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Guo W, Xiong W. From gut microbiota to brain: implications on binge eating disorders. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2357177. [PMID: 38781112 PMCID: PMC11123470 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2357177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of eating disorders has been increasing over the last 50 years. Binge eating disorder (BED) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are two typical disabling, costly and life-threatening eating disorders that substantially compromise the physical well-being of individuals while undermining their psychological functioning. The distressing and recurrent episodes of binge eating are commonly observed in both BED and BN; however, they diverge as BN often involves the adoption of inappropriate compensatory behaviors aimed at averting weight gain. Normal eating behavior is coordinated by a well-regulated trade-off between intestinal and central ingestive mechanism. Conversely, despite the fact that the etiology of BED and BN remains incompletely resolved, emerging evidence corroborates the notion that dysbiosis of gastrointestinal microbiome and its metabolites, alteration of gut-brain axis, as well as malfunctioning central circuitry regulating motivation, execution and reward all contribute to the pathology of binge eating. In this review, we aim to outline the current state of knowledge pertaining to the potential mechanisms through which each component of the gut-brain axis participates in binge eating behaviors, and provide insight for the development of microbiome-based therapeutic interventions that hold promise in ameliorating patients afflicted with binge eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Intelligent Processing, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Hefei, China
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2
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Agtas-Ertan E, Dogan O, Ilhan I. Ghrelin and impulsivity relationship in alcohol-dependent patients and healthy individuals. Alcohol Alcohol 2023; 58:497-504. [PMID: 37154613 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agad032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Abundant research indicates that ghrelin hormone levels are associated with alcohol use and addiction. One of the mediators of this association may be impulsivity, which is one of the common traits observed in alcohol addiction and some eating disorders. This study evaluated participants with alcohol dependency and healthy volunteers to determine whether trait impulsivity and ghrelin levels are associated. METHODS This study analyzed trait impulsivity scores and fasting serum ghrelin levels of 44 males with alcohol dependency and 48 healthy male participants. The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale and the UPPS Impulsive Behaviour Scale (UPPS) were used to measure trait impulsivity levels. Penn Alcohol Craving Scale and Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale for heavy drinking were used to assess craving at the baseline and after the detoxification period. RESULTS Alcohol-dependent patients' fasting ghrelin levels were significantly higher than that of healthy participants. Ghrelin plasma levels were positively correlated with UPPS total impulsivity scores and sensation-seeking among healthy individuals. In alcohol-dependent participants, there was a positive correlation between UPPS urgency scores obtained at the baseline and fasting ghrelin levels before and after the detoxification period. CONCLUSIONS Ghrelin-impulsivity relationship could be observed in certain dimensions of impulsivity in both alcohol-dependent and healthy individuals and even independent of the effect of alcohol. Although the associated impulsivity dimensions differ in different groups, the results are parallel to other studies in terms of demonstrating the relationship between ghrelin and impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Agtas-Ertan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yozgat City Hospital, Yozgat 66100, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Dogan
- Department of Biochemistry, Ankara University Cebeci Hospital, Tip Fakultesi Cad., Ankara 06620, Turkey
| | - Inci Ilhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Ankara University Cebeci Hospital, Tip Fakultesi Cad., Ankara 06620, Turkey
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3
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Schuller J, Koch M. Investigating a role of orexin and ‘cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript’ in the nucleus accumbens shell in binge eating of male rats and the relationship with impulsivity. Physiol Behav 2022; 257:114000. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Dias de Castro Heredia ML, Weydmann G, Kops NL, Martins GP, Bizarro L, Friedman R. Conscious and pre-conscious attentional bias to food images in patients subjected to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Appetite 2022; 175:106057. [PMID: 35460810 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Attentional bias (AB) to food after bariatric surgery might be a cognitive marker for weight regain. The visual probe task (VPT) is commonly used to capture AB at automatic, pre-conscious, and conscious orientation of attention. The aim of this study was to investigate how the preoperative BMI of patients submitted to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) impacts AB to food. We assessed patients who had preoperative BMI>50 (n = 28) or preoperative BMI<50 (n = 31) months after the RYGB procedure. Participants underwent clinical, psychological, and VPT evaluations. In VPT, pairs of food and matching non-food images were shown for 100 ms, 500 ms or 2000 ms and AB for food was assessed for each exposure time. A significant AB to food was observed at 2000 ms for all patients in this study, suggesting that the overall sample were consciously orienting their attention toward food cues after surgery, a finding that might be relevant for understanding weight control. When groups with preoperative BMI higher and lower than 50 kg/m2 were compared, a significant difference on AB to food stimuli at 500 ms was observed, controlling for excess weight lost since surgery and postoperative time. Subjects with preoperative BMI>50 had a positive and reliable AB to food while subjects with preoperative BMI<50 had a negative AB. This suggests that food stimuli have a higher incentive salience even after surgery for those with BMI>50, which might explain why subjects with higher preoperative weight have higher risks for weight regain. These results may indicate that RYGB can impact incentive salience for food cues in a differential manner, increasing conscious AB in all patients and decreasing pre-conscious AB only in those with BMI<50 kg/m2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gibson Weydmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Natália Luiza Kops
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Endocrinologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gianluca Pioli Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Endocrinologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lisiane Bizarro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rogério Friedman
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Endocrinologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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5
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Heal DJ, Smith SL. Prospects for new drugs to treat binge-eating disorder: Insights from psychopathology and neuropharmacology. J Psychopharmacol 2022; 36:680-703. [PMID: 34318734 PMCID: PMC9150143 DOI: 10.1177/02698811211032475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge-eating disorder (BED) is a common psychiatric condition with adverse psychological and metabolic consequences. Lisdexamfetamine (LDX) is the only approved BED drug treatment. New drugs to treat BED are urgently needed. METHODS A comprehensive review of published psychopathological, pharmacological and clinical findings. RESULTS The evidence supports the hypothesis that BED is an impulse control disorder with similarities to ADHD, including responsiveness to catecholaminergic drugs, for example LDX and dasotraline. The target product profile (TPP) of the ideal BED drug combines treating the psychopathological drivers of the disorder with an independent weight-loss effect. Drugs with proven efficacy in BED have a common pharmacology; they potentiate central noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission. Because of the overlap between pharmacotherapy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and BED, drug-candidates from diverse pharmacological classes, which have already failed in ADHD would also be predicted to fail if tested in BED. The failure in BED trials of drugs with diverse pharmacological mechanisms indicates many possible avenues for drug discovery can probably be discounted. CONCLUSIONS (1) The efficacy of drugs for BED is dependent on reducing its core psychopathologies of impulsivity, compulsivity and perseveration and by increasing cognitive control of eating. (2) The analysis revealed a large number of pharmacological mechanisms are unlikely to be productive in the search for effective new BED drugs. (3) The most promising areas for new treatments for BED are drugs, which augment noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission and/or those which are effective in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Heal
- David J Heal, DevelRx Ltd, BioCity, Nottingham, NG1 1GF, UK.
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Schneider E, Dourish CT, Higgs S. Utility of an experimental medicine model to evaluate efficacy, side-effects and mechanism of action of novel treatments for obesity and binge-eating disorder. Appetite 2022; 176:106087. [PMID: 35588993 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and Binge Eating Disorder (BED) are prevalent conditions that are associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality. There is evidence that the use of pharmacotherapy alongside behavioural treatments can improve quality of life and reduce disease risk for patients with these disorders. However, there are few approved drug therapies for obesity, and these are limited by poor efficacy and/or side effects and only one drug has been approved for the treatment of BED. There is considerable potential to use experimental medicine models to identify new drug treatments for obesity and BED, with greater efficacy and an improved side effect profile, at an early stage of development. Here, we present a model developed in our laboratory that incorporates both behavioural and neuroimaging measures which can be used to facilitate drug development for obesity and BED. The results from validation studies conducted to date using our model suggest that it is sensitive to the effects of agents with behavioural, neurophysiological and neuropharmacological mechanisms of action known to be associated with weight loss and reductions in binge eating. Future studies using the model will be valuable to evaluate the potential efficacy and side-effects of new candidate drugs at an early stage in the development pipeline for both obesity and BED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Schneider
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Colin T Dourish
- P1vital Ltd, Howbery Park, Wallingford, OX10 8BA, United Kingdom; P1vital Products Ltd, Howbery Park, Wallingford, OX10 8BA, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Higgs
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Volume and Connectivity Differences in Brain Networks Associated with Cognitive Constructs of Binge Eating. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0080-21.2021. [PMID: 35064023 PMCID: PMC8856709 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0080-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED) are characterized by episodes of eating large amounts of food while experiencing a loss of control. Recent studies suggest that the underlying causes of BN/BED consist of a complex system of environmental cues, atypical processing of food stimuli, altered behavioral responding, and structural/functional brain differences compared with healthy controls (HC). In this narrative review, we provide an integrative account of the brain networks associated with the three cognitive constructs most integral to BN and BED, namely increased reward sensitivity, decreased cognitive control, and altered negative affect and stress responding. We show altered activity in BED/BN within several brain networks, specifically in the striatum, insula, prefrontal cortex (PFC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and cingulate gyrus. Numerous key nodes in these networks also differ in volume and connectivity compared with HC. We provide suggestions for how this integration may guide future research into these brain networks and cognitive constructs.
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Lisdexamfetamine and binge-eating disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the preclinical and clinical data with a focus on mechanism of drug action in treating the disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 53:49-78. [PMID: 34461386 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Binge-Eating Disorder (BED) is the most common eating disorder in the United States. Lisdexamfetamine (LDX) was approved in 2015 by the FDA for treatment of BED and is the only drug approved for treating the disorder. There has been no systematic evaluation of the published clinical and preclinical evidence for efficacy of LDX in treating BED and the mechanisms responsible for the therapeutic action of the drug. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis using PRISMA guidelines. Fourteen clinical and seven preclinical articles were included. There is consistent evidence from clinical studies that LDX is an effective treatment for BED and that the drug reduces the BED symptoms and body weight of patients with the disorder. There is also consistent evidence from preclinical studies that LDX reduces food intake but no consistent evidence for a preferential reduction of palatable food consumption by the drug in rodents. The evidence on mechanism of action is more limited and suggests LDX may reduce binge eating by a combination of effects on appetite/satiety, reward, and cognitive processes, including attention and impulsivity/inhibition, that are mediated by catecholamine and serotonin mechanisms in the brain. There is an urgent need for adequately powered, placebo-controlled, behavioural and neuroimaging studies with LDX (recruiting patients and/or individuals with subclinical BED symptoms) to further investigate the mechanism of action of the drug in treating BED. An improved understanding of the behavioural and neurochemical mechanisms of action of LDX could lead to the development of improved drug therapies to treat BED.
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Bulik CM, Bertoia ML, Lu M, Seeger JD, Spalding WM. Suicidality risk among adults with binge-eating disorder. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2021; 51:897-906. [PMID: 34080227 PMCID: PMC8597150 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate relative suicidality risk associated with binge-eating disorder (BED). METHODS Retrospective study of patients identified as having BED (N = 1042) and a matched general population cohort (N = 10,420) from the Optum electronic health record database between January 2009 and September 2015. Patients had ≥1 outpatient encounter with a provider who recognized BED during the 12-month baseline preceding entry date. Incidence and relative risk of suicidality were assessed. RESULTS Incidence per 1000 person-years (95% CI) of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, respectively, was 31.1 (23.1, 41.0) and 12.7 (7.9, 19.4) in the BED cohort and 5.8 (4.7, 7.1) and 1.4 (0.9, 2.2) in the comparator cohort. Risk of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts was greater in the BED cohort (HR [95% CIs], 6.43 [4.42, 9.37]) than in the comparator cohort (HR [95% CI], 9.47 [4.99, 17.98]) during follow-up. After adjusting for psychiatric comorbidities, associations of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts with BED remained elevated in patients with BED having histories of suicidality. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that history of suicidality may result in an increased risk of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in patients with BED relative to the general population. Psychiatric comorbidity burden may explain the elevated risk of these conditions in BED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M. Bulik
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of North Carolina School of MedicineChapel HillNCUSA,Department of NutritionGillings School of Global Public HealthUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA,Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | | | - Mei Lu
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals USALexingtonMAUSA
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10
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Balantekin KN, Ziegler AM, Crandall AK, Temple JL. The relationships between eating disorder pathology and relative reinforcing value of food, delay discounting, and related constructs in adolescents. Appetite 2019; 148:104576. [PMID: 31875519 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Food is a primary reinforcer that motivates behavior in the absence of learning or conditioning. Both the relative reinforcing value (RRV) of food and delay discounting are associated with weight status. While dietary restraint and disinhibition have been shown to influence the RRV of food, limited work has examined the relationships between eating disorder pathology and RRV of food and delay discounting. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine how eating disorder pathology predicts RRV of food, proportion of food consumed, delay discounting, reinforcement pathology (i.e., high motivation to eat and high delay discounting), and sensitization of high energy dense food (HED; i.e., increases in RRV of HED food after daily repeated exposure). Participants were 167 adolescents ages 12-14 without obesity participating in a longitudinal study examining predictors of weight change who completed a series of laboratory assessments assessing the RRV of food of HED food, delay discounting, reinforcement pathology, sensitization of HED food, and a questionnaire assessing eating disorder pathology. Eating disorder pathology was not related to the RRV of food or delay discounting, but did predict reinforcement pathology and the sensitization of HED food. When explored by weight status, these relationships were only observed for those with overweight. There were no other significant relationships for either adolescents with normal weight or overweight. Given that weight status appeared to moderate some of the relationships between eating disorder pathology and reinforcement-related constructs, future work should examine how reinforcement pathology and eating disorder pathology are related to changes in weight status over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N Balantekin
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA; Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, 355 Hochstetter Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
| | - Amanda M Ziegler
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA; Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, 355 Hochstetter Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA; Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Amanda K Crandall
- Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, 355 Hochstetter Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA; Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Jennifer L Temple
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA; Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, 355 Hochstetter Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA; Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
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11
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Mackey ER, Jacobs M, Nadler EP, Olson A, Pearce A, Cherry JBC, Magge SN, Mietus-Snyder M, Vaidya C. Cognitive Performance as Predictor and Outcome of Adolescent Bariatric Surgery: A Nonrandomized Pilot Study. J Pediatr Psychol 2019; 43:916-927. [PMID: 29788390 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsy028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Evidence in adults suggests that improvements in cognitive performance may follow weight loss resulting from bariatric surgery, and baseline cognitive performance may be associated with weight loss following surgery. This has not been evaluated in adolescents. Method Participants were 38 adolescents of age 14-21 years composed of three groups: (1) 12 adolescents with severe obesity who received vertical sleeve gastrectomy during the study (VSG); (2) 14 adolescents with severe obesity who were wait-listed for VSG (WL); and (3) 12 healthy weight controls (HC). Participants completed testing of visual memory, verbal memory, and executive functioning at baseline (T1), which occurred presurgery for the VSG group, and approximately 4 months after baseline (T2). Body mass index (BMI) was assessed at T1, T2, and additionally at 6 months following VSG for the adolescents who received surgery. Results Although there was evidence of greater improvement for the VSG as compared with WL and HC groups in visual and verbal memory, group differences did not reach significance and effect sizes were small (η2 < 0.01). There was a significant positive association between indices of baseline executive functioning and excess BMI loss at 6 months postsurgery. Conclusions This small pilot study showed no significant differences by group in cognitive performance post-VSG. There was a significant association of baseline cognitive performance with weight loss outcomes. Given the very preliminary nature of these results in a small sample, future research should examine these relationships in a larger sample and evaluate mechanisms of these associations (e.g., insulin resistance, sleep, physical activity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor R Mackey
- Children's National Medical Center, Center for Translational Sciences and
| | - Marni Jacobs
- Children's National Medical Center, Center for Translational Sciences and
| | - Evan P Nadler
- Children's National Medical Center, Center for Translational Sciences and
| | - Alexandra Olson
- Children's National Medical Center, Center for Translational Sciences and
| | | | | | - Sheela N Magge
- Children's National Medical Center, Center for Translational Sciences and
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12
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Keel PK, Bodell LP, Forney KJ, Appelbaum J, Williams D. Examining weight suppression as a transdiagnostic factor influencing illness trajectory in bulimic eating disorders. Physiol Behav 2019; 208:112565. [PMID: 31153878 PMCID: PMC6636832 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent research indicates that weight suppression (WS: defined as the difference between highest lifetime and current weight) prospectively predicts illness trajectory across eating disorders characterized by binge eating, including AN binge-purge subtype (ANbp), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED), collectively referred to as bulimic eating disorders. Through a series of studies, we have developed a model to explain the link between WS and illness trajectory in bulimic eating disorders. Our model posits that WS contributes to reduced circulating leptin, which leads to reduced postprandial glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) response. Diminished leptin and GLP-1 function contribute to alterations in two reward-related constructs in the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): reward value/effort and reward satiation. Respectively, these changes increase drive/motivation to consume food and decrease ability for food consumption to lead to a state of satiation/satisfaction. Combined, these alterations increase risk for experiencing large, out-of-control binge-eating episodes. The following review presents evidence that contributed to the development of this model as well as preliminary findings from an on-going project funded to test this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela K Keel
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Diana Williams
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, USA
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Anastasio NC, Stutz SJ, Price AE, Davis-Reyes BD, Sholler DJ, Ferguson SM, Neumaier JF, Moeller FG, Hommel JD, Cunningham KA. Convergent neural connectivity in motor impulsivity and high-fat food binge-like eating in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1752-1761. [PMID: 31003231 PMCID: PMC6785029 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0394-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Food intake is essential for survival, but maladaptive patterns of intake, possibly encoded by a preexisting vulnerability coupled with the influence of environmental variables, can modify the reward value of food. Impulsivity, a predisposition toward rapid unplanned reactions to stimuli, is one of the multifaceted determinants underlying the etiology of dysregulated eating and its evolving pathogenesis. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is a major neural director of reward-driven behavior and impulsivity. Compromised signaling between the mPFC and nucleus accumbens shell (NAcSh) is thought to underlie the cognitive inability to withhold prepotent responses (motor impulsivity) and binge intake of high-fat food (HFF) seen in binge eating disorder. To explore the relationship between motor impulsivity and binge-like eating in rodents, we identified high (HI) and low impulsive (LI) rats in the 1-choice serial reaction time task and employed a rat model of binge-like eating behavior. HFF binge rats consumed significantly greater calories relative to control rats maintained on continual access to standard food or HFF. HI rats repeatedly exhibited significantly higher bingeing on HFF vs. LI rats. Next, we employed dual viral vector chemogenetic technology which allows for the targeted and isolated modulation of ventral mPFC (vmPFC) neurons that project to the NAcSh. Chemogenetic activation of the vmPFC to NAcSh pathway significantly suppressed motor impulsivity and binge-like intake for high-fat food. Thus, inherent motor impulsivity and binge-like eating are linked and the vmPFC to NAcSh pathway serves as a 'brake' over both behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle C. Anastasio
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Sonja J. Stutz
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Amanda E. Price
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Brionna D. Davis-Reyes
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Dennis J. Sholler
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Susan M. Ferguson
- 0000 0000 9026 4165grid.240741.4Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA USA ,0000000122986657grid.34477.33Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - John F. Neumaier
- 0000000122986657grid.34477.33Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - F. Gerard Moeller
- 0000 0004 0458 8737grid.224260.0Department of Psychiatry and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Jonathan D. Hommel
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Kathryn A. Cunningham
- 0000 0001 1547 9964grid.176731.5Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA
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Cuellar-Barboza AB, Winham SJ, Biernacka JM, Frye MA, McElroy SL. Clinical phenotype and genetic risk factors for bipolar disorder with binge eating: an update. Expert Rev Neurother 2019; 19:867-879. [PMID: 31269819 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1638764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Clinical and genetic study of psychiatric conditions has underscored the co-occurrence of complex phenotypes and the need to refine them. Bipolar Disorder (BD) and Binge Eating (BE) behavior are common psychiatric conditions that have high heritability and high co-occurrence, such that at least one quarter of BD patients have BE (BD + BE). Genetic studies of BD alone and of BE alone suggest complex polygenic risk models, with many genetic risk loci yet to be identified. Areas covered: We review studies of the epidemiology of BD+BE, its clinical features (cognitive traits, psychiatric comorbidity, and role of obesity), genomic studies (of BD, eating disorders (ED) defined by BE, and BD + BE), and therapeutic implications of BD + BE. Expert opinion: Subphenotyping of complex psychiatric disorders reduces heterogeneity and increases statistical power and effect size; thus, it enhances our capacity to find missing genetic (and other) risk factors. BD + BE has a severe clinical picture and genetic studies suggests a distinct genetic architecture. Differential therapeutic interventions may be needed for patients with BD + BE compared with BD patients without BE. Recognizing the BD + BE subphenotype is an example of moving towards more precise clinical and genetic entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo B Cuellar-Barboza
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine , Monterrey , NL , Mexico.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - Stacey J Winham
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA.,Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - Joanna M Biernacka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA.,Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - Mark A Frye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA.,Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - Susan L McElroy
- Lindner Center of HOPE , Mason , OH , USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
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15
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Oliva R, Morys F, Horstmann A, Castiello U, Begliomini C. The impulsive brain: Neural underpinnings of binge eating behavior in normal-weight adults. Appetite 2019; 136:33-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Lyu Z, Zheng P, Lu S, Qin M. Impaired Conflict Monitoring to Food Cues in Women Who Binge Eat. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2585. [PMID: 30618999 PMCID: PMC6304389 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research demonstrated the associations between cognitive biases toward food cues and binge eating (BE) behavior. To determine the characteristics of conflict monitoring to food cues in women who binge eat and non-eating disordered controls, a flanker task featured high-caloric food and low-caloric food images was used to examine conflict monitoring with measures of accuracy and reaction time. Women who binge eat displayed longer reaction times (RTs) to incongruent trials (i.e., flanked by pictures from the different category) than to congruent trials (i.e., flanked by pictures from the same category), while controls showed no such difference. This finding demonstrated women who binge eat displayed a general flanker effect toward food-related stimuli compared to controls. Faster reaction times in response to high-caloric food images disturbed by low-caloric food images predicted lower self-reported motor impulsiveness in the women who binge eat, but not in controls. These data suggest a relative conflict monitoring deficit in women with BE pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyong Lyu
- School of Education Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Panpan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Songkai Lu
- School of Education Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Mingzhi Qin
- School of Education Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
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17
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Ralevski E, Shanabrough M, Newcomb J, Gandelman E, Hayden R, Horvath TL, Petrakis I. Ghrelin is Related to Personality Differences in Reward Sensitivity and Impulsivity. Alcohol Alcohol 2018; 53:52-56. [PMID: 29136100 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agx082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Ghrelin, a feeding-related peptide mainly produced in the stomach, has been linked to reward mechanisms for food and drugs of abuse in addition to traits of impulsivity. This study is a secondary analysis of an existing data set designed to examine the direct relationships between fasting ghrelin levels and reward sensitivity/impulsivity in healthy social drinkers. Methods Participants (n = 20) were recruited from an original study examining the subjective effects of alcohol among social drinkers. Fasting ghrelin levels were collected at baseline. Personality measures (Behavioral Inhibition, Behavioral Activation, and Affective Response to Impending Reward and Punishment and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale) were administered at baseline to evaluate sensitivity to reward and punishment, and measure traits of impulsivity, respectively. Results Fasting ghrelin levels were significantly related to reward sensitivity and impulsivity traits. Specifically, those with higher ghrelin levels were more sensitive to reward and were more impulsive (have lower self-control). Conclusions The results indicate that individuals with higher levels of ghrelin are more sensitive to reward. In addition, they are less able to exercise self-control and to an extent more likely to act without thinking. This is the first study to report on the direct relationship between fasting ghrelin levels and personality characteristics such as reward sensitivity and aspects of impulsivity among healthy social drinkers. Short summary Individuals with higher levels of fasting ghrelin are more sensitive to reward, but less sensitive to punishment. Higher ghrelin levels are also related to some aspects of impulsivity such as decreased self-control and increased likelihood of acting without thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ralevski
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT.,Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, Psychiatry Service (116A), West Haven, CT 06516, USA.,Mental Illness Research and Clinical Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave., West Haven, CT
| | - Marya Shanabrough
- Program of Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT
| | - Jenelle Newcomb
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT.,Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, Psychiatry Service (116A), West Haven, CT 06516, USA.,Mental Illness Research and Clinical Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave., West Haven, CT
| | - Erin Gandelman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT.,Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, Psychiatry Service (116A), West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Ryan Hayden
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT.,Present address: Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 E Broad St., Richmond, VA
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Program of Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT.,Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT
| | - Ismene Petrakis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT.,Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, Psychiatry Service (116A), West Haven, CT 06516, USA.,Mental Illness Research and Clinical Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave., West Haven, CT
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18
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Sysko R, Steinglass J, Schebendach J, Mayer LES, Walsh BT. Rigor and reproducibility via laboratory studies of eating behavior: A focused update and conceptual review. Int J Eat Disord 2018; 51:608-616. [PMID: 30132949 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The eating behavior of individuals with eating disorders has been examined in laboratory settings over the last 30 years. In this focused review, we build on prior research and highlight several feeding laboratory paradigms that have successfully demonstrated quantifiable and observable behavioral disturbances, and thereby add rigor and reproducibility to the examination of disturbances of eating behavior. This review describes the measures commonly obtained via these laboratory techniques. Supporting Information Appendices with detailed information about implementation are provided to allow for the reproducible execution of these techniques across labs. METHODS/RESULTS Literature documenting the existence of objective abnormalities in eating behavior among individuals with eating disorders or in comparison to healthy controls (n > 40) is briefly summarized. These protocols, conducted across at least 17 independent labs, are sensitive and reproducible, can be used to assess subjective and physiological parameters associated with eating, and elucidate the impact of treatment. Laboratory studies from patients with eating disorders compared with healthy controls reproducibly demonstrate both that patients with Anorexia Nervosa ingest fewer calories and that individuals with Bulimia Nervosa and Binge-Eating Disorder ingest more calories when asked to binge-eat. DISCUSSION Feeding laboratory studies have the potential for quantifying the characteristic behavioral psychopathology of patients with eating disorders, and may provide a useful tool to explore the potential utility of new treatments for individuals with Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge-Eating Disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Sysko
- Eating and Weight Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Joanna Steinglass
- Columbia Center for Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York.,Eating Disorders Research Unit, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Janet Schebendach
- Columbia Center for Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York.,Eating Disorders Research Unit, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Laurel E S Mayer
- Columbia Center for Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York.,Eating Disorders Research Unit, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - B Timothy Walsh
- Columbia Center for Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York.,Eating Disorders Research Unit, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
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19
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Atalayer D. Dürtüsellik ve Aşırı Yeme Arasındaki İlişki: Psikolojik ve Nörobiyolojik Yaklaşımlar. PSIKIYATRIDE GUNCEL YAKLASIMLAR 2018. [DOI: 10.18863/pgy.358090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Barlow RL, Gorges M, Wearn A, Niessen HG, Kassubek J, Dalley JW, Pekcec A. Ventral Striatal D2/3 Receptor Availability Is Associated with Impulsive Choice Behavior As Well As Limbic Corticostriatal Connectivity. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 21:705-715. [PMID: 29554302 PMCID: PMC6030945 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyy030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low dopamine D2/3 receptor availability in the nucleus accumbens shell is associated with highly impulsive behavior in rats as measured by premature responses in a cued attentional task. However, it is unclear whether dopamine D2/3 receptor availability in the nucleus accumbens is equally linked to intolerance for delayed rewards, a related form of impulsivity. METHODS We investigated the relationship between D2/3 receptor availability in the nucleus accumbens and impulsivity in a delay-discounting task where animals must choose between immediate, small-magnitude rewards and delayed, larger-magnitude rewards. Corticostriatal D2/3 receptor availability was measured in rats stratified for high and low impulsivity using in vivo [18F]fallypride positron emission tomography and ex vivo [3H]raclopride autoradiography. Resting-state functional connectivity in limbic corticostriatal networks was also assessed using fMRI. RESULTS Delay-discounting task impulsivity was inversely related to D2/3 receptor availability in the nucleus accumbens core but not the dorsal striatum, with higher D2/3 binding in the nucleus accumbens shell of high-impulsive rats compared with low-impulsive rats. D2/3 receptor availability was associated with stronger connectivity between the cingulate cortex and hippocampus of high- vs low-impulsive rats. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that delay-discounting task impulsivity is associated with low D2/3 receptor binding in the nucleus accumbens core. Thus, two related forms of waiting impulsivity-premature responding and delay intolerance in a delay-of-reward task-implicate an involvement of D2/3 receptor availability in the nucleus accumbens shell and core, respectively. This dissociation may be causal or consequential to enhanced functional connectivity of limbic brain circuitry and hold relevance for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, drug addiction, and other psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Barlow
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, CNS Discovery Research, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Martin Gorges
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, RKU, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alfie Wearn
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, CNS Discovery Research, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Heiko G Niessen
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Translational Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Jan Kassubek
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, RKU, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jeffrey W Dalley
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anton Pekcec
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, CNS Discovery Research, Biberach an der Riss, Germany,Correspondence: Anton Pekcec, DVM, PhD, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, CNS Discovery Research, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany ()
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21
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Ward K, Citrome L. Lisdexamfetamine: chemistry, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability in the treatment of binge eating disorder. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:229-238. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1420163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Ward
- University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Leslie Citrome
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY USA
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22
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Ouellette AS, Rodrigue C, Lemieux S, Tchernof A, Biertho L, Bégin C. An examination of the mechanisms and personality traits underlying food addiction among individuals with severe obesity awaiting bariatric surgery. Eat Weight Disord 2017; 22:633-640. [PMID: 29022218 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-017-0440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aetiology underlying addiction has often been investigated to shed more light on the factors contributing to the development and maintenance of various disorders. In the field of addictive eating behaviours, data on the aetiological factors related to food addiction (FA) in the bariatric context remain scarce. The present study aimed to explore mechanisms and variables underlying FA among individuals suffering from severe obesity and awaiting bariatric surgery. METHODS Participants (N = 146) were recruited at the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute during their pre-operative visit and were invited to complete questionnaires. Participants with and without FA were compared on reward sensitivity, impulsivity, emotion dysregulation, and personality traits. RESULTS Findings showed that bariatric candidates with FA (16%) presented more emotion dysregulation, more harm avoidance, and less self-directedness. Further exploration showed that the association between harm avoidance and the number of FA criteria endorsed was mediated by emotion dysregulation, while the association between self-directedness and the number of FA criteria endorsed was mediated by reward sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that an inability to regulate affect by strategies other than eating highly palatable food, in a context where negative affect and long-term goals can hardly be sustained, underlies a diagnostic of FA among bariatric candidates. From a clinical standpoint, the presence of a double vulnerability leading to FA symptomatology could help design better-targeted interventions to maximise weight loss maintenance in the bariatric context. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, descriptive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Ouellette
- School of Psychology, Laval University, 2325 allée des Bibliothèques, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Christopher Rodrigue
- School of Psychology, Laval University, 2325 allée des Bibliothèques, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Simone Lemieux
- School of Nutrition, Laval University, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, 2440 boulevard Hochelaga, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - André Tchernof
- School of Nutrition, Laval University, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, 2725 chemin Ste-Foy, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Laurent Biertho
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, 2725 chemin Ste-Foy, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Laval University, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Catherine Bégin
- School of Psychology, Laval University, 2325 allée des Bibliothèques, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada. .,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, 2440 boulevard Hochelaga, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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23
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Legenbauer T, Müller A, de Zwaan M, Fischer C, Burgmer R, Herpertz S. The Impact of Self-Reported Impulsivity on the Course of Weight Is Mediated by Disinhibited Eating. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2017; 26:38-45. [PMID: 29067753 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of impulsivity and the mediating role of disinhibited eating behaviour (DEB) on weight and weight trajectories in a large data set including obese non-treatment seeking individuals (obese control, n = 138) and obese individuals who were either receiving a conventional treatment program (n = 227) or bariatric surgery (n = 123). Data was assessed one, 4 and 9 years after baseline including self-reports for impulsivity and DEB. Results suggest a significant association between impulsivity and body mass index, which is partially mediated by DEB. Longitudinally, the influence of impulsivity on the course of weight after 9 years was fully mediated by DEB in obese control but not in the treatment groups. The results indicate an interplay between impulsivity and DEB with respect to obesity. Further research is needed to clarify how the mediation works and when it exerts its effect, in order to identify those that might profit from a specific (impulsivity-reducing) training. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Legenbauer
- LWL University Hospital for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ruhr University Bochum, Hamm, Germany
| | - Astrid Müller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martina de Zwaan
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Charlotte Fischer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LWL-University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ramona Burgmer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LWL-University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephan Herpertz
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LWL-University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The FDA recently approved three intragastric balloon (IGB) devices, ReShape, ORBERA™, and Obalon for treatment of obesity. Given the high cost, complication risk, and invasiveness of bariatric surgery, IGB treatment may present a safer and lower cost option for weight reduction. IGBs are generally placed in the stomach endoscopically for up to 6 months to reduce gastric capacity, enhance feelings of fullness, and induce weight loss. The mechanism of action likely involves stimulation of gastric mechanoreceptors triggering short-acting vagal signals to brain regions implicated in satiety. Balloon efficacy may be influenced by balloon volume, patient gastric capacity, and treatment duration. METHODS This review focused on eight recent (2006-present) randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing percentage total body weight loss (%TBWL) between IGB and control groups including three reviewed by the FDA. %TBWL based on the reviewed studies was also compared with bariatric surgery and pharmacotherapy. RESULTS Of the eight IGB studies, five had balloon treatment duration of 6 months. Efficacy at 6 months, based on a pooled weighted-mean %TBWL, was 9.7%, and the control-subtracted %TBWL was 5.6%. When one study without SDs was removed, the weighted mean %TBWL was 9.3 ± 5.7% SD, and control-subtracted %TBWL was 5.5 ± 7.8%, which was statistically greater than controls. IGB showed lower efficacy than bariatric surgery (median weight loss of 27% for Rouen-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). The control-subtracted %TBWL over 6 months of 5.5-5.6% is less than the most efficacious FDA-approved weight loss drug, Qsymia. At the recommended dose, Qsymia has a placebo-subtracted %TBWL at 6 months of approximately 6.6%. The weighted mean reported incidence of serious adverse events (SAEs) in the IGB group across all eight studies was 10.5%. Only six of the eight reviewed studies reported adverse events (AEs) in the IGB group, with a pooled reported incidence of 28.2%. Recently, the FDA reported new AEs including acute pancreatitis with ReShape and ORBERA™. CONCLUSION Based on the available evidence, it is unlikely that IGB use will supplant other forms of obesity treatment. The estimated cost of endoscopic balloon implantation and retrieval is US $8,150. Collectively, a relatively small control-subtracted %TBWL and the potential for serious complications makes IGB unlikely to become widely adopted. Given the recent FDA warning, IGB longevity on the market is questionable.
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Hunt TK, Forbush KT, Hagan KE, Chapa DA. Do emotion regulation difficulties when upset influence the association between dietary restraint and weight gain among college students? Appetite 2017; 114:101-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Ural C, Belli H, Akbudak M, Solmaz A, Bektas ZD, Celebi F. Relation of binge eating disorder with impulsiveness in obese individuals. World J Psychiatry 2017; 7:114-120. [PMID: 28713689 PMCID: PMC5491476 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v7.i2.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the levels of impulsiveness, and the relationship between the binge eating disorder (BED) and the levels of impulsiveness in obese individuals.
METHODS Two hundred and forty-one obese patients who were included in the study and candidate for bariatric surgery (weight loss surgery) were clinically interviewed to identify the BED group, and patients were divided into two groups: Those with BED and those without BED. The comorbidity rate of groups was determined by using structured clinical interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I). A sociodemographic data form including the story of previous psychiatric treatment, structured clinical interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I), Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 were applied to both of the groups.
RESULTS In regard to 241 obese individuals included in the study, total score and score of attention subscale for BED (+) group were significantly high (P < 0.05). In addition, suicide attempt, story of psychiatric consultation, and score for BDI were again significantly high in the BED (+) group (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION In assessment of obese individuals, assessment of associated psychopathology such as impulsive characteristics and suicide attempt in addition to disrupted eating behaviors will allow to have a more extensive view.
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Heal DJ, Hallam M, Prow M, Gosden J, Cheetham S, Choi YK, Tarazi F, Hutson P. Dopamine and μ-opioid receptor dysregulation in the brains of binge-eating female rats - possible relevance in the psychopathology and treatment of binge-eating disorder. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:770-783. [PMID: 28376679 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117699607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Adult, female rats given irregular, limited access to chocolate develop binge-eating behaviour with normal bodyweight and compulsive/perseverative and impulsive behaviours similar to those in binge-eating disorder. We investigated whether (a) dysregulated central nervous system dopaminergic and opioidergic systems are part of the psychopathology of binge-eating and (b) these neurotransmitter systems may mediate the actions of drugs ameliorating binge-eating disorder psychopathology. Binge-eating produced a 39% reduction of striatal D1 receptors with 22% and 23% reductions in medial and lateral caudate putamen and a 22% increase of striatal μ-opioid receptors. There was no change in D1 receptor density in nucleus accumbens, medial prefrontal cortex or dorsolateral frontal cortex, striatal D2 receptors and dopamine reuptake transporter sites, or μ-opioid receptors in frontal cortex. There were no changes in ligand affinities. The concentrations of monoamines, metabolites and estimates of dopamine (dopamine/dihydroxyphenylacetic acid ratio) and serotonin/5-hydroxyindolacetic acid ratio turnover rates were unchanged in striatum and frontal cortex. However, turnover of dopamine and serotonin in the hypothalamus was increased ~20% and ~15%, respectively. Striatal transmission via D1 receptors is decreased in binge-eating rats while μ-opioid receptor signalling may be increased. These changes are consistent with the attenuation of binge-eating by lisdexamfetamine, which increases catecholaminergic neurotransmission, and nalmefene, a μ-opioid antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yong K Choi
- 2 Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Frank Tarazi
- 2 Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Peter Hutson
- 3 Shire Development Inc., Lexington, MA, USA.,4 Neurobiology, Teva Pharmaceuticals, West Chester, PA, USA
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Pathological Overeating: Emerging Evidence for a Compulsivity Construct. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:1375-1389. [PMID: 27922596 PMCID: PMC5436113 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Compulsive eating behavior is a transdiagnostic construct that is characteristic of medical and psychiatric conditions such as forms of obesity and eating disorders. Although feeding research is moving toward a better understanding of the proposed addictive properties of food, the components and the mechanisms contributing to compulsive eating are not yet clearly defined or understood. Current understanding highlights three elements of compulsive behavior as it applies to pathological overeating: (1) habitual overeating; (2) overeating to relieve a negative emotional state; and (3) overeating despite aversive consequences. These elements emerge through mechanisms involving pathological habit formation through an aberrant learning process, the emergence of a negative emotional state, and dysfunctions in behavioral control. Dysfunctions in systems within neurocircuitries that comprise the basal ganglia, the extended amygdala, and the prefrontal cortex result in compulsive eating behaviors. Here, we present evidence to relate compulsive eating behavior and addiction and to characterize their underlying neurobiological mechanisms. A major need to improve understanding of compulsive eating through the integration of complex motivational, emotional, and cognitive constructs is warranted.
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Vickers SP, Goddard S, Brammer RJ, Hutson PH, Heal DJ. Investigation of impulsivity in binge-eating rats in a delay-discounting task and its prevention by the d-amphetamine prodrug, lisdexamfetamine. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:784-797. [PMID: 28372478 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117691672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Freely-fed, female, rats were trained in a two-lever, delay-discounting task: one lever delivered a single chocolate-flavoured pellet immediately and the other a three-pellet reward after increasing delay (0, 4, 8, 16, 32 s). Rats were divided into two groups (i.e. binge-eating rats given irregular, limited access to chocolate in addition to normal chow and controls maintained on normal chow). Both groups exhibited increased preference for the immediate reward as the delay interval was lengthened. The discounting rate was significantly greater in binge-eating rats than non-binge-eating controls, especially as the behaviour became more established indicating that increased impulsivity and intolerance of delayed reward are part of the psychopathology of binge-eating. Lisdexamfetamine (0.8 mg/kg, orally ( d-amphetamine base)) reversed the reduced preference of binge-eating rats for larger rewards at delay intervals of 4 s, 8 s and 32 s and across all sessions. Lisdexamfetamine-treated binge-eating rats consumed the same number of pellets as vehicle-treated, binge-eating rats and non-binge-eating controls eliminating the possibility lisdexamfetamine's actions on appetite or satiety mediated its effects on operant responding for food pellets in delay-discounting. In summary, binge-eating rats showed increased impulsive choice compared with non-binge-eating controls that was reversed by lisdexamfetamine, complementing results showing lisdexamfetamine reduced impulsiveness scores in patients with binge-eating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter H Hutson
- 2 Shire Development Inc., Lexington, MA, USA.,Current address: Teva Pharmaceuticals, 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, PA 19380, USA
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Discounting of Various Types of Rewards by Women with and Without Binge Eating Disorder: Evidence for General Rather Than Specific Differences. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2017; 61:561-582. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03395777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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31
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Association between Impulsivity and Weight Status in a General Population. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030217. [PMID: 28257032 PMCID: PMC5372880 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to examine the association between impulsivity and weight status in a large sample of the adult general population in France, and the influence of gender on this relationship. A total of 11,929 men and 39,114 women participating in the NutriNet-Santé cohort were selected in this cross-sectional analysis. The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) was used to assess impulsivity. Weight and height were self-reported. The association between impulsivity and BMI was estimated using logistic regressions adjusted for socio-demographic and lifestyle factors. Individuals with high impulsivity levels (BIS-11 total score >71) were more likely to be obese (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.80, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.39, 2.33 in men; OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.15, 1.48 in women) compared to individuals in the average range of impulsivity. The strongest associations between impulsivity and obesity were observed in men, where highly impulsive participants were more likely to be class III obese (BMI > 40 kg/m2) (OR = 3.57, 95% CI: 1.86, 6.85). This large sample analysis supports the existence of a relationship between impulsivity and weight status and the importance of psychological factors in the prevention of obesity.
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Sysko R, Ojserkis R, Schebendach J, Evans SM, Hildebrandt T, Walsh BT. Impulsivity and test meal intake among women with bulimia nervosa. Appetite 2017; 112:1-8. [PMID: 28077307 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Many patients with bulimia nervosa (BN) also meet criteria for a lifetime alcohol use disorder (AUD). In order to understand possible mechanisms contributing to the co-occurrence and perpetuation of these disorders, this study investigated the importance of impulsivity and test meal intake among patients with BN by comparing women with BN only (n = 18), BN and current/past AUDs (n = 13), and healthy controls (n = 12). All participants completed assessments of eating disorder symptoms, frequency of alcohol use, binge eating, and purging via questionnaires and semi-structured interviews over two sessions. Measures of impulsivity consisted of computerized and self-report measures, and laboratory test meals. Significant differences between individuals with BN with/without comorbid AUDs were not found for test meal intake, impulsivity measures, or self-reported psychological symptoms. As hypothesized, compared to healthy controls, individuals with BN had significantly higher scores on two subscales and the total score of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, a trait measure of impulsivity, and consumed significantly more calories in the binge instruction meal. Total Barratt Impulsiveness Scale scores were also significantly related to kcal consumed during the laboratory test meal when individuals were instructed to binge eat (BN groups). Data from this study add to the existing literature implicating impulsivity in the psychopathology of disorders of binge eating, including BN, and also support the use of laboratory meals as a symptom-specific measure of this trait in eating disorder populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Sysko
- One Gustave L. Levy Place, Eating and Weight Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10028, United States
| | - Rachel Ojserkis
- 226 Dealy Hall, Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458, United States
| | - Janet Schebendach
- 1051 Riverside Drive, Columbia Center for Eating Disorders, Division of Clinical Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Suzette M Evans
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; 1051 Riverside Drive, Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Tom Hildebrandt
- One Gustave L. Levy Place, Eating and Weight Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10028, United States
| | - B Timothy Walsh
- 1051 Riverside Drive, Columbia Center for Eating Disorders, Division of Clinical Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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Approach and inhibition responses to external food cues among average-weight women who binge eat and weight-matched controls. Appetite 2017; 108:367-374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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34
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Cano AM, Murphy ES, Lupfer G. Delay discounting predicts binge-eating in Wistar rats. Behav Processes 2016; 132:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Heal DJ, Goddard S, Brammer RJ, Hutson PH, Vickers SP. Lisdexamfetamine reduces the compulsive and perseverative behaviour of binge-eating rats in a novel food reward/punished responding conflict model. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30:662-75. [PMID: 27170676 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116647506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Compulsive and perseverative behaviour in binge-eating, female, Wistar rats was investigated in a novel food reward/punished responding conflict model. Rats were trained to perform the conditioned avoidance response task. When proficient, the paradigm was altered to a food-associated conflict test by placing a chocolate-filled jar (empty jar for controls) in one compartment of the shuttle box. Entry into the compartment with the jar triggered the conditioning stimulus after a variable interval, and foot-shock 10 seconds later if the rat did not leave. Residence in the 'safe' compartment with no jar did not initiate trials or foot-shocks. By frequently entering the chocolate-paired compartment, binge-eating rats completed their 10 trials more quickly than non-binge controls. Binge-eating rats spent a greater percentage of the session in the chocolate-paired compartment, received foot-shocks more frequently, and tolerated foot-shocks for longer periods; all consistent with compulsive and perseverative behaviour. The d-amphetamine prodrug, lisdexamfetamine, has recently received US approval for the treatment of moderate to severe binge-eating disorder in adults. Lisdexamfetamine (0.8 mg/kg po [d-amphetamine base]) decreased chocolate consumption by binge-eating rats by 55% and markedly reduced compulsive and perseverative responding in the model. These findings complement clinical results showing lisdexamfetamine reduced compulsiveness scores in subjects with binge-eating disorder.
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Lyu Z, Zheng P, Jackson T. Attention Disengagement Difficulties among Average Weight Women Who Binge Eat. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2016; 24:286-93. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyong Lyu
- School of Psychology; Southwest University; China
| | - Panpan Zheng
- School of Psychology; Southwest University; China
| | - Todd Jackson
- School of Psychology; Southwest University; China
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Kessler RM, Hutson PH, Herman BK, Potenza MN. The neurobiological basis of binge-eating disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 63:223-38. [PMID: 26850211 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Relatively little is known about the neuropathophysiology of binge-eating disorder (BED). Here, the evidence from neuroimaging, neurocognitive, genetics, and animal studies are reviewed to synthesize our current understanding of the pathophysiology of BED. Binge-eating disorder may be conceptualized as an impulsive/compulsive disorder, with altered reward sensitivity and food-related attentional biases. Neuroimaging studies suggest there are corticostriatal circuitry alterations in BED similar to those observed in substance abuse, including altered function of prefrontal, insular, and orbitofrontal cortices and the striatum. Human genetics and animal studies suggest that there are changes in neurotransmitter networks, including dopaminergic and opioidergic systems, associated with binge-eating behaviors. Overall, the current evidence suggests that BED may be related to maladaptation of the corticostriatal circuitry regulating motivation and impulse control similar to that found in other impulsive/compulsive disorders. Further studies are needed to understand the genetics of BED and how neurotransmitter activity and neurocircuitry function are altered in BED and how pharmacotherapies may influence these systems to reduce BED symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Kessler
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, 619 19th St. South, Birmingham, AL 35249, United States.
| | - Peter H Hutson
- Shire, 300 Shire Way, Lexington, MA 02421, United States.
| | - Barry K Herman
- Shire, 300 Shire Way, Lexington, MA 02421, United States.
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neurobiology, Child Study Center, CASAColumbia and Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park St., New Haven, CT 06519, United States.
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Vickers SP, Hackett D, Murray F, Hutson PH, Heal DJ. Effects of lisdexamfetamine in a rat model of binge-eating. J Psychopharmacol 2015; 29:1290-307. [PMID: 26589243 DOI: 10.1177/0269881115615107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Binge-eating disorder is a common psychiatric disorder affecting ~2% of adults. Binge-eating was initiated in freely-fed, lean, adult, female rats by giving unpredictable, intermittent access to ground, milk chocolate over four weeks. The rats avidly consumed chocolate during 2 hr binge sessions, with compensatory reductions of normal chow intake in these sessions and the days thereafter. Bodyweights of binge-eating rats were normal. The model's predictive validity was explored using nalmefene (0.1-1.0mg/kg), R-baclofen (1.0-10mg/kg) and SB-334867 (3.0-30 mg/kg) (orexin-1 antagonist), which all selectively decreased chocolate bingeing without reducing chow intake. Sibutramine (0.3-5.0mg/kg) non-selectively reduced chocolate and chow consumption. Olanzapine (0.3-3.0mg/kg) was without effect and rolipram (1.0-10mg/kg) abolished all ingestive behaviour. The pro-drug, lisdexamfetamine (LDX; 0.1-1.5mg/kg), dose-dependently reduced chocolate bingeing by ⩽ 71% without significantly decreasing normal chow intake. Its metabolite, D-amphetamine (0.1-1.0mg/kg), dose-dependently and preferentially decreased chocolate bingeing ⩽ 56%. Using selective antagonists to characterize LDX's actions revealed the reduction of chocolate bingeing was partially blocked by prazosin (α1-adrenoceptor; 0.3 and 1.0mg/kg) and possibly by SCH-23390 (D1; 0.1mg/kg). RX821002 (α2-adrenoceptor; 0.1 and 0.3mg/kg) and raclopride (D2; 0.3 and 0.5mg/kg) were without effect. The results indicate that LDX, via its metabolite, d-amphetamine, reduces chocolate bingeing, partly by indirect activation of α1-adrenoceptors and perhaps D1 receptors.
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McElroy SL, Mitchell JE, Wilfley D, Gasior M, Ferreira-Cornwell MC, McKay M, Wang J, Whitaker T, Hudson JI. Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate Effects on Binge Eating Behaviour and Obsessive-Compulsive and Impulsive Features in Adults with Binge Eating Disorder. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2015; 24:223-31. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan L. McElroy
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati OH USA
- Lindner Center of HOPE; Mason OH USA
| | | | - Denise Wilfley
- Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis MO USA
| | | | | | | | - Jiannong Wang
- CSL Behring; King of Prussia PA USA (previously employed at Shire)
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Pivarunas B, Conner BT. Impulsivity and emotion dysregulation as predictors of food addiction. Eat Behav 2015; 19:9-14. [PMID: 26164390 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Food addiction is the clinical occurrence in which individuals develop physical and psychological dependencies on high fat, high sugar, and highly palatable foods. Past research has demonstrated a number of similarities between food addiction and drug use disorders including the activation of specific brain regions and neurotransmitters, disrupted neuronal circuitry, and behavioral indicators of addiction such as continued use despite negative consequences. The present study examined the role of impulsivity and emotion dysregulation in food addiction as both play salient roles in drug use disorders. Poisson regression analyses using data from 878 undergraduate students revealed negative urgency, the tendency to act impulsively when under distress, and emotion dysregulation positively predicted symptom count on the Yale Food Addiction Scale (Gearhardt, Corbin, & Brownell, 2009) whereas a lack of premeditation negatively predicted symptom count (all ps<0.05). Future research is needed to confirm precursors to eating episodes in food addiction, elucidate causal mechanisms, and support an explanatory model of food addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bradley T Conner
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, United States
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41
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Abstract
Binge eating disorder (BED), now recognized as a distinct eating disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, is the most prevalent eating disorder. Although nearly half of individuals with BED are obese, BED also occurs in nonobese individuals. Despite the relatively high percentage of weight loss treatment-seeking individuals meeting BED criteria, primary care physicians may not be familiar with or have ever diagnosed BED. Many providers may also have difficulty distinguishing BED as a contributory factor in obesity. This review differentiates BED from other causes of obesity by describing how obese individuals with BED differ from obese individuals without BED and from nonobese individuals with BED in areas including psychopathology, behavior, genetics, physiology, quality of life and productivity. The ways in which health-care providers can identify individuals who may have BED are also highlighted so the proper course of treatment is pursued. Overall, obese individuals with BED demonstrate a number of key characteristics that differentiate them from obese individuals without eating disorders, including increased impulsivity in response to food stimuli with loss of control over eating, resulting in the consumption of more calories. They also experience significant guilt and other negative emotions following a meal. In addition, individuals with BED patients have more psychiatric comorbidity, display more psychopathology, exhibit longer binge durations, consume more meals as snacks during the day and have less dietary restraint compared with individuals with BED who are not obese. However, the differences between individuals with BED who are obese versus not obese are not as prominent. Taken together, the evidence appears to support the conclusion that BED is a unique and treatable neurobehavioral disorder associated with distinct behavioral and psychological profiles and distinct medical and functional outcomes, and that it is not merely a subtype of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Brendan Montano
- a Connecticut Clinical Research Center, Private Practice, Internal Medicine , Cromwell , CT , USA
| | - Natalie L Rasgon
- b Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
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Fattore L. Reward processing and drug addiction: does sex matter? Front Neurosci 2015; 9:329. [PMID: 26483620 PMCID: PMC4586272 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liana Fattore
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari, National Research Council-Italy, and Centre of Excellence "Neurobiology of Dependence," Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, University of Cagliari Cagliari, Italy
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Reinblatt SP, Mahone EM, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Lee-Winn AE, Yenokyan G, Leoutsakos JMS, Moran TH, Guarda AS, Riddle MA. Pediatric loss of control eating syndrome: Association with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and impulsivity. Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:580-8. [PMID: 25855370 PMCID: PMC4607309 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite data linking Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and adult binge eating, there are limited data in children with loss of control (LOC) eating. We examined inhibitory control in children with LOC eating syndrome (LOC-ES) and its association with ADHD. METHOD 79 children (8-14 years) over the fifth weight percentile were recruited, irrespective of LOC eating or ADHD status. The Eating Disorder Examination for Children and the Standard Pediatric Eating Episode Interview assessed LOC-ES. ADHD diagnosis was determined by the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for children and Conners-3 (Parent Report) DSM-IV Scales of Inattention and/or Hyperactivity (T score > 65). The Go/No-Go (GNG) Task and the Behavior Regulation Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) assessed impulse control. RESULTS Odds of LOC-ES were increased 12 times for children with ADHD (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 12.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.11, 51.64, p < 0.001), after adjusting for BMI z scores and relevant covariates. Children had 1.17 times higher odds of reporting LOC-ES with every 5% increase in GNG Commission Rate (aOR = 1.17, CI = 1.01, 1.36, p < 0.05) and 1.25 times higher odds of reporting LOC-ES with every 5 unit T-score increase in BRIEF Inhibit Scale (aOR = 1.25, CI = 1.04, 1.50, p < 0.05). DISCUSSION Children with ADHD had significantly greater odds of LOC-ES compared to children without ADHD. Children with LOC-ES had significantly greater impulse control deficits on performance-based neuropsychological assessments and on parent reports than children without LOC-ES. These findings suggest a need to investigate possible shared mechanisms such as impulse control deficits, among children with LOC-ES and ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna P. Reinblatt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - E. Mark Mahone
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marian Tanofsky-Kraff
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda
| | | | - Gayane Yenokyan
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Timothy H. Moran
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Angela S. Guarda
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark A. Riddle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,Department of Pediatrics, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Greater anterior cingulate activation and connectivity in response to visual and auditory high-calorie food cues in binge eating: Preliminary findings. Appetite 2015; 96:195-202. [PMID: 26275334 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Obese individuals show altered neural responses to high-calorie food cues. Individuals with binge eating [BE], who exhibit heightened impulsivity and emotionality, may show a related but distinct pattern of irregular neural responses. However, few neuroimaging studies have compared BE and non-BE groups. To examine neural responses to food cues in BE, 10 women with BE and 10 women without BE (non-BE) who were matched for obesity (5 obese and 5 lean in each group) underwent fMRI scanning during presentation of visual (picture) and auditory (spoken word) cues representing high energy density (ED) foods, low-ED foods, and non-foods. We then compared regional brain activation in BE vs. non-BE groups for high-ED vs. low-ED foods. To explore differences in functional connectivity, we also compared psychophysiologic interactions [PPI] with dorsal anterior cingulate cortex [dACC] for BE vs. non-BE groups. Region of interest (ROI) analyses revealed that the BE group showed more activation than the non-BE group in the dACC, with no activation differences in the striatum or orbitofrontal cortex [OFC]. Exploratory PPI analyses revealed a trend towards greater functional connectivity with dACC in the insula, cerebellum, and supramarginal gyrus in the BE vs. non-BE group. Our results suggest that women with BE show hyper-responsivity in the dACC as well as increased coupling with other brain regions when presented with high-ED cues. These differences are independent of body weight, and appear to be associated with the BE phenotype.
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45
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Reinblatt SP, Leoutsakos JMS, Mahone EM, Forrester S, Wilcox HC, Riddle MA. Association between binge eating and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in two pediatric community mental health clinics. Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:505-11. [PMID: 25130278 PMCID: PMC4333129 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been linked with obesity; however its relationship with binge eating (BE) is less clear. We aimed to explore the associations among ADHD, weight, and BE in pediatric mental health clinics. METHOD We retrospectively reviewed consecutive intakes in two pediatric mental health clinics (N = 252). BE was assessed using the C-BEDS scale. Associations between ADHD, BE, and BMI-z score were assessed via regression. RESULTS Mean age was 10.8 (3.7 SD) years. Twelve percent (n = 31) had BE. The association between ADHD and BE was statistically significant (OR 16.1, p < .001), and persisted after adjusting for comorbid diagnoses, medications, demographic variables, and clinic. There was a statistically significant association between ADHD and BMI z-scores (β = 0.54, p < .001). After adjusting for BE, the relationship between ADHD and BMI z-scores was attenuated (β = 0.35, p = .025), and the coefficient for BE was decreased (β = 0.75, p = .001). Although stimulant use was associated with a three-fold increase in odds of BE (OR 3.16, p = .006), stimulants were not associated with greater BMI-z scores (β = 0.18, p = .32). DISCUSSION There was a significant association between ADHD and BE in two pediatric mental health clinics. Although these data are cross-sectional, and cannot be used to make causal inferences, these findings are compatible with the hypothesis that BE partially mediates the association between ADHD and BMI z-scores. In mental health clinics, children with ADHD may present as overweight or obese. Further, children with ADHD may exhibit BE. Future prospective studies should elucidate the complex relationships among ADHD, weight, stimulants, and BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna P. Reinblatt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jeannie-Marie S. Leoutsakos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - E. Mark Mahone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sarah Forrester
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Holly C. Wilcox
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Mark A. Riddle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Pediatrics, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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46
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Blanco C, García-Anaya M, Wall M, de los Cobos JCP, Swierad E, Wang S, Petry NM. Should pathological gambling and obesity be considered addictive disorders? A factor analytic study in a nationally representative sample. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 150:129-34. [PMID: 25769392 PMCID: PMC4387020 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pathological gambling (PG) is now aligned with substance use disorders in the DSM-5 as the first officially recognized behavioral addiction. There is growing interest in examining obesity as an addictive disorder as well. The goal of this study was to investigate whether epidemiological data provide support for the consideration of PG and obesity as addictive disorders. METHOD Factor analysis of data from a large, nationally representative sample of US adults (N=43,093), using nicotine dependence, alcohol dependence, drug dependence, PG and obesity as indicators. It was hypothesized that nicotine dependence, alcohol dependence and drug use dependence would load on a single factor. It was further hypothesized that if PG and obesity were addictive disorders, they would load on the same factor as substance use disorders, whereas failure to load on the addictive factor would not support their conceptualization as addictive disorders. RESULTS A model with one factor including nicotine dependence, alcohol dependence, drug dependence and PG, but not obesity, provided a very good fit to the data, as indicated by CFI=0.99, TLI=0.99 and RMSEA=0.01 and loadings of all indicators >0.4. CONCLUSION Data from this study support the inclusion of PG in a latent factor with substance use disorders but do not lend support to the consideration of obesity, as defined by BMI, as an addictive disorder. Future research should investigate whether certain subtypes of obesity are best conceptualized as addictive disorders and the shared biological and environmental factors that account for the common and specific features of addictive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Blanco
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - María García-Anaya
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University,Clinical Research Division, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente, Mexico City
| | - Melanie Wall
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University,Department of Biostatistics, New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University
| | - José Carlos Pérez de los Cobos
- Addictive Behaviors Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, (IIB Sant Pau) Departament de Psiguiatria i Medicina Legal, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ewelina Swierad
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University
| | - Nancy M. Petry
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut Health Center
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47
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Implication of corticotropic hormone axis in eating behaviour pattern in obese and type 2 diabetic participants. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:1237-43. [PMID: 25782454 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515000549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In Algeria, eating behaviour has been increasingly deviated from its traditional Mediterranean diet to modern fast food style. The present study examines the interactions between eating behaviour pattern (EBP), corticotropic hormone axis and the metabolic syndrome. Our Algerian population cohort comprised of 410 participants (130 obese, 170 type 2 diabetics and 110 healthy participants). The EBP was evaluated by the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire test. The anthropometric and metabolic parameters (glucose, TAG, HDL, LDL and cholesterol) and the concentrations of hormones (insulin, adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), cortisol and growth hormone) were determined by biometrics, spectrophotometry and RIA, respectively. Multivariate analyses showed a high correlation between the EBP and the metabolic syndrome, particularly between insulin-resistant state and hypertrophy of visceral adipose tissue. Compared with healthy participants, obese ones showed the hyperphagic type of EBP, i.e. disinhibition and hunger disorders. Conversely, the diabetics showed both the hypophagic and hyperphagic type of EBP. In diabetic and obese participants, cortisol and ACTH secretions were significantly altered, leading to metabolic disorders. The present study confirms the role of EBP in obesity and diabetes.
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48
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Gerlach G, Herpertz S, Loeber S. Personality traits and obesity: a systematic review. Obes Rev 2015; 16:32-63. [PMID: 25470329 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Based on a bio-social-ecological systems model of the development and maintenance of obesity, there has been in the last few years a growing research interest in the association of obesity and personality traits. The aim of the present review was a comprehensive and critical evaluation of the existing literature taking into account the methodological quality of studies to enhance our understanding of personality traits associated with body weight, the development of overweight and obesity as well as the effectiveness of weight loss interventions including bariatric surgery. Personality traits play an important role both as risk as well as protective factors in the development of overweight and obesity. While thus in particular 'neuroticism', 'impulsivity' and 'sensitivity to reward' appear as risk factors, 'conscientiousness' and 'self-control' have been shown to have a protective function in relation to weight gain. Conscientiousness is a measure of regulation of internal urges and self-discipline, and may thus provide a potential source of control over impulsive reward-oriented behaviour. The results of the present review suggest that, within the context of therapeutic weight reduction measures, it is meaningful to identify subgroups of patients for whom specific treatment options need to be developed, such as measures for strengthening self-control skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gerlach
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
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49
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Bennett C, Blissett J, Carroll D, Ginty AT. Rated and measured impulsivity in children is associated with diminished cardiac reactions to acute psychological stress. Biol Psychol 2014; 102:68-72. [PMID: 25038303 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the association between impulsivity and heart rate reactions to a brief psychological stress in pre-adolescent children. Impulsivity was assessed by two response inhibition tasks and maternal self-report. Heart rate was measured at rest and in response to a mental arithmetic challenge. Children high in impulsivity showed blunted cardiac stress reactions. This result resonates with previous findings that blunted stress reactivity is characteristic of a range of problematic behaviours often associated with impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel Bennett
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jackie Blissett
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Douglas Carroll
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Annie T Ginty
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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50
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Blechert J, Naumann E, Schmitz J, Herbert BM, Tuschen-Caffier B. Startling sweet temptations: hedonic chocolate deprivation modulates experience, eating behavior, and eyeblink startle. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85679. [PMID: 24416437 PMCID: PMC3887070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many individuals restrict their food intake to prevent weight gain. This restriction has both homeostatic and hedonic effects but their relative contribution is currently unclear. To isolate hedonic effects of food restriction, we exposed regular chocolate eaters to one week of chocolate deprivation but otherwise regular eating. Before and after this hedonic deprivation, participants viewed images of chocolate and images of high-calorie but non-chocolate containing foods, while experiential, behavioral and eyeblink startle responses were measured. Compared to satiety, hedonic deprivation triggered increased chocolate wanting, liking, and chocolate consumption but also feelings of frustration and startle potentiation during the intertrial intervals. Deprivation was further characterized by startle inhibition during both chocolate and food images relative to the intertrial intervals. Individuals who responded with frustration to the manipulation and those who scored high on a questionnaire of impulsivity showed more relative startle inhibition. The results reveal the profound effects of hedonic deprivation on experiential, behavioral and attentional/appetitive response systems and underscore the role of individual differences and state variables for startle modulation. Implications for dieting research and practice as well as for eating and weight disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Blechert
- Department for Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Heath Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eva Naumann
- Department for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Julian Schmitz
- Department for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Beate M. Herbert
- Department of Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Brunna Tuschen-Caffier
- Department for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- * E-mail:
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