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Wood-Barcalow NL, Alleva JM, Tylka TL. Revisiting positive body image to demonstrate how body neutrality is not new. Body Image 2024; 50:101741. [PMID: 38850714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
In this position paper, we review nonacademic and academic discourse on body neutrality, a recent concept that has spread from social media platforms into scientific publications. This discourse has (inaccurately) promulgated that body neutrality is distinct from and more realistic than positive body image and body positivity. We identify and challenge 10 myths found within this discourse: (1) positive body image and body positivity are the same and therefore interchangeable, (2) positive body image isn't realistic or attainable, (3) we should forget about body positivity and positive body image, (4) body neutrality is a new way of thinking about body image, (5) body neutrality is unique from positive body image and positivity, (6) body neutrality is a more realistic and inclusive alternative to positive body image and body positivity, (7) body neutrality is different from positive body image but we can still use the research on positive body image to support body neutrality, (8) body neutrality is a midpoint between negative body image and positive body image, (9) striving for body neutrality is sufficient, and (10) appearance can be disregarded. We offer recommendations applicable to researchers, clinicians, media, and the general public interested in body neutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica M Alleva
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.
| | - Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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2
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Brichacek AL, Neill JT, Murray K, Rieger E, Watsford C. The distinct affect regulation functions of body image flexibility and inflexibility: A prospective study in adolescents and emerging adults. Body Image 2024; 50:101726. [PMID: 38810389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Body image flexibility and inflexibility are alternative ways of responding to body image threats. Affect regulation offers a framework for understanding how these responses impact health outcomes; however, research in young people is limited. This prospective study tested two potential affect regulation functions in adolescents and emerging adults (N = 351, 66.7% female) via online surveys completed five months apart. Specifically, body image flexibility and inflexibility were tested as (a) direct predictors of adaptive (body appreciation, intuitive eating) and maladaptive (muscle-building strategies, disordered eating) outcomes, and (b) moderators of the indirect effect of a social comparison threat via body appreciation. Results from hierarchical linear and conditional process models showed that body image flexibility and inflexibility served distinct affect regulation functions. Whereas body image inflexibility directly predicted adaptive and maladaptive body- and eating-related outcomes, body image flexibility protected against the negative effects of social comparison on intuitive eating via body appreciation. Findings suggest that adolescents and emerging adults could benefit from learning body image flexibility skills and reducing inflexibility to promote positive body image and prevent body- and eating-related disturbances. Future research should investigate how body image flexibility and inflexibility relate to other established threats and outcomes in diverse demographic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Brichacek
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Australia.
| | - James T Neill
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Kristen Murray
- School of Medicine and Psychology, ANU College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Rieger
- School of Medicine and Psychology, ANU College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Australia
| | - Clare Watsford
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Australia
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3
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Holding A, Lavigne G, Vermette L, Carbonneau N. Motivation to regulate eating behaviors, intuitive eating, and well-being: A dyadic study with mothers and adult daughters. Appetite 2024; 199:107403. [PMID: 38723670 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Intuitive eating, defined as relying on physiological cues to determine when, what, and how much to eat while maintaining a positive relationship with food (Tribole & Resch, 1995), has gained a lot of research attention in the last two decades. The present study sought to determine how motivation for regulating eating behaviors is related to intuitive eating and well-being outcomes in dyads of mothers and their adult daughters (n = 214). Structural equation modelling revealed that controlling for dieting and desire to lose weight, both mothers' and daughters' autonomous motivation was positively associated with their own intuitive eating while their controlled motivation was negatively associated with intuitive eating. In turn, intuitive eating was positively associated with well-being in both mothers and daughters. Interestingly, mothers' intuitive eating was also positively related to their daughters' well-being. The analysis of indirect effects suggests that mothers' motivation to regulate eating behaviors has an indirect (mediating) relationship with daughters' well-being through mothers' intuitive eating. The implications for women's health and well-being are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Holding
- Department of Psychology, New York University, 6 Washington Place, New York, NY, 10001, USA.
| | - Geneviève Lavigne
- Department of Psychology, Université Du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351, boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada, G9A 5H7.
| | - Laurence Vermette
- Department of Psychology, Université Du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351, boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada, G9A 5H7.
| | - Noémie Carbonneau
- Department of Psychology, Université Du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351, boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada, G9A 5H7; Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, 2440, boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, Québec, Canada, G1V 0A6.
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Tylka TL, Maïano C, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Linardon J, Burnette CB, Todd J, Swami V. The Intuitive Eating Scale-3: Development and psychometric evaluation. Appetite 2024; 199:107407. [PMID: 38729580 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Intuitive eating has been found to protect against disordered eating and preserve well-being. Yet, there are methodological (length), conceptual (inconsideration of medical, value-based, and access-related reasons for food consumption), and psychometric (item wording) concerns with its most common measure, the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2). To address these concerns, we developed the IES-3 and investigated its psychometric properties with U.S. community adults. Across three online studies, we evaluated the IES-3's factorial validity using exploratory factor analysis (EFA; Study 1; N = 957; Mage = 36.30), as well as confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), bifactor-CFA, and bifactor-ESEM (Study 2; N = 1152; Mage = 40.95), and cross-validated the optimal model (Study 3; N = 884; Mage = 38.54). We examined measurement invariance across samples and time, differential item functioning (age, body mass index [BMI], gender), composite reliability, and validity. Study 1 revealed a 12-item, 4-factor structure (unconditional permission to eat, eating for physical reasons, reliance on hunger and satiety cues, body-food choice congruence). In Study 2, a bifactor-ESEM model with a global intuitive eating factor and four specific factors best fit the data, which was temporally stable across three weeks. This model also had good fit in Study 3 and, across Studies 2 and 3, and was fully invariant and lacked measurement bias in terms of age, gender, and BMI. Associations between latent IES-3 factors and age, gender, and BMI were invariant across Studies 2 and 3. Composite reliability and validity (relationships with disordered eating, embodiment, body image, well-being, and distress; negligible relationship with impression management) of the retained model were also supported. The 12-item IES-3 demonstrates strong psychometric properties in U.S. community adults. Research is now needed using the IES-3 in other cultural contexts and social identity groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Christophe Maïano
- Laboratory of Cyberpsychology, Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université Du Québec en Outaouais, Saint-Jérôme, Canada; Substantive-Methodological Synergy Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Jake Linardon
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - C Blair Burnette
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer Todd
- School of Psychology, Sport, and Sensory Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Viren Swami
- School of Psychology, Sport, and Sensory Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Behrend N, Webb JB, Warschburger P. Explaining the prospective paths from body appreciation to intuitive eating facets: Does body image flexibility serve as a mediator? Body Image 2024; 49:101710. [PMID: 38569448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Initial evidence suggests that body appreciation prospectively predicts intuitive eating. However, the limited number of longitudinal studies focused solely on girls and women, with a lack of evaluation among men. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms explaining this relationship remain poorly understood. The present study examined whether body appreciation prospectively predicted intuitive eating facets among women and men in Germany. We also tested whether adaptive affect regulation skills (i.e., body image flexibility) mediated these relationships. We analyzed data from 1436 women and 704 men across three time points: Baseline (T1), 6-month (T2), and 12-month (T3) follow-up, using latent variable path models to assess direct and indirect effects. Among women, T1 body appreciation directly predicted T3 body-food choice congruence. Additionally, body appreciation indirectly predicted unconditional permission to eat, eating for physical rather than emotional reasons, and reliance on hunger and satiety cues at T3 via its effect on T2 body image flexibility. Among men, T1 body appreciation indirectly predicted T3 eating for physical rather than emotional reasons via T2 body image flexibility. Our findings suggest that body image flexibility plays a pivotal role in explaining why individuals who appreciate their bodies are more likely to eat intuitively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Behrend
- University of Potsdam, Department of Psychology, Counseling Psychology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jennifer B Webb
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Department of Psychological Science, Health Psychology Ph.D. Program, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Petra Warschburger
- University of Potsdam, Department of Psychology, Counseling Psychology, Potsdam, Germany.
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Linardon J, Moffitt R, Anderson C, Tylka TL. Testing for longitudinal bidirectional associations between self-compassion, self-criticism, and positive body image components. Body Image 2024; 49:101722. [PMID: 38749305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Previous cross-sectional studies have reported associations between self-compassion, self-criticism, and positive body image, yet prospective studies establishing the temporal order of these relationships are missing. The present study sought to clarify the nature of these associations by investigating possible longitudinal bi-directional links between self-compassion, self-criticism, and three components of positive body image (body appreciation, functionality appreciation, and body image flexibility). Data were analyzed from 2982 adult women who completed survey instruments at baseline (T0), four-month follow-up (T1), and eight-month follow-up (T2). Attrition rate ranged from 0-56% across time-points. Cross-lagged panel models were computed to test for bidirectional associations. We found evidence of reciprocal, negative associations between self-criticism and the three components of positive body image across the three time-points. We also found evidence that T0 self-compassion predicted increased body image flexibility and functionality appreciation at T1 (paths were non-significant from T1 to T2), whereas T0 body appreciation predicted increased T1 self-compassion (but was non-significant from T1 to T2). Findings suggest that compassionate and uncritical ways of responding to the self may be relevant precursors and outcomes to positive body image, depending on the timing of assessment, highlighting viable targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Linardon
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Center for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Robyn Moffitt
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cleo Anderson
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Cerea S, Iannattone S, Mancin P, Bottesi G, Marchetti I. Eating disorder symptom dimensions and protective factors: A structural network analysis study. Appetite 2024; 197:107326. [PMID: 38552742 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Eating Disorders (EDs) and related symptoms pose a substantial public health concern due to their widespread prevalence among both genders and associated negative outcomes, underscoring the need for effective preventive interventions. In this context, deepening our understanding of the interplay between ED symptoms and related protective factors appears crucial. Therefore, this study employed a structural network analysis approach considering both ED symptom dimensions (i.e., drive for thinness, bulimic symptoms, and body dissatisfaction) and related protective factors (i.e., body and functionality appreciation, intuitive eating, and self-esteem) to shed light on how these factors are interrelated. A community sample of 1391 individuals (34.4% men; Mage = 26.4 years) completed a socio-demographic schedule and self-report questionnaires. The network showed that the nodes with the highest positive expected influence were body and functionality appreciation, while those with the highest negative expected influence were eating for physical rather than emotional reasons and unconditional permission to eat (i.e., two components of intuitive eating). Crucially, the most relevant bridges between the conceptual communities "ED symptom dimensions" and "Protective factors" were the negative relations between (a) eating for physical rather than emotional reasons and bulimic symptoms, (b) unconditional permission to eat and drive for thinness, and (c) body appreciation and body dissatisfaction. Finally, age, gender, and body mass index did not moderate any edge in the network. The practical implications of these findings are discussed, especially in terms of preventive interventions for ED symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cerea
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy.
| | - Sara Iannattone
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Mancin
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Gioia Bottesi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Igor Marchetti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
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8
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Linardon J. Identifying factors that predict the onset and persistence of fasting for weight control: Prospective findings. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2024. [PMID: 38809806 DOI: 10.1002/erv.3112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fasting for weight control is an under-studied behaviour implicated in eating disorders. However, little is known about what factors account for its onset and persistence. METHOD This study sought to identify risk and maintenance factors for fasting among 1025 women recruited through an eating disorder self-help platform who completed study measures at baseline and 6 month follow-up. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to test which variables at baseline predicted the onset (vs. stably asymptomatic) and persistence (vs. remission) of fasting at follow-up. RESULTS Univariate models showed that higher baseline overvaluation, dissatisfaction, fear of weight gain, generalised and social anxiety, depression, self-esteem deficits and eating disorder symptoms (inflexible eating rules, driven exercise) predicted greater likelihood of fasting onset. Only fear of weight gain and depressive symptoms remained significant in the multivariate model. Higher baseline overvaluation, fear of weight gain, driven exercise, inflexible eating rules, and depression predicted greater likelihood of fasting persistence in univariate models. An adherence to inflexible eating rules and overvaluation remained significant in the multivariate model. CONCLUSION Findings shed new light on factors that may account for the development and maintenance of fasting, which have implications for guiding effective interventions targeting this behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Linardon
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Center for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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9
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Holmes SC, Norton MK, Fogwell NT, Temes EE, Carr MM, Johnson DM. The impact of intuitive eating on the association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and disordered eating among women who have experienced intimate partner violence (IPV). Eat Disord 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38796861 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2024.2353475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Trauma exposure is associated with disordered eating, with recent evidence suggesting PTSD symptoms may be a more proximal predictor. Intuitive eating is a well-established protective factor against disordered eating; however, no previous studies have assessed whether intuitive eating buffers the association between PTSD symptoms and disordered eating. METHODS Two hundred sixteen women who had experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) and were residing at a domestic violence shelter completed a survey. The current study assessed the moderating role of intuitive eating in the associations between PTSD symptoms and two types of disordered eating behaviors: binge eating and compensatory behaviors. RESULTS Intuitive eating did not moderate the association between PTSD symptoms and a dichotomous measure of binge eating (no binge eating vs. any binge eating). However, intuitive eating did moderate the association between PTSD symptoms and binge frequency, among participants endorsing any degree of binge eating, such that PTSD symptoms were significantly associated with binge frequency at low, but not moderate or high, levels of intuitive eating. Intuitive eating did not moderate the association between PTSD symptoms and compensatory behaviors. DISCUSSION Results suggest intuitive eating may be protective against binge eating frequency among women who have experienced IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha C Holmes
- Department of Psychology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, NY, Staten Island
| | - Marisa K Norton
- Department of Psychology, University of Akron Buchtel College of Arts and Sciences, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Nicole T Fogwell
- Department of Psychology, University of Akron Buchtel College of Arts and Sciences, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Erica E Temes
- Department of Psychology, University of Akron Buchtel College of Arts and Sciences, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Meagan M Carr
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dawn M Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Akron Buchtel College of Arts and Sciences, Akron, OH, USA
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Webb MD, Melough MM, Earthman CP, Katz SE, Pacanowski CR. Associations between anthropometry, body composition, and body image in athletes: a systematic review. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1372331. [PMID: 38803833 PMCID: PMC11129708 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1372331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Poor body image is a potent risk factor for disordered eating and eating disorders. Athletes are a population at increased risk for eating disorders despite reports of lower body image concerns compared to non-athletes. Body size and composition may influence an athlete's susceptibility to poor body image. Methods Five electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus) were searched to systematically evaluate the literature regarding the association between body measures (i.e., anthropometric and body composition indicators) and body image in athletes. The systematic review was completed following PRISMA guidelines and 27 cross-sectional studies were identified for inclusion and evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies. Results Studies differed in methodological assessment of anthropometry or body composition (i.e., self-reported versus researcher-measured), methods for evaluating aspects of body image, geographic location, and sport type. Higher body mass index (BMI) or percent body fat (%BF) was significantly associated with greater body dissatisfaction in 16 of 22 studies (72.7%). Positive associations between body measures and aspects of negative body image were most consistently observed among studies that assessed BMI based on self-reported heights and weights, while significant associations between body composition measures (e.g., %BF, fat mass, fat-free mass) were less common. Four of seven studies assessing relationships between BMI and an aspect of positive body image reported significant inverse relationships, while three revealed insignificant associations. Discussion Overall, higher BMI and body fat were associated with body dissatisfaction among athletes. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings within focused populations and utilizing body composition methods (e.g., bioelectrical impedance techniques). Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, CRD42023446518.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary D. Webb
- Department of Health Behavior and Nutrition Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Melissa M. Melough
- Department of Health Behavior and Nutrition Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Carrie P. Earthman
- Department of Health Behavior and Nutrition Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Sarah E. Katz
- Research and Engagement Department, Library, Museums, and Press, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Carly R. Pacanowski
- Department of Health Behavior and Nutrition Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
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Lee M. The protective role of positive body image on the associations between body objectification, disordered eating symptoms, and depression among Korean women. Eat Disord 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38736329 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2024.2353414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Despite a significant amount of research theoretically demonstrating the benefits of positive body image, limited studies have empirically examined its protective role over women's body concerns and behaviors. Based on the objectification theory, this study explored whether the associations between body objectification, disordered eating symptoms, and depression are moderated by positive body image. We considered four specific constructs of positive body image using the Body Positive Scale (BP Scale) which includes BP-Feeling, BP-Acceptance-even if, BP-Response, and BP-Conceptualization. We conducted moderated mediation analysis using PROCESS model on data from an online survey completed by 400 Korean women ages 20-64 years. The results showed that the associations between body objectification and disordered eating symptoms were not significant at high levels of BP-Feeling and BP-Acceptance-even if. The results also revealed that indirect associations between body objectification and depression via disordered eating symptoms were not significant at high levels of BP-Feeling and BP-Acceptance-even if. While the overall results suggest the protective role of positive body image against disordered eating and depression, this study further provides specific information on positive body image that should be included in the prevention and treatment of disordered eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsun Lee
- Department of Fashion Design, Konkuk University Glocal Campus, Chungju, South Korea
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12
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Zamora Á, Desdentado L, Herrero R, Miragall M, Baños R. Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the functionality appreciation scale. J Eat Disord 2024; 12:50. [PMID: 38664846 PMCID: PMC11046768 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-024-01004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Functionality Appreciation Scale is a 7-item measure of an individual's appreciation of his or her body for what it can do and is capable of doing. While this instrument has been increasingly used in intervention-based research, its psychometric properties have not been extensively studied in non-English-speaking populations. The psychometric properties of a novel Spanish translation of the FAS were examined. METHODS An online sample of 838 Spanish adults (mean age = 31.79 ± 11.95 years, 50.48% men) completed the Spanish FAS and validated measures of body appreciation, eating disorder symptomatology, intuitive eating, and life satisfaction. RESULTS Exploratory factor analysis supported a 1-dimensional factor structure of the FAS, which was further supported by confirmatory factor analysis (SBχ²(14) = 83.82, SBχ²normed = 1.48, robust RMSEA = 0.094 (90% CI = 0.074, 0.115), SRMR = 0.040, robust CFI = 0.946, robust TLI = 0.924). Invariance across genders was shown, and there were no significant differences according to gender (t(417) = 0.77, p =.444, d = 0.07). Construct validity was also supported through significant associations with the other measures of the study. Incremental validity was established in women. Thus, appreciation of functionality predicted life satisfaction over and above the variance accounted for by other body image and eating disorder-related measures (F(4, 399) = 18.86, p <.001, ΔR2 = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS These results support the psychometric properties of the Spanish FAS and demonstrate the importance of the appreciation of functionality in relation to a healthier body image and psychological wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Zamora
- Polibienestar Research Institute, University of Valencia, Calle Serpis 29, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
- Department of Personality, Evaluation, and Psychological Treatments, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 21, 46010, Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Lorena Desdentado
- Polibienestar Research Institute, University of Valencia, Calle Serpis 29, 46022, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER of Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Herrero
- CIBER of Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain
| | - Marta Miragall
- Department of Personality, Evaluation, and Psychological Treatments, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 21, 46010, Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER of Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Baños
- Department of Personality, Evaluation, and Psychological Treatments, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 21, 46010, Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER of Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
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Lucherini Angeletti L, Spinelli MC, Cassioli E, Rossi E, Castellini G, Brogioni G, Ricca V, Rotella F. From Restriction to Intuition: Evaluating Intuitive Eating in a Sample of the General Population. Nutrients 2024; 16:1240. [PMID: 38674930 PMCID: PMC11053871 DOI: 10.3390/nu16081240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Intuitive eating (IE) is a non-dieting approach that promotes listening to internal cues of hunger and satiety, rather than adhering to external dietary restrictions aimed at weight loss. However, the role of IE in dieting behaviors related to weight-loss approaches is still unclear. To address this issue, the aim of this study was to compare IE levels between dieting and non-dieting individuals, exploring the relationship between IE and dieting-related psychological and physical factors. A sample of 2059 females was recruited via social media and self-reported questionnaires were administered to measure IE, eating psychopathology, self-efficacy, and quality of life. Individuals with a history of dieting exhibited lower IE levels, a higher BMI, and a greater eating psychopathology, as well as a reduced self-efficacy and quality of life, compared to non-dieters. IE showed a protective effect against dieting behaviors, with higher IE levels being associated with a lower likelihood of dieting. Additionally, higher BMI and eating psychopathology were predictors of dieting. Promoting IE could represent a relevant clinical target strategy to address disordered eating and enhance overall well-being, underscoring the need for interventions that foster a healthier relationship with food and bodily internal sensations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lucherini Angeletti
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134 Florence, Italy; (L.L.A.); (M.C.S.); (E.C.); (G.C.); (V.R.)
- The Royal’s Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada
| | - Maria Chiara Spinelli
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134 Florence, Italy; (L.L.A.); (M.C.S.); (E.C.); (G.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Emanuele Cassioli
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134 Florence, Italy; (L.L.A.); (M.C.S.); (E.C.); (G.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Eleonora Rossi
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134 Florence, Italy; (L.L.A.); (M.C.S.); (E.C.); (G.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Giovanni Castellini
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134 Florence, Italy; (L.L.A.); (M.C.S.); (E.C.); (G.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Giulietta Brogioni
- Psychiatry Unit, AOU Careggi Hospital, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Valdo Ricca
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134 Florence, Italy; (L.L.A.); (M.C.S.); (E.C.); (G.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Francesco Rotella
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134 Florence, Italy; (L.L.A.); (M.C.S.); (E.C.); (G.C.); (V.R.)
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14
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Burgon RH, Waller G. Body image concerns among individuals with different levels of sporting engagement and exercise: A longitudinal study. Eat Behav 2024; 53:101881. [PMID: 38703751 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2024.101881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
This longitudinal study examined whether body image concerns (general; sporting) predicted eating disorder psychopathology, and whether the link differed according to nature of sport engagement. Participants were competitive sports engagers, non-competitive sports engagers, or sports non-engagers. At baseline, 510 adults completed online measures of sports demographics, eating psychopathology and body image. Eating psychopathology and body image measures were taken at follow-up (6 months later). Competitive sports engagers had better body image than the other two groups. Poorer body appreciation and better appearance-related body image predicted higher eating disorder psychopathology. Engaging in sports competitively may be beneficial for body image. However, positive appearance-related sporting body image may pose a risk for later eating psychopathology.
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15
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Cook-Cottone C, Harriger JA, Tylka TL, Wood-Barcalow NL. Virtually possible: strategies for using telehealth in eating disorder treatment learned from the COVID-19 pandemic. Eat Disord 2024; 32:99-119. [PMID: 37772856 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2023.2261762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in an abrupt shift from in-person to virtual treatment, and clinicians continue to offer telehealth due to its advantages. Telehealth may be a viable, effective, and safe treatment modality for many clients with eating disorders. We consider contemporary issues regarding the use of telehealth in eating disorder treatment and identify strategies to enhance its delivery. First, we emphasize key factors when choosing therapy delivery (telehealth, in-person, or hybrid). Second, we address telehealth-specific planning, preparation, safety, and privacy considerations. Third, we discuss how eating disorder assessment and evidence-based interventions can be adapted for telehealth delivery. Fourth, we raise telehealth-specific challenges related to group-based delivery and the therapeutic alliance offering alternative avenues for connection and engagement. We conclude with a discussion of how additional research is needed to refine the presented strategies, develop new strategies, and assess their efficacy and effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Cook-Cottone
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
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16
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Swami V, Voracek M, Todd J, Furnham A, Horne G, Tran US. Positive self-beliefs mediate the association between body appreciation and positive mental health. Body Image 2024; 48:101685. [PMID: 38382233 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Previous work has supported direct, positive associations between body appreciation and positive mental health, but has largely neglected to examine possible indirect mechanistic pathways. Here, we propose one relevant mediational pathway, wherein body appreciation is associated with positive mental health via positive self-beliefs (i.e., cognitions that lead individuals to view themselves, their lives, and/or their futures under a positive outlook). To test this hypothesis, we asked an online sample of 496 adults (249 women, 247 men) from the United Kingdom to complete measures of body appreciation, positive self-beliefs, and positive mental health. Participants also completed measures of self-efficacy and resilience, and provided their demographic information. Correlational analysis revealed significant, positive, and strong associations between body appreciation and facets of positive self-beliefs and positive mental health, respectively. Structural equation modelling showed that positive self-beliefs mediated the association between body appreciation and positive mental health after controlling for self-efficacy and resilience. This model was robust across women and men separately, and the mediational effects remained intact in sensitivity and robustness analyses. We discuss ways in which greater body appreciation may help individuals develop and maintain positive self-beliefs, which in turn shape mental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viren Swami
- School of Psychology, Sport, and Sensory Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Martin Voracek
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jennifer Todd
- School of Psychology, Sport, and Sensory Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Adrian Furnham
- Department of Leadership and Organizational Behaviour, Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
| | - George Horne
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich S Tran
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Giacone L, Sob C, Siegrist M, Hartmann C. Intuitive eating and its influence on self-reported weight and eating behaviors. Eat Behav 2024; 52:101844. [PMID: 38280314 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2024.101844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Intuitive eating (IE) is an adaptive eating behavior that involves paying attention to the body's physiological signals, including eating when hungry and stopping when feeling full. A growing body of literature has examined the effect of IE on the development of maladaptive eating behaviors and body weight, even though IE is not centered around the latter. However, longitudinal observation studies among the general population are still rare. Therefore, this study aimed to longitudinally examine the links between IE and changes in body weight, maladaptive eating behaviors (reward, external, restrained eating), and overeating frequency over time. For this purpose, we used data from the first (2017) and the fourth waves (2020) of the Swiss Food Panel 2.0 survey, which included 1821 randomly selected Swiss participants. The same participants completed a self-administered questionnaire annually, measuring their self-reported eating behaviors and weight status. IE was measured with the Intuitive Eating Scale-2. Results showed that women with high IE scores were more likely to maintain their body weights (within ±2 kg) and less likely to gain weight (>2 kg) than women with low IE scores. No such effects were found for men. Furthermore, IE was linked to a reduction in maladaptive eating behaviors and overeating frequency over time in both genders. Results suggest that IE may counteract maladaptive eating behaviors, which can promote weight stability over time. Therefore, the encouragement of IE patterns seems to be a promising strategy to address problematic eating behaviors and the challenges associated with controlling food intake and prevention of overeating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Giacone
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health (IFNH), Consumer Behavior, Universitaetstrasse 22, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Cynthia Sob
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health (IFNH), Consumer Behavior, Universitaetstrasse 22, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Siegrist
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health (IFNH), Consumer Behavior, Universitaetstrasse 22, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christina Hartmann
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health (IFNH), Consumer Behavior, Universitaetstrasse 22, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Jackson AM, Iniguez A, Min HJ, Strickland M, Lanigan J. "I enjoy the good foods, all of which are not good for me." The categorization and moralization of food. Appetite 2023; 191:107071. [PMID: 37788734 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Intuitive eating emphasizes eating in response to physiological cues of hunger and satiety and is associated with multiple positive health outcomes. Unconditional permission to eat (UPE), a domain of intuitive eating, encourages removing food classifications and permission to eat all foods. However, the categorization of food is described as a method to simplify decision making and moralization of foods can help prioritize food items in consumption. Thus, we were interested in understanding how foods are labeled and applied, the moralization of foods, and how individuals with low UPE labeled and moralize foods. Using Prolific Academic, we recruited 49 adults 18 years and older living in the United States to complete an online survey and interview. The survey assessed intuitive eating (IES-2) and the interview explored what and how participants eat and their thoughts and feelings about their body. Participants frequently used multiple labels when talking about foods. Healthy and unhealthy were common and offered a rationale for consumption, emotions were used to label foods, and taste and cost were important to food choice. Participants frequently moralized foods, although three participants explicitly stated they choose not to moralize foods. Individuals reporting low UPE described the importance of restriction and were following strict dietary recommendations. While labeling foods has been proposed to simplify decision-making, the use of labels is highly nuanced and thus understanding the connections between how foods are labeled and behaviors may be highly complex. We suggest future research explore how the categorization and moralization of food are associated with health behaviors and outcomes, how differing definitions of "healthy/unhealthy" foods are associated with behaviors, and the impacts of food insecurity and chronic disease management on food categorization and moralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Malia Jackson
- Washington State University, Human Development, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Ave, Vancouver, WA, 98686, USA.
| | - Anaderi Iniguez
- Washington State University, Human Development, 501 Johnson Tower, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| | - Hyun Jeong Min
- Pacific University, 2043 College Way, Forest Grove, OR, 97116, USA.
| | - Megan Strickland
- Washington State University, Human Development, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Ave, Vancouver, WA, 98686, USA.
| | - Jane Lanigan
- Washington State University, Human Development, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Ave, Vancouver, WA, 98686, USA.
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19
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Messer M, Lee S, Linardon J. Longitudinal association between self-compassion and intuitive eating: Testing emotion regulation and body image flexibility as mediating variables. J Clin Psychol 2023; 79:2625-2634. [PMID: 37462510 PMCID: PMC10952370 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Growing evidence suggests that intuitive eating is associated with numerous positive mental health and well-being constructs. Understanding factors that predict intuitive eating is necessary for identifying practical targets to enhance this style of eating, yet research identifying such predictors is scarce. Self-compassion is one variable that could enhance intuitive eating because it involves the practice of healthy emotion regulation skills that may disrupt the tendency to turn to food to cope during distressing situations. The present study tested for a longitudinal association between self-compassion and intuitive eating. We also tested whether this association was mediated by indices of emotion regulation (i.e., global emotion regulation skill scores and body image flexibility). METHOD Adult women (n = 3039) were invited to completed study measures at baseline (T1), 4-month follow-up (T2), and 8-month follow-up (T3). Path analyses were computed to test hypothesized indirect effects. RESULTS A direct path from T1 self-compassion to T3 intuitive eating emerged, such that higher self-compassion levels predicted increased intuitive eating over time. However, this association was not mediated by T2 emotion regulation skills nor body image flexibility. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that self-compassion may facilitate an intuitive eating style, which does not appear to be explained by certain emotion regulation skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel Messer
- School of PsychologyDeakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - Sohee Lee
- Faculty of Health and Environmental ScienceAuckland University of TechnologyAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Jake Linardon
- School of PsychologyDeakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia
- Center for Social and Early Emotional Development and School of PsychologyDeakin UniversityBurwoodVictoriaAustralia
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20
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Horovitz O, Argyrides M. Orthorexia and Orthorexia Nervosa: A Comprehensive Examination of Prevalence, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Nutrients 2023; 15:3851. [PMID: 37686883 PMCID: PMC10490497 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthorexia nervosa is an emerging and controversial eating disorder characterized by an obsessive preoccupation with healthy eating and an extreme fixation on food purity. Despite growing public interest in orthorexia, its classification as a distinct eating disorder remains a subject of ongoing debate in the mental health community. This paper comprehensively reviews the current literature on orthorexia nervosa, exploring the prevalence rates, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment options. The paper offers an overview of orthorexia and its historical context and explores the challenges and considerations in diagnosing orthorexia and orthorexia nervosa. Specifically, the distinction between "orthorexia" and "orthorexia nervosa" is a debated issue in eating disorder research due to a lack of clear diagnostic criteria, making it challenging to accurately differentiate between an obsession with healthy eating and a more severe form with potential distress and impairment. Given the absence of formal diagnostic criteria, developing valid and reliable assessment tools is crucial to accurately identify and treat individuals experiencing these disorders. The paper's final section covers the existing treatment approaches for orthorexia nervosa. Overall, the paper highlights the complex and multifaceted nature of orthorexia nervosa. This review contributes to the ongoing discourse surrounding orthorexia and provides valuable insights for clinicians, researchers, and stakeholders in the mental health and eating disorders fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Horovitz
- The Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Tel-Hai Academic College, 9977 North Districts, Qiryat Shemona 1220800, Israel
- Psychology Department, Tel-Hai Academic College, 9977 North Districts, Qiryat Shemona 1220800, Israel
| | - Marios Argyrides
- Psychology Department, Neapolis University Pafos, 2 Danais Avenue, Paphos 8042, Cyprus;
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21
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Behrend N, Webb JB, Warschburger P. Exploring the reciprocal associations between body appreciation, body image flexibility, and body acceptance by others in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: Results from cross-lagged panel analyses among women and men. Body Image 2023; 46:139-151. [PMID: 37295122 PMCID: PMC10247189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic provided a context associated with negative consequences for body image and eating behavior. However, little is known about what factors helped to mitigate these consequences and build a positive body image. Previous research pointed to the significance of body image flexibility and perceived body acceptance by others in predicting body appreciation. However, as most of the studies have been cross-sectional, causal relationships are poorly understood. This longitudinal study tested the reciprocal association between body appreciation, body image flexibility, and perceived body acceptance by others during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. We analyzed data from a large community sample consisting of 1436 women and 704 men who were invited to complete the study measures (BAS-2, BI-AAQ-5, BAOS-2) at three time points, each approximately six months apart. Latent cross-lagged panel analyses revealed that greater T1 body appreciation predicted an increase in T2 body image flexibility among both genders, while for women, we additionally observed reciprocal effects between T2 and T3. Among both genders, we further found that greater body appreciation predicted increased perceived body acceptance by others over both measurement intervals (but not vice versa). Our findings are discussed in light of pandemical constraints during the studies' assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Behrend
- University of Potsdam, Department of Psychology, Counseling Psychology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jennifer B Webb
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Department of Psychological Science, Health Psychology Ph.D. Program, Charlotte, United States
| | - Petra Warschburger
- University of Potsdam, Department of Psychology, Counseling Psychology, Potsdam, Germany.
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22
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Swami V, Tran US, Stieger S, Aavik T, Ranjbar HA, Adebayo SO, Afhami R, Ahmed O, Aimé A, Akel M, Halbusi HA, Alexias G, Ali KF, Alp-Dal N, Alsalhani AB, Álvares-Solas S, Amaral ACS, Andrianto S, Aspden T, Argyrides M, Aruta JJBR, Atkin S, Ayandele O, Baceviciene M, Bahbouh R, Ballesio A, Barron D, Bellard A, Bender SS, Beydağ KD, Birovljević G, Blackburn MÈ, Borja-Alvarez T, Borowiec J, Bozogáňová M, Bratland-Sanda S, Browning MHEM, Brytek-Matera A, Burakova M, Çakır-Koçak Y, Camacho P, Camilleri VE, Cazzato V, Cerea S, Chaiwutikornwanich A, Chaleeraktrakoon T, Chambers T, Chen QW, Chen X, Chien CL, Chobthamkit P, Choompunuch B, Compte EJ, Corrigan J, Cosmas G, Cowden RG, Czepczor-Bernat K, Czub M, da Silva WR, Dadfar M, Dalley SE, Dany L, Datu JAD, Berbert de Carvalho PH, Coelho GLDH, De Jesus AOS, Debbabi SH, Dhakal S, Di Bernardo F, Dimitrova DD, Dion J, Dixson B, Donofrio SM, Drysch M, Du H, Dzhambov AM, El-Jor C, Enea V, Eskin M, Farbod F, Farrugia L, Fian L, Fisher ML, Folwarczny M, Frederick DA, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Furnham A, García AA, Geller S, Ghisi M, Ghorbani A, Martinez MAG, Gradidge S, Graf S, Grano C, Gyene G, Hallit S, Hamdan M, Handelzalts JE, Hanel PHP, Hawks SR, Hekmati I, Helmy M, Hill T, Hina F, Holenweger G, Hřebíčková M, Ijabadeniyi OA, Imam A, İnce B, Irrazabal N, Jankauskiene R, Jiang DY, Jiménez-Borja M, Jiménez-Borja V, Johnson EM, Jovanović V, Jović M, Jović M, Junqueira ACP, Kahle LM, Kantanista A, Karakiraz A, Karkin AN, Kasten E, Khatib S, Khieowan N, Kimong PJ, Kiropoulos L, Knittel J, Kohli N, Koprivnik M, Kospakov A, Król-Zielińska M, Krug I, Kuan G, Kueh YC, Kujan O, Kukić M, Kumar S, Kumar V, Lamba N, Lauri MA, Laus MF, LeBlanc LA, Lee HJ, Lipowska M, Lipowski M, Lombardo C, Lukács A, Maïano C, Malik S, Manjary M, Baldó LM, Martinez-Banfi M, Massar K, Matera C, McAnirlin O, Mebarak MR, Mechri A, Meireles JFF, Mesko N, Mills J, Miyairi M, Modi R, Modrzejewska A, Modrzejewska J, Mulgrew KE, Myers TA, Namatame H, Nassani MZ, Nerini A, Neto F, Neto J, Neves AN, Ng SK, Nithiya D, O J, Obeid S, Oda-Montecinos C, Olapegba PO, Olonisakin TT, Omar SS, Örlygsdóttir B, Özsoy E, Otterbring T, Pahl S, Panasiti MS, Park Y, Patwary MM, Pethö T, Petrova N, Pietschnig J, Pourmahmoud S, Prabhu VG, Poštuvan V, Prokop P, Ramseyer Winter VL, Razmus M, Ru T, Rupar M, Sahlan RN, Hassan MS, Šalov A, Sapkota S, Sarfo JO, Sawamiya Y, Schaefer K, Schulte-Mecklenbeck M, Seekis V, Selvi K, Sharifi M, Shrivastava A, Siddique RF, Sigurdsson V, Silkane V, Šimunić A, Singh G, Slezáčková A, Sundgot-Borgen C, Ten Hoor G, Tevichapong P, Tipandjan A, Todd J, Togas C, Tonini F, Tovar-Castro JC, Trangsrud LKJ, Tripathi P, Tudorel O, Tylka TL, Uyzbayeva A, Vally Z, Vanags E, Vega LD, Vicente-Arruebarrena A, Vidal-Mollón J, Vilar R, Villegas H, Vintilă M, Wallner C, White MP, Whitebridge S, Windhager S, Wong KY, Yau EK, Yamamiya Y, Yeung VWL, Zanetti MC, Zawisza M, Zeeni N, Zvaríková M, Voracek M. Body appreciation around the world: Measurement invariance of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age. Body Image 2023; 46:449-466. [PMID: 37582318 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) is a widely used measure of a core facet of the positive body image construct. However, extant research concerning measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across a large number of nations remains limited. Here, we utilised the Body Image in Nature (BINS) dataset - with data collected between 2020 and 2022 - to assess measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis indicated that full scalar invariance was upheld across all nations, languages, gender identities, and age groups, suggesting that the unidimensional BAS-2 model has widespread applicability. There were large differences across nations and languages in latent body appreciation, while differences across gender identities and age groups were negligible-to-small. Additionally, greater body appreciation was significantly associated with higher life satisfaction, being single (versus being married or in a committed relationship), and greater rurality (versus urbanicity). Across a subset of nations where nation-level data were available, greater body appreciation was also significantly associated with greater cultural distance from the United States and greater relative income inequality. These findings suggest that the BAS-2 likely captures a near-universal conceptualisation of the body appreciation construct, which should facilitate further cross-cultural research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ulrich S Tran
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Stieger
- Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Toivo Aavik
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Reza Afhami
- Department of Art Studies, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Oli Ahmed
- Department of Psychology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Annie Aimé
- Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Saint-Jérôme, Canada
| | - Marwan Akel
- INSPECT-LB: National Institute of Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology, and Toxicology, Beirut, Lebanon; School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hussam Al Halbusi
- Department of Management, Ahmed Bin Mohammad Military College, Doha, Qatar
| | - George Alexias
- Faculty of Psychology, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece
| | - Khawla F Ali
- Royal College of Surgeons Ireland-Bahrain, Adliya, Bahrain
| | - Nursel Alp-Dal
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkiya
| | - Anas B Alsalhani
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Vision College of Dentistry and Nursing, Vision Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Álvares-Solas
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Muyuna, Ecuador
| | | | - Sonny Andrianto
- Department of Psychology, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Trefor Aspden
- Department of Psychology, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
| | - Marios Argyrides
- Department of Psychology, Neapolis University Pafos, Paphos, Cyprus
| | | | - Stephen Atkin
- Royal College of Surgeons Ireland-Bahrain, Adliya, Bahrain
| | - Olusola Ayandele
- Department of General Studies, The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Psychology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Migle Baceviciene
- Health Research and Innovation Science Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania
| | - Radvan Bahbouh
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Andrea Ballesio
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - David Barron
- School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Ashleigh Bellard
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kerime Derya Beydağ
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Gedik University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Gorana Birovljević
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Teresita Borja-Alvarez
- Colegio de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Joanna Borowiec
- Department of Physical Education and Lifelong Sports, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Miroslava Bozogáňová
- Institute of Social Sciences of the Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences, Košice, Slovakia; Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, Institute of Pedagogy, Andragogy, and Psychology, University of Prešov, Prešov, Slovakia
| | - Solfrid Bratland-Sanda
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Telemark, Norway
| | - Matthew H E M Browning
- Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, Clemson University, Clemson, United States of America
| | | | - Marina Burakova
- Laboratory of Social Psychology, Aix-Marseille University, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Yeliz Çakır-Koçak
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bartın University, Bartın, Turkiye
| | | | | | - Valentina Cazzato
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Cerea
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Trawin Chaleeraktrakoon
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Tim Chambers
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Qing-Wei Chen
- Lab of Light and Physio-Psychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectrics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Arts and Science, New York University, New York, United States of America
| | - Chin-Lung Chien
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Bovornpot Choompunuch
- Department of Educational Psychology and Guidance, Faculty of Education, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Emilio J Compte
- School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Penalolen, Chile; Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Jennifer Corrigan
- School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Getrude Cosmas
- Faculty of Psychology and Education, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Richard G Cowden
- Human Flourishing Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States of America
| | - Kamila Czepczor-Bernat
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Obesity and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marcin Czub
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wanderson Roberto da Silva
- Graduate Program in Food, Nutrition, and Food Engineering, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mahboubeh Dadfar
- Department of Addiction, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simon E Dalley
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lionel Dany
- Laboratory of Social Psychology, Aix-Marseille University, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Jesus Alfonso D Datu
- Teacher Education and Learning Leadership Academic Unit, Faculty of Education. The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pedro Henrique Berbert de Carvalho
- Body Image and Eating Disorders Research Group, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil; Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Sandesh Dhakal
- Central Department of Psychology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Donka D Dimitrova
- Department of Health Management and Healthcare Economics, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Jacinthe Dion
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Barnaby Dixson
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Moreton Bay, Australia
| | - Stacey M Donofrio
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marius Drysch
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hongfei Du
- Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Angel M Dzhambov
- Department of Hygiene, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Claire El-Jor
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Violeta Enea
- Department of Psychology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași, Romania
| | - Mehmet Eskin
- Department of Psychology, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Farinaz Farbod
- Department of Textile and Fashion Design, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Leonie Fian
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Michał Folwarczny
- Discipline of Marketing, J.E. Cairnes School of Business & Economics, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - David A Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, United States of America
| | | | - Adrian Furnham
- Department of Leadership and Organizational Behaviour, Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Shulamit Geller
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Marta Ghisi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC) Hospital Psychology, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Alireza Ghorbani
- Department of Social Sciences, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sarah Gradidge
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvie Graf
- Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Caterina Grano
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gyöngyvér Gyene
- Doctoral School of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon; Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
| | - Motasem Hamdan
- Faculty of Public Health, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Jonathan E Handelzalts
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
| | - Paul H P Hanel
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Steven R Hawks
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UnitedStates of America
| | - Issa Hekmati
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Mai Helmy
- Department of Psychology, College of Education, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Menoufia University, Shebin el Kom, Egypt
| | - Tetiana Hill
- Hertfordshire Business School, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Farah Hina
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Asma Imam
- Faculty of Public Health, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Başak İnce
- Centre for Research in Eating and Weight Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Irrazabal
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rasa Jankauskiene
- Health Research and Innovation Science Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania
| | - Ding-Yu Jiang
- Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Chia Yi, Taiwan
| | - Micaela Jiménez-Borja
- Colegio de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Verónica Jiménez-Borja
- Colegio de Comunicación y Artes Contemporáneas, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Evan M Johnson
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, United States of America
| | - Veljko Jovanović
- Department of Psychology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marija Jović
- Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Jović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Alessandra Costa Pereira Junqueira
- Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Nutrition, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lisa-Marie Kahle
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adam Kantanista
- Department of Physical Education and Lifelong Sports, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ahmet Karakiraz
- Sakarya Business School, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkiye
| | | | - Erich Kasten
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Salam Khatib
- Faculty of Health Professions, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Nuannut Khieowan
- Asian Studies Department, Faculty of International Studies, Prince of Songkla University Phuket Campus, Phuket, Thailand
| | | | - Litza Kiropoulos
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joshua Knittel
- Department of Consumer Behavior, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Neena Kohli
- Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Mirjam Koprivnik
- Institute of Anton Martin Slomsek, Primary School Montessori, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Aituar Kospakov
- Department of Sociology and Social Work, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of General Education Disciplines, Astana IT University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Magdalena Król-Zielińska
- Department of Physical Education and Lifelong Sports, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Isabel Krug
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Garry Kuan
- Exercise and Sport Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Yee Cheng Kueh
- Biostatics and Research Methods Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Omar Kujan
- Oral Diagnostics and Surgical Sciences, UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Miljana Kukić
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Psychology, D.A.V. College, Muzaffarnagar, India
| | - Vipul Kumar
- Department of Psychology, Kashi Naresh Government Post-Graduate College, Gyanpur, India
| | - Nishtha Lamba
- Department of Psychology, Middlesex University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Maria Fernanda Laus
- Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Nutrition, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Hyejoo J Lee
- Department of Counselling Psychology and Social Welfare, Handong Global University, Pohang, South Korea
| | | | - Mariusz Lipowski
- Faculty of Social and Humanities, University WSB Merito, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Andrea Lukács
- Faculty of Health Care, University of Miskolc, Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Christophe Maïano
- Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Saint-Jérôme, Canada; Cyberpsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO), Saint-Jérôme, Canada
| | - Sadia Malik
- Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Mandar Manjary
- Department of Psychology, D.A.V. College, Muzaffarnagar, India; M.M.D. Public School, Brahmpuri, Muzaffarnagar, India
| | - Lidia Márquez Baldó
- Department of Research Methods and Diagnosis in Education, University of València, València, Spain
| | - Martha Martinez-Banfi
- Faculty of Legal and Social Sciences, Simón Bolívar University, Barranquilla, Colombia; Life Science Research Centre, Simón Bolívar University, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Karlijn Massar
- Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Camila Matera
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures, and Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Olivia McAnirlin
- Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, Clemson University, Clemson, United States of America
| | | | - Anwar Mechri
- Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, Eya Medical Centre, Monastir, Tunisia
| | | | - Norbert Mesko
- Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Maya Miyairi
- Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Ritu Modi
- Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Adriana Modrzejewska
- Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Kate E Mulgrew
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Moreton Bay, Australia
| | - Taryn A Myers
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Wesleyan University, Virginia Beach, United States of America
| | - Hikari Namatame
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mohammad Zakaria Nassani
- Department of Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amanda Nerini
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures, and Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Félix Neto
- Department of Psychology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Neto
- Research Center in Business Sciences and Tourism of Consuelo Vieira da Costa Foundation (CICET-FCVC), Porto, Portugal
| | - Angela Noguiera Neves
- Division of Research, Physical Education College of the Brazilian Army, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Siu-Kuen Ng
- Physical Education Unit, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Devi Nithiya
- Department of Physiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
| | - Jiaqing O
- Department of Psychology, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Social and Education Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon
| | | | | | | | - Salma Samir Omar
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Andrology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Emrah Özsoy
- Sakarya Business School, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkiye
| | | | - Sabine Pahl
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Serena Panasiti
- Santa Lucia Foundation, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare, Rome, Italy
| | - Yonguk Park
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Mainuddin Patwary
- Environment and Sustainability Research Initiative, Khulna, Bangladesh; Environmental Science Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Tatiana Pethö
- Department of Managerial Psychology, The University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia
| | - Nadezhda Petrova
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Jakob Pietschnig
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Vita Poštuvan
- Slovene Centre for Suicide Research, Andrej Marusic Institute, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia; Department of Psychology FAMNIT, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Pavol Prokop
- Department of Environmental Ecology and Landscape Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Magdalena Razmus
- Institute of Psychology, Marie Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Taotao Ru
- Lab of Light and Physio-Psychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectrics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mirjana Rupar
- Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia; Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Reza N Sahlan
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, Graduate School of Education, University at Buffalo-SUNY, Buffalo, United States of America
| | | | - Anđela Šalov
- Department of Psychology, University of Zadar, Zadar, Croatia
| | - Saphal Sapkota
- KOSHISH-National Mental Health Self-Help Organization, Kusunti, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Jacob Owusu Sarfo
- Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Yoko Sawamiya
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Katrin Schaefer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Schulte-Mecklenbeck
- Department of Consumer Behavior, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Veya Seekis
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Kerim Selvi
- Department of Psychology, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkiye
| | - Mehdi Sharifi
- Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Gaz, Iran
| | - Anita Shrivastava
- Department of Psychology, Middlesex University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Valdimar Sigurdsson
- Department of Business Administration, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Vineta Silkane
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences, Valmiera, Latvia
| | - Ana Šimunić
- Department of Psychology, University of Zadar, Zadar, Croatia
| | - Govind Singh
- Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Alena Slezáčková
- Department of Medical Psychology and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | | | - Gill Ten Hoor
- Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Passagorn Tevichapong
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Arun Tipandjan
- International Centre for Psychological Counselling and Social Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Jennifer Todd
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Constantinos Togas
- Faculty of Psychology, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece
| | - Fernando Tonini
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Lise Katrine Jepsen Trangsrud
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Telemark, Norway
| | - Pankaj Tripathi
- Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Otilia Tudorel
- Department of Psychology, West University of Timişoara, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States of America
| | - Anar Uyzbayeva
- Department of General Education Disciplines, Astana IT University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Zahir Vally
- Department of Clinical Psychology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Edmunds Vanags
- Faculty of Education, Psychology, and Art, University of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia
| | - Luis Diego Vega
- Vice-rectory for Teaching, Research, and Extension, Universida Latina de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | | | - Jose Vidal-Mollón
- Department of Research Methods and Diagnosis in Education, University of València, València, Spain
| | - Roosevelt Vilar
- Department of Psychology, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hyxia Villegas
- Vice-rectory for Teaching, Research, and Extension, Universida Latina de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mona Vintilă
- Department of Psychology, West University of Timişoara, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Christoph Wallner
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mathew P White
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Sonja Windhager
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kah Yan Wong
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Eric Kenson Yau
- Department of Psychology, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuko Yamamiya
- Department of Undergraduate Studies, Temple University, Japan Campus, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Victoria Wai Lan Yeung
- Department of Psychology, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China; Wofoo Joseph Lee Consulting and Counselling Psychology Research Centre, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Magdalena Zawisza
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Zeeni
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Martina Zvaríková
- Department of Environmental Ecology and Landscape Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Voracek
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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He J, Cui T, Barnhart WR, Chen G. The Chinese version of the Functionality Appreciation Scale: Psychometric properties and measurement invariance across gender and age. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:99. [PMID: 37340301 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00826-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functionality appreciation, as an important aspect of positive image, is associated with fewer body image disturbances, fewer disordered eating behaviors, and improved psychological well-being. However, it has been under-researched in Asian countries. The current work aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS) among four Chinese samples of different ages, and further examine measurement invariance and differences of the FAS across gender and age groups. METHODS Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA and CFA) were conducted to examine the factorial structure of the FAS among four Chinese samples of different ages, including middle school adolescents (n = 894, Mage = 12.17 years), high school adolescents (n = 1347, Mage = 15.07 years), young adults (n = 473, Mage = 21.95 years), and older adults (n = 313, Mage = 67.90 years). The measurement invariance of the FAS across gender and age was examined. Internal consistency reliability and construct validity were evaluated. RESULTS The FAS had a unidimensional structure and was invariant across gender and age groups. The FAS presented sound psychometric properties in all age groups by gender, with good internal consistency reliability [e.g., high Cronbach's α values (.91 ~ .97)] and good construct validity (e.g., significant associations with body appreciation, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating). Moreover, group comparisons showed minimal gender differences in functionality appreciation. However, significant age differences were found in functionality appreciation, with older ages generally associated with higher functionality appreciation. CONCLUSION Overall, findings suggest that the FAS is a sound instrument to be used in the Chinese context. Furthermore, functionality appreciation was found to be higher in older adults than adolescents or young adults, suggesting the potential important role of aging in functionality appreciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo He
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, China.
| | - Tianxiang Cui
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Wesley R Barnhart
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Gui Chen
- College of Educational Science, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, China
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Budhiwianto S, Bennett CJ, Bristow CA, Dart J. Global Prevalence of Eating Disorders in Nutrition and Dietetic University Students: A Systematic Scoping Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102317. [PMID: 37242199 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrition and dietetics (ND) training encourages behaviors that can be considered risk factors for eating disorders or disordered eating. This paper aims to explore the prevalence of eating disorders (EDs) and predictors of eating disorders (/P-EDs) in ND students. METHODS A systematic scoping review of the literature was performed on PubMed, ERIC, PsychINFO, OVID Medline, and Scopus in October 2022. RESULTS A total of 2097 papers were retrieved from the search, of which 19 studies met the inclusion criteria. The resultant literature reported that 4-32% of ND students were at high risk of EDs (n = 6 studies), and 23-89% could be classified as having orthorexia nervosa (n = 7 studies). Further, 37-86% reported body image/fat dissatisfaction (n = 10 studies), and 100% of students reported weight dissatisfaction (n = 1 study). CONCLUSIONS This paper highlights the prevalence of EDs and P-EDs across ND students. Further research is warranted to explore the cause, context, and impact on ND students' wellbeing and professional identity and supporting diversity within the profession. Future studies should also consider curriculum approaches to address this occupational hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Budhiwianto
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Christie J Bennett
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Claire A Bristow
- Medical Education and Research Quality Unit (MERQ), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Janeane Dart
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
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Mensinger JL, Shepherd BF, Schapiro S, Aware Y, Brochu PM, Calogero RM, Tylka TL. Mediating effects of a weight-inclusive health promotion program on maladaptive eating in women with high body mass index. Eat Behav 2023; 49:101730. [PMID: 37121132 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Research shows that individuals with a body mass index (BMI) over 30 have experienced an 11-fold increase in restrictive eating and a 7-fold increase in binge eating since the 1990s. Most health promotion programs for higher-weight individuals have not been developed with the high eating disorder risk for this population in mind. The purpose of current study was to test two hypothesized mechanisms underlying improvement in maladaptive eating patterns shown in a weight-inclusive health promotion program designed for women with BMIs at or above 30. Participants (N = 40) were primarily White (93 %), 30-45 years old (M = 39.83, SD = 4.34) with BMIs ranging from 30 to 45 kg/m2 (M = 37.42, SD = 3.58). Using the MEMORE macro, we tested a parallel mediation model hypothesizing that internalized weight stigma and intuitive eating would explain improvements on two subscales from the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 after a 6-month program. Total effects of the program on uncontrolled (b = -3.76, SE = 0.64, p < .0001) and emotional eating (b = -1.79, SE = 0.34, p < .0001) were significant. The indirect effects (IE) of internalized weight stigma on uncontrolled eating (IE = 1.59, SE = 0.79, 95 % CI = 0.46, 3.49) and emotional eating (IE = 0.67, SE = 0.40, 95 % CI = 0.11, 1.68) were also significant. Likewise, the IEs of intuitive eating on uncontrolled eating (IE = 2.09, SE = 0.70, 95 % CI = 0.60, 3.38) and emotional eating (IE = 1.03, SE = 0.43, 95 % CI = 0.08, 1.82) were significant. These findings indicate that weight-inclusive health promotion programs that directly address weight bias and eating according to cues from the body may help higher-weight individuals improve maladaptive eating patterns via reductions in internalized weight stigma and increases in intuitive eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janell L Mensinger
- Department of Clinical and School Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Ave, 1073 Maltz, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, United States of America.
| | - Benjamin F Shepherd
- Department of Clinical and School Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Ave, 1073 Maltz, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, United States of America.
| | - Stevie Schapiro
- Department of Clinical and School Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Ave, 1073 Maltz, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, United States of America.
| | - Yashvi Aware
- Department of Clinical and School Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Ave, 1073 Maltz, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, United States of America.
| | - Paula M Brochu
- Department of Clinical and School Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Ave, 1073 Maltz, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, United States of America.
| | - Rachel M Calogero
- Department of Psychology, Western University, Westminster Hall, Office 321, London, ON N6K 5C2, Canada.
| | - Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, 170F Morrill Hall, 1465 Mt. Vernon Avenue, Marion, OH 43302, United States of America.
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Anastasiades E, Argyrides M. Exploring the role of positive body image in healthy orthorexia and orthorexia nervosa: A gender comparison. Appetite 2023; 185:106523. [PMID: 36871603 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Current scholarship on orthorexia nervosa remains undecided about the role of body image in this novel eating disorder. This study aimed to explore the role of positive body image in differentiating between healthy orthorexia and orthorexia nervosa and assess how this might differ for men and women. A total of 814 participants (67.1% women; age M = 40.30, SD = 14.50) completed the Teruel Orthorexia scale, as well as measures of embodiment, intuitive eating, body appreciation and functionality appreciation. A cluster analysis revealed four distinct profiles characterized by high healthy orthorexia and low orthorexia nervosa; low healthy orthorexia and low orthorexia nervosa; low healthy orthorexia and high orthorexia nervosa; and high healthy orthorexia and high orthorexia nervosa. A MANOVA identified significant differences for positive body image between these four clusters, as well as that there were no significant differences between men and women for healthy orthorexia and orthorexia nervosa, despite men scoring significantly higher than women on all measures of positive body image. Cluster × gender interaction effects were found for intuitive eating, functionality appreciation, body appreciation and experience of embodiment. These findings indicate that the role of positive body image in healthy orthorexia and orthorexia nervosa may differ for men and women, making these relationships worthy of further exploration.
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The Role of Body Appreciation in the Decision to Complete Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Among Ethnically Diverse Patients. Obes Surg 2023; 33:879-889. [PMID: 36633761 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-023-06456-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) is an evidence-based safe, effective treatment for obesity. However, only half of referred or eligible persons complete the procedure for unknown reasons. The proposed study examined the association between the degree of body appreciation and the decision to complete MBS by ethnicity. METHODS This prospective cohort study included 409 participants who had been referred to a bariatric surgeon or an obesity medicine program between August 2019 and May 2022. Participants completed a survey about health behaviors and psychosocial characteristics, including body appreciation by MBS completion status (Y/N). Multivariate logistic regression models generated adjusted odd ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of body appreciation among MBS completers vs. non-completers. RESULTS The sample mean age was 47.18 years (SD 11.63), 87% were female. 39.6% identified as non-Hispanic White (NHW), 38.5% as non-Hispanic Black (NHB), and 17.6% as Hispanic. Over a third of the sample (31.05%, n = 127) completed MBS. "Often" experiencing body appreciation was the most significant predictor of MBS completion (aOR: 28.19, 95% CI: 6.37-124.67, p-value < 0.001), followed by "Sometimes" (aOR: 20.47, 95% CI: 4.82-86.99, p-value < 0.001) and "Always" (aOR: 13.54, 95% CI: 2.55-71.87, p-value < 0.01) after controlling for sex, age, and race/ethnicity. There was not a significant interaction between body appreciation and race/ethnicity (p-value = 0.96). CONCLUSION Results showed a significant association between body appreciation and MBS completion, controlling for sex, age, and race/ethnicity. MBS clinical settings may want to assess body appreciation as a pre-operative screener among ethnically diverse patients.
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Functionality appreciation and its correlates: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Body Image 2023; 45:65-72. [PMID: 36796304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Functionality appreciation is a component of positive body image that refers to respecting and honoring the body for what it is capable of doing. A growing number of studies have investigated the features, correlates, and outcomes of functionality appreciation, yet a synthesis of this literature is missing. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of research on functionality appreciation. Fifty-six studies were included (85 % cross-sectional). Random effects meta-analyses were performed on 21 cross-sectional correlates and on seven randomized trials of psychological interventions that assessed functionality appreciation as an outcome. Meta-analyses showed that functionality appreciation was consistently associated with fewer body image problems, lower levels of eating disorder symptoms, and better mental health and wellbeing. Functionality appreciation was unrelated to age and gender, but weakly (and negatively) related to body mass index. Preliminary evidence from prospective designs suggests that the appreciation of body functionality may promote adaptive eating patterns and prevent maladaptive eating and body image patterns over time. Psychological interventions designed to cultivate functionality appreciation in full or in part produced greater improvements in this construct than control conditions. Findings confirm that functionality appreciation is associated with numerous wellbeing constructs and could serve as a potentially useful target for intervention.
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Linardon J, Anderson C, McClure Z. Body appreciation predicts better mental health and wellbeing. A short-term prospective study. Body Image 2023; 45:20-24. [PMID: 36764235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Body appreciation is a key component of positive body image that has been consistently associated with better mental health and wellbeing. Existing research on body appreciation is largely limited to cross-sectional designs, although emerging evidence suggests that body appreciation may predict better wellbeing over time. The current study extends from this literature by testing whether body appreciation prospectively predicts numerous mental health and wellbeing outcomes (i.e., depressive and anxiety symptoms, self-esteem, flourishing, and general wellbeing). The sample consisted of adult women who completed study measures at baseline (n = 1749) and three month follow-up (n = 1258). Linear multiple regressions revealed that body appreciation scores at baseline significantly predicted decreased depressive symptoms (but not anxiety) and increased self-esteem, flourishing, and wellbeing scores at follow-up. Associations were evident after controlling for the influence of negative body image. Findings add to a growing body of evidence highlighting the protective potential of body appreciation and strengthen prior claims about the viability of targeting this facet of positive body image in mental health prevention and early intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Linardon
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; Center for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
| | - Cleo Anderson
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Zoe McClure
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
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Messer M, Tylka TL, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Linardon J. Does body appreciation predict decreases in eating pathology via intuitive eating? A longitudinal mediation analysis. Body Image 2022; 43:107-111. [PMID: 36113280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that body appreciation may be a protective factor for eating pathology. However, potential explanatory mechanisms for this association are unclear, as longitudinal studies testing mediational pathways are missing. This longitudinal study tested whether intuitive eating mediates the association between body appreciation and eating pathology. Data were analyzed from 3039 women recruited from an educational platform about disordered eating, many of whom exhibited elevated symptomatology. Measures were administered at baseline (T1), four-month (T2) and eight-month (T3) follow-up. Path analyses were computed to test hypothesized indirect effects. Direct paths from T1 body appreciation to T2 intuitive eating (total and subscale scores) and T3 eating pathology/binge eating were observed. However, only one significant indirect effect emerged: higher T1 body appreciation scores predicted greater decreases in T3 eating pathology and binge eating via its effect on increasing T2 Unconditional Permission to Eat (UPE) subscale scores. Findings suggest that the features of the UPE construct (e.g., eating foods that are desired in a given moment, refusal to dichotomize foods as "good" or "bad," etc.) may be important mechanisms explaining how and why body appreciation protects against eating pathology. Efforts should be made to enhance body appreciation and intuitive eating in eating disorder prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel Messer
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Center for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jake Linardon
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Center for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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Healthy orthorexia vs orthorexia nervosa: associations with body appreciation, functionality appreciation, intuitive eating and embodiment. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:3197-3206. [PMID: 35864300 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01449-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Current conceptualizations and measures of orthorexia nervosa may not be accurately distinguishing between the healthy vs pathological pursuit of a healthy diet, leading to very high prevalence rates and risking the pathologizing and stigmatizing of healthy eating more generally. Recent research has identified healthy orthorexia as a novel construct conceptually distinct from orthorexia nervosa, which represents the non-pathological pursuit of a healthy diet. In light of the strong body of evidence supporting the role of positive body image in eating behavior, the current study aimed to examine the associations between healthy orthorexia, orthorexia nervosa, intuitive eating and indices of positive body image. METHODS The current study employed a cross-sectional design. An online community sample (N = 835; 62% women; Mage = 40.24, SD = 14.45) completed self-report questionnaires including the Teruel Orthorexia Scale, Body Appreciation Scale-2, Functionality Appreciation Scale, Intuitive Eating Scale-2, and Experience of Embodiment Scale. RESULTS Intuitive eating and indices of positive body image were significantly positively associated with healthy orthorexia and inversely associated with orthorexia nervosa. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis found that intuitive eating and indices of body image were uniquely associated with 13.3% of the variance of healthy orthorexia above and beyond that accounted for by orthorexia nervosa. Intuitive eating moderated the relationship between healthy orthorexia and orthorexia nervosa. CONCLUSION The findings of this study provide support for intuitive eating and indices of positive body image as worthy of further exploration as important factors which distinguish between healthy orthorexia and orthorexia nervosa. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V, descriptive study.
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Linardon J, Tylka TL, Burnette CB, Shatte A, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M. Understanding the role of positive body image during digital interventions for eating disorders: Secondary analyses of a randomized controlled trial. Body Image 2022; 43:1-7. [PMID: 35985097 PMCID: PMC9933246 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite growing interest in the possible link between positive body image and eating disorder (ED) symptoms, little is known about what role this adaptive construct plays in ED treatment. This study investigated whether: (1) interventions principally designed to target ED psychopathology also lead to improvements in positive body image indices (i.e., body appreciation, functionality appreciation, and body image flexibility); (2) changes in ED symptoms correlate with changes in positive body image, both concurrently and prospectively; and (3) baseline positive body image levels moderate the degree of symptom improvement. Secondary analyses from a randomized controlled trial on digital interventions for EDs (n=600) were conducted. Intervention participants reported greater increases in the three positive body image constructs than the control group (ds=0.15-0.41). Greater pre-post reductions in ED psychopathology and binge eating were associated with greater pre-post improvements in positive body image indices. However, earlier reductions in ED psychopathology and binge eating did not predict later improvements in positive body image at follow-up. None of the positive body image constructs at baseline moderated degree of symptom change. Standard ED interventions can cultivate a more positive body image, although this is not explained by earlier symptom reduction. Understanding the mechanisms through which ED interventions enhance positive body image is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Linardon
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Center for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - C Blair Burnette
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Adrian Shatte
- School of Science, Engineering & Information Technology, Federation University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Center for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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Katcher JA, Suminski RR, Pacanowski CR. Impact of an Intuitive Eating Intervention on Disordered Eating Risk Factors in Female-Identifying Undergraduates: A Randomized Waitlist-Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12049. [PMID: 36231362 PMCID: PMC9566585 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dietary restraint and low body appreciation are common among female-identifying undergraduates and are related to the development of disordered eating, which female-identifying undergraduates engage in throughout college. Training students in intuitive eating, an approach that promotes eating by internal cues, may be a way to ameliorate dietary restraint and low body appreciation, ultimately decreasing disordered eating. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a five-week intuitive eating intervention on dietary restraint, body appreciation, and intuitive eating in female-identifying undergraduates. A five-week intuitive eating intervention (NCT0394700) was facilitated by two Registered Dietitians. One treatment group (TG) (n = 7) and one waitlist control group (WLCG) (n = 7) participated in the trial. From baseline to post-intervention, there was a significant decrease in dietary restraint, t(12) = -2.88, p = 0.01, and a significant increase in intuitive eating, t(12) = 4.03, p = 0.002, in the TG compared to the WLCG. The intervention had replicable effects on all outcome variables. Measurements at the five-week follow-up suggested the impact was sustained. This study provides preliminary data suggesting an intuitive eating intervention may help improve disordered eating risk factors by decreasing dietary restraint and increasing intuitive eating in female-identifying undergraduates.
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Linardon J, McClure Z, Tylka TL, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M. Body appreciation and its psychological correlates: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Body Image 2022; 42:287-296. [PMID: 35878528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Body appreciation, defined as accepting, holding favourable attitudes towards, and respecting the body, is the most widely studied facet of positive body image. Despite more than 15 years of research investigating associations between body appreciation and psychological wellbeing constructs, a synthesis of this literature has yet to be performed. We conducted the first systematic review and meta-analysis of research on body appreciation and its psychological correlates. Two-hundred-forty papers were included, of which only eight investigated prospective associations. Random effects meta-analyses were performed on 35 cross-sectional correlates of body appreciation. Prospective associations were reviewed qualitatively. Meta-analyses showed that body appreciation was inversely associated with numerous indices of eating (eating pathology, restraint) and body image disturbances (appearance-ideal internalization, body surveillance, sociocultural pressures), and general psychopathology (depression, anxiety). Body appreciation was positively associated with several adaptive wellbeing constructs (self-esteem, self-compassion, sexual satisfaction). Crucially, pooled associations were still evident after controlling for the influence of negative body image. Qualitative synthesis showed that body appreciation may also promote better wellbeing over time. Findings confirm that body appreciation is consistently associated with better psychological wellbeing. Body appreciation shows promise as a viable intervention target in mental health promotion initiatives and eating disorder prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Linardon
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap St, Geelong VIC 3220; Center for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Zoe McClure
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap St, Geelong VIC 3220
| | - Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap St, Geelong VIC 3220; Center for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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McClure Z, Messer M, Anderson C, Liu C, Linardon J. Which dimensions of emotion dysregulation predict the onset and persistence of eating disorder behaviours? A prospective study. J Affect Disord 2022; 310:123-128. [PMID: 35545154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theoretical models highlight the importance of emotion dysregulation as a key risk and maintaining factor for eating disorders. However, most studies testing these theories are cross-sectional. It remains unclear which dimensions of emotion dysregulation account for the onset and persistence of eating disorder behaviours over time. METHODS To address these gaps, data were analyzed from 1321 adult women who completed study measures at baseline and eight-month follow-up. The dimensions of emotion dysregulation assessed were five subscales from the abbreviated 16-item Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Outcomes included the onset (versus asymptomatic) and persistence (versus remission) of binge eating and compensatory behaviours. RESULTS Univariate logistic regressions showed that, among initially asymptomatic women, higher baseline levels of each emotion dysregulation dimension (except the "goals" subscale) predicted the onset of binge eating and compensatory behaviours at follow-up. Each dimension also predicted the persistence of compensatory behaviours at follow-up among women endorsing these behaviours at baseline, while the "impulse", "strategies", and "non-acceptance" dimensions predicted the persistence of binge eating. In multivariate analyses, only the "strategies" dimension predicted the onset and persistence of binge eating, while the "non-acceptance" dimension predicted the onset and persistence of compensatory behaviours. LIMITATIONS Only a limited number of emotion dysregulation dimensions were tested. CONCLUSION Findings demonstrate the importance of emotion dysregulation dimensions in accounting for the onset and maintenance of eating disorder behaviours. The delivery of specific intervention strategies designed to address emotion dysregulation may depend on the risk and symptom profile of an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe McClure
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Mariel Messer
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Cleo Anderson
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Claudia Liu
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Jake Linardon
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; Center for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
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Barney JL, Barrett TS, Lensegrav-Benson T, Quakenbush B, Twohig MP. Examining a mediation model of body image-related cognitive fusion, intuitive eating, and eating disorder symptom severity in a clinical sample. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:2181-2192. [PMID: 35122638 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01352-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study sought to explore the associations between Intuitive Eating (IE), eating disorder (ED) symptom severity, and body image-related cognitive fusion within a clinical sample. IE was also examined as a possible mediator in the relationship between body image-related fusion and ED symptoms. METHODS This study includes cross-sectional analyses with data from 100 adult females and 75 adolescent females seeking residential treatment for an ED. Self-reported demographic information, ED symptoms, IE behaviors, and body image-related cognitive fusion were collected from participants within the first week of treatment following admission to the same residential ED treatment facility. RESULTS ED symptom severity was significantly negatively associated with three of the four domains of IE; unconditional permission to eat, reliance on hunger and satiety cues, and body-food choice congruence. A significant mediational effect of IE on the relationship between body image-related fusion and ED symptoms through IE behaviors was observed (β = 11.3, SE = 0.003, p < 0.001). This effect was only observed for the unconditional permission to eat (β = 0.13, p = 0.003) and reliance on hunger and satiety cues (β = 0.10, p = 0.005) domains of IE when the domains were subsequently analyzed individually. CONCLUSION Unconditional permission to eat and reliance on hunger and satiety cues appear to be particularly influential domains of IE in the relationship between body image-related fusion and ED symptom severity. It is possible that changes in these IE domains may be mechanisms through which body image-related fusion influences ED symptoms. Future longitudinal research is needed to better understand the relationship between body image-related cognitive fusion and IE and the potential for targeting these constructs specifically in the context of ED treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional analysis from descriptive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Barney
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University, 2810 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA.
| | - Tyson S Barrett
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University, 2810 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | | | - Benita Quakenbush
- Avalon Hills Eating Disorder Specialists, 175 E 100 N, Logan, UT, 84321, USA
| | - Michael P Twohig
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University, 2810 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
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Linardon J. Reciprocal associations between intuitive eating and positive body image components: A multi-wave, cross-lagged study. Appetite 2022; 178:106184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Tylka TL, Linardon J, Wood-Barcalow NL, Daníelsdóttir S, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M. Short forms of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2SF): Item selection and psychometric evaluation. Body Image 2022; 41:308-330. [PMID: 35427857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The 10-item Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2; Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015) is a widely used contemporary measure of positive body image that assesses one's love for, acceptance and appreciation of, and respect for their body. Given the need for abbreviated measures to reduce participant burden and study cost, we aimed to generate a short form of the BAS-2 (BAS-2SF). Two versions of the BAS-2SF emerged: a 3-item version derived deductively from theory (items selected based on their unique contribution to the body appreciation construct), and a 2-item version generated empirically (items selected based on a genetic algorithm approach). Psychometric evidence was garnered across five studies, totaling 3114 participants. Both BAS-2SF versions correlated highly (rs = .93-.97) with the original 10-item BAS-2 and demonstrated internally consistent and stable scores. Factor analyses revealed high item-factor loadings, unidimensionality, and gender invariance of the 3-item BAS-2SF. Correlations with construct validity measures, as well as model pathways, were similar between both BAS-2SF versions and the 10-item BAS-2. BAS-2SF versions also evidenced incremental validity. Both BAS-2SF versions retain the psychometric integrity of the BAS-2 and are recommended for use; however, the 3-item BAS-2SF is an ideal option for researchers who wish to estimate a body appreciation latent factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus and Marion Campuses, United States.
| | - Jake Linardon
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, United States
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Levine MP. Prevention of eating disorders: 2021 in review. Eat Disord 2022; 30:121-143. [PMID: 35167430 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2022.2030882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This review of 19 prevention-related publications in Eating Disorders during 2021 is framed by four models: (1) Mental Health Intervention Spectrum: health promotion → types of prevention → case identification/referral → treatment; (2) the prevention cycle: rationale and theory, shaped by critical reviews → clarifying risk and protective factors → program innovation and feasibility studies → efficacy and effectiveness research → program dissemination; (3) links between disordered eating (DE) and eating disorders (EDs); and (4) Kraemer and Jacobi's criteria for variable, causal risk factors (RFs). Twelve articles demonstrated the strengths and limitations of cross-sectional investigations of RFs for DE and EDs: five explored the role of trauma in activating genetic and psychological RFs (e.g., anxiety and experiential avoidance), while five suggest other variables meriting further evaluation: ergogenic supplement use, "feeling fat," internalized weight bias, food insecurity, and compulsive exercising. One article presents a pilot program that reduced risk factors in a high-risk group: professional ballerinas. Implications of the absence of efficacy, effectiveness, dissemination, and advocacy studies, along with the need to develop tailored programs for various high-risk groups, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Levine
- Department of Psychology (emeritus), Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, USA
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de Ridder D, Gillebaart M. How food overconsumption has hijacked our notions about eating as a pleasurable activity. Curr Opin Psychol 2022; 46:101324. [PMID: 35339981 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The negative effects of overconsumption of food have been extensively studied, with a focus on overweight and negative food attitudes. In this overview, we argue that this negative perspective has spilled over to food consumption in general, which is in contrast with eating as a pleasurable activity that contributes to people's well-being. We review four areas of research that have recently emerged: (de)moralization of food consumption, moderate eating for pleasure, intuitive and mindful eating, and the social benefits of eating. Throughout these four themes, it becomes clear that there needs to be a clear distinction between overconsumption of food, bearing negative consequences, and normal levels of food consumption. The latter is positively associated with enjoyment, contentment, and our social and psychological well-being.
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Braun TD, Unick JL, Abrantes AM, Dalrymple K, Conboy LA, Schifano E, Park CL, Lazar S. Intuitive eating buffers the link between internalized weight stigma and body mass index in stressed adults. Appetite 2022; 169:105810. [PMID: 34813916 PMCID: PMC9434977 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Internalized weight stigma (IWS) is independently associated with less intuitive eating (i.e., eating based on endogenous hunger/satiety cues) and higher Body Mass Index (BMI), and intuitive eating training is commonly conceptualized as protective against the effects of IWS on poor behavioral health. The 3-way relationship between IWS, intuitive eating, and BMI has yet to be examined, and it is unclear whether the link between IWS and BMI is buffered by high intuitive eating. This secondary preliminary analysis examined baseline data of stressed adults with poor diet (N = 75, 70% female, 64.1% White, 42.7% with overweight/obesity) in a parent clinical trial that tested the effects of yoga on diet and stress. Validated self-report surveys of IWS and intuitive eating were analyzed with objectively-assessed BMI. Moderated regression analyses using the SPSS PROCESS macro tested whether intuitive eating moderated the IWS-BMI link. The analysis revealed IWS was positively associated with BMI except among people with high intuitive eating. Results extend observational findings linking intuitive eating to lower BMI, and offer preliminary support for the hypothesis that this link may hold even among those with greater IWS. It's possible that individuals with lower BMI and greater IWS may gravitate more towards intuitive eating than those with greater BMI, and/or intuitive eating may be an important target for ameliorating the adverse association of IWS with behavioral and physical health indicators linked to BMI. Continued work is warranted in larger, more generalizable samples using causal and prospective designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tosca D. Braun
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Storrs, CT 06269-1020,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Medicine at Brown University,Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, 196 Richmond St., Providence, RI, 02903
| | - Jessica L. Unick
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Medicine at Brown University,Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital, 196 Richmond St., Providence, RI, 02903
| | - Ana M. Abrantes
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Medicine at Brown University,Behavioral Medicine and Addictions Research, Butler Hospital
| | - Kristy Dalrymple
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Medicine at Brown University,Lifespan Physician’s Group, 146 West River Street, Suite 11B, Providence, RI 02904
| | - Lisa A. Conboy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston MA 02215,New England School of Acupuncture, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
| | - Elizabeth Schifano
- Department of Statistics, University of Connecticut, 215 Glenbrook Road U4120, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Crystal L. Park
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Storrs, CT 06269-1020
| | - Sara Lazar
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA,Department of Psychology, Harvard Medical School
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