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Barman M, Tenhaken R, Dötterl S. Negative and sex-specific effects of drought on flower production, resources and pollinator visitation, but not on floral scent in monoecious Cucurbita pepo. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 39117354 DOI: 10.1111/nph.20016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The globally changing climatic condition is increasing the incidences of drought in several parts of the world. This is predicted and already shown to not only impact plant growth and flower development, but also plant-pollinator interactions and the pollination success of entomophilous plants. However, there is a large gap in our understanding of how drought affects the different flowers and pollen transfer among flowers in sexually polymorphic species. Here, we evaluated in monoecious Styrian oil pumpkin, and separately for female and male flowers, the responses of drought stress on flower production, petal size, nectar, floral scent and visitation by bumblebee pollinators. Drought stress adversely affected all floral traits studied, except floral scent. Although both flower sexes were adversely affected by drought stress, the effects were more severe on female flowers, with most of the female flowers even aborted before opening. The drought had negative effects on floral visitation by the pollinators, which generally preferred female flowers. Overall, our study highlights that the two flower sexes of a monoecious plant species are differently affected by drought stress and calls for further investigations to better understand the cues used by the pollinators to discriminate against male flowers and against flowers of drought-stressed plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Barman
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, Großbeeren, 14979, Germany
| | - Raimund Tenhaken
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
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2
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Ngompe Deffo T, Kouam EB, Mandou MS, Bara RAT, Chotangui AH, Souleymanou A, Beyegue Djonko H, Tankou CM. Identifying critical growth stage and resilient genotypes in cowpea under drought stress contributes to enhancing crop tolerance for improvement and adaptation in Cameroon. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304674. [PMID: 38941312 PMCID: PMC11213307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Drought stress following climate change is likely a scenario that will have to face crop growers in tropical regions. In mitigating this constraint, the best option should be the selection and use of resilient varieties that can withstand drought threats. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions at the Research and Teaching Farm of the Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences of the University of Dschang. The objectives are to identify sensitive growth stage, to identify drought-tolerant genotypes with the help of yield-based selection indices and to identify suitable selection indices that are associated with yield under non-stress and stress circumstances. Eighty-eight cowpea genotypes from the sahelian and western regions of Cameroon were subjected to drought stress at vegetative (VDS) and flowering (FDS) stages by withholding water for 28 days, using a split plot design with two factors and three replications. Seed yields under stress (Ys) and non-stress (Yp) conditions were recorded. Fifteen drought indices were calculated for the two drought stress levels against the yield from non-stress plants. Drought Intensity Index (DII) under VDS and FDS were 0.71 and 0.84 respectively, indicating severe drought stress for both stages. However, flowering stage was significantly more sensitive to drought stress compared to vegetative stage. Based on PCA and correlation analysis, Stress Tolerance Index (STI), Relative Efficiency Index (REI), Geometric Mean Productivity (GMP), Mean Productivity (MP), Yield Index (YI) and Harmonic Mean (HM) correlated strongly with yield under stress and non-stress conditions and are therefore suitable to discriminate high-yielding and tolerant genotypes under both stress and non-stress conditions. Either under VDS and FDS, CP-016 exhibited an outstanding performance under drought stress and was revealed as the most drought tolerant genotype as shown by ranking, PCA and cluster analysis. Taking into account all indices, the top five genotypes namely CP-016, CP-021, MTA-22, CP-056 and CP-060 were identified as the most drought-tolerant genotypes under VDS. For stress activated at flowering stage (FDS), CP-016, CP-056, CP-021, CP-028 and MTA-22 were the top five most drought-tolerant genotypes. Several genotypes with insignificant Ys and irrelevant rank among which CP-037, NDT-001, CP-036, CP-034, NDT-002, CP-031, NDT-011 were identified as highly drought sensitive with low yield stability. This study identified the most sensitive stage and drought tolerant genotypes that are proposed for genetic improvement of cowpea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toscani Ngompe Deffo
- Genetics, Biotechnology, Agriculture and Plant Production Research Unit, Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Eric Bertrand Kouam
- Genetics, Biotechnology, Agriculture and Plant Production Research Unit, Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Marie Solange Mandou
- Genetics, Biotechnology, Agriculture and Plant Production Research Unit, Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Raba Allah-To Bara
- Genetics, Biotechnology, Agriculture and Plant Production Research Unit, Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Asafor Henry Chotangui
- Genetics, Biotechnology, Agriculture and Plant Production Research Unit, Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Adamou Souleymanou
- Genetics, Biotechnology, Agriculture and Plant Production Research Unit, Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Honore Beyegue Djonko
- Genetics, Biotechnology, Agriculture and Plant Production Research Unit, Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Christopher Mubeteneh Tankou
- Genetics, Biotechnology, Agriculture and Plant Production Research Unit, Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
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3
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Gambel J, Holway DA. Temperature and soil moisture manipulation yields evidence of drought-induced pollen limitation in bee-pollinated squash. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11400. [PMID: 38832140 PMCID: PMC11144714 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change alters environmental conditions in ways that directly and indirectly affect plants. Flowering plants, for example, modify reproductive allocation in response to heat and drought stress, and such changes can in turn affect pollinator visitation and, ultimately, plant reproduction. Although the individual effects of warming and drought on plant reproductive allocation are well known, these factors may interact to influence reproduction. Here, we conducted a fully crossed temperature by irrigation manipulation in squash (Cucurbita pepo) to test how temperature and soil moisture variation affect pollinator-mediated reproduction. To tease apart the direct and indirect effects of temperature and soil moisture, we compared hand-pollinated plants to bee-pollinated plants and restricted bee foraging (i.e., pollen transfer) to one experimental group per day. Temperature and soil-moisture limitation acted independently of one another: warming decreased flower size and increased pollen production, whereas the effects of soil-moisture limitation were uniformly inhibitory. While treatments did not change squash bee (Xenoglossa spp.) behavior, floral visitation by the honey bee (Apis mellifera) increased with temperature in male flowers and decreased with soil moisture in female flowers. Pollen deposition by bees was independent of plant soil moisture, yet reducing soil moisture increased pollen limitation. This result stemmed at least in part from the effects of soil-moisture limitation on pollen viability; seed set declined with increasing deposition of fluorescent pigment (a proxy for pollen) from plants experiencing decreased soil moisture. These findings suggest that the transfer of lower-quality pollen from plants experiencing soil-moisture limitation led to drought-induced pollen limitation. Similar effects may occur in a wide variety of flowering plant species as climate warming and drought increasingly impact animal-pollinated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess Gambel
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of California at San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Present address:
USDA‐Agricultural Research Service Research Participation ProgramOak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Dairy Forage Research CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - David A. Holway
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of California at San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
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4
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Reinecke A, Flaig IC, Lozano YM, Rillig MC, Hilker M. Drought induces moderate, diverse changes in the odour of grassland species. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 221:114040. [PMID: 38428627 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Plants react to drought stress with numerous changes including altered emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from leaves, which provide protection against oxidative tissue damage and mediate numerous biotic interactions. Despite the share of grasslands in the terrestrial biosphere, their importance as carbon sinks and their contribution to global biodiversity, little is known about the influence of drought on VOC profiles of grassland species. Using coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we analysed the odorants emitted by 22 European grassland species exposed to an eight-week-lasting drought treatment (DT; 30% water holding capacity, WHC). We focused on the odorants emitted during the light phase from whole plant shoots in their vegetative stage. Emission rates were standardised to the dry weight of each shoot. Well-watered (WW) plants (70% WHC) served as control. Drought-induced significant changes included an increase in total emission rates of plant VOC in six and a decrease in three species. Diverging effects on the number of emitted VOC (chemical richness) or on the Shannon diversity of the VOC profiles were detected in 13 species. Biosynthetic pathways-targeted analyses revealed 13 species showing drought-induced higher emission rates of VOC from one, two, three, or four major biosynthetic pathways (lipoxygenase, shikimate, mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate pathway), while six species exhibited reduced emission rates from one or two of these pathways. Similarity trees of odorant profiles and their drought-induced changes based on a biosynthetically informed distance metric did not match species phylogeny. However, a phylogenetic signal was detected for the amount of terpenoids released by the studied species under WW and DT conditions. A comparative analysis of emission rates of single compounds released by WW and DT plants revealed significant VOC profile dissimilarities in four species only. The moderate drought-induced changes in the odorant emissions of grassland species are discussed with respect to their impact on trophic interactions across the food web. (294 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Reinecke
- Freie Universität Berlin, Inst. of Biology, Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Isabelle C Flaig
- Freie Universität Berlin, Inst. of Biology, Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yudi M Lozano
- Freie Universität Berlin, Inst. of Biology, Plant Ecology, Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias C Rillig
- Freie Universität Berlin, Inst. of Biology, Plant Ecology, Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Hilker
- Freie Universität Berlin, Inst. of Biology, Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Dötterl S, Gershenzon J. Chemistry, biosynthesis and biology of floral volatiles: roles in pollination and other functions. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1901-1937. [PMID: 37661854 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00024a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2010 to 2023Floral volatiles are a chemically diverse group of plant metabolites that serve multiple functions. Their composition is shaped by environmental, ecological and evolutionary factors. This review will summarize recent advances in floral scent research from chemical, molecular and ecological perspectives. It will focus on the major chemical classes of floral volatiles, on notable new structures, and on recent discoveries regarding the biosynthesis and the regulation of volatile emission. Special attention will be devoted to the various functions of floral volatiles, not only as attractants for different types of pollinators, but also as defenses of flowers against enemies. We will also summarize recent findings on how floral volatiles are affected by abiotic stressors, such as increased temperatures and drought, and by other organisms, such as herbivores and flower-dwelling microbes. Finally, this review will indicate current research gaps, such as the very limited knowledge of the isomeric pattern of chiral compounds and its importance in interspecific interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Environment & Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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6
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Russo L, Stout JC. Manipulating network connectance by altering plant attractiveness. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16319. [PMID: 38025756 PMCID: PMC10640842 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mutualistic interactions between plants and their pollinating insects are critical to the maintenance of biodiversity. However, we have yet to demonstrate that we are able to manage the structural properties of these networks for the purposes of pollinator conservation and preserving functional outcomes, such as pollination services. Our objective was to explore the extent of our ability to experimentally increase, decrease, and maintain connectance, a structural attribute that reflects patterns of insect visitation and foraging preferences. Patterns of connectance relate to the stability and function of ecological networks. Methods We implemented a 2-year field experiment across eight sites in urban Dublin, Ireland, applying four agrochemical treatments to fixed communities of seven flowering plant species in a randomized block design. We spent ~117 h collecting 1,908 flower-visiting insects of 92 species or morphospecies with standardized sampling methods across the 2 years. We hypothesized that the fertilizer treatment would increase, herbicide decrease, and a combination of both maintain the connectance of the network, relative to a control treatment of just water. Results Our results showed that we were able to successfully increase network connectance with a fertilizer treatment, and maintain network connectance with a combination of fertilizer and herbicide. However, we were not successful in decreasing network connectance with the herbicide treatment. The increase in connectance in the fertilized treatment was due to an increased species richness of visiting insects, rather than changes to their abundance. We also demonstrated that this change was due to an increase in the realized proportion of insect visitor species rather than increased visitation by common, generalist species of floral visitors. Overall, this work suggests that connectance is an attribute of network structure that can be manipulated, with implications for management goals or conservation efforts in these mutualistic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Russo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Jane C. Stout
- Department of Botany, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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7
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García Y, Dow BS, Parachnowitsch AL. Water deficit changes patterns of selection on floral signals and nectar rewards in the common morning glory. AOB PLANTS 2023; 15:plad061. [PMID: 37899982 PMCID: PMC10601024 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Understanding whether and how resource limitation alters phenotypic selection on floral traits is key to predict the evolution of plant-pollinator interactions under climate change. Two important resources predicted to decline with our changing climate are pollinators and water in the form of increased droughts. Most work, however, has studied these selective agents separately and in the case of water deficit, studies are rare. Here, we use the common morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea) to investigate the effects of experimental reduction in pollinator access and water availability on floral signals and nectar rewards and their effects on phenotypic selection on these traits. We conducted a manipulative experiment in a common garden, where we grew plants in three treatments: (1) pollinator restriction, (2) water reduction and (3) unmanipulated control. Plants in pollinator restriction and control treatments were well-watered compared to water deficit. We found that in contrast to pollinator restriction, water deficit had strong effects altering floral signals and nectar rewards but also differed in the direction and strength of selection on these traits compared to control plants. Water deficit increased the opportunity for selection, and selection in this treatment favoured lower nectar volumes and larger floral sizes, which might further alter pollinator visitation. In addition, well-watered plants, both in control and pollinator deficit, showed similar patterns of selection to increase nectar volume suggesting non-pollinator-mediated selection on nectar. Our study shows that floral traits may evolve in response to reduction in water access faster than to declines in pollinators and reinforces that abiotic factors can be important agents of selection for floral traits. Although only few experimental selection studies have manipulated access to biotic and abiotic resources, our results suggest that this approach is key for understanding how pollination systems may evolve under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yedra García
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, 10 Bailey Dr, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Benjamin S Dow
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, 10 Bailey Dr, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Amy L Parachnowitsch
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, 10 Bailey Dr, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
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8
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Ke Y, Zhang FP, Zhang YB, Li W, Wang Q, Yang D, Zhang JL, Cao KF. Convergent relationships between flower economics and hydraulic traits across aquatic and terrestrial herbaceous plants. PLANT DIVERSITY 2023; 45:601-610. [PMID: 37936818 PMCID: PMC10625894 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining open flowers is critical for successful pollination and depends on long-term water and carbon balance. Yet the relationship between how flower hydraulic traits are coordinated in different habitats is poorly understood. Here, we hypothesize that the coordination and trade-offs between floral hydraulics and economics traits are independent of environmental conditions. To test this hypothesis, we investigated a total of 27 flower economics and hydraulic traits in six aquatic and six terrestrial herbaceous species grown in a tropical botanical garden. We found that although there were a few significant differences, most flower hydraulics and economics traits did not differ significantly between aquatic and terrestrial herbaceous plants. Both flower mass per area and floral longevity were significantly positively correlated with the time required for drying full-hydrated flowers to 70% relative water content. Flower dry matter content was strongly and positively related to drought tolerance of the flowers as indicated by flower water potential at the turgor loss point. In addition, there was a trade-off between hydraulic efficiency and the construction cost of a flower across species. Our results show that flowers of aquatic and terrestrial plants follow the same economics spectrum pattern. These results suggest a convergent flower economics design across terrestrial and aquatic plants, providing new insights into the mechanisms by which floral organs adapt to aquatic and terrestrial habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ke
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feng-Ping Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yun-Bing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Puer University, Puer, Yunnan 665000, China
| | - Qin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Da Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Jiao-Lin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Guangxi University, Daxuedong Road 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
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9
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Carvajal Acosta AN, Formenti L, Godschalx A, Katsanis A, Schapheer C, Mooney K, Villagra C, Rasmann S. Ecological convergence in phytochemistry and flower-insect visitor interactions along an Andean elevation gradient. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10418. [PMID: 37600487 PMCID: PMC10432872 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The diversity of specialized molecules produced by plants radiating along ecological gradients is thought to arise from plants' adaptations to local conditions. Therefore, closely related species growing in similar habitats should phylogenetically converge, or diverge, in response to similar climates, or similar interacting animal communities. We here asked whether closely related species in the genus Haplopappus (Asteraceae) growing within the same elevation bands in the Andes, converged to produce similar floral odors. To do so, we combine untargeted analysis of floral volatile organic compounds with insect olfactory bioassay in congeneric Haplopappus (Asteraceae) species growing within the same elevation bands along the Andean elevational gradient. We then asked whether the outcome of biotic interactions (i.e., pollination vs. seed predation) would also converge across species within the same elevation. We found that flower odors grouped according to their elevational band and that the main floral visitor preferred floral heads from low-elevation band species. Furthermore, the cost-benefit ratio of predated versus fertilized seeds was consistent within elevation bands, but increased with elevation, from 6:1 at low to 8:1 at high elevations. In the light of our findings, we propose that climate and insect community changes along elevation molded a common floral odor blend, best adapted for the local conditions. Moreover, we suggest that at low elevation where floral resources are abundant, the per capita cost of attracting seed predators is diluted, while at high elevation, sparse plants incur a higher herbivory cost per capita. Together, our results suggest that phytochemical convergence may be an important factor driving plant-insect interactions and their ecological outcomes along ecological gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Nalleli Carvajal Acosta
- Department of EntomologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ludovico Formenti
- Institut für Ökologie und EvolutionUniversität BernBernSwitzerland
- Institute of BiologyUniversity of NeuchâtelNeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | | | - Angelos Katsanis
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Constanza Schapheer
- Instituto de EntomologíaUniversidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la EducaciónSantiagoChile
| | - Kailen Mooney
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Cristian Villagra
- Instituto de EntomologíaUniversidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la EducaciónSantiagoChile
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Institute of BiologyUniversity of NeuchâtelNeuchâtelSwitzerland
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10
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Gambel J, Holway DA. Divergent responses of generalist and specialist pollinators to experimental drought: Outcomes for plant reproduction. Ecology 2023; 104:e4111. [PMID: 37243967 PMCID: PMC10524995 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Drought is an increasingly important consequence of climate change. Drought often causes plants to alter patterns of resource allocation, which in turn can affect how plants interact with other species. How these altered interactions subsequently influence plant reproductive success remains incompletely understood and may depend on the degree of specialization exhibited by antagonists and mutualists. Specialist pollinators, for example, are dependent on floral resources from their obligate hosts and under drought conditions may thus indiscriminately visit these hosts (at least in certain circumstances). Generalist pollinators, in contrast, may only forage on host plants in good condition, given that they can forage on other plant species. We tested this hypothesis and its consequences for plant reproduction in squash (Cucurbita pepo) grown along an experimental moisture gradient ranging from dry (growth and flowering compromised) to wet conditions. Floral visitation increased with plant soil moisture for generalist honey bees but was independent of plant soil moisture for specialist squash bees. Pollen production increased with plant soil moisture, and fluorescent pigments placed on flowers revealed that pollinators primarily moved pollen from male flowers on well-watered plants to the stigmas of female flowers on well-watered plants. Seed set increased with increasing plant soil moisture but, notably, was higher in bee-pollinated plants compared to plants pollinated by hand with an even mix of pollen from plants grown at either end of the experimental moisture gradient. These results suggest that superior pollen rewards, perhaps combined with selective foraging by generalists, enhanced reproductive success in C. pepo when plant soil moisture was high and more generally illustrate that pollinator behavior may contribute to how drought conditions affect plant reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess Gambel
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
| | - David A. Holway
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
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11
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Wentao M, Shiming T, Le Q, Weibo R, Fry EL, De Long JR, Margerison RCP, Yuan C, Xiaomin L. Grazing reduces plant sexual reproduction but increases asexual reproduction: A global meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:162850. [PMID: 36931513 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Grazing affects grasslands worldwide. However, the global patterns and general mechanisms of how grazing affects plant reproductive traits are poorly understood, especially in the context of different climates and grazing duration. We conducted a meta-analysis of 114 independent grazing studies worldwide that measured plant reproductive traits in grasslands. The results showed that the number of tillers of plant increased under grazing. Grazing did not affect the number of reproductive branches of forbs, but significantly reduced the number of reproductive branches of grasses. Grazing increased the number of vegetative branches of all plants and reduced the proportion of reproductive branches. Grazing significantly reduced the number of flowers in forbs. Seed yield in the two plant functional groups was reduced compared with no-grazing. Under grazing, the sexual reproduction of grasses decreased much more substantially than that of forbs. This may be due to biomass allocation pattern of grasses under grazing (i.e., belowground versus aboveground). Under grazing, plants tended to adopt rapid, low-input asexual reproduction rather than long-term, high-risk sexual reproduction. This study represents the first large-scale evaluation of plant reproductive trait responses under grazing and demonstrates that grazing inhibits sexual reproduction and promotes asexual reproduction. The effect of grazing on plant sexual reproduction was influenced by grazing intensity, mean annual precipitation, and grazing duration. These results will assist in the development of sustainable grazing management strategies to improve the balance between human welfare and grassland ecosystem health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Wentao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau & Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Tang Shiming
- Key Laboratory of Model Innovation in Forage Production Efficiency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Qi Le
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau & Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Ren Weibo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau & Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China; Key Laboratory of Forage Breeding and Seed Production of Inner Mongolia, Inner Mongolia M-Grass Ecology and Environment (Group)Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010016, China.
| | - Ellen L Fry
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire L39 4QP, UK
| | - Jonathan R De Long
- Department of Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED-ELD), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Reuben C P Margerison
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Chi Yuan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau & Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Liu Xiaomin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau & Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
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12
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Cordeiro GD, Dötterl S. Floral Scents in Bee-Pollinated Buckwheat and Oilseed Rape under a Global Warming Scenario. INSECTS 2023; 14:242. [PMID: 36975927 PMCID: PMC10057843 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Many wild plants and crops are pollinated by insects, which often use floral scents to locate their host plants. The production and emission of floral scents are temperature-dependent; however, little is known about how global warming affects scent emissions and the attraction of pollinators. We used a combination of chemical analytical and electrophysiological approaches to quantify the influence of a global warming scenario (+5 °C in this century) on the floral scent emissions of two important crop species, i.e., buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) and oilseed rape (Brassica napus), and to test whether compounds that are potentially different between the treatments can be detected by their bee pollinators (Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris). We found that only buckwheat was affected by increased temperatures. Independent of temperature, the scent of oilseed rape was dominated by p-anisaldehyde and linalool, with no differences in relative scent composition and the total amount of scent. Buckwheat emitted 2.4 ng of scent per flower and hour at optimal temperatures, dominated by 2- and 3-methylbutanoic acid (46%) and linalool (10%), and at warmer temperatures threefold less scent (0.7 ng/flower/hour), with increased contributions of 2- and 3-methylbutanoic acid (73%) to the total scent and linalool and other compounds being absent. The antennae of the pollinators responded to various buckwheat floral scent compounds, among them compounds that disappeared at increased temperatures or were affected in their (relative) amounts. Our results highlight that increased temperatures differentially affect floral scent emissions of crop plants and that, in buckwheat, the temperature-induced changes in floral scent emissions affect the olfactory perception of the flowers by bees. Future studies should test whether these differences in olfactory perception translate into different attractiveness of buckwheat flowers to bees.
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13
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Li D, Zhou C, Li JQ, Dong Q, Miao P, Lin Y, Cheng H, Wang Y, Luo L, Pan C. Metabolomic analysis on the mechanism of nanoselenium alleviating cadmium stress and improving the pepper nutritional value. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:523. [PMID: 36496437 PMCID: PMC9741789 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01739-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium (Se) maintains soil-plant homeostasis in the rhizosphere and regulates signaling molecules to mitigate cadmium (Cd) toxicity. However, there has been no systematic investigation of the effects of nano-selenium (nano-Se) on the regulation of non-target metabolites and nutritional components in pepper plants under Cd stress. This study investigated the effects of Cd-contaminated soil stress and nano-Se (1, 5, and 20 mg/L) on the metabolic mechanism, fruit nutritional quality, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) composition of pepper plants. The screening of differential metabolites in roots and fruit showed that most were involved in amino acid metabolism and capsaicin production. Amino acids in roots (Pro, Trp, Arg, and Gln) and fruits (Phe, Glu, Pro, Arg, Trp, and Gln) were dramatically elevated by nano-Se biofortification. The expression of genes of the phenylpropane-branched fatty acid pathway (BCAT, Fat, AT3, HCT, and Kas) was induced by nano-Se (5 mg/L), increasing the levels of capsaicin (29.6%), nordihydrocapsaicin (44.2%), and dihydrocapsaicin (45.3%). VOCs (amyl alcohol, linalool oxide, E-2-heptaldehyde, 2-hexenal, ethyl crotonate, and 2-butanone) related to crop resistance and quality were markedly increased in correspondence with the nano-Se concentration. Therefore, nano-Se can improve the health of pepper plants by regulating the capsaicin metabolic pathway and modulating both amino acid and VOC contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- grid.428986.90000 0001 0373 6302Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunran Zhou
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jia-Qi Li
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China ,Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Haikou, 570311 China
| | - Qinyong Dong
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China ,Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Haikou, 570311 China
| | - Peijuan Miao
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yongxi Lin
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Haiyan Cheng
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Luna Luo
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Canping Pan
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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14
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Harvey JA, Tougeron K, Gols R, Heinen R, Abarca M, Abram PK, Basset Y, Berg M, Boggs C, Brodeur J, Cardoso P, de Boer JG, De Snoo GR, Deacon C, Dell JE, Desneux N, Dillon ME, Duffy GA, Dyer LA, Ellers J, Espíndola A, Fordyce J, Forister ML, Fukushima C, Gage MJG, García‐Robledo C, Gely C, Gobbi M, Hallmann C, Hance T, Harte J, Hochkirch A, Hof C, Hoffmann AA, Kingsolver JG, Lamarre GPA, Laurance WF, Lavandero B, Leather SR, Lehmann P, Le Lann C, López‐Uribe MM, Ma C, Ma G, Moiroux J, Monticelli L, Nice C, Ode PJ, Pincebourde S, Ripple WJ, Rowe M, Samways MJ, Sentis A, Shah AA, Stork N, Terblanche JS, Thakur MP, Thomas MB, Tylianakis JM, Van Baaren J, Van de Pol M, Van der Putten WH, Van Dyck H, Verberk WCEP, Wagner DL, Weisser WW, Wetzel WC, Woods HA, Wyckhuys KAG, Chown SL. Scientists' warning on climate change and insects. ECOL MONOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
- Department of Ecological Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Kévin Tougeron
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology & Biodiversity Université catholique de Louvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
- EDYSAN, UMR 7058, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, CNRS Amiens France
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Robin Heinen
- Department of Life Science Systems, School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Freising Germany
| | - Mariana Abarca
- Department of Biological Sciences Smith College Northampton Massachusetts USA
| | - Paul K. Abram
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Agassiz Research and Development Centre Agassiz British Columbia Canada
| | - Yves Basset
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama City Republic of Panama
- Department of Ecology Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - Matty Berg
- Department of Ecological Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Carol Boggs
- School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment and Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina Columbia South Carolina USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Gothic Colorado USA
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques Université de Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Jetske G. de Boer
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Geert R. De Snoo
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Charl Deacon
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Jane E. Dell
- Geosciences and Natural Resources Department Western Carolina University Cullowhee North Carolina USA
| | | | - Michael E. Dillon
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology University of Wyoming Laramie Wyoming USA
| | - Grant A. Duffy
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Marine Science University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Lee A. Dyer
- University of Nevada Reno – Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology Reno Nevada USA
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Department of Ecological Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Anahí Espíndola
- Department of Entomology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
| | - James Fordyce
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee, Knoxville Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - Matthew L. Forister
- University of Nevada Reno – Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology Reno Nevada USA
| | - Caroline Fukushima
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | | | | | - Claire Gely
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Cairns Queensland Australia
| | - Mauro Gobbi
- MUSE‐Science Museum, Research and Museum Collections Office Climate and Ecology Unit Trento Italy
| | - Caspar Hallmann
- Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Thierry Hance
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology & Biodiversity Université catholique de Louvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | - John Harte
- Energy and Resources Group University of California Berkeley California USA
| | - Axel Hochkirch
- Department of Biogeography Trier University Trier Germany
- IUCN SSC Invertebrate Conservation Committee
| | - Christian Hof
- Department of Life Science Systems, School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Freising Germany
| | - Ary A. Hoffmann
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Joel G. Kingsolver
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Greg P. A. Lamarre
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama City Republic of Panama
- Department of Ecology Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - William F. Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Cairns Queensland Australia
| | - Blas Lavandero
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico Universidad de Talca Talca Chile
| | - Simon R. Leather
- Center for Integrated Pest Management Harper Adams University Newport UK
| | - Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Zoological Institute and Museum University of Greifswald Greifswald Germany
| | - Cécile Le Lann
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)] ‐ UMR 6553 Rennes France
| | | | - Chun‐Sen Ma
- Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | - Gang Ma
- Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | | | | | - Chris Nice
- Department of Biology Texas State University San Marcos Texas USA
| | - Paul J. Ode
- Department of Agricultural Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Sylvain Pincebourde
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS Université de Tours Tours France
| | - William J. Ripple
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society Oregon State University Oregon USA
| | - Melissah Rowe
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Department of Animal Ecology Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Michael J. Samways
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Arnaud Sentis
- INRAE, Aix‐Marseille University, UMR RECOVER Aix‐en‐Provence France
| | - Alisha A. Shah
- W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, Department of Integrative Biology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Nigel Stork
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, School of Environment and Science Griffith University Nathan Queensland Australia
| | - John S. Terblanche
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Madhav P. Thakur
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Matthew B. Thomas
- York Environmental Sustainability Institute and Department of Biology University of York York UK
| | - Jason M. Tylianakis
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Biological Sciences University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Joan Van Baaren
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)] ‐ UMR 6553 Rennes France
| | - Martijn Van de Pol
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Department of Animal Ecology Wageningen The Netherlands
- College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Wim H. Van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Hans Van Dyck
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology & Biodiversity Université catholique de Louvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | | | - David L. Wagner
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut USA
| | - Wolfgang W. Weisser
- Department of Life Science Systems, School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Freising Germany
| | - William C. Wetzel
- Department of Entomology, Department of Integrative Biology, and Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - H. Arthur Woods
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
| | - Kris A. G. Wyckhuys
- Chrysalis Consulting Hanoi Vietnam
- China Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | - Steven L. Chown
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
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15
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DeVetter LW, Chabert S, Milbrath MO, Mallinger RE, Walters J, Isaacs R, Galinato SP, Kogan C, Brouwer K, Melathopoulos A, Eeraerts M. Toward evidence-based decision support systems to optimize pollination and yields in highbush blueberry. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.1006201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Highbush blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) is a globally important fruit crop that depends on insect-mediated pollination to produce quality fruit and commercially viable yields. Pollination success in blueberry is complex and impacted by multiple interacting factors including flower density, bee diversity and abundance, and weather conditions. Other factors, including floral traits, bee traits, and economics also contribute to pollination success at the farm level but are less well understood. As blueberry production continues to expand globally, decision-aid technologies are needed to optimize and enhance the sustainability of pollination strategies. The objective of this review is to highlight our current knowledge about blueberry pollination, where current research efforts are focused, and where future research should be directed to successfully implement a comprehensive blueberry pollination decision-making framework for modern production systems. Important knowledge gaps remain, including how to integrate wild and managed pollinators to optimize pollination, and how to provide predictable and stable crop pollination across variable environmental conditions. In addition, continued advances in pesticide stewardship are required to optimize pollinator health and crop outcomes. Integration of on- and off-farm data, statistical models, and software tools could distill complex scientific information into decision-aid systems that support sustainable, evidence-based pollination decisions at the farm level. Utility of these tools will require multi-disciplinary research and strategic deployment through effective extension and information-sharing networks of growers, beekeepers, and extension/crop advisors.
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16
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Eisen KE, Powers JM, Raguso RA, Campbell DR. An analytical pipeline to support robust research on the ecology, evolution, and function of floral volatiles. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1006416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on floral volatiles has grown substantially in the last 20 years, which has generated insights into their diversity and prevalence. These studies have paved the way for new research that explores the evolutionary origins and ecological consequences of different types of variation in floral scent, including community-level, functional, and environmentally induced variation. However, to address these types of questions, novel approaches are needed that can handle large sample sizes, provide quality control measures, and make volatile research more transparent and accessible, particularly for scientists without prior experience in this field. Drawing upon a literature review and our own experiences, we present a set of best practices for next-generation research in floral scent. We outline methods for data collection (experimental designs, methods for conducting field collections, analytical chemistry, compound identification) and data analysis (statistical analysis, database integration) that will facilitate the generation and interpretation of quality data. For the intermediate step of data processing, we created the R package bouquet, which provides a data analysis pipeline. The package contains functions that enable users to convert chromatographic peak integrations to a filtered data table that can be used in subsequent statistical analyses. This package includes default settings for filtering out non-floral compounds, including background contamination, based on our best-practice guidelines, but functions and workflows can be easily customized as necessary. Next-generation research into the ecology and evolution of floral scent has the potential to generate broadly relevant insights into how complex traits evolve, their genomic architecture, and their consequences for ecological interactions. In order to fulfill this potential, the methodology of floral scent studies needs to become more transparent and reproducible. By outlining best practices throughout the lifecycle of a project, from experimental design to statistical analysis, and providing an R package that standardizes the data processing pipeline, we provide a resource for new and seasoned researchers in this field and in adjacent fields, where high-throughput and multi-dimensional datasets are common.
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17
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Dumoulin CE, Armsworth PR. Environmental stochasticity increases extinction risk to a greater degree in pollination specialists than in generalists. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Cusumano A, Bella P, Peri E, Rostás M, Guarino S, Lievens B, Colazza S. Nectar-Inhabiting Bacteria Affect Olfactory Responses of an Insect Parasitoid by Altering Nectar Odors. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022:10.1007/s00248-022-02078-6. [PMID: 35913610 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02078-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Floral nectar is ubiquitously colonized by a variety of microorganisms among which yeasts and bacteria are the most common. Microorganisms inhabiting floral nectar can alter several nectar traits, including nectar odor by producing microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOCs). Evidence showing that mVOCs can affect the foraging behavior of insect pollinators is increasing in the literature, whereas the role of mVOCs in altering the foraging behavior of third-trophic level organisms such as insect parasitoids is largely overlooked. Parasitoids are frequent visitors of flowers and are well known to feed on nectar. In this study, we isolated bacteria inhabiting floral nectar of buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum (Polygonales: Polygonaceae), to test the hypothesis that nectar bacteria affect the foraging behavior of the egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) via changes in odors of nectar. In behavioral assays, we found that T. basalis wasps are attracted toward nectar fermented by 4 out of the 14 bacterial strains isolated, which belong to Staphylococcus epidermidis, Terrabacillus saccharophilus (both Firmicutes), Pantoea sp. (Proteobacteria), and Curtobacterium sp. (Actinobacteria). Results of chemical investigations revealed significant differences in the volatile blend composition of nectars fermented by the bacterial isolates. Our results indicate that nectar-inhabiting bacteria play an important role in the interactions between flowering plants and foraging parasitoids. These results are also relevant from an applied perspective as flowering resources, such as buckwheat, are largely used in agriculture to promote conservation biological control of insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Cusumano
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo Viale delle Scienze, Building 5, 90128, Palermo, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BATCenter), University of Napoli Federico II, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - Patrizia Bella
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo Viale delle Scienze, Building 5, 90128, Palermo, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BATCenter), University of Napoli Federico II, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - Ezio Peri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo Viale delle Scienze, Building 5, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BATCenter), University of Napoli Federico II, 80055, Portici, Italy.
| | - Michael Rostás
- Agricultural Entomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Salvatore Guarino
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Corso Calatafimi 414, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Bart Lievens
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Willem De Croylaan 46, Leuven, KU, 3001, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), Leuven, KU, 3001, Belgium
| | - Stefano Colazza
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo Viale delle Scienze, Building 5, 90128, Palermo, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BATCenter), University of Napoli Federico II, 80055, Portici, Italy
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19
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Blasi M, Clough Y, Jönsson AM, Sahlin U. A model of wild bee populations accounting for spatial heterogeneity and climate-induced temporal variability of food resources at the landscape level. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9014. [PMID: 35784045 PMCID: PMC9205664 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The viability of wild bee populations and the pollination services that they provide are driven by the availability of food resources during their activity period and within the surroundings of their nesting sites. Changes in climate and land use influence the availability of these resources and are major threats to declining bee populations. Because wild bees may be vulnerable to interactions between these threats, spatially explicit models of population dynamics that capture how bee populations jointly respond to land use at a landscape scale and weather are needed. Here, we developed a spatially and temporally explicit theoretical model of wild bee populations aiming for a middle ground between the existing mapping of visitation rates using foraging equations and more refined agent-based modeling. The model is developed for Bombus sp. and captures within-season colony dynamics. The model describes mechanistically foraging at the colony level and temporal population dynamics for an average colony at the landscape level. Stages in population dynamics are temperature-dependent triggered by a theoretical generalized seasonal progression, which can be informed by growing degree days. The purpose of the LandscapePhenoBee model is to evaluate the impact of system changes and within-season variability in resources on bee population sizes and crop visitation rates. In a simulation study, we used the model to evaluate the impact of the shortage of food resources in the landscape arising from extreme drought events in different types of landscapes (ranging from different proportions of semi-natural habitats and early and late flowering crops) on bumblebee populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Blasi
- Centre for Environmental and Climate ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Yann Clough
- Centre for Environmental and Climate ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Anna Maria Jönsson
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Ullrika Sahlin
- Centre for Environmental and Climate ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
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20
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Keefover-Ring K, Hetherington MC, Brunet J. Population-specific responses of floral volatiles to abiotic factors in changing environments. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:676-688. [PMID: 35435247 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Shifts in abiotic factors can affect many plant traits, including floral volatiles. This study examined the response of floral volatiles to water availability and whether phenotypic plasticity to water availability differs among populations. It also investigated genetic differentiation in floral volatiles, determined the effect of temperature on phenotypic plasticity to water availability, and assessed temporal variation in floral scent emission between day and evening, since pollinator visitation differs at those times. METHODS Rocky Mountain columbine plants (Aquilegia coerulea), started from seeds collected in three wild populations in Colorado, Utah, and Arizona, were grown under two water treatments in a greenhouse in Madison, Wisconsin, United States. One population was also grown under the two water treatments, at two temperatures. Air samples were collected from enclosed flowers using dynamic headspace methods and floral volatiles were identified and quantified by gas chromatography (GC) with mass spectrometry (MS). RESULTS Emission of three floral volatiles increased in the wetter environment, indicating phenotypic plasticity. The response of six floral volatiles to water availability differed among populations, suggesting genetic differentiation in phenotypic plasticity. Five floral volatiles varied among populations, and emission of most floral volatiles was greater during the day. CONCLUSIONS Phenotypic plasticity to water availability permits a quick response of floral volatiles in changing environments. The genetic differentiation in phenotypic plasticity suggests that phenotypic plasticity can evolve but complicates predictions of the effects of environmental changes on a plant and its pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Keefover-Ring
- Departments of Botany and Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53706, WI, USA
| | | | - Johanne Brunet
- Vegetable Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Madison, 53706, WI, USA
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Akter A, Klečka J. Water stress and nitrogen supply affect floral traits and pollination of the white mustard, Sinapis alba (Brassicaceae). PeerJ 2022; 10:e13009. [PMID: 35462774 PMCID: PMC9022644 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in environmental conditions are likely to have a complex effect on the growth of plants, their phenology, plant-pollinator interactions, and reproductive success. The current world is facing an ongoing climate change along with other human-induced environmental changes. Most research has focused on the impact of increasing temperature as a major driving force for climate change, but other factors may have important impacts on plant traits and pollination too and these effects may vary from season to season. In addition, it is likely that the effects of multiple environmental factors, such as increasing temperature, water availability, and nitrogen enrichment are not independent. Therefore, we tested the impact of two key factors-water, and nitrogen supply-on plant traits, pollination, and seed production in Sinapis alba (Brassicaceae) in three seasons defined as three temperature conditions with two levels of water and nitrogen supply in a factorial design. We collected data on multiple vegetative and floral traits and assessed the response of pollinators in the field. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of growing conditions on seed set in plants exposed to pollinators and in hand-pollinated plants. Our results show that water stress impaired vegetative growth, decreased flower production, and reduced visitation by pollinators and seed set, while high amount of nitrogen increased nectar production under low water availability in plants grown in the spring. Temperature modulated the effect of water and nitrogen availability on vegetative and floral traits and strongly affected flowering phenology and flower production. We demonstrated that changes in water and nitrogen availability alter plant vegetative and floral traits, which impacts flower visitation and consequently plant reproduction. We conclude that ongoing environmental changes such as increasing temperature, altered precipitation regimes and nitrogen enrichment may thus affect plant-pollinator interactions with negative consequences for the reproduction of wild plants and insect-pollinated crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Akter
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic,Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Klečka
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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22
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Wu Y, Duan X, Tong Z, Li Q. Pollinator-Mediated Selection on Floral Traits of Primula tibetica Differs Between Sites With Different Soil Water Contents and Among Different Levels of Nutrient Availability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:807689. [PMID: 35300008 PMCID: PMC8921772 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.807689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic environmental factors are predicted to affect plant traits and the intensity of plant-pollinator interactions. However, knowledge of their potential effects on pollinator-mediated selection on floral traits is still limited. We separately estimated the effects of soil water (two sites with different soil water contents) and N-P-K nutrient availability (different levels of nutrient addition) on pollinator-mediated selection on floral traits of Primula tibetica (an insect-pollinated perennial herbaceous species). Our results demonstrated that floral traits, plant reproductive success and pollinator-mediated selection on floral traits varied between sites with different soil water contents and among different levels of nutrient addition. The strength of pollinator-mediated selection was stronger at the site with low soil water content than at the site with high soil water content, and first decreased and then increased with increasing N-P-K nutrient addition. Our results support the hypothesis that abiotic environmental factors influence the importance of pollinators in shaping floral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wu
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xuyu Duan
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhaoli Tong
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Qingjun Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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23
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Honey bees and climate explain viral prevalence in wild bee communities on a continental scale. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1904. [PMID: 35115568 PMCID: PMC8814194 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05603-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are omnipresent, yet the knowledge on drivers of viral prevalence in wild host populations is often limited. Biotic factors, such as sympatric managed host species, as well as abiotic factors, such as climatic variables, are likely to impact viral prevalence. Managed and wild bees, which harbor several multi-host viruses with a mostly fecal-oral between-species transmission route, provide an excellent system with which to test for the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on viral prevalence in wild host populations. Here we show on a continental scale that the prevalence of three broad host viruses: the AKI-complex (Acute bee paralysis virus, Kashmir bee virus and Israeli acute paralysis virus), Deformed wing virus, and Slow bee paralysis virus in wild bee populations (bumble bees and solitary bees) is positively related to viral prevalence of sympatric honey bees as well as being impacted by climatic variables. The former highlights the need for good beekeeping practices, including Varroa destructor management to reduce honey bee viral infection and hive placement. Furthermore, we found that viral prevalence in wild bees is at its lowest at the extreme ends of both temperature and precipitation ranges. Under predicted climate change, the frequency of extremes in precipitation and temperature will continue to increase and may hence impact viral prevalence in wild bee communities.
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Laurich J, O'Brien AM. Why do sunflowers have invisible colors? eLife 2022; 11:e76105. [PMID: 35061584 PMCID: PMC8782567 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the common sunflower, patterns of UV-absorbing pigments are controlled by a newly identified regulatory region and may be under the influence of environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Laurich
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Anna M O'Brien
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
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25
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Höfer RJ, Ayasse M, Kuppler J. Water Deficit, Nitrogen Availability, and Their Combination Differently Affect Floral Scent Emission in Three Brassicaceae Species. J Chem Ecol 2022; 48:882-899. [PMID: 36525146 PMCID: PMC9840598 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-022-01393-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Floral scent plays a central role in plant-pollinator interactions, as flower visitors can discriminate between scent differences to recognize and forage on rewarding flowers. Changes in scent compositions might therefore lead to recognition mismatches between host plants and flower visitors. An understanding of the phenotypic plasticity of floral scent, especially in crop species, is becoming important because of climate change, e.g., increasing drought periods, and other anthropogenic influences, e.g., nitrogen (N) deposition. We have investigated the effects of the combination of progressive water deficits (dry-down) and N supplementation on floral scent emission in three Brassicaceae species (cultivated vs. wild). Individuals were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: (1) well-watered without N supplementation; (2) well-watered with N supplementation; (3) dry-down without N supplementation; (4) dry-down with N supplementation. We collected scent on day 0, 2, 7, and 14 after the commencement of the watering treatment. All samples were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. We found that the highly cultivated Brassica napus had the lowest overall emission rate; its scent composition was affected by the interaction of watering treatment and N supplementation. Scent bouquets of the cultivated Sinapis alba also changed under these treatments. Scent bouquets of the common weed Sinapis arvensis were affected by watering treatment, but not by time and N supplementation. Furthermore, the influence of treatments on the emission rate of single compounds was highly compound-specific. Nonetheless, our study revealed that especially terpenes were negatively affected by drought-stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Höfer
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Manfred Ayasse
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jonas Kuppler
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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26
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Zafeiriou I, Polidoros AN, Baira E, Kasiotis KM, Machera K, Mylona PV. Mediterranean White Lupin Landraces as a Valuable Genetic Reserve for Breeding. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112403. [PMID: 34834766 PMCID: PMC8619254 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Legumes crops are important for sustainable agriculture and global food security. Among them white lupin (Lupinus albus L.), is characterized by exceptional protein content of high nutritional value, competitive to that of soybean (Glycine max) and is well adapted to rainfed agriculture. However, its high seed-quinolizidine alkaloid (QA) content impedes its direct integration to human diet and animal feed. Additionally, its cultivation is not yet intensive, remains confined to local communities and marginal lands in Mediterranean agriculture, while adaptation to local microclimates restrains its cultivation from expanding globally. Hence, modern white lupin breeding aims to exploit genetic resources for the development of "sweet" elite cultivars, resilient to biotic adversities and well adapted for cultivation on a global level. Towards this aim, we evaluated white lupin local landrace germplasm from Greece, since the country is considered a center of white lupin diversity, along with cultivars and breeding lines for comparison. Seed morphological diversity and molecular genetic relationships were investigated. Most of the landraces were distinct from cultivars, indicating the uniqueness of their genetic make-up. The presence of pauper "sweet" marker allele linked to low seed QA content in some varieties was detected in one landrace, two breeding lines, and the cultivars. However, QA content in the examined genotypes did not relate with the marker profile, indicating that the marker's predictive power is limited in this material. Marker alleles for vernalization unresponsiveness were detected in eight landraces and alleles for anthracnose resistance were found in two landraces, pointing to the presence of promising germplasm for utilization in white lupin breeding. The rich lupin local germplasm genetic diversity and the distinct genotypic composition compared to elite cultivars, highlights its potential use as a source of important agronomic traits to support current breeding efforts and assist its integration to modern sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Zafeiriou
- Institute of Plant Breeding & Genetic Resources, HAO-DEMETER, 57001 Thermi, Greece;
| | - Alexios N. Polidoros
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Eirini Baira
- Laboratory of Pesticides’ Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta Street, Kifissia, 14561 Athens, Greece; (E.B.); (K.M.K.); (K.M.)
| | - Konstantinos M. Kasiotis
- Laboratory of Pesticides’ Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta Street, Kifissia, 14561 Athens, Greece; (E.B.); (K.M.K.); (K.M.)
| | - Kyriaki Machera
- Laboratory of Pesticides’ Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta Street, Kifissia, 14561 Athens, Greece; (E.B.); (K.M.K.); (K.M.)
| | - Photini V. Mylona
- Institute of Plant Breeding & Genetic Resources, HAO-DEMETER, 57001 Thermi, Greece;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2310-478-904
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27
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Lach L. Invasive ant establishment, spread, and management with changing climate. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 47:119-124. [PMID: 34252591 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ant invasions and climate change both pose globally widespread threats to the environment and economy. I highlight our current knowledge of how climate change will affect invasive ant distributions, population growth, spread, impact, and invasive ant management. Invasive ants often have traits that enable rapid colony growth in a range of habitats. Consequently, many invasive ant species will continue to have large global distributions as environmental conditions change. Distributions and impacts at community scales will depend on how resident ant communities respond to local abiotic conditions as well as availability of plant-based carbohydrate resources. Though target species may change under an altered climate, invasive ant impacts are unlikely to diminish, and novel control methods will be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Lach
- James Cook University, College of Science and Engineering, PO Box 6811, Cairns, 4870 Australia.
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28
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Luizzi VJ, Friberg M, Petrén H. Phenotypic plasticity in floral scent in response to nutrient, but not water, availability in the perennial plant
Arabis alpina. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J. Luizzi
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
- Department of Biology Lund University Lund Sweden
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29
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Kuppler J, Kotowska MM. A meta-analysis of responses in floral traits and flower-visitor interactions to water deficit. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:3095-3108. [PMID: 33774883 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in water availability and drought events as predicted by climate change scenarios will increasingly impact natural communities with effects already emerging at present. Water deficit leads to increasing physiological stress in plants, likely affecting floral development and causing changes in floral morphology, nectar and pollen production or scent. Understanding how these floral traits are altered by water deficit is necessary to predict changes in plant-pollinator interactions and how communities are impacted in the future. Here we employ a meta-analysis approach to synthesize the current evidence of experimental water deficit on floral traits and plant-pollinator interactions. Furthermore, we explore experimental factors potentially increasing heterogeneity between studies and provide ideas how to enhance comparability between studies. In the end, we highlight future directions and knowledge gaps for floral traits and plant-pollinator interactions under water deficit. Our analysis showed consistent decreases in floral size, number of flowers and nectar volume to reduced water availability. Other floral traits such as the start of flowering or herkogamy showed no consistent pattern. This indicates that effects of reduced water availability differ between specific traits that are potentially involved in different functions such as pollinator attraction or efficiency. We found no general decreasing visitation rates with water deficit for flower-visitor interactions. Furthermore, the comparison of available studies suggests that increased reporting of plant stress severity and including more hydraulic and physiological measurements will improve the comparability across experiments and aid a more mechanistic understanding of plant-pollinator interactions under altered environmental conditions. Overall, our results show that water deficit has the potential to strongly affect plant-pollinator interactions via changes in specific floral traits. Linking these changes to pollination services and pollinator performance is one crucial step for understanding how changing water availability and drought events under climate change will alter plant and pollinator communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Kuppler
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martyna M Kotowska
- Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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30
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Gallagher MK, Campbell DR. Experimental Test of the Combined Effects of Water Availability and Flowering Time on Pollinator Visitation and Seed Set. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.641693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is likely to alter both flowering phenology and water availability for plants. Either of these changes alone can affect pollinator visitation and plant reproductive success. The relative impacts of phenology and water, and whether they interact in their impacts on plant reproductive success remain, however, largely unexplored. We manipulated flowering phenology and soil moisture in a factorial experiment with the subalpine perennial Mertensia ciliata (Boraginaceae). We examined responses of floral traits, floral abundance, pollinator visitation, and composition of visits by bumblebees vs. other pollinators. To determine the net effects on plant reproductive success, we also measured seed production and seed mass. Reduced water led to shorter, narrower flowers that produced less nectar. Late flowering plants produced fewer and shorter flowers. Both flowering phenology and water availability influenced pollination and reproductive success. Differences in flowering phenology had greater effects on pollinator visitation than did changes in water availability, but the reverse was true for seed production and mass, which were enhanced by greater water availability. The probability of receiving a flower visit declined over the season, coinciding with a decline in floral abundance in the arrays. Among plants receiving visits, both the visitation rate and percent of non-bumblebee visitors declined after the first week and remained low until the final week. We detected interactions of phenology and water on pollinator visitor composition, in which plants subject to drought were the only group to experience a late-season resurgence in visits by solitary bees and flies. Despite that interaction, net reproductive success measured as seed production responded additively to the two manipulations of water and phenology. Commonly observed declines in flower size and reward due to drought or shifts in phenology may not necessarily result in reduced plant reproductive success, which in M. ciliata responded more directly to water availability. The results highlight the need to go beyond studying single responses to climate changes, such as either phenology of a single species or how it experiences an abiotic factor, in order to understand how climate change may affect plant reproductive success.
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31
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Kuppler J, Wieland J, Junker RR, Ayasse M. Drought-induced reduction in flower size and abundance correlates with reduced flower visits by bumble bees. AOB PLANTS 2021; 13:plab001. [PMID: 33628409 PMCID: PMC7891244 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Reduced water availability can cause physiological stress in plants that affects floral development leading to changes in floral morphology and traits that mediate interactions with pollinators. As pollinators can detect small changes in trait expressions, drought-induced changes in floral traits could affect pollinator visitations. However, the linkage between changes in floral traits and pollinator visitations under drought conditions is not well explored. We, therefore, tested whether drought-induced changes in floral morphology and abundance of flowers are linked to changes in pollinator visitations. We conducted flight cage experiments with a radio frequency identification system for automated visitation recordings with bumble bees (Bombus terrestris) and common charlock (Sinapis arvensis) as the model system. In total, we recorded interactions for 31 foraging bumble bees and 6569 flower visitations. We found that decreasing soil moisture content correlated with decreasing size of all measured morphological traits except stamen length and nectar tube width. The reductions in floral size, petal width and length, nectar tube depth and number of flowers resulted in decreasing visitation rates by bumble bees. These decreasing visitations under lower soil moisture availability might be explained by lower numbers of flowers and thus a reduced attractiveness and/or by increased difficulties experienced by bumble bees in handling smaller flowers. Whether these effects act additively or synergistically on pollinator behaviour and whether this leads to changes in pollen transfer and to different selectionp ressures require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kuppler
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Corresponding author’s e-mail address:
| | - J Wieland
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - R R Junker
- Evolutionary Ecology of Plants, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - M Ayasse
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Höfer RJ, Ayasse M, Kuppler J. Bumblebee Behavior on Flowers, but Not Initial Attraction, Is Altered by Short-Term Drought Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:564802. [PMID: 33519833 PMCID: PMC7838097 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.564802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is leading to increasing drought and higher temperatures, both of which reduce soil water levels and consequently water availability for plants. This reduction often induces physiological stress in plants, which in turn can affect floral development and production inducing phenotypic alterations in flowers. Because flower visitors notice and respond to small differences in floral phenotypes, changes in trait expression can alter trait-mediated flower visitor behavior. Temperature is also known to affect floral scent emission and foraging behavior and, therefore, might modulate trait-mediated flower visitor behavior. However, the link between changes in flower visitor behavior and floral traits in the context of increasing drought and temperature is still not fully understood. In a wind-tunnel experiment, we tested the behavior of 66 Bombus terrestris individuals in response to watered and drought-stressed Sinapis arvensis plants and determined whether these responses were modulated by air temperature. Further, we explored whether floral traits and drought treatment were correlated with bumblebee behavior. The initial attractiveness of drought and watered plants did not differ, as the time to first visit was similar. However, bumblebees visited watered plants more often, their visitation rate to flowers was higher on watered plants, and bumblebees stayed for longer, indicating that watered plants were more attractive for foraging. Bumblebee behavior differed between floral trait expressions, mostly independently of treatment, with larger inflorescences and flowers leading to a decrease in the time until the first flower visit and an increase in the number of visits and the flower visitation rate. Temperature modulated bumblebee activity, which was highest at 25°C; the interaction of drought/water treatment and temperature led to higher visitation rate on watered plants at 20°C, possibly as a result of higher nectar production. Thus, bumblebee behavior is influenced by the watered status of plants, and bumblebees can recognize differences in intraspecific phenotypes involving morphological traits and scent emission, despite overall morphological traits and scent emission not being clearly separated between treatments. Our results indicate that plants are able to buffer floral trait expressions against short-term drought events, potentially to maintain pollinator attraction.
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Descamps C, Quinet M, Jacquemart AL. Climate Change-Induced Stress Reduce Quantity and Alter Composition of Nectar and Pollen From a Bee-Pollinated Species ( Borago officinalis, Boraginaceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:755843. [PMID: 34707633 PMCID: PMC8542702 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.755843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In temperate ecosystems, elevated temperatures, and drought occur especially during spring and summer, which are crucial periods for flowering, pollination, and reproduction of a majority of temperate plants. While many mechanisms may underlie pollinator decline in the wake of climate change, the interactive effects of temperature and water stress on the quantity and quality of floral nectar and pollen resources remain poorly studied. We investigated the impact of temperature rise (+3 and +6°C) and water stress (soil humidity lower than 15%) on the floral resources produced by the bee-pollinated species Borago officinalis. Nectar volume decreased with both temperature rise and water stress (6.1 ± 0.5 μl per flower under control conditions, 0.8 ± 0.1 μl per flower under high temperature and water stress conditions), resulting in a 60% decrease in the total quantity of nectar sugars (mg) produced per flower. Temperature rise but not water stress also induced a 50% decrease in pollen weight per flower but a 65% increase in pollen polypeptide concentration. Both temperature rise and water stress increased the total amino acid concentration and the essential amino acid percentage in nectar but not in pollen. In both pollen and nectar, the relative percentage of the different amino acids were modified under stresses. We discuss these modifications in floral resources in regards to plant-pollinator interactions and consequences on plant pollination success and on insect nutritional needs.
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