1
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Yang S, Kar S. How safe are wild-caught salmons exposed to various industrial chemicals? First ever in silico models for salmon toxicity data gaps filling. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 477:135401. [PMID: 39111177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Salmons are crucial to ecosystems and economic activities like commercial fishing and aquaculture, while also serving as an important source of nutrients, underscoring their ecological significance and the need for sustainable management. To better understand the toxicity and biological interactions between the salmon and industrial chemicals in the aquatic environment, we utilized the ToxValDB database to develop first ever computational toxicity models for six salmon subspecies (covering Atlantic and Pacific salmon) across two genera, employing Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) and quantitative Read-Across Structure-Activity Relationship (q-RASAR) methods. For three smaller datasets (Oncorhynchus nerka, Oncorhynchus keta, and Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), we created mathematical models using the entire datasets where QSAR models demonstrated superior statistical quality compared to q-RASAR. Conversely, the three larger datasets (Oncorhynchus kisutch, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, and Salmon salar) were divided into training and test sets, the q-RASAR models yielded better results compared to QSAR models. Mechanistic interpretations of these models revealed that descriptors such as Burden eigenvalues (BCUT), autocorrelation of topological structure (ATSC), and molecular polarizability were significant predictors of toxicity. For instance, higher polarizability and certain topological features were associated with increased toxicity as per the developed models. Statistically superior models for each subspecies were used to predict the aquatic toxicity of 1085 untested organic chemicals for toxicity data gap filling and risk assessment considering the applicability domain (AD). These insights are pivotal for designing safer chemicals and emphasize the need for sustainable management of salmon populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyun Yang
- Chemometrics and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Kean University, 1000 Morris Avenue, Union, NJ 07083, USA
| | - Supratik Kar
- Chemometrics and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Kean University, 1000 Morris Avenue, Union, NJ 07083, USA.
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2
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Bonde BM, Stien A. Ecological implications of the pink salmon invasion in northern Norway-Aggregative responses and terrestrial transfer by white-tailed eagles. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e70001. [PMID: 39041009 PMCID: PMC11260996 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.70001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the last 10 years, the spawning population of invasive pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) has increased in the river systems in northern Norway to a level that is causing concern about their impact on endemic fauna and ecosystem processes. The scale of transfer of pink salmon carcasses into the terrestrial ecosystem is likely to be a key determinant of terrestrial impact. Bears (Ursus sp.) are responsible for most such transfers in North America but are rare in Norway. The white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) is common however, and a candidate to be a main cause of such transfers. To evaluate this hypothesis, data on the abundance of white-tailed eagles and pink salmon were collected along the river Skallelv in northern Norway in 2021, a year the pink salmon spawned in the river, and in 2022, a year no pink salmon spawned in the river. The abundance of white-tailed eagles along the river was much higher the year pink salmon spawned in the river. Furthermore, white-tailed eagles were observed aggregating and catching pink salmon where and when pink salmon were present at the spawning and post-spawning stages. Based on our observations, we suggest that the white-tailed eagle is the main species involved in the transport of pink salmon from the river into the riparian zone in northern Norway and that other scavengers, in particular the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and common raven (Corvus corax), play an important role in transporting pink salmon carcasses from the riparian zone to the wider terrestrial ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bror Mathias Bonde
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and EconomicsUiT – The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Audun Stien
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and EconomicsUiT – The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
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3
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Donaldson JE, Ezenwa VO, Morrison TA, Holdo RM. Effects of migratory animals on resident parasite dynamics. Trends Ecol Evol 2024; 39:625-633. [PMID: 38355367 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Migratory animals can bring parasites into resident animal (i.e., non-migratory) home ranges (transport effects) and exert trophic effects that either promote or reduce parasite exposure to resident hosts. Here, we examine the importance of these transport and trophic effects and their interactions for resident parasite dynamics. We propose that migrant transport and trophic effects are impacted by the number of migratory animals entering a resident's home range (migration intensity), the amount of time that migrants spend within a resident's home range (migration duration), and the timing of migrant-resident interactions. We then incorporate migration intensity, duration, and timing into a framework for exploring the net impact of migrant trophic and transport effects on resident animal parasite prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa O Ezenwa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Thomas A Morrison
- School of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ricardo M Holdo
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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4
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Dennert AM, Elle E, Reynolds JD. Nutrients from spawning salmon influence leaf area, tissue density, and nitrogen-15 in riparian plant leaves. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11041. [PMID: 38380061 PMCID: PMC10877449 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Nutrient subsidies have significant impacts on ecosystems by connecting disjunct habitats, often through long-distance animal migrations. Salmon migrations on the North Pacific coasts provide these kinds of nutrient subsidies from senescent fish at the end of their life cycle, which can have significant ecological effects on terrestrial species. This can include impacts on individuals, populations, and communities, where shifts in community composition towards plant species that indicate nitrogen-rich soils have been documented. We investigated the effects of variation in salmon spawning density on the leaf traits of four common riparian plant species on the central coast of British Columbia, Canada. We found that all plant species had higher foliar salmon-derived nitrogen on streams with a higher spawning density. Three of the four species had larger leaves, and one species also had higher leaf mass per area on streams with more salmon. However, we found no differences in leaf greenness or foliar percent nitrogen among our study streams. These results demonstrate that nutrient subsidies from spawning salmon can have significant impacts on the ecology, morphology, and physiology of riparian plants, which lends support to a mechanism by which certain plants are more common on productive salmon streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M. Dennert
- Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Elizabeth Elle
- Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - John D. Reynolds
- Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
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5
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Rodgers TM, Wang Y, Humes C, Jeronimo M, Johannessen C, Spraakman S, Giang A, Scholes RC. Bioretention Cells Provide a 10-Fold Reduction in 6PPD-Quinone Mass Loadings to Receiving Waters: Evidence from a Field Experiment and Modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2023; 10:582-588. [PMID: 37455862 PMCID: PMC10339781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Road runoff to streams and rivers exposes aquatic organisms to complex mixtures of chemical contaminants. In particular, the tire-derived chemical 6PPD-quinone (N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone) is acutely toxic to several species of salmonids, which are critical to fisheries, ecosystems, and Indigenous cultures. We therefore urgently require interventions that can reduce loadings of 6PPD-quinone to salmonid habitats. Herein, we conducted a spike and recovery experiment on a full-scale, mature bioretention cell to assess the efficacy of stormwater green infrastructure technologies in reducing 6PPD-quinone loadings to receiving waters. We then interpreted and extended the results of our experiment using an improved version of the "Bioretention Blues" contaminant transport and fate model. Overall, our results showed that stormwater bioretention systems can effectively mitigate >∼90% of 6PPD-quinone loadings to streams under most "typical" storm conditions (i.e., < 2-year return period). We therefore recommend that stormwater managers and other environmental stewards redirect stormwater away from receiving waters and into engineered green infrastructure systems such as bioretention cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy
F. M. Rodgers
- Institute
of Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yanru Wang
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Cassandra Humes
- Green
Infrastructure Design Team, City of Vancouver
Engineering Services, Vancouver V5Z 0B4, Canada
| | - Matthew Jeronimo
- School
of Population and Public Health, University
of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z9, Canada
| | - Cassandra Johannessen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia
University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Sylvie Spraakman
- Green
Infrastructure Design Team, City of Vancouver
Engineering Services, Vancouver V5Z 0B4, Canada
| | - Amanda Giang
- Institute
of Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rachel C. Scholes
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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6
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Peller T, Guichard F, Altermatt F. The significance of partial migration for food web and ecosystem dynamics. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:3-22. [PMID: 36443028 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Migration is ubiquitous and can strongly shape food webs and ecosystems. Less familiar, however, is that the majority of life cycle, seasonal and diel migrations in nature are partial migrations: only a fraction of the population migrates while the other individuals remain in their resident ecosystem. Here, we demonstrate different impacts of partial migration rendering it fundamental to our understanding of the significance of migration for food web and ecosystem dynamics. First, partial migration affects the spatiotemporal distribution of individuals and the food web and ecosystem-level processes they drive differently than expected under full migration. Second, whether an individual migrates or not is regularly correlated with morphological, physiological, and/or behavioural traits that shape its food-web and ecosystem-level impacts. Third, food web and ecosystem dynamics can drive the fraction of the population migrating, enabling the potential for feedbacks between the causes and consequences of migration within and across ecosystems. These impacts, individually and in combination, can yield unintuitive effects of migration and drive the dynamics, diversity and functions of ecosystems. By presenting the first full integration of partial migration and trophic (meta-)community and (meta-)ecosystem ecology, we provide a roadmap for studying how migration affects and is affected by ecosystem dynamics in a changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianna Peller
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Eawag: Department of Aquatic Ecology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Florian Altermatt
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Eawag: Department of Aquatic Ecology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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7
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Dennert AM, Elle E, Reynolds JD. Experimental addition of marine-derived nutrients affects wildflower traits in a coastal meta-ecosystem. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:221008. [PMID: 36704256 PMCID: PMC9874277 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Organismal movement can bring individuals, resources and novel interactions across ecosystem boundaries and into recipient habitats, thereby forming meta-ecosystems. For example, Pacific salmon ecosystems receive large marine-derived nitrogen subsidies during annual spawning events, which can have a wide range of effects on aquatic and terrestrial plant species and communities. In this study, we evaluate the effects of cross-ecosystem nutrient subsidies on terrestrial plant growth and reproduction. We conducted a large-scale field experiment with four treatments: (i) addition of a pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) carcass, (ii) addition of the drift seaweed rockweed (Fucus distichus), (iii) addition of both salmon + rockweed, and (iv) a control. We examined treatment effects on leaf nitrogen and fitness-associated floral traits in four common estuarine wildflower species. We found elevated leaf ∂15N in all plant species and all sampling years in treatments with salmon carcass additions but did not observe any differences in leaf per cent nitrogen. We also observed larger leaf area in two species, a context-dependent increase in floral display area in two species, and a limited increase in plant seed set in response to both salmon carcass treatments. In sum, our study suggests that marine nutrients can affect terrestrial plant growth and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M. Dennert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - E. Elle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - John D. Reynolds
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
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8
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Ouellet V, Collins MJ, Kocik JF, Saunders R, Sheehan TF, Ogburn MB, Trinko Lake T. The diadromous watersheds-ocean continuum: Managing diadromous fish as a community for ecosystem resilience. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1007599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diadromous fishes play important ecological roles by delivering ecosystem services and making crucial connections along the watersheds-ocean continuum. However, it is difficult to fully understand the community-level impacts and cumulative benefits of diadromous fish migrations, as these species are most often considered individually or in small groups. Their interactions at a community level (e.g., interdependencies such as predation, co-migration, and habitat conditioning) and the connections between their ecosystem roles and functions (e.g., cumulative marine-derived nutrient contributions, impacts on stream geomorphology) are yet to be fully understood. Similarly, freshwater, estuarine, and marine ecosystems are often considered as independent parts, limiting understanding of the importance of connections across systems. We argue that not considering the ecosystem interdependence and importance of diadromous fish as a community currently hinders the implementation of the large-scale management required to increase ecosystem resilience and fish productivity across the full range of these species. We developed a conceptual model, the Diadromous Watersheds-Ocean Continuum (DWOC), that uses ecosystem services to promote a more holistic approach to the management of the diadromous community and encourages an integrated understanding of the ecosystem connections made by these species. DWOC provides a framework for discussions that can help identify research and management needs, discuss the trade-offs of different management options, and analyze what pressing questions impede the implementation of large-scale management solutions toward a more ecosystem-based management approach.
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9
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Reid M, Collins ML, Hall SRJ, Mason E, McGee G, Frid A. Protecting our coast for everyone's future: Indigenous and scientific knowledge support marine spatial protections proposed by Central Coast First Nations in Pacific Canada. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mike Reid
- Heiltsuk Integrated Resource Management Department Haíłzaqv Nation Wágḷísḷa British Columbia Canada
| | | | | | - Ernest Mason
- Kitasoo Xai'xais Fisheries Kitasoo Xai'xais Nation Klemtu British Columbia Canada
| | - Gord McGee
- Central Coast Indigenous Resource Alliance Campbell River British Columbia Canada
| | - Alejandro Frid
- Central Coast Indigenous Resource Alliance Campbell River British Columbia Canada
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10
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Sergeant CJ, Sexton EK, Moore JW, Westwood AR, Nagorski SA, Ebersole JL, Chambers DM, O'Neal SL, Malison RL, Hauer FR, Whited DC, Weitz J, Caldwell J, Capito M, Connor M, Frissell CA, Knox G, Lowery ED, Macnair R, Marlatt V, McIntyre JK, McPhee MV, Skuce N. Risks of mining to salmonid-bearing watersheds. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn0929. [PMID: 35776798 PMCID: PMC10883362 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn0929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mining provides resources for people but can pose risks to ecosystems that support cultural keystone species. Our synthesis reviews relevant aspects of mining operations, describes the ecology of salmonid-bearing watersheds in northwestern North America, and compiles the impacts of metal and coal extraction on salmonids and their habitat. We conservatively estimate that this region encompasses nearly 4000 past producing mines, with present-day operations ranging from small placer sites to massive open-pit projects that annually mine more than 118 million metric tons of earth. Despite impact assessments that are intended to evaluate risk and inform mitigation, mines continue to harm salmonid-bearing watersheds via pathways such as toxic contaminants, stream channel burial, and flow regime alteration. To better maintain watershed processes that benefit salmonids, we highlight key windows during the mining governance life cycle for science to guide policy by more accurately accounting for stressor complexity, cumulative effects, and future environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Sergeant
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, AK 99801, USA
| | - Erin K Sexton
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA
| | - Jonathan W Moore
- Earth2Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Alana R Westwood
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Sonia A Nagorski
- Environmental Science Program, University of Alaska Southeast, Juneau, AK 99801, USA
| | | | - David M Chambers
- Center for Science in Public Participation, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA
| | - Sarah L O'Neal
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Rachel L Malison
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA
| | - F Richard Hauer
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA
| | - Diane C Whited
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA
| | - Jill Weitz
- Salmon Beyond Borders, Juneau, AK 99801, USA
| | - Jackie Caldwell
- Lands, Resources, and Fisheries, Taku River Tlingit First Nation, Atlin, BC V0W 1A0, Canada
| | | | - Mark Connor
- Lands, Resources, and Fisheries, Taku River Tlingit First Nation, Atlin, BC V0W 1A0, Canada
| | - Christopher A Frissell
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA
- Department of Hydrology, Salish Kootenai College, Pablo, MT 59855, USA
| | - Greg Knox
- SkeenaWild Conservation Trust, Terrace, BC V8G 1M9, Canada
| | - Erin D Lowery
- Environment, Land, and Licensing Business Unit, Seattle City Light, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | | | - Vicki Marlatt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Jenifer K McIntyre
- School of the Environment, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - Megan V McPhee
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, AK 99801, USA
| | - Nikki Skuce
- Northern Confluence Initiative, Smithers, BC V0J 2N0, Canada
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11
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Frid A, McGreer M, Wilson KL, Du Preez C, Blaine T, Norgard T. Hotspots for rockfishes, structural corals, and large-bodied sponges along the central coast of Pacific Canada. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21944. [PMID: 34753952 PMCID: PMC8578610 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00791-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological hotspots are places with outstanding biodiversity features, and their delineation is essential to the design of marine protected areas (MPAs). For the Central Coast of Canada's Northern Shelf Bioregion, where an MPA network is being developed, we identified hotspots for structural corals and large-bodied sponges, which are foundation species vulnerable to bottom contact fisheries, and for Sebastidae, a fish family which includes species that are long-lived (> 100 years), overexploited, evolutionary distinctive, and at high trophic levels. Using 11 years of survey data that spanned from inland fjords to oceanic waters, we derived hotspot indices that accounted for species characteristics and abundances and examined hotspot distribution across depths and oceanographic subregions. The results highlight previously undocumented hotspot distributions, thereby informing the placement of MPAs for which high levels of protection are warranted. Given the vulnerability of the taxa that we examined to cumulative fishery impacts, prospective MPAs derived from our data should be considered for interim protection measures during the protracted period between final network design and the enactment of MPA legislations. These recommendations reflect our scientific data, which are only one way of understanding the seascape. Our surveys did not cover many locations known to Indigenous peoples as biologically important. Consequently, Indigenous knowledge should also contribute substantially to the design of the MPA network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Frid
- Central Coast Indigenous Resource Alliance, Campbell River, BC, Canada. .,School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
| | - Madeleine McGreer
- Central Coast Indigenous Resource Alliance, Campbell River, BC, Canada
| | - Kyle L Wilson
- Central Coast Indigenous Resource Alliance, Campbell River, BC, Canada
| | - Cherisse Du Preez
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC, Canada
| | - Tristan Blaine
- Central Coast Indigenous Resource Alliance, Campbell River, BC, Canada
| | - Tammy Norgard
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
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12
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Rammell NF, Dennert AM, Ernst CM, Reynolds JD. Effects of spawning Pacific salmon on terrestrial invertebrates: Insects near spawning habitat are isotopically enriched with nitrogen-15 but display no differences in body size. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:12728-12738. [PMID: 34594534 PMCID: PMC8462137 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) spawn and die, they deliver marine-derived nutrient subsidies to freshwater and riparian ecosystems. These subsidies can alter the behavior, productivity, and abundance of recipient species and their habitats. Isotopes, such as nitrogen-15 (15N), are often used to trace the destination of marine-derived nutrients in riparian habitats. However, few studies have tested for correlations between stable isotopes and physiological responses of riparian organisms. We examined whether increases in δ 15N in terrestrial insect bodies adjacent to salmon spawning habitat translate to changes in percent nitrogen content and body size. This involved comparisons between distance from a salmon-bearing river, marine-derived nutrients in soils and insects, soil moisture content, and body size and nitrogen content in two common beetle families (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Carabidae). As predicted, δ15N in riparian soils attenuated with distance from the river but was unaffected by soil moisture. This gradient was mirrored by δ15N in the herbivorous curculionid beetles, whereas carabid beetles, which feed at a higher trophic level and are more mobile, did not show discernable patterns in their δ15N content. Additionally, neither distance from the river nor body δ15N content was related to beetle body size. We also found that nitrogen-15 was not correlated with total percent nitrogen in insect bodies, meaning that the presence of spawning salmon did not increase the percent nitrogen content of these insects. We conclude that while salmon-derived nutrients had entered terrestrial food webs, the presence of δ15N alone did not indicate meaningful physiological changes in these insects in terms of percent nitrogen nor body size. While stable isotopes may be useful tracers of marine-derived nutrients, they cannot necessarily be used as a proxy for physiologically important response variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola F. Rammell
- Earth to Ocean Research GroupDepartment of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
| | - Allison M. Dennert
- Earth to Ocean Research GroupDepartment of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
| | - Christopher M. Ernst
- Earth to Ocean Research GroupDepartment of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
- Hakai InstituteHeriot BayBCCanada
| | - John D. Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research GroupDepartment of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
- Hakai InstituteHeriot BayBCCanada
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13
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Kieran CN, Obrist DS, Muñoz NJ, Hanly PJ, Reynolds JD. Links between fluctuations in sockeye salmon abundance and riparian forest productivity identified by remote sensing. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Celeste N. Kieran
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Debora S. Obrist
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Nicolas J. Muñoz
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Patrick J. Hanly
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
| | - John D. Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
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14
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Price MHH, Moore JW, Connors BM, Wilson KL, Reynolds JD. Portfolio simplification arising from a century of change in salmon population diversity and artificial production. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. H. Price
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
| | - Jonathan W. Moore
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
| | - Brendan M. Connors
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada Institute of Oceans Sciences Sidney BC Canada
| | - Kyle L. Wilson
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
| | - John D. Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
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15
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Atlas WI, Ban NC, Moore JW, Tuohy AM, Greening S, Reid AJ, Morven N, White E, Housty WG, Housty JA, Service CN, Greba L, Harrison S, Sharpe C, Butts KIR, Shepert WM, Sweeney-Bergen E, Macintyre D, Sloat MR, Connors K. Indigenous Systems of Management for Culturally and Ecologically Resilient Pacific Salmon ( Oncorhynchus spp.) Fisheries. Bioscience 2020; 71:186-204. [PMID: 33613129 PMCID: PMC7882363 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biaa144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) are at the center of social–ecological systems that have supported Indigenous peoples around the North Pacific Rim since time immemorial. Through generations of interdependence with salmon, Indigenous Peoples developed sophisticated systems of management involving cultural and spiritual beliefs, and stewardship practices. Colonization radically altered these social–ecological systems, disrupting Indigenous management, consolidating authority within colonial governments, and moving most harvest into mixed-stock fisheries. We review Indigenous management of salmon, including selective fishing technologies, harvest practices, and governance grounded in multigenerational place-based knowledge. These systems and practices showcase pathways for sustained productivity and resilience in contemporary salmon fisheries. Contrasting Indigenous systems with contemporary management, we document vulnerabilities of colonial governance and harvest management that have contributed to declining salmon fisheries in many locations. We suggest that revitalizing traditional systems of salmon management can improve prospects for sustainable fisheries and healthy fishing communities and identify opportunities for their resurgence.
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Affiliation(s)
- William I Atlas
- Pacific Salmon Foundation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Wild Salmon Center, in Portland, Oregon
| | - Natalie C Ban
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathan W Moore
- Earth2Ocean Group, Biological Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adrian M Tuohy
- Wild Fish Conservancy, Duvall, Washington, Spencer Greening is affiliated with the Faculty of Environment, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, and with the Gitga'at First Nation, both in British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Andrea J Reid
- Department of Biology and the Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, and with the Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Nisga'a Nation, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Elroy White
- Central Coast Archaeology, Bella Bella, British Columbia, Canada.,Heiltsuk Nation
| | - William G Housty
- Heiltsuk Integrated Resource Management Department, Bella Bella, British Columbia, Canada.,Heiltsuk Nation
| | - Jess A Housty
- QQs Projects Society, Bella Bella, British Columbia, Canada.,Heiltsuk Nation
| | | | - Larry Greba
- Kitasoo and Xai'xais First Nations, Klemtu, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sam Harrison
- Kitasoo and Xai'xais First Nations, Klemtu, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ciara Sharpe
- Lax Kw'alaams Fisheries, Prince Rupert, British Columbia
| | | | | | | | - Donna Macintyre
- Lake Babine Nation Fisheries, Burns Lake, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Katrina Connors
- Pacific Salmon Foundation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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16
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Levi T, Hilderbrand GV, Hocking MD, Quinn TP, White KS, Adams MS, Armstrong JB, Crupi AP, Darimont CT, Deacy W, Gilbert SL, Ripple WJ, Shakeri YN, Wheat RE, Wilmers CC. Community Ecology and Conservation of Bear-Salmon Ecosystems. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.513304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apex predators play keystone roles in ecosystems through top-down control, but the effects of apex omnivores on ecosystems could be more varied because changes in the resource base alter their densities and reverberate through ecosystems in complex ways. In coastal temperate ecosystems throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere, anadromous salmon once supported abundant bear populations, but both taxa have declined or been extirpated from large parts of their former ranges with limited research on the consequences of diminished or absent interactions among species. Here we review the biogeography of bear-salmon interactions and the role of salmon-subsidized bears in (1) resource provisioning to plants and scavengers through the distribution of salmon carcasses, (2) competition among bears and other large carnivores, (3) predation of ungulate neonates, (4) seed dispersal, and (5) resource subsidies to rodents with seed-filled scats. In addition to our review of the literature, we present original data to demonstrate two community-level patterns that are currently unexplained. First, deer densities appear to be consistently higher on islands with abundant brown bears than adjacent islands with black bears and wolves, and moose calf survival is higher at low bear densities (<∼25 bears per 100 km2) but is constant across the vast majority of bear densities found in the wild (i.e., ∼>25 bears per 100 km2). Our review and empirical data highlight key knowledge gaps and research opportunities to understand the complex ecosystem effects related to bear-salmon interactions.
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17
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Siemens LD, Dennert AM, Obrist DS, Reynolds JD. Spawning salmon density influences fruit production of salmonberry (
Rubus spectabilis
). Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa D. Siemens
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby British ColumbiaV5A 1S6Canada
| | - Allison M. Dennert
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby British ColumbiaV5A 1S6Canada
| | - Debora S. Obrist
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby British ColumbiaV5A 1S6Canada
| | - John D. Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby British ColumbiaV5A 1S6Canada
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18
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Walsh JC, Pendray JE, Godwin SC, Artelle KA, Kindsvater HK, Field RD, Harding JN, Swain NR, Reynolds JD. Relationships between Pacific salmon and aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems: implications for ecosystem-based management. Ecology 2020; 101:e03060. [PMID: 32266971 PMCID: PMC7537986 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pacific salmon influence temperate terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems through the dispersal of marine‐derived nutrients and ecosystem engineering of stream beds when spawning. They also support large fisheries, particularly along the west coast of North America. We provide a comprehensive synthesis of relationships between the densities of Pacific salmon and terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, summarize the direction, shape, and magnitude of these relationships, and identify possible ecosystem‐based management indicators and benchmarks. We found 31 studies that provided 172 relationships between salmon density (or salmon abundance) and species abundance, species diversity, food provisioning, individual growth, concentration of marine‐derived isotopes, nutrient enhancement, phenology, and several other ecological responses. The most common published relationship was between salmon density and marine‐derived isotopes (40%), whereas very few relationships quantified ecosystem‐level responses (5%). Only 13% of all relationships tended to reach an asymptote (i.e., a saturating response) as salmon densities increased. The number of salmon killed by bears and the change in biomass of different stream invertebrate taxa between spawning and nonspawning seasons were relationships that usually reached saturation. Approximately 46% of all relationships were best described with linear or curved nonasymptotic models, indicating a lack of saturation. In contrast, 41% of data sets showed no relationship with salmon density or abundance, including many of the relationships with stream invertebrate and biofilm biomass density, marine‐derived isotope concentrations, or vegetation density. Bears required the highest densities of salmon to reach their maximum observed food consumption (i.e., 9.2 kg/m2 to reach the 90% threshold of the relationship’s asymptote), followed by freshwater fish abundance (90% threshold = 7.3 kg/m2 of salmon). Although the effects of salmon density on ecosystems are highly varied, it appears that several of these relationships, such as bear food consumption, could be used to develop indicators and benchmarks for ecosystem‐based fisheries management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Walsh
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jane E Pendray
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sean C Godwin
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kyle A Artelle
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.,Raincoast Conservation Foundation, P.O. Box 2429, Sidney, British Columbia, V8L 3Y3, Canada
| | - Holly K Kindsvater
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08908, USA
| | - Rachel D Field
- Department of Biology, The Okanagan Institute for Biodiversity, Resilience and Ecosystem Services (BRAES), Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, SCI 133, 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Jennifer N Harding
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Noel R Swain
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John D Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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