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Roumenina LT, Rayes J, Frimat M, Fremeaux-Bacchi V. Endothelial cells: source, barrier, and target of defensive mediators. Immunol Rev 2017; 274:307-329. [PMID: 27782324 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endothelium is strategically located at the interface between blood and interstitial tissues, placing thus endothelial cell as a key player in vascular homeostasis. Endothelial cells are in a dynamic equilibrium with their environment and constitute concomitantly a source, a barrier, and a target of defensive mediators. This review will discuss the recent advances in our understanding of the complex crosstalk between the endothelium, the complement system and the hemostasis in health and in disease. The first part will provide a general introduction on endothelial cells heterogeneity and on the physiologic role of the complement and hemostatic systems. The second part will analyze the interplay between complement, hemostasis and endothelial cells in physiological conditions and their alterations in diseases. Particular focus will be made on the prototypes of thrombotic microangiopathic disorders, resulting from complement or hemostasis dysregulation-mediated endothelial damage: atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Novel aspects of the pathophysiology of the thrombotic microangiopathies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubka T Roumenina
- INSERM UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris-6) and Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Julie Rayes
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Marie Frimat
- INSERM UMR 995, Lille, France.,Nephrology Department, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Veronique Fremeaux-Bacchi
- INSERM UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC-Paris-6) and Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
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Ghosh P, Sahoo R, Vaidya A, Chorev M, Halperin JA. Role of complement and complement regulatory proteins in the complications of diabetes. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:272-88. [PMID: 25859860 PMCID: PMC4446516 DOI: 10.1210/er.2014-1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that the organ damage that complicates human diabetes is caused by prolonged hyperglycemia, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which high levels of glucose cause tissue damage in humans are still not fully understood. The prevalent hypothesis explaining the mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenesis of diabetes complications includes overproduction of reactive oxygen species, increased flux through the polyol pathway, overactivity of the hexosamine pathway causing intracellular formation of advanced glycation end products, and activation of protein kinase C isoforms. In addition, experimental and clinical evidence reported in past decades supports a strong link between the complement system, complement regulatory proteins, and the pathogenesis of diabetes complications. In this article, we summarize the body of evidence that supports a role for the complement system and complement regulatory proteins in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications, with specific emphasis on the role of the membrane attack complex (MAC) and of CD59, an extracellular cell membrane-anchored inhibitor of MAC formation that is inactivated by nonenzymatic glycation. We discuss a pathogenic model of human diabetic complications in which a combination of CD59 inactivation by glycation and hyperglycemia-induced complement activation increases MAC deposition, activates pathways of intracellular signaling, and induces the release of proinflammatory, prothrombotic cytokines and growth factors. Combined, complement-dependent and complement-independent mechanisms induced by high glucose promote inflammation, proliferation, and thrombosis as characteristically seen in the target organs of diabetes complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Ghosh
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine (P.G., R.S., M.C., J.A.H.), and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Rupam Sahoo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine (P.G., R.S., M.C., J.A.H.), and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Anand Vaidya
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine (P.G., R.S., M.C., J.A.H.), and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Michael Chorev
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine (P.G., R.S., M.C., J.A.H.), and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jose A Halperin
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine (P.G., R.S., M.C., J.A.H.), and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Li B, Xu YJ, Chu XM, Gao MH, Wang XH, Nie SM, Yang F, Lv CY. Molecular mechanism of inhibitory effects of CD59 gene on atherosclerosis in ApoE (−/−) mice. Immunol Lett 2013; 156:68-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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AlMahri A, Holgersson J, Alheim M. Detection of complement-fixing and non-fixing antibodies specific for endothelial precursor cells and lymphocytes using flow cytometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 80:404-15. [PMID: 22931381 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2012.01954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Donor human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-specific antibodies (Abs) with the ability to activate complement are associated with an increased risk of early Ab-mediated rejection (AMR) of kidney allografts. In recent years, also non-HLA Abs-binding endothelial cells have been shown to elicit early AMR. Donor-specific anti-endothelial cell Abs escape detection in the pre-transplant evaluation if only lymphocytes are used as target cells in crossmatch tests. We addressed whether endothelial precursor cells (EPCs) could be used for detection of complement-fixing as well as non-fixing Abs and if complement factor and immunoglobulin G (IgG) deposition on co-purified T and B cells correlated to the outcome of the T- and B-cell complement-dependent cytotoxicity assay. Deposition of complement factors C3c and C3d, but not C1q nor C4d, were detected on EPCs and lymphocytes upon incubation with HLA Ab-positive sera. There was a correlation between the amount of C3c deposition and IgG binding on EPCs (R(2) = 0.71, P = 0.0012) and T cells (R(2) = 0.74, P = 0.0006) but not for B cells (R(2) = 0.34, P = 0.059). The specificity and sensitivity for C3d deposition on endothelial precursor cell crossmatch (EPCXM) T cells vs the T complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) assay were 69% and 72%, respectively. The EPCXM B-cell C3d assay had considerably lower sensitivity (39%) than the B CDC assay. Altogether, this novel assay based on the detection of complements factors on EPCs and lymphocytes by flow cytometry may widen the diagnostic repertoire and thereby improve the clinical management of patients undergoing kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A AlMahri
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Kerr H, Richards A. Complement-mediated injury and protection of endothelium: lessons from atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Immunobiology 2012; 217:195-203. [PMID: 21855165 PMCID: PMC4083254 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The complement system provides a vital defence against invading pathogens. As an intrinsic system it is always 'on', in a state of constant, low level activation. This activation is principally mediated through the deposition of C3b on to pathogenic surfaces and host tissues. C3b is generated by spontaneous 'tick over' and formal activation of the alternative pathway, and by activation of the classical and lectin pathways. If the deposited C3b is not appropriately regulated, there is progression to terminal pathway complement activation via the C5 convertases, generating the potent anaphylotoxin C5a and the membrane attack complex C5b-9. Unsurprisingly, these highly active components have the potential to cause injury to bystander host tissue, including the vascular endothelium. As such, complement activation on endothelium is normally tightly controlled by a large number of fluid-phase and membrane bound inhibitors, in an attempt to ensure that propagation of complement activation is appropriately restricted to invading pathogens and altered 'self', e.g. apoptotic and necrotic cells. The kidney is increasingly recognised as a site at particular risk from complement-mediated endothelial injury. Both genetic and acquired defects which impact on complement regulation predispose to this susceptibility. The thrombotic microangiopathy, haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), will be used to illustrate the mechanisms by which the endothelial cell injury occurs. Finally, the underlying rationale for current and future potential therapeutic interventions in HUS and also the opportunities for enhancing endothelial defence to prevent relapsing disease through increased complement cytoprotective strategies will be summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Kerr
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
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Nowicki S, Izban MG, Pawelczyk E, Agboto VK, Pratap S, Olson G, Nowicki B. Preterm labor: CD55 in maternal blood leukocytes. Am J Reprod Immunol 2009; 61:360-7. [PMID: 19341386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2009.00702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Intrauterine inflammation is a frequent and significant factor associated with the pathogenesis of preterm labor/birth (PTL/PTB). However, it remains unclear whether the intrauterine inflammatory responses activate the maternal peripheral circulation. We explored the association between PTL/PTB and the 'activation' of the peripheral circulatory system by determining whether CD55 mRNA expression within peripheral WBCs differed between PTL and control patients not in labor. METHOD OF STUDY RNA was purified from white blood cells collected from pregnant women with preterm labor (n = 45), and from pregnant (n = 30) control women. CD55 gene expression was evaluated by quantitative PCR. RESULTS The mean CD55 mRNA level within the PTL group (0.77 +/- 0.03) was 1.48-fold higher than that observed (0.52 +/- 0.02) within the control group (P < 0.0001); 71% of PTL patients and only 6.7% of control subjects expressed elevated CD55 mRNA. The receiver operating characteristics (with 95% CI) of CD55 as a marker for PTL were as follows: Sensitivity, 69% (53-82%); Specificity, 93% (78-99%); Positive Predictive Value, 94% (80-99%); and Negative Predictive Value, 67% (51-80%). In the patient population that delivered prematurely (before 37 weeks), 81% expressed elevated CD55 mRNA levels with a mean of 0.78 +/- 0.03 and 95% CI of 0.71-0.84. The receiver operating characteristics were as follows: Sensitivity, 73% (54-88%); Specificity, 86% (71-95%); Positive Predictive Value, 81.5% (62-94%); and Negative Predictive Value, 80% (64-91%). CONCLUSION Here we report for the first time that CD55 mRNA expression was elevated in the peripheral WBCs of subjects with preterm labor compared with control gestationally-matched pregnant woman and that elevated leukocyte CD55 may be a useful predictor of subsequent PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Nowicki
- Departments of Obstrics and Gynocology, and Microbial Pathogenesis and Immune Response, Meharry Medical College, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd, Jr. Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208, USA.
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7
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Abstract
In organ transplantation, blood borne cells and macromolecules (e.g., antibodies) of the host immune system are brought into direct contact with the endothelial cell lining of graft vessels. In this location, graft endothelial cells play several roles in allograft rejection, including the initiation of rejection responses by presentation of alloantigen to circulating T cells; the development of inflammation and thrombosis; and as targets of injury and agents of repair.
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Abstract
In organ transplantation, blood borne cells and macromolecules (e.g., antibodies) of the host immune system are brought into direct contact with the endothelial cell lining of graft vessels. In this location, graft endothelial cells play several roles in allograft rejection, including the initiation of rejection responses by presentation of alloantigen to circulating T cells; the development of inflammation and thrombosis; and as targets of injury and agents of repair.
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Sloand EM, Pfannes L, Scheinberg P, More K, Wu CO, Horne M, Young NS. Increased soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is associated with thrombosis and inhibition of plasmin generation in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) patients. Exp Hematol 2008; 36:1616-24. [PMID: 18954937 PMCID: PMC3417356 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired genetic disorder of the bone marrow that produces intravascular hemolysis, proclivity to venous thrombosis, and hematopoietic failure. Mutation in the PIG-A gene of a hematopoietic stem cell abrogates synthesis of glycosylphosphoinositol (GPI) anchors and expression of all GPI-anchored proteins on the surface of progeny erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), a GPI-linked protein expressed on neutrophils, mediates endogenous thrombolysis through a urokinase-dependent mechanism. Here we show that membrane GPI-anchored uPAR is decreased or absent on granulocytes and platelets of patients with PNH, while soluble uPAR (suPAR) levels are increased in patients' plasma. Serum suPAR concentrations correlated with the number of GPI-negative neutrophils and were highest in patients who later develop thrombosis. In vitro, suPAR is released from PNH hematopoietic cells and from platelets upon activation, suggesting that these cells are the probable source of plasma suPAR in the absence of GPI anchor synthesis and trafficking of uPAR to the cell membrane. In vitro, the addition of recombinant suPAR results in a dose-dependent decrease in the activity of single-chain urokinase. We hypothesized that suPAR, prevents the interaction of urokinase with membrane-anchored uPAR on residual normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Sloand
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Hematology Branch, Office of Biostatistics Research, Division of Prevention and Population Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1260, USA.
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Yoshinaga K. Review of factors essential for blastocyst implantation for their modulating effects on the maternal immune system. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2007; 19:161-9. [PMID: 18054836 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary and ovarian hormones prepare the endometrium for successful blastocyst implantation and support its process directly or indirectly through the action of growth factors, cytokines and other molecules. Many of the blastocyst implantation essential factors (BIEFs) are modulators of the maternal immune system. Since little is known as to the action of these molecules on the uterine lymphocytes, its clarification is imperative to the understanding of the process of blastocyst implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yoshinaga
- Reproductive Sciences Branch, Center for Population Research, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892-7510, USA.
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Xu L, Wu W, Zhao Z, Shao H, Liu W, Liu H, Li W. Cooperation between Human DAF and CD59 in Protecting Cells from Human Complement-mediated Lysis. BMB Rep 2006; 39:743-8. [PMID: 17129411 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2006.39.6.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement (C) regulatory proteins decay accelerating factor (DAF, CD55) and CD59 could protect host cells using different mechanisms from C-mediated damage at two distinct levels within the C pathway. Co-expression of DAF and CD59 would be an effective strategy to help overcome host C-induced xenograft hyperacute rejection. In this study, we made a construct of recombinant expression vector containing DAF and CD59 cDNA and the stable cell lines were obtained by G418 selection. Extraneous genes integration and co-expression were identified by PCR, RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Human c-mediated cytolysis assays showed that NIH/3T3 cells transfected stably with pcDNA3-CD59, pcDNA3-DAF, and pcDNA3-CD59DAF-DP were protected from Cmediated damage and that synchronously expressed human CD59 and DAF provided the most excellent protection for host cells as compared with either human CD59 or DAF expressed alone. Therefore, the construct represents an effective and efficacy strategy to overcome C-mediated damage in cells and, ultimately, in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, P. R. China
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Qin X, Goldfine A, Krumrei N, Grubissich L, Acosta J, Chorev M, Hays AP, Halperin JA. Glycation inactivation of the complement regulatory protein CD59: a possible role in the pathogenesis of the vascular complications of human diabetes. Diabetes 2004; 53:2653-61. [PMID: 15448097 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.53.10.2653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Micro- and macrovascular diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality in the diabetic population, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms that link hyperglycemia to these complications remain incompletely understood. We proposed that in human diabetes, inhibition by glycation of the complement regulatory protein CD59 increases deposition of the membrane attack complex (MAC) of complement, contributing to the higher vascular risk. We report here 1) the generation and characterization of an anti-glycated human CD59 (hCD59) specific antibody, 2) the detection with this antibody of glycated hCD59 colocalized with MAC in kidneys and nerves from diabetic but not from nondiabetic subjects, and 3) a significantly reduced activity of hCD59 in erythrocytes from diabetic subjects, a finding consistent with glycation inactivation of hCD59 in vivo. Because hCD59 acts as a specific inhibitor of MAC formation, these findings provide a molecular explanation for the increased MAC deposition reportedly found in the target organs of diabetic complications. We conclude that glycation inactivation of hCD59 that leads to increased MAC deposition may contribute to the extensive vascular pathology that complicates human diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Qin
- Hematology Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Sloand EM, Mainwaring L, Keyvanfar K, Chen J, Maciejewski J, Klein HG, Young NS. Transfer of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins to deficient cells after erythrocyte transfusion in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Blood 2004; 104:3782-8. [PMID: 15304386 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-02-0645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), an acquired mutation of the PIGA gene results in the absence of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface membrane proteins in affected hematopoietic cells. Absence of GPI-anchored proteins on erythrocytes is responsible for their increased sensitivity to complement-mediated lysis, resulting in hemolytic anemia. Cell-to-cell transfer of CD55 and CD59, 2 GPI-anchored proteins, by red cell microvesicles has been demonstrated in vitro, with retention of their function. Because red cell units stored for transfusion contain many erythrocyte microvesicles, transfused blood could potentially serve as a source of CD55 and CD59. We examined whether GPI-anchored proteins could be transferred in vivo to deficient cells following transfusions given to 6 patients with PNH. All patients were group A(1) blood type. Each was given transfusions of 3 U of compatible, washed group O blood. Patient group A(1) cells were distinguished from the transfused group O cells by flow cytometry and staining with a labeled lectin, Dolichos biflorus, which specifically binds to group A(1) erythrocytes. Increased surface CD59 was measured on recipient red cells and granulocytes 1, 3, and 7 days following transfusion in all 6 patients. Our data suggest a potential therapeutic role for GPI-anchored protein transfer for severe PNH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Sloand
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Department of Transfusion Meidcine, Clinical Center, National Instittues of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Madjd Z, Pinder SE, Paish C, Ellis IO, Carmichael J, Durrant LG. Loss of CD59 expression in breast tumours correlates with poor survival. J Pathol 2003; 200:633-9. [PMID: 12898600 DOI: 10.1002/path.1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CD59 (protectin), a phosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein, is a member of the cell membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins that inhibits the formation of the terminal membrane attack complex (MAC) of complement. In this study, the expression of CD59 was evaluated in 520 breast carcinomas from patients with a mean follow-up of 87 months. This expression was correlated with clinicopathological features and patient survival. Marked variation in the intensity of CD59 expression, which correlated with histological grade and Nottingham prognostic index (NPI), was found, with higher expression of CD59 found more often in well and moderately differentiated tumours and those of good prognosis (NPI < or = 3.4). In contrast, high grade and poor prognosis (NPI > 5.4) carcinomas significantly demonstrated lack of CD59 expression (p < 0.001). Moreover, it was found that the percentage of CD59-positive cells correlated significantly with patient survival, ie patients with a high percentage of positive cells (>50%) had a better overall survival (p = 0.006). A correlation was also found between the percentage of CD59-positive cells and tumour type and also the development of distant metastases. No association was found between either the intensity or the percentage of cells expressing CD59 and vascular invasion, lymph node stage, tumour size, patient age or menopausal status. In multivariate analysis, CD59 percentage positivity was of independent prognostic significance with grade and lymph node stage. These findings indicate that loss of CD59 may offer a selective advantage for breast cancers, resulting in more aggressive tumours and conferring a poor prognosis for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Madjd
- CRC Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
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15
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Nau F, Guérin-Dubiard C, Désert C, Gautron J, Bouton S, Gribonval J, Lagarrigue S. Cloning and characterization of HEP21, a new member of the uPAR/Ly6 protein superfamily predominantly expressed in hen egg white. Poult Sci 2003; 82:242-50. [PMID: 12619801 DOI: 10.1093/ps/82.2.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Using two-dimensional (2D)-PAGE, partial protein internal sequencing, and PCR with degenerate primers, we cloned a novel cDNA named HEP21 from hen egg white. The 0.5-kb cDNA encodes a 106 amino acid protein with a cysteine spacing pattern suggesting that HEP21 is a new member of the uPAR/CD59/Ly-6/ snake neurotoxin superfamily. The closest homology of HEP21 is to mouse Ly-6C. Unlike most members of this protein family, HEP21 is not glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored but is a secreted protein, as indicated by its localization and the presence of a signal peptide in its sequence. Moreover, HEP21 appears as an original member of this protein superfamily because it is predominantly expressed in a tissue, i.e., the oviduct, and especially the magnum where the egg white components are secreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Nau
- UMR INRA-ENSAR 1055 Physico-chimie et Technologie des Ovoproduits, Pole d'Enseignement Supérieur et de Recherche Agronomique de Rennes, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc CS 84215-35042 Rennes cedex, France.
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16
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Bongrazio M, Pries AR, Zakrzewicz A. The endothelium as physiological source of properdin: role of wall shear stress. Mol Immunol 2003; 39:669-75. [PMID: 12493642 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(02)00215-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Properdin is a positive regulator of the alternative pathway of complement activation. It can be released by peripheral blood cells but is not synthesized in the liver and the physiological source of properdin in plasma is unknown. The endothelium is an extra-hepatic source for several complement components and shear stress can modulate their expression. The aim of this study was to analyze shear stress-exposed endothelial cells (EC) as physiological source for plasma properdin. Human umbilical vein EC (HUVEC) and human cardiac microvascular EC (HCMEC) were exposed to shear stress using a cone-and-plate apparatus and properdin expression was analyzed by RT-PCR, Northern, and Western blot. mRNA for properdin is barely detectable in untreated EC but strongly induced by laminar shear stress exposure (6 dyn/cm(2); 24 h). Properdin is induced also at the protein level and is released in the extracellular compartment. Properdin up-regulation requires a shear stress of 2-3 dyn/cm(2), is not transient, and is reversible by restoration of static conditions. Turbulent flow exposure results in two times higher induction of properdin than laminar flow exposure. The ability of endothelial cells exposed to shear stress to synthesize properdin proposes the endothelium as physiological source for plasma properdin and suggests a link between flow conditions and the modulation of the alternative pathway. Furthermore, the stronger properdin induction by turbulent flow may suggest an involvement in the pathology of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Bongrazio
- Department of Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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Kieffer B, Driscoll PC, Campbell ID, Willis AC, van der Merwe PA, Davis SJ. Three-Dimensional Solution Structure of the Extracellular Region of the Complement Regulatory Protein CD59, a New Cell-Surface Protein Domain Related to Snake Venom Neurotoxins. Biochemistry 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/bi00181a006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mason JC, Lidington EA, Ahmad SR, Haskard DO. bFGF and VEGF synergistically enhance endothelial cytoprotection via decay-accelerating factor induction. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2002; 282:C578-87. [PMID: 11832343 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00339.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The complement-regulatory protein decay-accelerating factor (DAF) can be upregulated on endothelial cells (EC) by protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent and -independent pathways. We hypothesized that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) might induce EC DAF expression, providing a cytoprotective mechanism for angiogenic neovessels against complement-mediated injury. Incubation of umbilical vein, aortic, and dermal EC with bFGF or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) significantly increased DAF expression. Growth factor-induced EC proliferation was inhibited by PKC antagonists. In contrast, although PKC antagonists inhibited VEGF-induced DAF expression, bFGF-induced DAF was unaffected. Investigation of mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK) pathways also revealed differences, with bFGF-induced DAF dependent on p44/42 and p38 MAPK and VEGF requiring activation of p38 MAPK alone. Upregulation of DAF by bFGF was functionally relevant, reducing C3 deposition on EC after complement activation by 60% and resulting in marked reduction in complement-mediated EC lysis. bFGF and VEGF were synergistic in terms of DAF expression, resulting in enhanced cytoprotection. These observations reveal parallel PKC-dependent and -independent pathways regulating complement activation during angiogenesis. Further elucidation of these pathways may provide important insights into innate cytoprotective mechanisms in endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Mason
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Science, Technology and Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom.
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Niederwieser G, Bonelli RM, Kammerhuber F, Reisecker F, Költringer P. Intracerebral haemorrhage under interferon-beta therapy. Eur J Neurol 2001; 8:363-4. [PMID: 11422436 DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-1331.2001.00227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mason JC, Lidington EA, Yarwood H, Lublin DM, Haskard DO. Induction of endothelial cell decay-accelerating factor by vascular endothelial growth factor: a mechanism for cytoprotection against complement-mediated injury during inflammatory angiogenesis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2001; 44:138-50. [PMID: 11212152 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200101)44:1<138::aid-anr18>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Decay-accelerating factor (DAF) is a widely expressed, multifunctional cell surface protein involved in complement regulation and cell signaling. Previous studies have demonstrated that endothelial cell (EC) DAF is up-regulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha and inhibits complement binding. Because vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is cytoprotective to endothelium and is expressed at sites of chronic inflammation, we hypothesized that VEGF may induce DAF expression during inflammatory angiogenesis. METHODS Human umbilical vein and dermal microvascular EC were isolated using routine procedures, and the regulation and function of DAF, as well as other complement-regulatory proteins (membrane cofactor protein and CD59), were analyzed following stimulation with VEGF. RESULTS Incubation of large- or small-vessel EC with VEGF led to increased expression of DAF, with maximal expression after 48-72 hours of stimulation. This effect depended on the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and required increased steady-state messenger RNA levels and de novo protein synthesis. Although VEGF-induced EC proliferation was inhibited by both p38 and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) antagonists, DAF up-regulation in response to VEGF was only sensitive to inhibition of p38 MAPK. VEGF-stimulated EC showed a 60% reduction in C3 deposition following complement activation, and this resulted in a marked reduction in complement-mediated EC lysis. These protective effects were abolished by anti-DAF monoclonal antibody 1H4. CONCLUSION This study confirms the importance of PKC for the regulation of DAF expression by EC and reveals VEGF to be a physiologic agonist for this pathway. The up-regulation of DAF expression by VEGF may represent an important mechanism for the protection of EC from complement-mediated injury during angiogenesis in inflammatory rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Mason
- The BHF Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Imperial College School of Science, Technology, and Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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Nagahama M, Shiraishi M, Oshiro T, Muto Y. Adenovirus-mediated triple gene transfer of human complement regulating proteins to the porcine endothelial cell. Transplant Proc 2000; 32:2511-3. [PMID: 11120272 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(00)01790-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Nagahama
- First Department of Surgery, University of the Ryukyus, School of Medicine, Okinawa, Japan
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22
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Shiraishi M, Nagahama M, Nozato E, Oshiro T, Taira K, Muto Y. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of DAF and CD59 in xenogeneic pig liver perfusion. Transplant Proc 2000; 32:2374-5. [PMID: 11120206 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(00)01705-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Shiraishi
- First Department of Surgery, University of Ryukyu, School of Medicine, Okinawa, Japan
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Induction of decay-accelerating factor by thrombin through a protease-activated receptor 1 and protein kinase C–dependent pathway protects vascular endothelial cells from complement-mediated injury. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.8.2784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThere is increasing evidence for functional crosstalk between inflammatory and thrombotic pathways in inflammatory vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and vasculitis. Thus, complement activation on the endothelial cell (EC) surface during inflammation may generate thrombin via the synthesis of tissue factor. We explored the hypothesis that thrombin induces EC expression of the complement-regulatory proteins decay-accelerating factor (DAF), membrane cofactor protein (MCP), and CD59 and that this maintains vascular integrity during coagulation associated with complement activation. Thrombin increased DAF expression on the surface of ECs by 4-fold in a dose- and time-dependent manner as measured by flow cytometry. DAF up-regulation was first detectable at 6 hours and maximal 24 hours poststimulation, whereas no up-regulation of CD59 or MCP was seen. Thrombin-induced expression required increased DAF messenger RNA and de novo protein synthesis. The response depended on activation of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) and was inhibited by pharmacologic antagonists of protein kinase C (PKC), p38 and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and nuclear factor-κB. The increased DAF expression was functionally relevant because it significantly reduced C3 deposition and complement-mediated EC lysis. Thus, thrombin—generated at inflammatory sites in response to complement activation—is a physiologic agonist for the PKC-dependent pathway of DAF regulation, thereby providing a negative feedback loop protecting against thrombosis in inflammation.
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Induction of decay-accelerating factor by thrombin through a protease-activated receptor 1 and protein kinase C–dependent pathway protects vascular endothelial cells from complement-mediated injury. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.8.2784.h8002784_2784_2792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence for functional crosstalk between inflammatory and thrombotic pathways in inflammatory vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and vasculitis. Thus, complement activation on the endothelial cell (EC) surface during inflammation may generate thrombin via the synthesis of tissue factor. We explored the hypothesis that thrombin induces EC expression of the complement-regulatory proteins decay-accelerating factor (DAF), membrane cofactor protein (MCP), and CD59 and that this maintains vascular integrity during coagulation associated with complement activation. Thrombin increased DAF expression on the surface of ECs by 4-fold in a dose- and time-dependent manner as measured by flow cytometry. DAF up-regulation was first detectable at 6 hours and maximal 24 hours poststimulation, whereas no up-regulation of CD59 or MCP was seen. Thrombin-induced expression required increased DAF messenger RNA and de novo protein synthesis. The response depended on activation of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) and was inhibited by pharmacologic antagonists of protein kinase C (PKC), p38 and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and nuclear factor-κB. The increased DAF expression was functionally relevant because it significantly reduced C3 deposition and complement-mediated EC lysis. Thus, thrombin—generated at inflammatory sites in response to complement activation—is a physiologic agonist for the PKC-dependent pathway of DAF regulation, thereby providing a negative feedback loop protecting against thrombosis in inflammation.
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25
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van den Berg CW, Rix C, Hanna SM, Perez de la Lastra JM, Morgan BP. Role and regulation of pig CD59 and membrane cofactor protein/CD46 expressed on pig aortic endothelial cells. Transplantation 2000; 70:667-73. [PMID: 10972227 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200008270-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperacute rejection in xenotransplantation is caused by activation of complement (C) on endothelium. We have previously shown that purified C-regulators of the pig (CD59 and membrane cofactor protein [MCP]) are efficient regulators of human C (HuC). The aim of this study was to clarify the role of endogenously expressed C-regulatory molecules on pig endothelium in the protection against hyperacute rejection. METHODS Porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAEC) were harvested and cultured for various passages. PAEC were examined for the expression of endogenous pig CD59 and MCP by flow cytometry. PAEC were assessed for their susceptibility to lysis by HuC. The effect of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and various cytokines on the expression of MCP and CD59 and C-susceptibility was assessed. RESULTS Primary PAEC showed an initial high level of expression of pig CD59, however, upon culturing, CD59 levels decreased dramatically to about 20% after five passages. In contrast, levels of MCP doubled upon culturing of PAEC to confluency and remained stable during at least five passages. Primary cells and cells in the early passages were more resistant to HuC than cells that were cultured for longer. Blocking the function of CD59 but not of MCP using monoclonal antibody increased the susceptibility to HuC. Purified human CD59 incorporated to a level of expression similar to that of pig CD59 reversed the increased C-susceptibility, suggesting that pig and human CD59 are similarly protective against HuC. Increase of C-resistance and of expression of pig MCP, but not of CD59, was achieved upon incubation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, interleukin-4, or interferon-gamma had no effect on C-regulator expression or C-susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate the importance of using primary PAEC or cells in the first passages of culturing in in vitro models of xenotransplantation and show that pig MCP and, in particular, pig CD59 play an important role in protection of PAEC from HuC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W van den Berg
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, UWCM, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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26
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Harris CL, Spiller OB, Morgan BP. Human and rodent decay-accelerating factors (CD55) are not species restricted in their complement-inhibiting activities. Immunology 2000; 100:462-70. [PMID: 10929073 PMCID: PMC2327033 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous complement activation is restricted on cells by the complement regulators, decay-accelerating factor (DAF), membrane cofactor protein (MCP) and CD59. These proteins act in concert with other membrane structures to protect cells from homologous complement attack. In contrast, cells are usually sensitive to heterologous complement attack. It has been suggested that species-specific restriction of complement activation can be attributed to the inability of regulators to inhibit across species. We have investigated the capacities of human, rat and mouse analogues of DAF to regulate homologous and heterologous complement. Cells transfected with cDNA encoding these analogues were protected from heterologous complement attack. C3b-deposition experiments indicated that whilst cells were best protected by DAF from the same species, all three analogues inhibited human, rat and mouse complement. Comparable results were obtained in haemolysis assays using soluble, recombinant forms of the proteins. Inhibition of the classical pathway (CP) was best achieved with homologous DAF, although human DAF also inhibited rat complement, rat DAF also inhibited human complement and mouse DAF inhibited complement from all species. Human DAF was the best inhibitor of alternative pathway (AP)-mediated attack, inhibiting complement from all species. Mouse DAF inhibited mouse and rat AP, whilst rat DAF inhibited only rat AP. These data indicate that human and rodent analogues of DAF are not species restricted and highlights interesting differences in the capacity to regulate AP and CP. This has implications in broader fields of research, such as xenotransplantation, where cross-species regulation of complement is of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Harris
- Complement Biology Group, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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27
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Shiraishi M, Nagahama M, Nozato E, Oshiro T, Taira K, Muto Y. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of the triple human complement regulating proteins (DAF, CD59, MCP) in xenogeneic pig liver perfusion. Transplant Proc 2000; 32:1116-7. [PMID: 10936387 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(00)01152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Shiraishi
- First Department of Surgery, University of Ryukyu, School of Medicine, Okinawa, Japan
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Abstract
The shortage of human organs has focused research on finding an animal source of replacement organs. The immunological barriers to xenotransplantation are now more clearly defined, allowing retrospective interpretation of past clinical experience in humans. Due to physiological compatibilities as well as ethical and infectious considerations, pigs have now emerged as the most likely source of future xenografts. The introduction of transgenic pigs expressing human complement regulatory proteins and new immunosuppressive regimens have shown early promise in the laboratory, although further advancements are needed to advance to clinical trials. Additional clarification of infectious risks and patient strategies are remaining obstacles to application in the clinical arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Adams
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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29
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Chen RH, Kadner A, Mitchell RN, Adams DH. Mechanism of delayed rejection in transgenic pig-to-primate cardiac xenotransplantation. J Surg Res 2000; 90:119-25. [PMID: 10792951 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2000.5864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pig-to-primate cardiac xenografts undergo hyperacute rejection (HAR), in which primate IgM bind to porcine endothelial alpha-Gal molecules and activate membrane attack complex (MAC) deposition. Prolonged graft survival can be achieved by using transgenic pig donors, which express human complement regulatory proteins (hCRP) to inhibit MAC. However, these xenografts invariably fail from delayed xenograft rejection (DXR). We sought to investigate the poorly understood DXR process. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wild-type (n = 3) and transgenic (n = 3) porcine hearts were heterotopically transplanted into baboons. Biopsies were analyzed by histology and by immunohistochemistry for porcine endothelial markers (vWF, alpha-Gal, and beta-Gal) and primate IgM and MAC deposition. RESULTS Wild-type xenografts survived 60-80 min but succumbed to rapid IgM/MAC deposition and microvascular thrombosis. Transgenic xenografts avoided HAR but showed increasing IgM/MAC deposition before rejection on days 5, 7, and 11. Serum from baboons after transgenic xenograft rejection showed increased activity against porcine endothelial cells, and in vitro incubation of untransplanted porcine cardiac sections with sensitized baboon serum showed elevated microvascular IgM binding. Increased IgM deposition appeared specific to alpha-Gal, since it competes specifically with alpha-Gal-specific GS-4 lectin, but not with beta-Gal-specific RCA-1 lectin. Competition with GS-4 was not seen if naïve baboon serum was used. CONCLUSION DXR may be mediated by increasing baboon IgM binding on porcine microvascular endothelial alpha-Gal molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Chen
- Primate Xenotransplantation Laboratory, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Induction of Decay-Accelerating Factor by Cytokines or the Membrane-Attack Complex Protects Vascular Endothelial Cells Against Complement Deposition. Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v94.5.1673.417a05_1673_1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelium is continuously exposed to complement-mediated challenge, and this is enhanced during inflammation. Although the complement-regulatory proteins decay-accelerating factor (DAF), CD59, and membrane cofactor protein (MCP) protect endothelial cells (ECs) against complement-mediated injury, the control of their expression and relative contributions to vascular protection is unclear. We explored the hypothesis that mechanisms exist which induce upregulation of complement-regulatory proteins on ECs to maintain vascular function in inflammation. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) and interferon gamma (IFNγ) each increased DAF expression but not CD59 or MCP expression, and a combination of these cytokines was more potent than either alone. Cytokine-induced expression depended on increased DAF mRNA and de novo protein synthesis and was maximal by 72 hours. In addition, assembly of the membrane-attack complex (MAC) on ECs induced a 3-fold increase in DAF expression, and this was enhanced by cytokines. DAF upregulation was not inhibited by protein kinase C (PKC) antagonists. The increase in DAF was functionally relevant since it reduced complement 3 (C3) deposition by 40%, and this was inhibited by an anti-DAF monoclonal antibody. These observations indicate that upregulation of DAF expression by cytokines or MAC may represent an important feedback mechanism to maintain the integrity of the microvasculature during subacute and chronic inflammatory processes involving complement activation.
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Induction of Decay-Accelerating Factor by Cytokines or the Membrane-Attack Complex Protects Vascular Endothelial Cells Against Complement Deposition. Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v94.5.1673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractVascular endothelium is continuously exposed to complement-mediated challenge, and this is enhanced during inflammation. Although the complement-regulatory proteins decay-accelerating factor (DAF), CD59, and membrane cofactor protein (MCP) protect endothelial cells (ECs) against complement-mediated injury, the control of their expression and relative contributions to vascular protection is unclear. We explored the hypothesis that mechanisms exist which induce upregulation of complement-regulatory proteins on ECs to maintain vascular function in inflammation. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) and interferon gamma (IFNγ) each increased DAF expression but not CD59 or MCP expression, and a combination of these cytokines was more potent than either alone. Cytokine-induced expression depended on increased DAF mRNA and de novo protein synthesis and was maximal by 72 hours. In addition, assembly of the membrane-attack complex (MAC) on ECs induced a 3-fold increase in DAF expression, and this was enhanced by cytokines. DAF upregulation was not inhibited by protein kinase C (PKC) antagonists. The increase in DAF was functionally relevant since it reduced complement 3 (C3) deposition by 40%, and this was inhibited by an anti-DAF monoclonal antibody. These observations indicate that upregulation of DAF expression by cytokines or MAC may represent an important feedback mechanism to maintain the integrity of the microvasculature during subacute and chronic inflammatory processes involving complement activation.
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Charreau B, Ménoret S, Tesson L, Azimzadeh A, Audet M, Wolf P, Marquet R, Verbakel C, Ijzermans J, Cowan P, Pearse M, d’Apice A, Soulillou JP, Anegon I. Protection Against Hyperacute Xenograft Rejection of Transgenic Rat Hearts Expressing Human Decay Accelerating Factor (DAF) Transplanted into Primates. Mol Med 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03402074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Membrane-attack complexes and membrane complement inhibitors on leukocyte surface during combined exposure to meningococcal lipopolysaccharide and complement. Bull Exp Biol Med 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02433390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Schmitt CA, Schwaeble W, Wittig BM, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH, Dippold WG. Expression and regulation by interferon-gamma of the membrane-bound complement regulators CD46 (MCP), CD55 (DAF) and CD59 in gastrointestinal tumours. Eur J Cancer 1999; 35:117-24. [PMID: 10211099 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(98)00290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The membrane-bound complement inhibitors CD46 (membrane cofactor protein), CD55 (decay-accelerating factor) and CD59 (protectin) protect tumour cells against lysis by activated complement. In this study, a total of 14 (3 gastric, 3 colonic and 8 pancreatic) gastrointestinal tumour cell lines were examined for the expression of CD46, CD55 and CD59 with respect to the regulatory efficacy of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). The effects of IFN-gamma on mRNA and protein expression levels of CD46, CD55 and CD59 were evaluated by Northern blot hybridisation, RT-PCR, flow cytometry and immunostaining. In unstimulated cell lines, CD46 and CD59 transcripts were expressed at comparable levels, whereas the basal expression of CD55 mRNA was heterogeneous. The complement inhibitor proteins were detected in all cell lines using specific antibodies. Additional immunohistochemical stainings of gastrointestinal tissue specimens supported these findings. IFN-gamma evoked a weak induction of certain transcripts in a subset of the cell lines. Upregulation of protein expression was only observed in HT29 cells for CD55 and CD59 and was accompanied by a marked increase of the corresponding transcripts. We conclude that membrane-bound complement inhibitors are broadly expressed in gastrointestinal tumour cells and vary in their susceptibility to IFN-gamma. Thus, they may be involved in tumour escape mechanisms in gastric, pancreatic and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Schmitt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Johannes-Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Pasch MC, Bos JD, Daha MR, Asghar SS. Transforming growth factor-beta isoforms regulate the surface expression of membrane cofactor protein (CD46) and CD59 on human keratinocytes [corrected]. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:100-8. [PMID: 9933091 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199901)29:01<100::aid-immu100>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We studied the regulation of the expression of complement regulatory proteins, membrane cofactor protein (MCP), decay accelerating factor (DAF) and CD59, on human keratinocytes by supernatant of activated mononuclear cells and by some individual cytokines present therein. Cultured keratinocytes expressed MCP, DAF and CD59. Supernatant of activated mononuclear cells and recombinant forms of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta variants (beta1, beta2 and beta3) up-regulated MCP and CD59 but not DAF. Recombinant IL-1alpha, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma had no influence. TGF-beta present in the supernatant was likely responsible for up-regulation of MCP and CD59. A monoclonal anti-TGF-beta antibody, which neutralized TGF-beta1, -beta2 and -beta3, did not inhibit the up-regulation of MCP and CD59 by the supernatant. These results indicated that TGF-beta and an additional factor(s) present in the supernatant may be responsible for up-regulating the expression of MCP and CD59 on keratinocytes; both may be acting non-synergistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Pasch
- Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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37
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Väkevä A, Meri S. Complement activation and regulator expression after anoxic injury of human endothelial cells. APMIS 1998; 106:1149-56. [PMID: 10052723 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1998.tb00271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Complement activation is involved in the ischemia-reperfusion injury of various organs, but the mechanisms leading to activation of the complement system are incompletely understood. In this study we show that EA.hy 926 human endothelial cells cultured under anoxic conditions (24 or 48 h) become activators of the homologous complement system. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that C1q, C3c, C3d, C4, C5, C9 components of complement are deposited on anoxic but not on normoxic cells after incubation with normal human serum. Cell membrane-associated regulators of complement, membrane cofactor protein (CD46), decay-accelerating factor (CD55) and protectin (CD59) were expressed on EA.hy 926 cells grown under normal oxygen tension. Under anoxic conditions the expression of protectin was clearly decreased, whereas the expression of CD46 and CD55 diminished only slightly. Our results suggest that anoxia can convert human endothelial cells to activators of the complement system. The diminished expression of protectin, CD46 and CD55 can sensitize the cells to complement-mediated damage. Activation of the complement system due to the anoxic injury of human endothelial cells might be an important triggering mechanism in the pathogenesis of ischemia-reperfusion injury of human heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Väkevä
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Ballermann
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Venneker GT, Vodegel RM, Okada N, Westerhof W, Bos JD, Asghar SS. Relative contributions of decay accelerating factor (DAF), membrane cofactor protein (MCP) and CD59 in the protection of melanocytes from homologous complement. Immunobiology 1998; 198:476-84. [PMID: 9562871 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(98)80054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Complement regulatory molecules, membrane cofactor protein (MCP), decay accelerating factor (DAF) and CD59, protect body cells from autologous complement. They have wide tissue distribution but nothing is known about the expression of these molecules on human melanocytes. Since melanocytes are lysed in the lesional skin of patients with a depigmentary disorder vitiligo, it is important to compare the protection offered by complement regulatory molecules to melanocytes present in normal and vitiligo epidermis, against autologous complement. From this point of view, we investigated the differential expression of MCP, DAF and CD59 on normal cultured human melanocytes and assessed their individual contribution in the protection of these cells against complement-mediated damage. Flow cytometric analysis showed that MCP and DAF but not CD59 were expressed on cultured melanocytes. When heat inactivated sera of patients with vitiligo were used as a source of anti-melanocyte antibody to sensitize melanocytes, and guinea pig serum (GpS) or normal human serum (NHS) as a source of complement, GpS was found to be more effective in causing the lysis of melanocytes than NHS. When melanocytes were sensitized with autoantibody as well as F(ab')2 fragment of either anti-MCP or anti-DAF and subsequently incubated with NHS or GpS, both antibody fragments increased the killing of melanocytes by NHS as well as by GpS. F(ab')2 fragment of anti-DAF was much more effective in causing enhancement of lysis than that of anti-MCP. Thus, cultured normal human melanocytes express functionally active MCP and DAF but not CD59. Contribution of DAF in protecting melanocytes against complement attack was much more than that of MCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Venneker
- Department of Dermatology, Academisch Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Collard CD, Väkevä A, Büküsoglu C, Zünd G, Sperati CJ, Colgan SP, Stahl GL. Reoxygenation of hypoxic human umbilical vein endothelial cells activates the classic complement pathway. Circulation 1997; 96:326-33. [PMID: 9236453 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.96.1.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia-reperfusion injury leads to the activation and endothelial deposition of complement. We investigated whether exposure of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to hypoxia and/or reoxygenation activates complement and decreases HUVEC-surface expression of the C3 regulatory proteins CD46 and CD55. METHODS AND RESULTS HUVECs were subjected to 0, 12, or 24 hours of hypoxia (O2 = 1%) and then reoxygenated for 3 hours (O2 = 21%) in the presence of 30% human serum. C3 deposition and HUVEC-surface expression of CD46 and CD55 were evaluated by ELISA and flow cytometry. C3 deposition on HUVECs subjected to 12 or 24 hours of hypoxia followed by 3 hours of reoxygenation was significantly greater than normoxic HUVECs. Inhibition of the classic but not the alternative complement pathway during reoxygenation attenuated C3 deposition. Western blot analysis of HUVEC lysates under reducing conditions demonstrated significantly increased iC3b deposition in hypoxic/reoxygenated HUVECs compared with normoxic HUVECs. FACS analysis confirmed iC3b deposition. HUVEC-surface expression of CD46 and CD55 increases after hypoxia and/or reoxygenation. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that (1) hypoxia and reoxygenation of HUVECs significantly increases iC3b deposition on HUVECs, (2) C3 deposition after hypoxia and reoxygenation is largely mediated by the classic complement pathway, and (3) HUVEC-surface expression of CD46 and CD55 increases after hypoxia and reoxygenation. These data demonstrate that hypoxia and reoxygenation of human endothelial cells activates the classic complement pathway despite an increase in complement C3 regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Collard
- Department of Anesthesia, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. 02115, USA
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Bodian DL, Davis SJ, Morgan BP, Rushmere NK. Mutational analysis of the active site and antibody epitopes of the complement-inhibitory glycoprotein, CD59. J Exp Med 1997; 185:507-16. [PMID: 9053451 PMCID: PMC2196035 DOI: 10.1084/jem.185.3.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/1996] [Revised: 11/20/1996] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ly-6 superfamily of cell surface molecules includes CD59, a potent regulator of the complement system that protects host cells from the cytolytic action of the membrane attack complex (MAC). Although its mechanism of action is not well understood, CD59 is thought to prevent assembly of the MAC by binding to the C8 and/or C9 proteins of the nascent complex. Here a systematic, structure-based mutational approach has been used to determine the region(s) of CD59 required for its protective activity. Analysis of 16 CD59 mutants with single, highly nonconservative substitutions suggests that CD59 has a single active site that includes Trp-40, Arg-53, and Glu-56 of the glycosylated, membrane-distal face of the disk-like extra-cellular domain and, possibly, Asp-24 positioned at the edge of the domain. The putative active site includes residues conserved across species, consistent with the lack of strict homologous restriction previously observed in studies of CD59 function. Competition and mutational analyses of the epitopes of eight CD59-blocking and non-blocking monoclonal antibodies confirmed the location of the active site. Additional experiments showed that the expression and function of CD59 are both glycosylation independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Bodian
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Oxford, United Kingdom
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42
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Kroshus TJ, Bolman RM, Dalmasso AP, Rollins SA, Guilmette ER, Williams BL, Squinto SP, Fodor WL. Expression of human CD59 in transgenic pig organs enhances organ survival in an ex vivo xenogeneic perfusion model. Transplantation 1996; 61:1513-21. [PMID: 8633381 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199605270-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The serious shortage of available donor organs for patients with end stage organ failure who are in need of solid organ transplantation has led to a heightened interest in xenotransplantation. The major barrier to successful discordant xenotransplantation is hyperacute rejection. Hyperacute rejection results from the deposition of preformed antibodies that activate complement on the luminal surface of the vascular endothelium, leading to vessel occlusion and graft failure within minutes to hours. Endogenous membrane-associated complement inhibitors normally protect endothelial cells from autologous complement -- however, these molecules are species-restricted and therefore are ineffective at inhibiting activated xenogeneic complement. To address the pathogenesis of hyperacute rejection in the pig-to-human combination, F1 offspring were generated from a transgenic founder animal that was engineered to express the human terminal complement inhibitor hCD59. High-level cell surface expression of hCD59 was detected in the hearts and kidneys of these transgenic F1 animals, similar to expression levels in human kidney tissue. The hCD59 was expressed on both large vessel and capillary endothelium. Ex vivo perfusion experiments, using human blood as the perfusate, were performed with transgenic porcine hearts and kidneys to evaluate the ability of hCD59 to inhibit hyperacute rejection. These experiments demonstrated that transgenic organs expressing hCD69 resisted hyperacute rejection, as measured by increased organ function for both the hearts and the kidneys, as compared with control pig organs. Hearts from hCD59-expressing animals demonstrated a five-fold prolongation in function compared with controls, 109.8 +/- 20.7 min versus 21.2 +/- 2.9 min (P = 0.164). The hCD59-expressing kidneys also demonstrated significantly prolonged function at 157.8 +/- 27.0 min compared with 60.0 +/- 6.1 min for controls (P = 0.0174). Deposition of C9 neoantigen In the vasculature of porcine organs perfused with human blood was markedly reduced in organs expressing hCD59. These studies demonstrate that C5b-9 plays an important role in hyperacute rejection of a porcine organ perfused with human blood and suggest that donor pigs transgenic for hCD59 may be an integral component of successful clinical xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Kroshus
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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Koike C, Isobe K, Nakashima I, Okada H, Hayashi S, Yokoyama I, Takagi H. Establishment of a human DAF/HRF20 double transgenic mouse line is not sufficient to suppress hyperacute rejection. Surg Today 1996; 26:993-8. [PMID: 9017962 DOI: 10.1007/bf00309960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To solve the chronic donor organ shortage, the pig is considered to be a possible donor candidate for human transplantation. However, hyperacute rejection occurs due to the activation of the complement cascade. Therefore, the introduction of human complement inhibitors into animal cells has been proposed as a means to prevent such exologous complement activation. To investigate the extent to which complement inhibitors are resistant to human sera in discordant animals, we established transgenic mice lines which expressed either human decay-accelerating factor (DAF) and/or homologous restriction factor 20 (HRF20) using microinjection methods. Human sera were injected into (a) 10 control mice, (b) 10 DAF-transgenic mice, (c) 10 HRF20-transgenic mice, and (d) 10 DAF and HRF20-transgenic mice. The results showed that all the mice in groups a, b, and c died immediately after injection. Three of the mice in group d died, while seven survived but showed hyperpnea and low activity. The pathological findings of groups a, b, and c included severe coagulation; however, the survivors of group d showed less severe symptoms. The above findings thus suggest that both DAF and HRF20 tend to prevent complement activation to some extent; however, its effectiveness is not considered to be sufficient for clinical use in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Koike
- Second Department of Surgery, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Japan
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Abstract
The complement system has developed a remarkably simple but elegant manner of regulating itself. It has faced and successfully dealt with how to facilitate activation on a microbe while preventing the same on host tissue. It solved this problem primarily by creating a series of secreted and membrane-regulatory proteins that prevent two highly undesirable events: activation in the fluid phase (no target) and on host tissue (inappropriate target). Also, if not checked, even on an appropriate target, the system would go to exhaustion and have nothing left for the next microbe. Therefore, the complement enzymes have an intrinsic instability and the fluid-phase control proteins play a major role in limiting activation in time. The symmetry of the regulatory process between fluid phase and membrane inhibitors at the C4/C3 step of amplification and convertase formation as well as at the MAC steps are particularly striking features of the self/nonself discrimination system. The use of glycolipid anchored proteins on membranes to decay enzymes and block membrane insertion events is unlikely to be by chance. Finally, it is economical for the cofactor regulatory activity to produce derivatives of C3b that now specifically engage additional receptors. Likewise, C1-Inh leads to C1q remaining on the immune complex to interact with the C1q receptor. Thus the complement system is designed to allow rapid, efficient, unimpeded activation on an appropriate foreign target while regulatory proteins intervene to prevent three undesirable consequences of complement activation: excessive activation on a single target, fluid phase activation, and activation on self.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Liszewski
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Sugita Y, Masuho Y. CD59: its role in complement regulation and potential for therapeutic use. IMMUNOTECHNOLOGY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGICAL ENGINEERING 1995; 1:157-68. [PMID: 9373344 DOI: 10.1016/1380-2933(95)00018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CD59 regulates complement activation cascade at the final step, inhibiting formation of membrane attack complex (MAC). This protein, being anchored to the cell membrane via glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol (GPI), is expressed ubiquitously on cells which are in contact with body fluids containing components. Recently, MAC formation has been reported to play an important role in pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases such as ischemia or autoimmune diseases. In this review, we describe the structure and biological activities of CD59, the pathogenic role of MAC formation, and discuss application of soluble molecules of CD59 for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sugita
- Molecular Medicine Research Laboratories, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. Tsukuba, Japan
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46
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Hayashi S, Emi N, Isobe KI, Okada H, Yokoyama I, Takagi H. Evidence that double transfection to xenoendothelial cells using GPI-anchoring complement regulatory factor (DAF and HRF20) genes is useful for the inhibition of human complement-mediated cytolysis. Xenotransplantation 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.1995.tb00110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jensen TS, Bjørge L, Wollen AL, Ulstein M. Identification of the complement regulatory proteins CD46, CD55, and CD59 in human fallopian tube, endometrium, and cervical mucosa and secretion. Am J Reprod Immunol 1995; 34:1-9. [PMID: 7576125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1995.tb00913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Complement lytic activity has been demonstrated, and a potential for its activation is present in human cervical and tubal secretions and in the endometrium. This necessitates the presence of regulatory mechanisms for protection of the sperm and the implanting allogeneic conceptus in the female genital tract. Complement regulatory proteins demonstrated on sperm and in seminal fluid have been attributed such a role. It is however likely that additional protection is required for a successful conception and implantation to take place. This lead us to investigate the distribution of the complement regulatory factors in cervical mucus and mucosa, uterine endometrium, and fallopian tube. METHOD Endometrium and cervical mucosa were obtained from patients undergoing hysterectomy for benign conditions, and specimens were selected from different stages of the menstrual cycle. Fallopian tubes were obtained from patients submitted for sterilization, while cervical mucus was aspirated from volunteers undergoing gynecological examination. Immunohistochemistry was performed on all tissue samples, using monoclonal antibodies to membrane cofactor protein (MCP), decay accelerating factor (DAF), CD59 and complement receptor 1 (CR1). Western blot analysis was performed on cervical mucus under nonreducing conditions. RESULTS MCP, DAF, and CD59 were found to be expressed in human endometrium and fallopian tube. No variation in expression was detected throughout the menstrual cycle. CR1 was not expressed. Soluble forms of DAF and CD59 were found to be present in cervical mucus. CONCLUSION The complement regulatory proteins MCP, DAF, and CD59 are expressed throughout the female genital tract, and may thus play an important role in protecting the traversing sperm and implanting blastocyst from complement mediated damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Jensen
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory for Microbiology, Gade Institute, Bergen, Norway
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Stahl GL, Reenstra WR, Frendl G. Complement-mediated loss of endothelium-dependent relaxation of porcine coronary arteries. Role of the terminal membrane attack complex. Circ Res 1995; 76:575-83. [PMID: 7534659 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.76.4.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium results in the loss of endothelium-dependent relaxation. We have shown recently that the alternate complement pathway is activated immediately on reperfusion of the ischemic porcine myocardium. We hypothesized that complement activation directly attenuates endothelium-dependent relaxation of porcine coronary arteries. Bradykinin (BK) or substance P concentration-dependently relaxed precontracted (U46619, 50 nmol/L) left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) rings in vitro. Addition of zymosan to human (10%) or porcine (10%) serum for 30 minutes significantly (P < 0.05) increased the EC50 of BK-induced LAD relaxation from 4 +/- 1 to 418 +/- 159 nmol/L (n = 8) and from 9 +/- 3 to 281 +/- 132 nmol/L (n = 7), respectively. Similarly, addition of zymosan to 10% human serum (HS) for 30 minutes increased the EC50 of substance P-induced LAD relaxation from 0.4 +/- 0.1 to 30 +/- 14 nmol/L (n = 9, P < .05). Basal release of nitric oxide was reduced significantly in LAD rings exposed to zymosan-activated HS compared with HS alone. Addition of soluble CR1 (sCR1, 10 nmol/L) to zymosan-activated HS preserved BK-induced relaxation (EC50) of the LAD rings (control, 4 +/- 1 nmol/L; sCR1 + zymosan+serum, 2 +/- 1 nmol/L; n = 6). Zymosan-activated C8-depleted HS (10%) did not attenuate the EC50 of BK-induced coronary artery relaxation (3 +/- 1 to 3 +/- 1 nmol/L, n = 7, P = NS). Zymosan-activated C8-depleted HS plus C8 (6 micrograms/mL) increased the EC50 of BK-induced coronary artery relaxation from 4 +/- 1 to 423 +/- 141 nmol/L (n = 12, P < .05). We have further demonstrated that C5b-9 complexes can be found on the luminal surface of LAD endothelial cells after 5 minutes of exposure to zymosan-activated HS by using C5b-9 reactive monoclonal antibody fluorescent immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Stahl
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Anesthesia, Boston, MA 02115
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Li XN, Varma VK, Parks JM, Benza RL, Koons JC, Grammer JR, Grenett H, Tabengwa EM, Booyse FM. Thrombin decreases the urokinase receptor and surface-localized fibrinolysis in cultured endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995; 15:410-9. [PMID: 7749851 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.15.3.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial cell (EC) urokinase receptor plays an important role in the localization and receptor-mediated activation of EC-bound plasminogen and hence surface-localized fibrinolysis. Thrombin induced a rapid (< 5 minute), time- (0 to 30 minutes) and dose- (0.1 to 8 U/mL) dependent decrease in the specific binding of 125I-labeled two-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (tcu-PA) or diisopropylfluoro-phosphate-tcu-PA to urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (u-PAR) in cultured ECs from various sources (range, 21% to 50%). The thrombin receptor activation peptide but not control peptide showed a similar but reduced decrease in the specific binding of 125I-labeled tcu-PA to u-PAR. Incubation of thrombin-treated cultures (10 to 12 hours) in complete medium restored 125I-labeled tcu-PA ligand binding to normal levels. u-PAR mRNA levels rapidly (1 hour) increased and peaked 10 to 12 hours after thrombin treatment as analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Decreased thrombin-induced 125I-labeled tcu-PA binding correlated with the time-dependent decrease in surface-localized plasmin generation, as measured by the direct activation of 125I-labeled Glu-plasminogen and quantification of the 20-kD light chains of 125I-labeled plasmin. After incubation with thrombin, plasmin generation was decreased 50% to 56% (125 to 152 fmol/3 to 3.5 x 10(4) cells). Isolation of metabolically labeled 35S-labeled u-PAR from the media of thrombin and phospholipase C-treated human aortic cultures yielded approximately 10- and approximately 12-fold more 55-kD M(r) and approximately 6-fold more 35-kD M(r) 35S-labeled u-PAR forms than control cultures, respectively. The u-PAR antigen forms (M(r), 54 kD) and the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored protein CD59 (M(r), 20 kD) were also simultaneously identified by immunoprecipitation in the media of thrombin-treated cultures. This suggests that thrombin may release u-PAR and decrease u-PA ligand binding through a common pathway involving phospholipase C. These results establish a novel interrelation between thrombin and EC fibrinolysis and suggest that thrombin may also have an additional regulatory role in the net expression of surface-localized EC fibrinolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- X N Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294-2170, USA
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50
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Benzaquen LR, Nicholson-Weller A, Halperin JA. Terminal complement proteins C5b-9 release basic fibroblast growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor from endothelial cells. J Exp Med 1994; 179:985-92. [PMID: 8113689 PMCID: PMC2191420 DOI: 10.1084/jem.179.3.985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between endothelium and vascular smooth muscle cells play a major role in the biology of the blood vessel wall. Growth factors released from endothelial cells control in part the normal and pathological proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Endothelial deposits of C5b-9 proteins, the membrane attack complex of complement (MAC), have been found in a variety of pathological tissues in which cell proliferation is an early characteristic abnormality, including atherosclerosis. We have explored a possible bridging role for terminal complement C5b-9 proteins in eliciting focal signals for cell proliferation by releasing growth factors from endothelial cells. We found that both bovine aortic and human umbilical vein cells respond to the MAC by releasing basic fibroblast growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor. These mitogens stimulate DNA synthesis in Swiss 3T3, vascular smooth muscle, and glomerular mesangial cells. Based on these findings, we propose that complement-induced release of mitogens from endothelial cells is a novel pathogenic mechanism for proliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Benzaquen
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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