedgehog: when and how was their marriage solemnized? Differentiation 2011; 83:S43-8. [PMID: 22154138 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are essential for Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in mammals, and this requirement appears to be conserved in other vertebrates as well. Here, I review recent work that has scrutinized the evolution of the link between the Hh pathway and cilia, discuss what we have learnt from these studies and speculate on how this fascinating problem can be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipto Roy
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore.
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Evron T, Philipp M, Lu J, Meloni AR, Burkhalter M, Chen W, Caron MG. Growth Arrest Specific 8 (Gas8) and G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) cooperate in the control of Smoothened signaling. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:27676-86. [PMID: 21659505 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.234666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-like molecule Smoothened (Smo) undergoes dynamic intracellular trafficking modulated by the microtubule associated kinase GRK2 and recruitment of β-arrestin. Of this trafficking, especially the translocation of Smo into primary cilia and back to the cytoplasm is essential for the activation of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in vertebrates. The complete mechanism of this bidirectional transport, however, is not completely understood. Here we demonstrate that Growth Arrest Specific 8 (Gas8), a microtubule associated subunit of the Dynein Regulatory Complex (DRC), interacts with Smo to modulate this process. Gas8 knockdown in ciliated cells reduces Smo signaling activity and ciliary localization whereas overexpression stimulates Smo activity in a GRK2-dependent manner. The C terminus of Gas8 is important for both Gas8 interaction with Smo and facilitating Smo signaling. In zebrafish, knocking down Gas8 results in attenuated Hh transcriptional responses and impaired early muscle development. These effects can be reversed by the co-injection of Gas8 mRNA or by constitutive activation of the downstream Gli transcription factors. Furthermore, Gas8 and GRK2 display a synergistic effect on zebrafish early muscle development and some effects of GRK2 knockdown can be rescued by Gas8 mRNA. Interestingly, Gas8 does not interfere with cilia assembly, as the primary cilia architecture is unchanged upon Gas8 knock down or heterologous expression. This is in contrast to cells stably expressing both GRK2 and Smo, in which cilia are significantly elongated. These results identify Gas8 as a positive regulator of Hh signaling that cooperates with GRK2 to control Smo signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tama Evron
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Fogelgren B, Lin SY, Zuo X, Jaffe KM, Park KM, Reichert RJ, Bell PD, Burdine RD, Lipschutz JH. The exocyst protein Sec10 interacts with Polycystin-2 and knockdown causes PKD-phenotypes. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1001361. [PMID: 21490950 PMCID: PMC3072367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by formation of renal cysts that destroy the kidney. Mutations in PKD1 and PKD2, encoding polycystins-1 and -2, cause ADPKD. Polycystins are thought to function in primary cilia, but it is not well understood how these and other proteins are targeted to cilia. Here, we provide the first genetic and biochemical link between polycystins and the exocyst, a highly-conserved eight-protein membrane trafficking complex. We show that knockdown of exocyst component Sec10 yields cellular phenotypes associated with ADPKD, including loss of flow-generated calcium increases, hyperproliferation, and abnormal activation of MAPK. Sec10 knockdown in zebrafish phenocopies many aspects of polycystin-2 knockdown-including curly tail up, left-right patterning defects, glomerular expansion, and MAPK activation-suggesting that the exocyst is required for pkd2 function in vivo. We observe a synergistic genetic interaction between zebrafish sec10 and pkd2 for many of these cilia-related phenotypes. Importantly, we demonstrate a biochemical interaction between Sec10 and the ciliary proteins polycystin-2, IFT88, and IFT20 and co-localization of the exocyst and polycystin-2 at the primary cilium. Our work supports a model in which the exocyst is required for the ciliary localization of polycystin-2, thus allowing for polycystin-2 function in cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Fogelgren
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shin-Yi Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New
Jersey, United States of America
| | - Xiaofeng Zuo
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kimberly M. Jaffe
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New
Jersey, United States of America
| | - Kwon Moo Park
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and BK 21 Project, Kyungpook National University,
Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryan J. Reichert
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston,
South Carolina, United States of America
| | - P. Darwin Bell
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston,
South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rebecca D. Burdine
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New
Jersey, United States of America
| | - Joshua H. Lipschutz
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Zaghloul NA, Brugmann SA. The emerging face of primary cilia. Genesis 2011; 49:231-46. [PMID: 21305689 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles that serve as hubs for the transduction of various developmental signaling pathways including Hedgehog, Wnt, FGF, and PDGF. Ciliary dysfunction contributes to a range of disorders, collectively known as the ciliopathies. Recently, interest has grown in these syndromes, particularly among craniofacial biologists, as many known and putative ciliopathies have severe craniofacial defects. Herein we discuss the current understanding of ciliary biology and craniofacial development in an attempt to gain insight into the molecular etiology for craniofacial ciliopathies, and uncover a characteristic ciliopathic craniofacial gestalt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norann A Zaghloul
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
In light of the growing list of human disorders associated with their dysfunction, primary cilia have recently come to attention as being important regulators of developmental signaling pathways and downstream processes. These organelles, present on nearly every vertebrate cell type, are highly conserved structures allowing for study across a range of species. Zebrafish, in particular, have emerged as useful organisms in which to explore the consequences of ciliary dysfunction and to model human ciliopathies. Here, we present a range of useful techniques that allow for investigation of various aspects of ciliary function. The described assays capitalize on the hallmark gastrulation defects associated with ciliary defects as well as relative ease of visualization of cilia in whole-mount embryos. Further, we describe our recently developed assay for querying functionality of human gene variants in live developing embryos. Finally, a current catalog of known zebrafish ciliary mutant lines is included. The techniques presented here provide a basic toolkit for in vivo investigation of both the biological and genetic mechanisms underlying a growing class of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norann A Zaghloul
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Jaffe KM, Burdine RD. More than Maintenance? A Role for IFT Genes in Planar Cell Polarity. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 21:1240-1. [DOI: 10.1681/asn.2010060665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Cao Y, Park A, Sun Z. Intraflagellar transport proteins are essential for cilia formation and for planar cell polarity. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 21:1326-33. [PMID: 20576807 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2009091001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins are essential for cilia formation in multiple organisms, but surprisingly, cilia form in multiple zebrafish ift mutants. Here, we detected maternal deposition of ift gene products in zebrafish and found that ciliary assembly occurs only during early developmental stages, supporting the idea that maternal contribution of ift gene products masks the function of IFT proteins during initial development. In addition, the basal bodies in multiciliated cells of the pronephric duct in ift mutants were disorganized, with a pattern suggestive of defective planar cell polarity (PCP). Depletion of pk1, a core PCP component, similarly led to kidney cyst formation and basal body disorganization. Furthermore, we found that multiple ift genes genetically interact with pk1. Taken together, these data suggest that IFT proteins play a conserved role in cilia formation and planar cell polarity in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cao
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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