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Sood A, Lebel MÈ, Dong M, Fournier M, Vobecky SJ, Haddad É, Delisle JS, Mandl JN, Vrisekoop N, Melichar HJ. CD5 levels define functionally heterogeneous populations of naïve human CD4 + T cells. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1365-1376. [PMID: 33682083 PMCID: PMC8251777 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies in murine models show that subthreshold TCR interactions with self‐peptide are required for thymic development and peripheral survival of naïve T cells. Recently, differences in the strength of tonic TCR interactions with self‐peptide, as read‐out by cell surface levels of CD5, were associated with distinct effector potentials among sorted populations of T cells in mice. However, whether CD5 can also be used to parse functional heterogeneity among human T cells is less clear. Our study demonstrates that CD5 levels correlate with TCR signal strength in human naïve CD4+ T cells. Further, we describe a relationship between CD5 levels on naïve human CD4+ T cells and binding affinity to foreign peptide, in addition to a predominance of CD5hi T cells in the memory compartment. Differences in gene expression and biases in cytokine production potential between CD5lo and CD5hi naïve human CD4+ T cells are consistent with observations in mice. Together, these data validate the use of CD5 surface levels as a marker of heterogeneity among human naïve CD4+ T cells with important implications for the identification of functionally biased T‐ cell populations that can be exploited to improve the efficacy of adoptive cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Sood
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Lebel
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mengqi Dong
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marilaine Fournier
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Suzanne J Vobecky
- Service de Chirurgie Cardiaque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Élie Haddad
- Département de Pédiatrie, Université de Montréal, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Sébastien Delisle
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Judith N Mandl
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nienke Vrisekoop
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Heather J Melichar
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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2
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Consuegra-Fernández M, Lin F, Fox DA, Lozano F. Clinical and experimental evidence for targeting CD6 in immune-based disorders. Autoimmun Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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3
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Ofori-Acquah SF, King JA. Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule: a new paradox in cancer. Transl Res 2008; 151:122-8. [PMID: 18279810 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2007.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Revised: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule [ALCAM/CD166/melanoma metastasis clone D (MEMD)] is an immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecule. It is expressed developmentally in cells of all 3 embryonic lineages. The ALCAM expression is limited to subsets of cells in most adult tissues. ALCAM is localized at intercellular junctions in epithelium presumably as part of the adhesive complex that maintains tissue architecture. Over the past decade, alterations in expression of ALCAM have been reported in several human tumors (melanoma, prostate cancer, breast cancer, colorectal carcinoma, bladder cancer, and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma). This review summarizes the current knowledge of the role of ALCAM in malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon F Ofori-Acquah
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Services, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga, USA
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4
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Hirose R, Manabe H, Yanagawa K, Ohshima E, Ichimura M. Differential effects of PDE4 inhibitors on cortical neurons and T-lymphocytes. J Pharmacol Sci 2008; 106:310-7. [PMID: 18277053 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0071463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of PDE4 (cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase) induce side effects, including nausea and emesis, that limit their therapeutic potential. We investigated the function of two catalytically active conformations of PDE4 (a low-affinity conformer detected by conventional cAMP hydrolytic activity and a high-affinity conformer detected by [(3)H]rolipram binding) in neuronal cells. We assessed enhancement of beta-adrenoceptor-mediated cAMP accumulation in cortical neurons in vitro by eleven PDE4 inhibitors with diverse biochemical profiles. The compounds tested have a wide inhibition range of PDE4 catalytic activity and [(3)H]rolipram binding. Inhibition potency for PDE4 catalytic activity and [(3)H]rolipram binding for each compound was different. Potency in augmentation of cAMP correlated significantly with the inhibitory effect on [(3)H]rolipram binding, but not with that against PDE4 catalytic activity. On the other hand, the inhibitory effect on proliferation of T-lymphocytes of the same PDE4 inhibitors correlated both with inhibition of PDE4 catalytic activity and with inhibition of [(3)H]rolipram binding. These findings indicate that the high affinity PDE4 conformer exists at a high level in cortical neurons and is important in the regulation of cAMP. Furthermore, the relative contributions of the two PDE4 conformers in cell function may cause different PDE4 inhibitor effects on cortical neurons and T-lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Hirose
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd., Nagaizumi-cho, Shizuoka, Japan.
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5
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Andersen J, VanScoy S, Cheng TF, Gomez D, Reich NC. IRF-3-dependent and augmented target genes during viral infection. Genes Immun 2007; 9:168-75. [PMID: 18094709 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) is an essential event in the innate immune response to viral infection. To understand the contribution of IRF-3 to host defense, we used a systems biology approach to analyze global gene expression dependent on IRF-3. Comparison of expression profiles in cells from IRF-3 knockout animals or wild-type siblings following viral infection revealed three sets of induced genes, those that are strictly dependent on IRF-3, augmented with IRF-3, or not responsive to IRF-3. Products of identified IRF-3 target genes are involved in innate or acquired immunity, or in the regulation of cell cycle, apoptosis and proliferation. These results reveal the global effects of one transcription factor in the immune response and provide information to evaluate the integrated response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andersen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, New York, NY 11794, USA
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6
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Hassan NJ, Simmonds SJ, Clarkson NG, Hanrahan S, Puklavec MJ, Bomb M, Barclay AN, Brown MH. CD6 regulates T-cell responses through activation-dependent recruitment of the positive regulator SLP-76. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:6727-38. [PMID: 16914752 PMCID: PMC1592849 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00688-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the role of lymphocyte membrane proteins depends on dissecting the role of a protein in the steady state and on engagement with its ligand. We show that expression of CD6 in T cells limits their responsiveness but that engagement by the physiological ligand CD166 gives costimulation. This costimulatory effect of CD6 is mediated through phosphorylation-dependent binding of a specific tyrosine residue, 662Y, in its cytoplasmic region to the adaptor SLP-76. A direct interaction between SLP-76 and CD6 was shown by binding both to a phosphorylated peptide (equilibrium dissociation constant [K(D)] = 0.5 muM at 37 degrees C) and, using a novel approach, to native phosphorylated CD6. Evidence that CD6 and SLP-76 interact in cells was obtained in coprecipitation experiments with normal human T cells. Analysis of human CD6 mutants in a murine T-cell hybridoma model showed that both costimulation by CD6 and the interaction between CD6 and SLP-76 were dependent on 662Y. The results have implications for regulation by CD6 and the related T-cell surface protein, CD5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namir J Hassan
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Rd., Oxford, OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
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7
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Kang W, Nielsen O, Fenger C, Madsen J, Hansen S, Tornoe I, Eggleton P, Reid KBM, Holmskov U. The scavenger receptor, cysteine-rich domain-containing molecule gp-340 is differentially regulated in epithelial cell lines by phorbol ester. Clin Exp Immunol 2002; 130:449-58. [PMID: 12452835 PMCID: PMC1906537 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01992.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gp-340 is a glycoprotein belonging to the scavenger receptor cysteine rich (SRCR) group B family. It binds to host immune components such as lung surfactant protein D (SP-D). Recent studies found that gp-340 interacts directly with pathogenic microorganisms and induces their aggregation, suggesting its involvement in innate immunity. In order to investigate further its potential immune functions in the appropriate cell lines, the expression of gp-340 in four conventional immune cell lines (U937, HL60, Jurkat, Raji), and two innate immune-related epithelial cell lines (A549 derived from lung and AGS from stomach), was examined by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The resting immune cell lines showed weak or no gp-340 mRNA expression; while the two epithelial cell lines expressed gp-340 at much higher level, which was differentially regulated by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) treatment. In the A549 cells, gp-340 was up-regulated along with the PMA-induced proinflammatory expression of both IL-6 and IL-8. In AGS cells, PMA down-regulation of gp-340 was seen in parallel with an up-regulation of the two mature gastric epithelial specific proteins TFF1 (trefoil factor 1) and TFF2, which are implicated as markers of terminal differentiation. Analysis of the distribution of gp-340, together with the TFFs and SP-D in normal lung and gastric mucosa, supported further our in vitro data. We conclude that the differential regulation of gp-340 in the two epithelial cell lines by PMA indicates that gp-340 s involvement in mucosal defence and growth of epithelial cells may vary at different body locations and during different stages of epithelial differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kang
- MRC Immunochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
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8
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Perez-Villar JJ, O'Day K, Hewgill DH, Nadler SG, Kanner SB. Nuclear localization of the tyrosine kinase Itk and interaction of its SH3 domain with karyopherin alpha (Rch1alpha). Int Immunol 2001; 13:1265-74. [PMID: 11581171 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/13.10.1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a physical and functional association between the Tec-family tyrosine kinase Itk (Emt/Tsk) and the nuclear import chaperone karyopherin alpha (Rch1alpha) in human T cells. The Itk-SH3 domain and the Rch1alpha proline-rich (PR) motif were crucial for the Itk/Rch1alpha constitutive interaction as demonstrated by directed mutagenesis of the Rch1alpha PR motif (proline 242 to alanine, P242A). TCR-CD3 stimulation of Jurkat T cells resulted in increased Itk/Rch1alpha complex formation, recruitment of karyopherin beta to the protein complex and Rch1alpha tyrosine phosphorylation. Analysis of in vitro kinase reactions with a panel of recombinant glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion tyrosine kinases (Itk, Lck, ZAP-70 and Jak3) revealed that only GST-Itk efficiently phosphorylated a recombinant GST-Rch1alpha fusion. We observed constitutive nuclear localization of Itk that was up-regulated following either TCR-CD3 stimulation or over-expression of wild-type Rch1alpha in T cells. Further, nuclear localization of Itk and TCR-CD3-mediated IL-2 production were significantly down-regulated following expression of the Rch1alpha-P242A mutant, implicating a role for Rch1alpha in the nuclear translocation of Itk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Perez-Villar
- Immunology, Inflammation, Pulmonology and Dermatology Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
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9
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Salih HR, Schmetzer HM, Burke C, Starling GC, Dunn R, Pelka-Fleischer R, Nuessler V, Kiener PA. Soluble CD137 (4-1BB) ligand is released following leukocyte activation and is found in sera of patients with hematological malignancies. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:4059-66. [PMID: 11564827 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.7.4059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Expression of CD137 ligand (4-1BBL), a member of the TNF family of proteins, has been reported on several types of APCs, various carcinoma cells, and can be induced on activated T cells. In this study, we report that the soluble ligand was released constitutively at low levels from leukocytes and at higher levels following cellular activation. Release from cells was blocked by addition of a metalloproteinase inhibitor which concomitantly caused the accumulation of 4-1BBL on the cell surface. In addition, we show that a soluble form of 4-1BBL was present at high levels in the sera of some patients with various hematological diseases, but only at low levels in healthy donors. Soluble 4-1BBL was active in that it competed with recombinant 4-1BBL for binding to the 4-1BB receptor and was able to costimulate IL-2 and IFN-gamma release from peripheral T cells. These results indicate that the release of soluble 4-1BBL from the cell surface is mediated by one or more sheddases and likely regulates 4-1BB-4-1BBL interactions between cells in vivo. Cleavage of 4-1BBL to an active soluble form would alter both proximal and distal cellular responses, including cell survival and costimulatory or inflammatory responses, that are mediated through the 4-1BB pathway. This, in turn, would likely alter disease progression or outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Salih
- Department of Immunology, Inflammation, and Pulmonary Diseases, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
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10
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Petersen S, Rudolf J, Bockmühl U, Deutschmann N, Dietel M, Petersen I. Analysis of the DMBT1 gene in carcinomas of the respiratory tract. Int J Cancer 2000; 88:71-6. [PMID: 10962442 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(20001001)88:1<71::aid-ijc11>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Loss of chromosome 10q is a critical step during the progression and metastasis formation of lung cancer. We recently defined 3 distinct regions of allelic imbalances and considered the DMBT1 gene at 10q25-q26 an interesting candidate for the most telomeric region. Therefore, we investigated DMBT1 in 25 cancer cell lines and 39 primary tumors of the respiratory tract. The analysis by RT-PCR and Northern blot hybridization revealed that the gene is expressed in all tumors and cell lines and diminished in the SCLC line H187, indicating that RT-PCR is critical when used as the single method for the evaluation of gene expression. No mutations were found by SSCP analysis of the cDNA and the partially known genomic sequence. Similarly, Southern blot hybridization was unable to detect homozygous deletions. Allelotyping of the markers D10S587, D10S1708 and D10S1723 located near or within the DMBT1 gene did not reach the peak incidence of the 3 minimally deleted regions that we recently defined. In summary, our data do not confirm previous findings reporting frequent loss of DMBT1 expression in lung cancer. However, they strengthen the notion that the responsible gene on chromosome 10q25-q26 mediating tumor progression and metastasis formation in respiratory tract cancer remains enigmatic.
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MESH Headings
- Agglutinins
- Alleles
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Bronchial Neoplasms/genetics
- Bronchial Neoplasms/metabolism
- Bronchial Neoplasms/pathology
- Calcium-Binding Proteins
- Carcinoma/genetics
- Carcinoma/metabolism
- Carcinoma/pathology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Disease Progression
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/genetics
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/metabolism
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Respiratory Tract Neoplasms/genetics
- Respiratory Tract Neoplasms/metabolism
- Respiratory Tract Neoplasms/pathology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- S Petersen
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Perez-Villar JJ, Kanner SB. Regulated Association Between the Tyrosine Kinase Emt/Itk/Tsk and Phospholipase-Cγ1 in Human T Lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.12.6435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The Emt/Itk/Tsk tyrosine kinase is involved in intracellular signaling events induced by several lymphocyte surface receptors. Modulation of TCR/CD3-induced phospholipase-Cγ1 (PLCγ1) activity by the tyrosine kinase Emt/Itk/Tsk has been demonstrated based on studies of Itk-deficient murine T lymphocytes. Here we report a TCR/CD3-regulated association between Emt and PLCγ1 in both normal and leukemic T cells. In addition, this association was enhanced following independent ligation of the CD2, CD4, or CD28 costimulatory molecules, but not of CD5 or CD6 surface receptors, correlating to the induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Emt. Before Ab-induced T cell activation, we found that the Emt-SH3 domain was crucial for the constitutive Emt/PLCγ1 association; however, upon TCR/CD3 engagement, the Emt-SH2 domain was more efficient in mediating the enhanced Emt/PLCγ1 interaction. Furthermore, the PLCγ1-SH3 domain, but not the two PLCγ1-SH2 domains, contributed to formation of the protein complex. Thus, we describe a regulated interaction between Emt and PLCγ1, and based on our studies with individual Emt and PLCγ1 SH2/SH3 domains, we propose a mechanism for this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Perez-Villar
- Immunology, Inflammation, and Pulmonary Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, NJ 08543
| | - Steven B. Kanner
- Immunology, Inflammation, and Pulmonary Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, NJ 08543
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12
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Peña-Rossi C, Zuckerman LA, Strong J, Kwan J, Ferris W, Chan S, Tarakhovsky A, Beyers AD, Killeen N. Negative Regulation of CD4 Lineage Development and Responses by CD5. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.12.6494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CD5 deficiency results in a hyper-responsive phenotype to Ag receptor stimulation. Here we show that the development and responses of CD4 lineage T cells are regulated by the function of CD5. Thymocytes expressing the I-Ad-restricted DO11.10 TCR undergo abnormal selection without CD5. In H-2d mice, the absence of CD5 causes deletion of double-positive thymocytes, but allows for efficient selection of cells expressing high levels of the DO11.10 clonotype. By contrast, there is enhanced negative selection against the DO11.10 clonotype in the presence of I-Ab. T cell hybridomas and DO11.10 T cells are more responsive to TCR stimulation in the absence of CD5. Such hypersensitivity can be eliminated by expression of wild-type CD5, but not by a form of CD5 that lacks the cytoplasmic tail. Finally, CD5 deficiency partially suppresses the block of CD4 lineage development in CD4-deficient mice. Taken together, the data support a general role for CD5 as a negative regulator of Ag receptor signaling in the development and immune responses of CD4 lineage T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Peña-Rossi
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Linda A. Zuckerman
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Julie Strong
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Joanne Kwan
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - William Ferris
- †Department of Medical Biochemistry and Medical Research Council Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Susan Chan
- ‡Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, Illkirch, France; and
| | | | - Albert D. Beyers
- †Department of Medical Biochemistry and Medical Research Council Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Nigel Killeen
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
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Takeshita H, Sato M, Shiwaku HO, Semba S, Sakurada A, Hoshi M, Hayashi Y, Tagawa Y, Ayabe H, Horii A. Expression of the DMBT1 gene is frequently suppressed in human lung cancer. Jpn J Cancer Res 1999; 90:903-8. [PMID: 10551316 PMCID: PMC5926167 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1999.tb00833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
DMBT1 (deleted in malignant brain tumors) is a candidate tumor suppressor gene that has been mapped to chromosome 10q25.3-q26.1, a region in which frequent loss of heterozygosity (LOH) has been observed in several human tumors. Since DMBT1 is highly expressed in the lung, we analyzed LOH at the DMBT1 locus and expression of this gene in lung cancer. Thirty-five (53%) of 66 primary lung cancers showed LOH, and diminished expression of DMBT1 was observed in 20 (91%) of 22 lung cancer cell lines: three (14%) of them showed loss of expression. We further determined the primary structure of DMBT1 and analyzed genetic alterations in this gene using 23 lung cancer cell lines. Two (9%) of them had homozygous deletion within the gene, and two cell lines had genetic aberrations: one was a rearrangement involving exons 5 and 6, and the other was a missense mutation at codon 52. These results suggest that inactivation of the DMBT1 gene plays an important role in human lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Takeshita
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai
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14
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Calvo J, Padilla O, Places L, Vigorito E, Vilà JM, Vilella R, Milà J, Vives J, Bowen MA, Lozano F. Relevance of individual CD5 extracellular domains on antibody recognition, glycosylation and co-mitogenic signalling. TISSUE ANTIGENS 1999; 54:16-26. [PMID: 10458319 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0039.1999.540102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CD5 is a type I glycoprotein which modulates T- and B-cell receptor-mediated signals and is expressed by thymocytes, mature T cells and a subset of mature B cells. The extracellular region of CD5 is composed of three scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domains (D1, D2, D3) for which only limited functional and structural data are available. Using cell transfectants expressing ectodomain-deficient CD5 molecules or CD5 immunoglobulin fusion proteins, we analysed individual CD5 domains with respect to monoclonal antibody binding specificity, glycosylation, and co-mitogenic signalling. Our results show the presence of N-linked oligosaccharides on D1 and D2, but not on D3. D1, the most amino-terminal domain, is predicted to be the most appropriately placed domain for an interaction with a ligand. This domain is recognised by a large panel of well characterised CD5 mAbs, reflecting its higher immunogenicity. In an attempt to develop mAbs with specificity for the more conserved membrane-proximal domains, we generated a unique mAb, named 83-C4, whose binding mapped to D3. Co-stimulatory studies revealed no significant differences between anti-D1 and anti-D3 mAbs. The high interspecies conservation of D3 implies a conserved role of this domain in CD5 function and the 83-C4 mAb promises to be a valuable tool in exploring this.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Calvo
- Servei d'Immunologia, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Perez-Villar JJ, Whitney GS, Bowen MA, Hewgill DH, Aruffo AA, Kanner SB. CD5 negatively regulates the T-cell antigen receptor signal transduction pathway: involvement of SH2-containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase SHP-1. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:2903-12. [PMID: 10082557 PMCID: PMC84084 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.4.2903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The negative regulation of T- or B-cell antigen receptor signaling by CD5 was proposed based on studies of thymocytes and peritoneal B-1a cells from CD5-deficient mice. Here, we show that CD5 is constitutively associated with phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity in Jurkat T cells. CD5 was found associated with the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain containing hematopoietic phosphotyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 in both Jurkat cells and normal phytohemagglutinin-expanded T lymphoblasts. This interaction was increased upon T-cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 cell stimulation. CD5 co-cross-linking with the TCR-CD3 complex down-regulated the TCR-CD3-increased Ca2+ mobilization in Jurkat cells. In addition, stimulation of Jurkat cells or normal phytohemagglutinin-expanded T lymphoblasts through TCR-CD3 induced rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of several protein substrates, which was substantially diminished after CD5 cross-linking. The CD5-regulated substrates included CD3zeta, ZAP-70, Syk, and phospholipase Cgammal but not the Src family tyrosine kinase p56(lck). By mutation of all four CD5 intracellular tyrosine residues to phenylalanine, we found the membrane-proximal tyrosine at position 378, which is located in an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory (ITIM)-like motif, crucial for SHP-1 association. The F378 point mutation ablated both SHP-1 binding and the down-regulating activity of CD5 during TCR-CD3 stimulation. These results suggest a critical role of the CD5 ITIM-like motif, which by binding to SHP-1 mediates the down-regulatory activity of this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Perez-Villar
- Immunology and Inflammation Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA.
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16
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Kobarg J, Whitney GS, Palmer D, Aruffo A, Bowen MA. Analysis of the tyrosine phosphorylation and calcium fluxing of human CD6 isoforms with different cytoplasmatic domains. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:2971-80. [PMID: 9394826 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830271133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CD6 is a cell surface glycoprotein that functions both as a co-stimulatory and adhesion receptor on T cells. Recently we have described CD6 isoforms (CD6a, b, c, d, e) that arise via alternative splicing of exons encoding the cytoplasmic region of the molecule. CD6 becomes phosphorylated on tyrosine (Tyr) residues following stimulation through the T cell receptor (TCR) complex. Since the phosphorylation of Tyr residues renders some cell surface receptors competent for interactions with proteins of intracellular signaling pathways, we wanted to determine which region(s) and residues in the cytoplasmic domain of CD6 were important for phosphorylation on Tyr residues. We engineered and stably expressed chimeric receptors that consisted of the extracellular region of mouse CD6 and the cytoplasmic regions of either naturally occurring isoforms of human CD6, truncated proteins, or point mutants. We were able to demonstrate that of the nine Tyr residues in the cytoplasmic domain of the largest isoform CD6a, the two C-terminal Tyr residues (Tyr 629/662) are critical for the phosphorylation of CD6 following TCR cross-linking. Isoform CD6e, which is missing a region that contains two proline-rich motifs, is not phosphorylated. We further analyzed the ability of the different CD6 isoforms and truncated receptors to mobilize intracellular calcium after CD6/TCR co-ligation. All CD6 isoforms, including CD6e, as well as the truncation mutant delta 555, which is missing approximately the C-terminal half of the cytoplasmic domain, are able to increase Ca2+ influx. Taken together, these results suggest that the region of CD6 which is critical for Ca2+ mobilization is located N-terminal from amino acid 555 and is therefore different from the region located at the C terminus of CD6, which is necessary for tyrosine phosphorylation.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution/genetics
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Cytoplasm/chemistry
- Cytoplasm/immunology
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- Humans
- Isomerism
- Jurkat Cells
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Phosphorylation
- Point Mutation
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Tyrosine/genetics
- Tyrosine/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kobarg
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Seattle, USA.
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17
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Aruffo A, Bowen MA, Patel DD, Haynes BF, Starling GC, Gebe JA, Bajorath J. CD6-ligand interactions: a paradigm for SRCR domain function? IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1997; 18:498-504. [PMID: 9357143 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(97)01130-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) superfamily, which includes proteins expressed by leukocytes, can be subdivided into groups A and B. Group B contains the lymphocyte cell-surface receptor CD6. This article reviews recent progress in understanding the interaction between CD6 and its ligand, activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM). Analysis of the CD6-ALCAM interaction may help to understand how other SRCR domains bind to their ligands.
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MESH Headings
- Activated-Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/immunology
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Humans
- Ligands
- Membrane Proteins
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Receptors, Lipoprotein
- Receptors, Scavenger
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aruffo
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98121, USA.
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18
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Mollenhauer J, Wiemann S, Scheurlen W, Korn B, Hayashi Y, Wilgenbus KK, von Deimling A, Poustka A. DMBT1, a new member of the SRCR superfamily, on chromosome 10q25.3-26.1 is deleted in malignant brain tumours. Nat Genet 1997; 17:32-9. [PMID: 9288095 DOI: 10.1038/ng0997-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Loss of sequences from human chromosome 10q has been associated with the progression of human cancer. Medulloblastoma and glioblastoma multiforme are the most common malignant brain tumours in children and adults, respectively. In glioblastoma multiforme, the most aggressive form, 80% of the tumours show loss of 10q. We have used representational difference analysis to identify a homozygous deletion at 10q25.3-26.1 in a medulloblastoma cell line and have cloned a novel gene, DMBT1, spanning this deletion. DMBT1 shows homology to the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) superfamily. Intragenic homozygous deletions has been detected in 2/20 medulloblastomas and in 9/39 glioblastomas multiformes. Lack of DMBT1 expression has been demonstrated in 4/5 brain-tumour cell lines. We suggest that DMBT1 is a putative tumour-suppressor gene implicated in the carcinogenesis of medulloblastoma and glibolastoma multiforme.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Agglutinins
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Brain Neoplasms/genetics
- Calcium-Binding Proteins
- Cerebellar Neoplasms/genetics
- Child
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10
- Cloning, Molecular
- Conserved Sequence
- DNA Primers
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Gene Deletion
- Glioblastoma/genetics
- Homozygote
- Humans
- Medulloblastoma/genetics
- Membrane Proteins
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Receptors, Lipoprotein
- Receptors, Scavenger
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mollenhauer
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Singer NG, Mitra R, Lialios F, Richardson BC, Marks RM, Pesando JM, Fox DA, Nickoloff BJ. CD6 dependent interactions of T cells and keratinocytes: functional evidence for a second CD6 ligand on gamma-interferon activated keratinocytes. Immunol Lett 1997; 58:9-14. [PMID: 9436462 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(97)02707-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The CD6 glycoprotein is expressed by T lymphocytes and is hypothesized to interact with one or more ligands expressed on antigen presenting cells (APCs). We show that CD6 mediates binding of the transformed CD4+ T cell line Hut 78 to gamma-interferon activated keratinocytes (KCs). A recombinant CD6-Ig fusion protein has been reported to bind to a CD6 ligand ALCAM, but this is the first demonstration that cell-cell adhesion of human T lymphocytes can be CD6 dependent. The known CD6 ligand ALCAM (CD166) is expressed on cultured KCs but does not appear to mediate KC-Hut 78 binding, suggesting the existence of additional CD6 ligands expressed on KCs. In functional studies using autologous KCs as APCs for tetanus toxoid specific T cell clones, KCs +/- gamma-interferon are unable to stimulate autologous T cells with recall antigen. Therefore interaction of T cell CD6 with CD6 ligands on KCs does not provide sufficient co-stimulation of primed T cells to support responses to nominal antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Singer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109-0531, USA
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20
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Bowen MA, Bajorath J, D'Egidio M, Whitney GS, Palmer D, Kobarg J, Starling GC, Siadak AW, Aruffo A. Characterization of mouse ALCAM (CD166): the CD6-binding domain is conserved in different homologs and mediates cross-species binding. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:1469-78. [PMID: 9209500 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830270625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM; CD166) is a member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily (IgSF) which is expressed by activated leukocytes and thymic epithelial cells and is a ligand for the lymphocyte antigen CD6. Herein, we report on the isolation and characterization of cDNA clones encoding mouse ALCAM (mALCAM). Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequence of mALCAM and human ALCAM (hALCAM) showed an overall identity of 93%. Binding studies with truncated forms of the extracellular region of mALCAM showed that the CD6 binding site is located in the N-terminal Ig-like domain and that mALCAM is capable of binding both human and mouse CD6. Mutagenesis studies on hALCAM suggested that residues critical for CD6 binding map to the predicted A'GFCC'C" beta-sheet of ALCAM's N-terminal binding domain. Residue differences in the N-terminal domains of mALCAM and hALCAM were analyzed with the aid of a molecular model of ALCAM. All residues critical for CD6 binding are conserved in both mALCAM and hALCAM, whereas residue differences map to the predicted BED face which is opposite the CD6 binding site on hALCAM. These findings provide a molecular rationale for the observed cross-species CD6/ALCAM interaction and the apparent inability to generate monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against the CD6 binding site. RNA blot analysis showed that mRNA transcripts encoding mALCAM are expressed in the brain, lung, liver, and the kidney, as well as by activated leukocytes and a number of cell lines. A rat mAb specific for mALCAM was produced and by two-color immunofluorescence studies was shown to bind to both activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Activated-Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/chemistry
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/immunology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Cloning, Molecular
- Conserved Sequence
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Humans
- L Cells
- Ligands
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Organ Specificity/immunology
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Rats
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Species Specificity
- Thymus Gland
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Bowen
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98121, USA.
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21
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Starling GC, Llewellyn MB, Whitney GS, Aruffo A. The Ly-1.1 and Ly-1.2 epitopes of murine CD5 map to the membrane distal scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain. TISSUE ANTIGENS 1997; 49:1-6. [PMID: 9027958 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1997.tb02702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
CD5 is a member of a superfamily of proteins which contain one or more extracellular domains homologous to the type I macrophage Scavenger Receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domain. The extracellular region of CD5 is composed of three SRCR domains (D1, D2, D3). Murine CD5 (mCD5) is polymorphic (Ly-1.1 and Ly-1.2 alleles), however, the only murine CD5 gene characterized to date encodes the Ly-1.2 allele (mCD5.2). Likewise, the domain specificity of many of the available anti-mCD5 mAb recognizing either Ly-1.1 or Ly-1.2 or both has not been examined. Herein we describe the isolation and characterization of cDNA encoding the Ly1.1 allele (mCD5.1) and map the location and molecular nature of the mCD5 allelic variation. We also determined which SRCR domain of mCD5 is recognized by a panel of anti-mCD5 mAb. The mCD5.1 protein differs from mCD5.2 in only three amino acids, all of which map to the most amino terminal SRCR domain (D1) of mCD5. An additional seven silent substitutions were observed in the nucleotide sequence encoding mCD5 D1, D2 and transmembrane domains. Immunoglobulin (Ig) fusion proteins consisting of various combinations of mCD5.1 or mCD5.2 SRCR domains were produced and used to determine that allele specific mAb bound to D1, confirming sequence data. MAb against monomorphic determinants on mCD5 bound to each mCD5D11g.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Starling
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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