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Schlich M, D'Apice L, Lai F, Sinico C, Valenti D, Catalano F, Marotta R, Decuzzi P, Italiani P, Maria Fadda A. Boosting antigen-specific T cell activation with lipid-stabilized protein nanoaggregates. Int J Pharm 2024; 661:124404. [PMID: 38945464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Vaccines based on protein antigens have numerous advantages over inactivated pathogens, including easier manufacturing and improved safety. However, purified antigens are weakly immunogenic, as they lack the spatial organization and the associated 'danger signals' of the pathogen. Formulating vaccines as nanoparticles enhances the recognition by antigen presenting cells, boosting the cell-mediated immune response. This study describes a nano-precipitation method to obtain stable protein nanoaggregates with uniform size distribution without using covalent cross-linkers. Nanoaggregates were formed via microfluidic mixing of ovalbumin (OVA) and lipids in the presence of high methanol concentrations. A purification protocol was set up to separate the nanoaggregates from OVA and liposomes, obtained as byproducts of the mixing. The nanoaggregates were characterized in terms of morphology, ζ-potential and protein content, and their interaction with immune cells was assessed in vitro. Antigen-specific T cell activation was over 6-fold higher for nanoaggregates compared to OVA, due in part to the enhanced uptake by immune cells. Lastly, a two-dose immunization with nanoaggregates in mice induced a significant increase in OVA-specific CD8+ T splenocytes compared to soluble OVA. Overall, this work presents for the first time the microfluidic production of lipid-stabilized protein nanoaggregates and provides a proof-of-concept of their potential for vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Schlich
- Dept. of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari Italy; Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa Italy.
| | - Luciana D'Apice
- National Research Council (CNR) - Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), 80131 Naples Italy
| | - Francesco Lai
- Dept. of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari Italy
| | - Chiara Sinico
- Dept. of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari Italy
| | - Donatella Valenti
- Dept. of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari Italy
| | - Federico Catalano
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa Italy
| | - Roberto Marotta
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa Italy
| | - Paolo Decuzzi
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa Italy
| | - Paola Italiani
- National Research Council (CNR) - Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), 80131 Naples Italy
| | - Anna Maria Fadda
- Dept. of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari Italy.
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2
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Ma Y, Jiang T, Zhu X, Xu Y, Wan K, Zhang T, Xie M. Efferocytosis in dendritic cells: an overlooked immunoregulatory process. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1415573. [PMID: 38835772 PMCID: PMC11148234 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1415573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Efferocytosis, the process of engulfing and removing apoptotic cells, plays an essential role in preserving tissue health and averting undue inflammation. While macrophages are primarily known for this task, dendritic cells (DCs) also play a significant role. This review delves into the unique contributions of various DC subsets to efferocytosis, highlighting the distinctions in how DCs and macrophages recognize and handle apoptotic cells. It further explores how efferocytosis influences DC maturation, thereby affecting immune tolerance. This underscores the pivotal role of DCs in orchestrating immune responses and sustaining immune equilibrium, providing new insights into their function in immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Ma
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tangxing Jiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhou Xu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Wan
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingxuan Zhang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Miaorong Xie
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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3
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Spray dried cubosomes with ovalbumin and Quil-A as a nanoparticulate dry powder vaccine formulation. Int J Pharm 2018; 550:35-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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4
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Wang H, Chen L, Ma W, Zeng Y, Qin L, Chen M, Li L. Prediction and identification of human leukocyte antigen-A2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope peptides from the human papillomavirus 58 E7 protein. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:2003-2008. [PMID: 30008894 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV) is the primary cause of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical carcinoma. HPV58 is the third most common HPV genotype in China after HPV16 and HPV18. HPV E6 and E7 are oncoproteins and are constitutively expressed in HPV-associated cancer cells, therefore they are considered to be ideal target antigens for immunotherapy, including HPV therapeutic vaccine. In the present study, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope peptides were predicted and screened from HPV58 E7 antigen and their immunogenicity was subsequently determined. A total of 6 HLA-A2-binding peptides derived from HPV58 E7 were predicted and selected using 3 different prediction programs. A negative control peptide and PBS were used as two negative controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with HLA-A2(+) allele were used to detect the specific cellular immune response among the 6 predicted peptides by enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISOPT). Following preliminary screening for the predicted peptides, the antigenicity of the peptide HPV58 E772-80 was further assessed by an immunoassay to a vaccine contained HPV58 E7 antigen. Specific humoral and cellular immunity were detected using the peptide HPV58 E772-80 as the specific antigen. A total of 6 peptides from HPV58 E7 protein were predicted and subsequently named P1 (E77-15: TLREYILDL), P2 (E714-22: DLHPEPTDL), P3 (E769-77: CINSTTTDV), and P4 (E772-80: STTTDVRTL), P5 (E779-87: TLQQLLMGT) and P6 (E783-91: LLMGTCTIV). In the ELISPOT assay on HLA-A2 (+) human PBMCs, interferon (IFN)-γ-production was evident in the P2 and P4 groups. The average numbers of IFN-γ associated spots in the P2 and P4 groups was 50.61±5.37 spot-forming cells (SFC)/1×105 and 266±34.42 SFC/1×105, respectively. The numbers of spots in the two peptides were significantly increased compared with the other 4 peptides and the control groups (P<0.05). In the further antigenicity verification of P4 (HPV58 E772-80), the peptide only stimulated the humoral immune response of the AD-HPV16/18/58 mE6E7 vaccine containing HPV58 E7 antigen. Compared with the 2 negative control groups (1:400), the antibody titers of the vaccine group (1:25,600) were significantly increased (P<0.05). In cellular immunoassays the average number of IFN-γ associated spots was 143.3±32.13 SFC/1×105 in the vaccine group, which was significantly enhanced compared with the PBS group (8±5.29 SFC/1×105; P<0.01) and the AD-NC group (28±5.13 SFC/1×105; P<0.01). The peptide HPV58 E772-80 (STTTDVRTL) displayed sufficient antigenicity to a vaccine contained HPV58 E7 antigen. Therefore, HPV58 E772-80 peptide may be considered as a candidate epitope peptide for the construction of HPV58 peptide vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- Gynecologist Tumor Department, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Lilai Chen
- Gynecologist Tumor Department, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Weihong Ma
- Gynecologist Tumor Department, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zeng
- Gynecologist Tumor Department, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Lu Qin
- Gynecologist Tumor Department, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Mengjie Chen
- Gynecologist Tumor Department, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Gynecologist Tumor Department, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
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5
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Dong X, Sun Z, Liang J, Wang H, Zhu D, Leng X, Wang C, Kong D, Lv F. A visible fluorescent nanovaccine based on functional genipin crosslinked ovalbumin protein nanoparticles. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:1087-1098. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Das K, Eisel D, Lenkl C, Goyal A, Diederichs S, Dickes E, Osen W, Eichmüller SB. Generation of murine tumor cell lines deficient in MHC molecule surface expression using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174077. [PMID: 28301575 PMCID: PMC5354463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to establish murine tumor cell lines, devoid of MHC I or MHC II surface expression, respectively. The melanoma cell line B16F10 and the murine breast cancer cell line EO-771, the latter stably expressing the tumor antigen NY-BR-1 (EO-NY), were transfected with an expression plasmid encoding a β2m-specific single guide (sg)RNA and Cas9. The resulting MHC I negative cells were sorted by flow cytometry to obtain single cell clones, and loss of susceptibility of peptide pulsed MHC I negative clones to peptide-specific CTL recognition was determined by IFNγ ELISpot assay. The β2m knockout (KO) clones did not give rise to tumors in syngeneic mice (C57BL/6N), unless NK cells were depleted, suggesting that outgrowth of the β2m KO cell lines was controlled by NK cells. Using sgRNAs targeting the β-chain encoding locus of the IAb molecule we also generated several B16F10 MHC II KO clones. Peptide loaded B16F10 MHC II KO cells were insusceptible to recognition by OT-II cells and tumor growth was unaltered compared to parental B16F10 cells. Thus, in our hands the CRISPR/Cas9 system has proven to be an efficient straight forward strategy for the generation of MHC knockout cell lines. Such cell lines could serve as parental cells for co-transfection of compatible HLA alleles together with human tumor antigens of interest, thereby facilitating the generation of HLA matched transplantable tumor models, e.g. in HLAtg mouse strains of the newer generation, lacking cell surface expression of endogenous H2 molecules. In addition, our tumor cell lines established might offer a useful tool to investigate tumor reactive T cell responses that function independently from MHC molecule surface expression by the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Das
- GMP & T Cell Therapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Eisel
- GMP & T Cell Therapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clarissa Lenkl
- GMP & T Cell Therapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ashish Goyal
- Division of RNA Biology and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Diederichs
- Division of RNA Biology and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Cancer Research, Dept. of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg & German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elke Dickes
- GMP & T Cell Therapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfram Osen
- GMP & T Cell Therapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan B. Eichmüller
- GMP & T Cell Therapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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7
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Lei J, Osen W, Gardyan A, Hotz-Wagenblatt A, Wei G, Gissmann L, Eichmüller S, Löchelt M. Replication-Competent Foamy Virus Vaccine Vectors as Novel Epitope Scaffolds for Immunotherapy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138458. [PMID: 26397953 PMCID: PMC4580568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of whole viruses as antigen scaffolds is a recent development in vaccination that improves immunogenicity without the need for additional adjuvants. Previous studies highlighted the potential of foamy viruses (FVs) in prophylactic vaccination and gene therapy. Replication-competent FVs can trigger immune signaling and integrate into the host genome, resulting in persistent antigen expression and a robust immune response. Here, we explored feline foamy virus (FFV) proteins as scaffolds for therapeutic B and T cell epitope delivery in vitro. Infection- and cancer-related B and T cell epitopes were grafted into FFV Gag, Env, or Bet by residue replacement, either at sites of high local sequence homology between the epitope and the host protein or in regions known to tolerate sequence alterations. Modified proviruses were evaluated in vitro for protein steady state levels, particle release, and virus titer in permissive cells. Modification of Gag and Env was mostly detrimental to their function. As anticipated, modification of Bet had no impact on virion release and affected virus titers of only some recombinants. Further evaluation of Bet as an epitope carrier was performed using T cell epitopes from the model antigen chicken ovalbumin (OVA), human tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP-2), and oncoprotein E7 of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16E7). Transfection of murine cells with constructs encoding Bet-epitope chimeric proteins led to efficient MHC-I-restricted epitope presentation as confirmed by interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assays using epitope-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) lines. FFV infection-mediated transduction of cells with epitope-carrying Bet also induced T-cell responses, albeit with reduced efficacy, in a process independent from the presence of free peptides. We show that primate FV Bet is also a promising T cell epitope carrier for clinical translation. The data demonstrate the utility of replication-competent and -attenuated FVs as antigen carriers in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Lei
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfram Osen
- Division of Translational Immunology, Research Program Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adriane Gardyan
- Division of Translational Immunology, Research Program Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Agnes Hotz-Wagenblatt
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guochao Wei
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Gissmann
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Eichmüller
- Division of Translational Immunology, Research Program Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Löchelt
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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8
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Whitehead M, Ohlschläger P, Almajhdi FN, Alloza L, Marzábal P, Meyers AE, Hitzeroth II, Rybicki EP. Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 E7 protein bodies cause tumour regression in mice. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:367. [PMID: 24885328 PMCID: PMC4041048 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are the causative agents of cervical cancer in women, which results in over 250 000 deaths per year. Presently there are two prophylactic vaccines on the market, protecting against the two most common high-risk HPV types 16 and 18. These vaccines remain very expensive and are not generally affordable in developing countries where they are needed most. Additionally, there remains a need to treat women that are already infected with HPV, and who have high-grade lesions or cervical cancer. METHODS In this paper, we characterize the immunogenicity of a therapeutic vaccine that targets the E7 protein of the most prevalent high-risk HPV - type 16 - the gene which has previously been shown to be effective in DNA vaccine trials in mice. The synthetic shuffled HPV-16 E7 (16E7SH) has lost its transforming properties but retains all naturally-occurring CTL epitopes. This was genetically fused to Zera®, a self-assembly domain of the maize γ-zein able to induce the accumulation of recombinant proteins into protein bodies (PBs), within the endoplasmic reticulum in a number of expression systems. RESULTS High-level expression of the HPV 16E7SH protein fused to Zera® in plants was achieved, and the protein bodies could be easily and cost-effectively purified. Immune responses comparable to the 16E7SH DNA vaccine were demonstrated in the murine model, with the protein vaccine successfully inducing a specific humoral as well as cell mediated immune response, and mediating tumour regression. CONCLUSIONS The fusion of 16E7SH to the Zera® peptide was found to enhance the immune responses, presumably by means of a more efficient antigen presentation via the protein bodies. Interestingly, simply mixing the free PBs and 16E7SH also enhanced immune responses, indicating an adjuvant activity for the Zera® PBs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Inga I Hitzeroth
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa.
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9
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Characterization of CD8+ T cell function and immunodominance generated with an H2O2-inactivated whole-virus vaccine. J Virol 2012; 86:13735-44. [PMID: 23055558 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02178-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells play an important role in protection against both acute and persistent viral infections, and new vaccines that induce CD8(+) T cell immunity are currently needed. Here, we show that lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-specific CD8(+) T cells can be generated in response to a nonreplicating H(2)O(2)-inactivated whole-virus vaccine (H(2)O(2)-LCMV). Vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cell responses exhibited an increased ability to produce multiple cytokines at early time points following immunization compared to infection-induced responses. Vaccination with H(2)O(2)-LCMV induced the expansion of a narrow subset of the antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells induced by LCMV strain Arm infection, resulting in a distinct immunodominance hierarchy. Acute LCMV infection stimulated immunodominance patterns that shifted over time or after secondary infection, whereas vaccine-generated immunodominance profiles remained remarkably stable even following subsequent viral infection. Vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cell populations expanded sharply in response to challenge and were then maintained at high levels, with responses to individual epitopes occupying up to 40% of the CD8(+) T cell compartment at 35 days after challenge. H(2)O(2)-LCMV vaccination protected animals against challenge with chronic LCMV clone 13, and protection was mediated by CD8(+) T cells. These results indicate that vaccination with an H(2)O(2)-inactivated whole-virus vaccine induces LCMV-specific CD8(+) T cells with unique functional characteristics and provides a useful model for studying CD8(+) T cells elicited in the absence of active viral infection.
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10
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Alfaro C, Perez-Gracia JL, Suarez N, Rodriguez J, Fernandez de Sanmamed M, Sangro B, Martin-Algarra S, Calvo A, Redrado M, Agliano A, Gonzalez A, Rodriguez I, Bolaños E, Hervás-Stubbs S, Perez-Calvo J, Benito A, Peñuelas I, Vigil C, Richter J, Martinez-Forero I, Melero I. Pilot clinical trial of type 1 dendritic cells loaded with autologous tumor lysates combined with GM-CSF, pegylated IFN, and cyclophosphamide for metastatic cancer patients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:6130-42. [PMID: 22048768 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-four patients with metastatic cancer received two cycles of four daily immunizations with monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC). DC were incubated with preheated autologous tumor lysate and subsequently with IFN-α, TNF-α, and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid to attain type 1 maturation. One DC dose was delivered intranodally, under ultrasound control, and the rest intradermally in the opposite thigh. Cyclophosphamide (day -7), GM-CSF (days 1-4), and pegIFN alpha-2a (days 1 and 8) completed each treatment cycle. Pretreatment with cyclophosphamide decreased regulatory T cells to levels observed in healthy subjects both in terms of percentage and in absolute counts in peripheral blood. Treatment induced sustained elevations of IL-12 in serum that correlated with the output of IL-12p70 from cultured DC from each individual. NK activity in peripheral blood was increased and also correlated with the serum concentration of IL-12p70 in each patient. Circulating endothelial cells decreased in 17 of 18 patients, and circulating tumor cells markedly dropped in 6 of 19 cases. IFN-γ-ELISPOT responses to DC plus tumor lysate were observed in 4 of 11 evaluated cases. Tracing DC migration with [(111)In] scintigraphy showed that intranodal injections reached deeper lymphatic chains in 61% of patients, whereas with intradermal injections a small fraction of injected DC was almost constantly shown to reach draining inguinal lymph nodes. Five patients experienced disease stabilization, but no objective responses were documented. This combinatorial immunotherapy strategy is safe and feasible, and its immunobiological effects suggest potential activity in patients with minimal residual disease. A randomized trial exploring this hypothesis is currently ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alfaro
- Gene Therapy and Hepatology Unit, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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11
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Wang Y, Wang XY, Subjeck JR, Kim HL. Covalent crosslinking of tumor antigens stimulates an antitumor immune response. Vaccine 2010; 28:6613-20. [PMID: 20682362 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In murine renal cell carcinoma and melanoma models, vaccination with crosslinked tumor antigen in the absence of other adjuvants inhibited the growth of RENCA and B16 tumors. Vaccination with crosslinked antigens (CA9 or gp100) enhanced the cellular immune response as measured by ELISPOT and cytotoxicity assays. Crosslinking antigens enhanced delivery of antigen to bone marrow derived dendritic cells, which were capable of internalizing and processing the antigens. Dendritic cells pulsed with crosslinked antigen were effective in stimulating antigen-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte proliferation and interferon-γ secretion. Crosslinking tumor antigens is a simple and effective strategy for enhancing tumor vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8635 West 3rd Street, Suite 1070W, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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12
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Ohlschläger P, Spies E, Alvarez G, Quetting M, Groettrup M. The combination of TLR-9 adjuvantation and electroporation-mediated delivery enhances in vivo antitumor responses after vaccination with HPV-16 E7 encoding DNA. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:473-81. [PMID: 20309939 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic DNA vaccination is an attractive adjuvant option to conventional methods in the fight against cancer, like surgery radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Despite strong antitumor effects that were observed in small animals with different antigens, DNA-based vaccines remain weakly immunogenic in large animals and primates compared to protein-based vaccines. Here, we sought to enhance the immunogenicity of a therapeutic nontransforming cervical cancer DNA vaccine (HPV-16 E7SH) by introduction of a highly optimized CpG cassette into the plasmid backbone as well as by an optimized DNA delivery using an advanced electroporation (EP) technology. By integrating the means for agent administration and EP into a single device, this technology enables a simple, one-step procedure that facilitates reproducibility. We found that highly optimized CpG motifs alone triggers an enhanced IFN-γ and granzyme B response in Elispot assays as well as stronger tumor regression. Furthermore, these effects could be dramatically enhanced when the CpG cassette containing plasmid was administered via the newly developed EP technology. These data suggest that an optimized application of CpG-enriched DNA vaccines may be an attractive strategy for the treatment of cancer. Collectively, these results provide a basis for the transfer of preclinical therapeutic DNA-based immunization studies into successful clinical cancer trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ohlschläger
- Department of Immunology, University of Constance, 78457 Constance, Germany.
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13
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Itoh Y, Ozaki H, Ishigaki H, Sakoda Y, Nagata T, Soda K, Isoda N, Miyake T, Ishida H, Okamoto K, Nakayama M, Tsuchiya H, Torii R, Kida H, Ogasawara K. Subcutaneous inoculation of a whole virus particle vaccine prepared from a non-pathogenic virus library induces protective immunity against H7N7 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in cynomolgus macaques. Vaccine 2009; 28:780-9. [PMID: 19857455 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Development of H7N7 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) vaccines is an urgent issue since human cases of infection with this subtype virus have been reported and most humans have no immunity against H7N7 viruses. We made an H7N7 vaccine combining components from an influenza virus library of non-pathogenic type A influenza viruses. Antibody and T cell recall responses specific against the vaccine strain were elicited by subcutaneous inoculation with the whole virus particle vaccine with or without alum as an adjuvant in cynomolgus macaques. No significant difference was observed in magnitude of antibody responses between vaccination with alum and vaccination without alum, though vaccination with alum induced longer recall responses of CD8(+) T cells than did vaccination without alum. After challenge with a subtype of H7N7 HPAIV, the virus was detected in nasal swabs of unvaccinated macaques for 8 days but only for 1 day in the animals vaccinated either with or without alum, although the macaques vaccinated with alum showed elevated body temperature more briefly after infection. These findings demonstrated that this H7N7 HPAIV strain is pathogenic to macaques and that the vaccine conferred protective immunity to macaques against H7N7 HPAIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Itoh
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
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14
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Ohlschläger P, Quetting M, Alvarez G, Dürst M, Gissmann L, Kaufmann AM. Enhancement of immunogenicity of a therapeutic cervical cancer DNA-based vaccine by co-application of sequence-optimized genetic adjuvants. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:189-98. [PMID: 19358269 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of patients with cervical cancer by conventional methods (mainly surgery, but also radiotherapy and chemotherapy) results in a significant loss in quality of life. A therapeutic DNA vaccine directed to tumor-specific antigens of the human papilloma virus (HPV) could be an attractive treatment option. We have developed a nontransforming HPV-16 E7-based DNA vaccine containing all putative T cell epitopes (HPV-16 E7SH). DNA vaccines, however, are less immunogenic than protein- or peptide-based vaccines in larger animals and humans. In this study, we have investigated an adjuvant gene support of the HPV-16 E7SH therapeutic cervical cancer vaccine. DNA encoded cytokines (IL-2, IL-12, GM-CSF, IFN-gamma) and the chemokine MIP1-alpha were co-applied either simultaneously or at different time points pre- or post-E7SH vaccination. In addition, sequence-optimized adjuvant genes were compared to wild type genes. Three combinations investigated lead to an enhanced IFN-gamma response of the induced T cells in mice. Interestingly, IFN-gamma secretion of splenocytes did not strictly correlate with tumor response in tumor regression experiments. Gene-encoded MIP-1alpha applied 5 days prior to E7SH-immunization combined with IFN-gamma or IL-12 (3 days) or IL-2 (5 days) postimmunization lead to a significantly enhanced tumor response that was clearly associated with granzyme B secretion and target cells lysis. Our results suggest that a conditioning application and combination with adjuvant genes may be a promising strategy to enhance synergistically immune responses by DNA immunization for the treatment of cervical cancer.
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15
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White P, Anastasopoulos F, Church J, Kuo CY, Boyd B, Hickey P, Tu LS, Burns P, Lew A, Heath W, Davey G, Pouton C. Generic construction of single component particles that elicit humoural and cellular immune responses without the need for adjuvants. Vaccine 2008; 26:6824-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.09.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Lev A, Takeda K, Zanker D, Maynard JC, Dimberu P, Waffarn E, Gibbs J, Netzer N, Princiotta MF, Neckers L, Picard D, Nicchitta CV, Chen W, Reiter Y, Bennink JR, Yewdell JW. The exception that reinforces the rule: crosspriming by cytosolic peptides that escape degradation. Immunity 2008; 28:787-98. [PMID: 18549799 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The nature of crosspriming immunogens for CD8(+) T cell responses is highly controversial. By using a panel of T cell receptor-like antibodies specific for viral peptides bound to mouse D(b) major histocompatibility complex class I molecules, we show that an exceptional peptide (PA(224-233)) expressed as a viral minigene product formed a sizeable cytosolic pool continuously presented for hours after protein synthesis was inhibited. PA(224-233) pool formation required active cytosolic heat-shock protein 90 but not ER g96 and uniquely enabled crosspriming by this peptide. These findings demonstrate that exceptional class I binding oligopeptides that escape proteolytic degradation are potent crosspriming agents. Thus, the feeble immunogenicity of natural proteasome products in crosspriming can be attributed to their evanescence in donor cells and not an absolute inability of cytosolic oligopeptides to be transferred to and presented by professional antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avital Lev
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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17
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Busch R, Siah IM, Gee TA, Hellerstein MK. Heavy water labeling of DNA for measurement of cell proliferation and recruitment during primary murine lymph node responses against model antigens. J Immunol Methods 2008; 337:24-34. [PMID: 18590913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2008.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lymph node (LN) responses to antigens involve inflammatory lymphocyte recruitment and proliferation of rare antigen-specific precursors; the relative contributions of these processes have not been well quantified. The popliteal LN assay (PLNA), used for immunotoxicity screening, measures LN swelling as a surrogate of antigen-specific immunity, but nonspecific irritants cause false-positive results. Quantification of proliferating cells may improve specificity, but commonly-used biosynthetic labels (e.g., BrdU) have limitations. In vivo labeling with heavy water ((2)H(2)O) is nontoxic and (2)H incorporation into the DNA of dividing cells highly consistent, even in apoptotic microenvironments such as the thymus. Here, we have used continuous (2)H(2)O labeling and GC/MS analysis to quantify the cumulative fraction of recently divided cells (f) in draining LN of mice. Priming of BALB/c mice with model antigens (KLH, DNCB) increased both LN cell counts and f in responding lymphocyte subsets, whereas lymphocyte recruitment to LN by irritants (IFA, DMSO) increased cell counts but had little effect on f. Thus, antigen-driven proliferation (possibly including a bystander component) was reflected in f, whereas LN cellularity was primarily increased by recruitment. Cell counts responded differentially to changes in Ag dose and immunization with IFA, whereas f was unaffected by these variables. GC/MS analysis of (2)H(2)O-labeled lymphocyte DNA affords sensitive, precise measurements of fractional lymphoproliferation. Dissection of proliferation and cell recruitment by this approach may be useful for preclinical in vivo screening of novel adjuvants and immunomodulatory agents, for studying their mechanism of action, and for immunotoxicity screening in the PLNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Busch
- KineMed Inc., 5980 Horton Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
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18
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Dell K, Klein C, Gissmann L. Comparison of DNA- and mRNA-Transfected Mouse Dendritic Cells as Potential Vaccines against the Human Papillomavirus Type 16 associated Oncoprotein E7. Antivir Ther 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350801300409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Dendritic cells (DCs) mediate the generation of strong cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses by functioning in antigen presentation and exerting adjuvant properties. We compared several activation markers and parameters of biological activity of DNA- and mRNA-transfected DCs in vitro and in vivo. Methods CpG-matured, bone marrow derived C57BL/6 mouse DCs were electroporated either with enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) or human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E7 expression plasmids or in vitro transcribed mRNAs encoding for the codon-optimized E7 or a shuffled version thereof. Activation marker expression and antigen presentation was analysed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The migratory behaviour of transfected DCs were investigated by in vitro chemotaxis experiments and cytokine expression by ELISA. CTL-priming capacity of transfected DCs were determined by vaccination of mice. Results mRNA transfection produced a two- to fourfold increase of the activation markers CD40, CD80, CD86 and MHC I and MHC II molecules. Predominately antigen-expressing DCs migrated after mRNA transfection. Furthermore, mRNA-transfected DCs were capable of inducing a chemokine gradient. After maturation, electroporation and activation with soluble CD40 ligand and interferon-γ, DCs displayed a T-helper cell type 2 cytokine expression pattern. Nevertheless, E7-transfected DCs were able to prime E7-specific CTL responses in vivo. The highest E7-specific CTL frequencies were found in mice immunized with mRNA-transfected DCs. The in vitro expanded CTLs exerted functional E7-specific cytotoxic activity. Conclusions Genetically modified DCs are suitable vehicles for the induction of E7-specific CTL responses in mice and hence could help to eradicate HPV-associated lesions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Dell
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Corinna Klein
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Gissmann
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Yoon TJ, Kim JY, Kim H, Hong C, Lee H, Lee CK, Lee KH, Hong S, Park SH. Anti-tumor immunostimulatory effect of heat-killed tumor cells. Exp Mol Med 2008; 40:130-44. [PMID: 18305406 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2008.40.1.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As a part of our ongoing search for a safe and efficient anti-tumor vaccine, we attempted to determine whether the molecular nature of certain tumor antigens would influence immune responses against tumor cells. As compared with freeze-thawed or formaldehyde-fixed tumor antigens, heat-denatured tumor antigens elicited profound anti-tumor immune responses and greatly inhibited the growth of live tumor cells. The heat-denatured tumor antigens induced a substantial increase in the anti-tumor CTL response in the absence of any adjuvant material. This response appears to be initiated by strong activation of the antigen-presenting cells, which may recognize heat-denatured protein antigens. Upon recognition of the heat-denatured tumor antigens, macrophages and dendritic cells were found to acutely upregulate the expression of co-stimulatory molecules such as B7.2, as well as the secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12 and TNF-alpha. The results of this study indicate that heat-denatured tumor extracts might elicit protective anti-tumor adaptive immune responses and also raise the possibility that a safe and efficient adjuvant-free tumor vaccine might be developed in conjunction with a dendritic cell-based tumor vaccine.
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20
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Samorski R, Gissmann L, Osen W. Codon optimized expression of HPV 16 E6 renders target cells susceptible to E6-specific CTL recognition. Immunol Lett 2006; 107:41-9. [PMID: 16949679 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Revised: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The early proteins E6 and E7 of the cancer-related human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV 16) are constitutively expressed in cancer cells thus are targets for immune therapeutic approaches. Whereas previous studies have mainly focussed on the immunogenicity of E7 protein little is known about E6. In order to evaluate E6-specific DNA immunization strategies in a preclinical mouse model C57BL/6 mice were injected with plasmid pTHampE6 and analyzed for E6-specific CTL induction. CTL specific for the H2-K(b)-restricted E6-derived epitope E6 48-57, were readily detectable among splenocytes of immunized animals, however, these CTL showed a differential recognition pattern on various E6-expressing target cells. Using a newly generated E6-specific monoclonal antibody we found that most cell lines expressing E6 encoded by the natural gene showed undetectable protein amounts and were ignored by E6-specific CTL. However, transfection of a codon optimized version of the E6 gene (E6opt) strongly enhanced protein expression levels within these cells turning them into susceptible target cells. Surprisingly, we found that E6-positive TC-1 cells, although recognized by E6-specific CTL, were totally devoid of any detectable E6 protein. Inhibition of proteasomal function by lactacystin treatment diminished E6-specific CTL recognition of TC-1 cells and RMA/E6opt transfectants accompanied by intracellular accumulation of E6 protein as observed in RMA/E6opt transfectants, but not in TC-1 cells. These data suggest that in TC-1 cells rapid degradation processes might prevent stable expression of E6 protein yet generate precursor peptides in amounts sufficient for MHC class I restricted antigen presentation. Thus, the results presented in this paper show that: (i) use of optimized codons in transfection experiments can improve susceptibility of target cells to E6-specific CTL recognition and (ii) lack of detectable protein within a cell does not necessarily indicate the absence of epitope presentation. Both findings are of potential relevance for the design of tumor vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Codon
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Genes, Synthetic/immunology
- Human papillomavirus 16/immunology
- Immunotherapy, Active/methods
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/immunology
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- Transfection/methods
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Samorski
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Forschungsschwerpunkt Infektionen und Krebs, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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21
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Tammiruusu A, Penttilä T, Lahesmaa R, Sarvas M, Puolakkainen M, Vuola JM. Intranasal administration of chlamydial outer protein N (CopN) induces protection against pulmonary Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in a mouse model. Vaccine 2006; 25:283-90. [PMID: 16949182 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Revised: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae is an intracellular pathogen that grows inside a vacuole, referred to as an inclusion. C. pneumoniae possess a type III secretion system (TTSS), which allows them to secrete effector molecules into the inclusion membrane and to the host cell cytosol. Proteins such as chlamydial outer protein N (CopN) that associate with the inclusion membrane are potential targets for the host's MHC-dependent antigen presentation, thereby representing ideal antigen candidates for T cell-based vaccination. The results of this study showed that intranasal immunization of BALB/c mice with heat-aggregated CopN protein and an Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin (LT) induced a strong immune response, detected as antigen-specific antibody production, lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-gamma production. Furthermore, the immunization induced statistically significant protection against intranasal C. pneumoniae challenge, the level of which correlated with the magnitude of CopN-specific lymphocyte proliferation. Both heat-aggregation of the antigen and the presence of LT adjuvant were required for maximal protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tammiruusu
- Department of Viral Diseases and Immunology, Infection Pathogenesis Laboratory, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland.
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22
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Bungener L, de Mare A, de Vries-Idema J, Sehr P, van der Zee A, Wilschut J, Daemen T. A Virosomal Immunization Strategy against Cervical Cancer and Pre-Malignant Cervical Disease. Antivir Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350601100616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate that fusion-active virosomes, containing recombinant human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E7 protein antigen, are capable of inducing a robust class I MHC-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against HPV-transformed tumour cells in a murine model system. Virosomes are reconstituted viral envelopes, which do not contain the genetic material of the native virus. During the reconstitution process, protein antigens can be encapsulated within the virosomes. In the present study, we used virosomes derived from influenza virus. These virosomes retain the cell binding and membrane fusion characteristics of native influenza virus, and have the capacity to deliver encapsulated antigens to the cytosol of antigen-presenting cells through fusion from within acidic endosomes. After immunization of mice with virosomes containing encapsulated HPV16 E7 protein, the animals developed a strong E7–specific CTL response as assessed by 51Cr release measurements and MHC tetramer staining of spleen cells. Immunization with E7–containing virosomes also resulted in E7-specific antibody responses. In tumour challenge experiments, immunization of mice with E7-containing virosomes prevented tumour outgrowth in >70% of the animals. Thus, influenza-derived virosomes with encapsulated HPV E7 protein antigen act as an excellent vaccine delivery system for induction of cellular immunity against HPV-transformed cells and represent a promising immunotherapeutic vaccine for the treatment of (precursor lesions of) cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bungener
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Arjan de Mare
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline de Vries-Idema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Sehr
- Small Molecule Screening Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ate van der Zee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Wilschut
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Toos Daemen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
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Purohit VS, Middaugh CR, Balasubramanian SV. Influence of aggregation on immunogenicity of recombinant human Factor VIII in hemophilia A mice. J Pharm Sci 2006; 95:358-71. [PMID: 16372314 PMCID: PMC2574426 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human factor VIII (rFVIII), a multidomain glycoprotein is used in replacement therapy for treatment of hemophilia A. Unfortunately, 15%-30% of the treated patients develop inhibitory antibodies. The pathogenesis of antibody development is not completely understood. The presence of aggregated protein in formulations is generally believed to enhance the immune response. rFVIII has a tendency to aggregate but the effect of such aggregation on the immunogenicity of rFVIII is not known. We have, therefore, characterized aggregated rFVIII produced by thermal stress and evaluated its effect on the immunogenicity of rFVIII in hemophilia A mice. Aggregated rFVIII alone and mixtures of rFVIII with aggregated rFVIII were less immunogenic than native rFVIII. In vitro Th-cell proliferation studies and cytokine analyses conducted on splenocytes obtained from immunized animals suggest that aggregated rFVIII behaves as a unique antigen compared to native monomeric rFVIII. The antigenic properties of the aggregated and native rFVIII were compared using ELISAs (epitope availability) and cathepsin-B (an antigen processing enzyme) digestion. The data suggest significant differences in the antigenic properties of rFVIII and aggregated rFVIII. Overall it appears that aggregated rFVIII does not enhance the immunogenicity (inhibitor development) of rFVIII in hemophilia A mice but rather acts as a distinct antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek S Purohit
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, 14260-1200, USA
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24
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Dell K, Koesters R, Gissmann L. Transcutaneous immunization in mice: Induction of T-helper and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses and protection against human papillomavirus-induced tumors. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:364-72. [PMID: 16052529 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports have shown that transcutaneous immunization (TCI) with proteins or peptides in combination with adjuvants efficiently induces specific cellular and humoral immune responses. However, depending on the kind of skin pretreatment, induction of cellular immune responses was restricted to generation of either specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) or T-helper (Th) cells. In this study, we induced antigen-specific CTL responses together with the appropriate Th responses by TCI of C57BL/6 mice. We applied ovalbumin protein or an ovalbumin-derived fusion peptide containing a CTL and Th epitope together with a combination of cholera toxin (CT) and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG) onto cold wax-depilated and hydrated bare skin. TCI with the ovalbumin fusion peptide induced more robust CTL and Th responses than that with ovalbumin protein. The fusion peptide in combination with the nontoxic CT derivative CTA1-D2D1 and CpG induced an antigen-specific CTL response, albeit less efficiently than in combination with complete CT. Further, we compared the potency of HPV-16 E7 oncoprotein-derived peptides containing single (CTL) or multiple (CTL + Th + B cell) epitopes to induce effective CTL responses. Strong E7-specific CTL responses were detected only after TCI with the E7 multiepitope peptide. This peptide was also shown to protect mice against tumor growth after challenge with HPV-16 E7-positive tumor cells. TCI with E7 protein and CT/CpG led to formation of an E7-specific humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Dell
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany.
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25
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26
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Hovden AO, Cox RJ, Haaheim LR. Whole influenza virus vaccine is more immunogenic than split influenza virus vaccine and induces primarily an IgG2a response in BALB/c mice. Scand J Immunol 2005; 62:36-44. [PMID: 16092921 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2005.01633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the kinetics and the magnitude of the humoral immune response to two different influenza vaccine formulations, whole and split virus vaccines. BALB/c mice were immunized intramuscularly with one or two doses (3 weeks apart) of 7.5, 15 or 30 microg of haemagglutinin of monovalent A/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2) split or whole virus vaccine. The two vaccine formulations induced similar kinetics of the antibody-secreting cells response; however, differences in the magnitude were observed in the spleen and bone marrow. Vaccination with whole virus vaccine generally elicited a quicker and higher neutralizing antibody response, particularly after the first dose of vaccine. The two vaccine formulations gave different immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass profiles. Split virus vaccine stimulated both IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies suggestive of mixed T-helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 response, whereas whole virus vaccine induced mainly an IgG2a antibody response, which is indicative of a dominant Th1 response. The increased immunogenicity of whole virus vaccine in a naïve population could reduce the vaccine concentration needed to provide protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-O Hovden
- Influenza Centre, Section for Microbiology and Immunology, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway.
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27
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Bungener L, Huckriede A, de Mare A, de Vries-Idema J, Wilschut J, Daemen T. Virosome-mediated delivery of protein antigens in vivo: efficient induction of class I MHC-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. Vaccine 2005; 23:1232-41. [PMID: 15652665 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2004] [Revised: 08/30/2004] [Accepted: 09/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Induction of CTL responses against protein antigens is an important aim in vaccine development. In this paper we present fusion-active virosomes as a vaccine delivery system capable of efficient induction of CTL responses in vivo. Virosomes are reconstituted viral membranes, which do not contain the genetic material of the virus they are derived from. Foreign macromolecules, including protein antigens, can be encapsulated in virosomes during the reconstitution process. Functionally reconstituted virosomes retain the cell binding and fusion characteristics of the native virus. Thus, upon uptake by cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis, virosomes will deliver their content to the cell cytosol. In a previous study, we demonstrated that protein antigens delivered in this manner to dendritic cells are efficiently processed for both MHC class I and class II presentation. Here, we studied in vivo induction of cellular immune responses against virosome-encapsulated ovalbumin (OVA) in mice. As little as 0.75 microg OVA delivered by fusion-active virosomes was sufficient to induce a powerful class I MHC-restricted CTL response. All immunization routes that were used (i.m., i.p. and s.c.) resulted in efficient induction of CTL activity. The CTLs induced were cytotoxic in a standard 51Cr-release assay and produced IFNgamma in response to OVA peptide. Thus, virosomes represent an ideal antigen delivery system for induction of cellular immunity against encapsulated protein antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bungener
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University of Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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28
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Steinberg T, Ohlschläger P, Sehr P, Osen W, Gissmann L. Modification of HPV 16 E7 genes: correlation between the level of protein expression and CTL response after immunization of C57BL/6 mice. Vaccine 2005; 23:1149-57. [PMID: 15629358 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2004] [Accepted: 08/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunization with a codon-optimized HPV 16 E7 gene was shown to yield higher levels of E7-specific cytotoxic T cells [Liu WJ, Gao F, Zhao KN, Zhao W, Fernando GJ, Thomas R, et al. Codon modified human papillomavirus type 16 E7 DNA vaccine enhances cytotoxic T-lymphocyte induction and anti-tumour activity. Virology 2002;301:43]. Here, we sought to verify the hypothesis that there is a direct correlation between the level of protein expression and immunogenicity in mice. We generated HPV 16 E7 expression plasmids where the genes were inserted either as authentic sequence (wt) or after optimizing the codons for use in mammalian cells (opt). For enhancement of translation of the E7 gene a 5' Kozak sequence (K) was added. Transfection experiments revealed the strength of expression in the order of E7opt+K, E7opt-K, E7wt+K and E7wt-K. After immunization of C57/B6 mice we observed an equally strong CD8+T-cell response with the E7opt plasmids (+ or -K), followed by the E7wt+K and E7wt-K DNAs. The same difference in efficiency was obtained in tumor protection experiments. Regression of pre-existing tumors and CTL activity was observed only with the E7opt+K plasmid. From these data, we conclude that the level of protein expression correlates with the efficiency of CTL response and hence testing by transfection of cells in culture may allow a pre-selection of expression plasmids prior to DNA immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Steinberg
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Forschungsschwerpunkt Infektion und Krebs, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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29
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Janda J, Schöneberger P, Skoberne M, Messerle M, Rüssmann H, Geginat G. Cross-Presentation ofListeria-Derived CD8 T Cell Epitopes Requires Unstable Bacterial Translation Products. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:5644-51. [PMID: 15494515 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.9.5644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Presentation of bacteria-derived CD8 T cell epitopes by dendritic cells (DC) requires either their direct infection or that DC acquire and cross-present Ags from other infected cells. We found that cross-presentation of Listeria monocytogenes-derived CD8 T cell epitopes was much stronger than direct Ag presentation by infected murine DC. Cross-presentation of Listeria-derived CD8 T cell epitopes showed unique physiological requirements. It was dependent upon the delivery of unstable bacterial translation products by infected, but still viable, Ag donor cells. Cross-presentation was enhanced both when unstable translation products in infected Ag donor cells were protected from proteasomal degradation and when the production of misfolded bacterial proteins was increased. The requirement of unstable translation products for cross-presentation may represent a novel pathway that functions to focus the CD8 T cell response toward epitopes derived from newly synthesized proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Janda
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Fakultät für Klinische Medizin Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Kokhaei P, Rezvany MR, Virving L, Choudhury A, Rabbani H, Osterborg A, Mellstedt H. Dendritic cells loaded with apoptotic tumour cells induce a stronger T-cell response than dendritic cell-tumour hybrids in B-CLL. Leukemia 2003; 17:894-9. [PMID: 12750703 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are professional (specialised) antigen-presenting cells that can capture antigen from apoptotic tumour cells and induce MHC class I- and II-restricted responses. Also, DC fused with tumour cells may be effective for immune response induction. Both cell preparations may be considered as vaccine candidates in a therapeutic approach. We examined autologous T-cell activation by DC that had endocytosed leukaemic B-cell apoptotic bodies (Apo-DC) and compared it to the T-cell stimulatory capacity of DC that were fused with tumour cells. Following incubation, 22.6+/-6.2 (mean+/-s.e.m.) of DC had endocytosed leukaemic cells, while the frequency of DC-leukaemic cell hybrids was 10.5+/-2.6%. Apo-DC and hybrid cells both demonstrated the ability to stimulate a tumour-specific T-cell immune response in vitro. A T-cell proliferation response was also observed in four out of five CLL patients when using Apo-DC. However, fusion hybrids lacked the ability to elicit a proliferative response. Apo-DC also induced an IFN-gamma response, as did hybrid cells. The cytokine response induced by Apo-DC was significantly higher than that induced by fusion (P<0.05). This study shows that endocytosed apoptotic tumour cells induced a significantly stronger T-cell response than DC hybrids; and as such should be a better candidate for vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kokhaei
- Immune and Gene Therapy Laboratory, CCK, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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31
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Cho Y, Basta S, Chen W, Bennink JR, Yewdell JW. Heat-aggregated noninfectious influenza virus induces a more balanced CD8(+)-T-lymphocyte immunodominance hierarchy than infectious virus. J Virol 2003; 77:4679-84. [PMID: 12663774 PMCID: PMC152137 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.8.4679-4684.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8(+)-T-cell (T(CD8+)) responses to infectious viruses are characterized by an immunodominance hierarchy in which the majority of T(CD8+) respond to one or a few immunodominant determinants, with a minority of T(CD8+) responding to a number of subdominant determinants. It is now well established that exogenous antigens are capable of inducing T(CD8+) to such immunodominant determinants, but the diversity of the response and the nature of the immunodominance hierarchy have not been examined. We addressed this issue by characterizing T(CD8+) responses to influenza virus preparations rendered inert by incubation for 10 min at 100 degrees C, as first reported by Speidel et al. (Eur. J. Immunol. 27:2391-2399, 1997). Extending these findings, we show that the primary T(CD8+) response to boiled virus can be sufficiently robust to be detected ex vivo by intracellular cytokine staining and that the response encompasses many of the peptides recognized by T(CD8+) induced by infectious virus. Importantly, the immunodominance hierarchy elicited was leveled, and we were unable to detect T(CD8+) that were specific for boiled virus. We used peritoneal exudate cells as antigen-presenting cells in vitro, and a number of observations indicated that boiled virus is processed via a phagocytic route that is likely to be endosomal in nature. These findings suggest that the repertoires of immunogenic peptides generated by endosomes and cytosolic processes overlap to a surprising degree. Furthermore, they demonstrate that the form of antigen administered can influence immunodominance hierarchies and that exogenous-antigen vaccines can induce broad and balanced T(CD8+) responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjung Cho
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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32
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Lührs P, Schmidt W, Kutil R, Buschle M, Wagner SN, Stingl G, Schneeberger A. Induction of specific immune responses by polycation-based vaccines. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:5217-26. [PMID: 12391240 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.9.5217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The s.c injection of tumor Ag-derived, MHC class I-binding peptides together with cationic poly-amino acids (e.g., poly-L-arginine; pR) has been shown to protect animals against a challenge with tumor cells expressing the respective peptide(s). Given our only restricted knowledge about immunogenic tumor-associated peptides, we sought to determine whether this pR-based vaccination protocol would also induce protective cancer immunity if large proteins were used instead of peptide epitopes. We found that the intracutaneous administration of the model Ag beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) together with pR (referred to as pR-based protein vaccine; pR-PV) was significantly more potent in protecting mice against the growth of beta-gal-expressing RENCA cells than the protein alone. Coadministration of pR enhanced both the beta-gal-induced specific humoral and CD8 response. The protective effect required CD8(+), but neither CD4(+) T lymphocytes nor beta-gal-specific Abs. beta-Gal priming of protective CD8(+) T lymphocytes was found to be CD4(+) T cell-independent, to take place within the draining lymph nodes, and to be accomplished by day 5 after vaccination. Ablation of the injection sites as early as 1.5 h after pR-PV administration still led to protection in a large proportion of the animals, indicating that certain protein Ags administered intradermally in the context of polycations are quickly transported to the draining nodes, where they induce molecular and cellular events resulting in the helper-independent priming and expansion of Tc1 cells. However, optimal protection required the prolonged presence of the injection site, suggesting that pR-PV injection facilitates the formation of a cutaneous depot of Ag-charged cells capable of migration and T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Lührs
- Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, University of Vienna Medical School, Germany
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33
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Debin A, Kravtzoff R, Santiago JV, Cazales L, Sperandio S, Melber K, Janowicz Z, Betbeder D, Moynier M. Intranasal immunization with recombinant antigens associated with new cationic particles induces strong mucosal as well as systemic antibody and CTL responses. Vaccine 2002; 20:2752-63. [PMID: 12034102 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00191-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New cationic nanoparticles (SMBV) were evaluated for use as a nasal vaccine delivery system for two recombinant proteins: HBsAg and beta-galactosidase. Each protein was formulated with SMBV and intranasally administrated to non-anesthetized mice. In each model, the formulated protein induced high levels of specific serum IgG antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. Moreover, specific IgA antibodies were found in nasal as well as in vaginal washes of intranasally immunized mice with the protein associated with SMBV. In contrast, no IgG or IgA antibodies and no CTL were detected in mice immunized with free protein. The detection of a CTL response and an increase in both IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies in serum suggest that SMBV amplifies both Th1 and Th2 responses without modifying the Th1/Th2 profile of the immune response induced by the natural protein. These data demonstrate the high potential of SMBV for use as a nasal delivery system for sub-unit vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibody Formation
- Cations/immunology
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Immunoglobulin A/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G
- Immunoglobulin M
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Animal
- Plasmids/administration & dosage
- Plasmids/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- beta-Galactosidase/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Debin
- Biovector Therapeutics, Chemin du Chêne Vert, BP 169, 31676 Labège, France
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Alexander J, Oseroff C, Dahlberg C, Qin M, Ishioka G, Beebe M, Fikes J, Newman M, Chesnut RW, Morton PA, Fok K, Appella E, Sette A. A decaepitope polypeptide primes for multiple CD8+ IFN-gamma and Th lymphocyte responses: evaluation of multiepitope polypeptides as a mode for vaccine delivery. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:6189-98. [PMID: 12055232 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.12.6189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are generally regarded as ineffective immunogens for CTL responses. We synthesized a 100-mer decaepitope polypeptide and tested its capacity to induce multiple CD8(+) IFN-gamma and Th lymphocyte (HTL) responses in HLA transgenic mice. Following a single immunization in the absence of adjuvant, significant IFN-gamma in vitro recall responses were detected for all epitopes included in the construct (six A2.1-, three A11-restricted CTL epitopes, and one universal HTL epitope). Immunization with truncated forms of the decaepitope polypeptide was used to demonstrate that optimal immunogenicity was associated with a size of at least 30-40 residues (3-4 epitopes). Solubility analyses of the truncated constructs were used to identify a correlation between immunogenicity for IFN-gamma responses and the propensity of these constructs to form particulate aggregates. Although the decaepitope polypeptide and a pool of epitopes emulsified in IFA elicited similar levels of CD8(+) responses using fresh splenocytes, we found that the decaepitope polypeptide more effectively primed for in vitro recall CD8(+) T cell responses. Finally, immunogenicity comparisons were also made between the decaepitope polypeptide and a corresponding gene encoding the same polypeptide delivered by naked DNA immunization. Although naked DNA immunization induced somewhat greater direct ex vivo and in vitro recall responses 2 wk after a single immunization, only the polypeptide induced significant in vitro recall responses 6 wk following the priming immunization. These studies support further evaluation of multiepitope polypeptide vaccines for induction of CD8(+) IFN-gamma and HTL responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Buffers
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- DNA/administration & dosage
- DNA/immunology
- Drug Contamination
- Emulsions
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Freund's Adjuvant/immunology
- HLA Antigens/genetics
- HLA Antigens/immunology
- Humans
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Jurkat Cells
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/chemical synthesis
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Solubility
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- Transgenes/immunology
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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35
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Michel N, Osen W, Gissmann L, Schumacher TNM, Zentgraf H, Müller M. Enhanced immunogenicity of HPV 16 E7 fusion proteins in DNA vaccination. Virology 2002; 294:47-59. [PMID: 11886264 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccination is a promising approach for inducing both humoral and cellular immune responses. For immunotherapy of HPV-16-associated diseases the E7 protein is considered a prime candidate, as it is expressed in all HPV-16-positive tumors. Unfortunately, the E7 protein is a very poor inducer of a cytotoxic T-cell response, when being used as antigen in DNA vaccination. Here we demonstrate that after fusion to protein export/import signals such as the herpes simplex virus ferry protein VP22, E7 can translocate in vitro from VP22-E7-expressing cells to neighboring cells that do not carry the VP22-E7 gene. In vivo, the VP22-E7 fusion shows significantly increased efficiency in inducing a cytotoxic T-cell response. Our data suggest that the export function of VP22 plays a major role in this phenomenon, since VP22 can be replaced by classical protein export signals, without impairing the induction of the E7-specific cellular immune response. However, all E7 fusion constructs showed significantly elevated protein steady-state levels, which might also account for the observed boost in immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Michel
- Institut für Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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36
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Acosta-Rivero N, Alvarez-Obregón JC, Musacchio A, Falcón V, Dueñas-Carrera S, Marante J, Menéndez I, Morales J. In vitro self-assembled HCV core virus-like particles induce a strong antibody immune response in sheep. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 290:300-4. [PMID: 11779169 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.6177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro self-assembly properties of the entire hepatitis C virus core protein (HCcAg) obtained from Pichia pastoris cells and the induction of specific antibody immune response were studied. HCcAg was purified as a low-molecular-weight species by electroelution under denaturing conditions for confirmation of its self-assembly properties. After renaturalization, electron microscopy showed that HCcAg assembled into spherical particles of 30 nm. HCcAg also showed homogeneity and was specifically recognized by serum from a chronic HCV carrier patient. The data indicated that in vitro assembly of HCcAg, into virus-like particles resembling HCV nucleocapsid particles at a mature stage, is an intrinsic quality of this protein. Finally, HCcAg generated a strong antibody immune response in sheep, suggesting its usefulness for stimulating the host immune response against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Acosta-Rivero
- Division of Vaccines, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Ave. 31 e/158 y 190, P.O. Box 61562, C.P. 10 600, Havana City, Cuba.
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37
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den Boer AT, Diehl L, van Mierlo GJ, van der Voort EI, Fransen MF, Krimpenfort P, Melief CJ, Offringa R, Toes RE. Longevity of antigen presentation and activation status of APC are decisive factors in the balance between CTL immunity versus tolerance. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:2522-8. [PMID: 11509591 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.5.2522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Encounter of Ag by naive T cells can lead to T cell priming as well as tolerance. The balance between immunity and tolerance is controlled by the conditions of Ag encounter and the activation status of the APC. We have investigated the rules that govern this balance in case an environment that normally induces tolerance is reverted into a milieu that promotes T cell priming, using a minimal CTL epitope derived from human adenovirus type 5 E1A. Vaccination of mice s.c. with E1A peptide in IFA readily induces CTL tolerance, resulting in the inability to control E1A-expressing tumors. The present study shows that efficient CTL priming is achieved when this peptide vaccine is combined with systemic administration of APC-activating compounds like agonistic anti-CD40 mAb or polyriboinosinate-polyribocytidylate. Surprisingly, this CTL response is not long-lasting and therefore fails to protect against tumor outgrowth. Disappearance of CTL reactivity was strongly associated with systemic persistence of the peptide for >200 days. In contrast, peptide administered in PBS does not persist and generates long term CTL immunity capable of rejecting Ad5E1A-positive tumors, when combined with CD40 triggering. Thus, presentation of CTL epitopes in an appropriate costimulatory setting by activated APC, although being essential and sufficient for CTL priming, eventually results in tolerance when the Ag persists systemically for prolonged times. These observations are important for the development of immune intervention schemes in autoimmunity and cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adenovirus E1A Proteins/administration & dosage
- Adenovirus E1A Proteins/immunology
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- CD40 Antigens/metabolism
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Kinetics
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- A T den Boer
- Department of Immunohematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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38
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Dijkstra JM, Fischer U, Sawamoto Y, Ototake M, Nakanishi T. Exogenous antigens and the stimulation of MHC class I restricted cell-mediated cytotoxicity: possible strategies for fish vaccines. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 11:437-458. [PMID: 11556476 DOI: 10.1006/fsim.2001.0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An MHC class I restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity assay has recently been established for rainbow trout. MHC class I restricted cytotoxicity probably plays a critical role in immunity to most viral diseases in mammals and may play a similar role in fish. Therefore, it is very important to investigate what types of vaccines can stimulate this immune response. Although logical candidates for vaccine components that can stimulate an MHC class I restricted response are live attenuated viruses and DNA vaccines, these materials are generally not allowed in fish for commercial vaccine use due to potential safety issues. In mammals, however, a number of interesting vaccination strategies based on exogenous antigens that stimulate MHC class I restricted cytotoxicity have been described. Several of these strategies are discussed in this review in the context of fish vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Dijkstra
- Immunology Section, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Tamaki, Mie, Japan
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39
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Osen W, Peiler T, Ohlschläger P, Caldeira S, Faath S, Michel N, Müller M, Tommasino M, Jochmus I, Gissmann L. A DNA vaccine based on a shuffled E7 oncogene of the human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV 16) induces E7-specific cytotoxic T cells but lacks transforming activity. Vaccine 2001; 19:4276-86. [PMID: 11457555 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination with oncogene-derived DNA for anti-cancer treatment carries a risk of de-novo tumor induction triggered by the persisting recombinant DNA. We hypothesized that an oncoprotein whose primary sequence has been rearranged ('shuffled') to maintain all possible T cell epitopes still induces cytotoxic T cells against the authentic protein but is devoid of transforming properties. As a model antigen, we used the E7 oncoprotein of the human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16, the major cause of cervical cancer. We have generated an artificial E7 molecule in which four domains were rearranged and, in order to maintain all possible T cell epitopes, certain sequences were duplicated. Upon transfection of this shuffled E7 gene (E7SH) into RMA cells, presentation of an E7 Db-restricted T cell epitope was shown by an E7-specific CTL line in vitro. Immunization of C57BL/6 mice with E7SH DNA induced E7-specific CTL and also conveyed protection against E7-positive syngeneic tumor cells. No transforming activity of E7SH DNA in NIH3T3 cells was detected, as determined by focus formation, induction of S-phase under conditions of serum deprivation and degradation of endogenous pRB. Our results suggest that DNA shuffling may become a promising concept for DNA-based anti-cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Osen
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Angewandte Tumorvirologie Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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40
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Sarukhan A, Soudais C, Danos O, Jooss K. Factors influencing cross-presentation of non-self antigens expressed from recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors. J Gene Med 2001; 3:260-70. [PMID: 11437331 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated that recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors expressing the influenza virus hemagglutinin (rAAV-HA) in skeletal muscle results in T-cell priming and muscle fiber destruction due to cross-presentation of HA by dendritic cells (DC). Based on controversial observations concerning the stability of non-self proteins expressed from rAAV vectors it is important to understand the factors influencing cross-presentation of transgene products following rAAV mediated gene transfer, in order to be able to use this vector safely in the clinic. METHODS In order to understand the factors influencing in vivo cross-presentation of non-self proteins, we have retargeted the immunogenic lacZ protein in the context of rAAV from the cytoplasm to the cell surface and studied the activation of LacZ specific immune responses following intramuscular mediated gene transfer. In addition, using tools available for studying in vitro HA-specific T-cell activation, our aim was to identify the cell types involved in class I and class II restricted cross-presentation as well as the nature of the cross-presented material. RESULTS By retargeting the lacZ protein in the context of rAAV to the cell membrane, we found that one of the factors influencing the efficiency of cross-presentation of non-self antigens is the localization of the transgene product within the target cells. Following rAAV-LacZ mediated gene transfer to the muscle we demonstrated that the membrane-bound form of LacZ resulted in target cell destruction, which is in stark contrast to the stability observed with rAAV-LacZ vectors expressing the cytoplasmic form of LacZ. Using an in vitro assay, we were able to show that dendritic cells (DC) in addition to B-cells cross-presented HA to class II restricted T-cells whereas only the former were able to activate class I restricted CD8+ T-cells. High-dose antigens were needed for efficient class I restricted T-cell priming, whereas class II restricted T-cells were activated by less antigen. CONCLUSION The present results indicate that immune responses to non-self antigens expressed from rAAV vectors depend on the accessibility of such antigens to different local antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sarukhan
- Institut Necker, INSERM 345, Paris, France
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41
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Gérard CM, Baudson N, Kraemer K, Bruck C, Garçon N, Paterson Y, Pan ZK, Pardoll D. Therapeutic potential of protein and adjuvant vaccinations on tumour growth. Vaccine 2001; 19:2583-9. [PMID: 11257396 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Over 90% of cervical cancers are associated with HPV infection, the commonest being the HPV-16 subtype. Two early viral genes, E6 and 7, play major roles in the development and maintenance of the malignant phenotype. The vaccine potential of a recombinant HPV16 E7 protein was examined in two murine models of E7-expressing tumours. Formulations including the immunostimulants MPL and QS21 induced therapeutically active immune responses leading to regression of pre-established TC1 tumour lesions, associated with induction of IgG antibodies, lymphoproliferation and CTL. Our data provide a clear incentive to investigate the clinical application of this approach in cancer immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Female
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- In Vitro Techniques
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Nude
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/immunology
- Papillomaviridae
- Papillomavirus E7 Proteins
- Papillomavirus Infections/immunology
- Papillomavirus Infections/pathology
- Papillomavirus Infections/therapy
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Virus Infections/immunology
- Tumor Virus Infections/pathology
- Tumor Virus Infections/therapy
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/immunology
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathology
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/therapy
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/therapeutic use
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Gérard
- SmithKline Beecham Biologicals, R&D, Preclinical Immunology, Rue de 1'Institut 89, B-1330, Rixensart, Belgium.
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42
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Schreiber H, Wu TH, Nachman J, Rowley DA. Immunological enhancement of primary tumor development and its prevention. Semin Cancer Biol 2000; 10:351-7. [PMID: 11100883 DOI: 10.1006/scbi.2000.0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While it has been known for decades that the growth of tumor transplants can be enhanced immunologically, the potential significance of these previous findings to the development of primary tumors and the mechanisms of tumor enhancement has remained obscure. This review will summarize recent experiments indicating that primary tumor development can be enhanced by active immunization. The evidence suggests that antibodies, B cells and CD4+ T cells can play a critical role in enhancing the development of primary, tumors, whereas endogenous interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) can counteract enhancement. Thus, we envision two possible functions of IFNgamma: (i) preventing B cell and antibody enhancement and (ii) counteracting tumor promotion independent of T and B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schreiber
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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43
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Haicheur N, Bismuth E, Bosset S, Adotevi O, Warnier G, Lacabanne V, Regnault A, Desaymard C, Amigorena S, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Goud B, Fridman WH, Johannes L, Tartour E. The B subunit of Shiga toxin fused to a tumor antigen elicits CTL and targets dendritic cells to allow MHC class I-restricted presentation of peptides derived from exogenous antigens. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:3301-8. [PMID: 10975847 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.6.3301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunization with peptide or recombinant proteins generally fails to elicit CTL, which are thought to play a key role in the control of virus-infected cells and tumor growth. In this study we show that the nontoxic B subunit of Shiga toxin fused to a tumor peptide derived from the mouse mastocytoma P815 can induce specific CTL in mice without the use of adjuvant. The Shiga B subunit acts as a vector rather than as an adjuvant, because coinjection of the tumor peptide and the B subunit as separate entities does not lead to CTL induction. We also demonstrated that in vitro the B subunit mediates the delivery of various exogenous CD8 T cell epitopes into the conventional MHC class I-restricted pathway, as this process is inhibited by brefeldin A and lactacystin and requires a functional TAP system. In contrast to other nonviral methods for transport of exogenous Ags into the endogenous MHC class I pathway that involve macropinocytosis or phagocytosis, the Shiga B subunit targets this pathway in a receptor-dependent manner, namely via binding to the glycolipid Gb3. Because this receptor is highly expressed on various dendritic cells, it should allow preferential targeting of the Shiga B subunit to these professional APCs. Therefore, the Shiga B subunit appears to represent an attractive vector for vaccine development due to its ability to target dendritic cells and to induce specific CTL without the need for adjuvant.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/physiology
- Acetylcysteine/analogs & derivatives
- Acetylcysteine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/drug effects
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Bacterial Toxins/administration & dosage
- Bacterial Toxins/genetics
- Bacterial Toxins/immunology
- Bacterial Toxins/metabolism
- Brefeldin A/pharmacology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Intracellular Fluid/immunology
- Intracellular Fluid/metabolism
- Leukemia L1210
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Ovalbumin/administration & dosage
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Ovalbumin/metabolism
- Peptides/immunology
- Peptides/metabolism
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Sarcoma, Experimental/genetics
- Sarcoma, Experimental/immunology
- Shiga Toxins
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- N Haicheur
- Unité d'Immunologie Clinique, Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 255, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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44
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Tartour E, Ciree A, Haicheur N, Benchetrit F, Fridman WH. Development of non-live vectors and procedures (liposomes, pseudo-viral particles, toxin, beads, adjuvantsellipsis) as tools for cancer vaccines. Immunol Lett 2000; 74:45-50. [PMID: 10996627 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(00)00248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant virus encoding tumor antigens are the most used vectors in human clinical trials of cancer vaccines because of their ability to target exogenous antigen in the endogenous MHC class I pathway and to elicit CTL. However, their use requires different constraining procedures to avoid their spreading. The immunosuppression of cancer patients may also increase their intrinsic toxicity. Therefore, the development of non-live vectors may avoid these drawbacks. Different groups now clearly demonstrated that particulate antigens when they are phagocytosed could be targeted in the MHC class I pathway. They also induce CTL in mice which when immunized with these particulate antigens were protected against a challenge with tumors expressing this antigen. Other strategies using toxins or antigens fused or incorporated into various oil or lipid based chemical adjuvants have also succeeded in the induction of CTL response and in some cases have been shown to be efficient as cancer vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tartour
- Institut Curie, Inserm U 255, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05, Paris, France.
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45
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Korematsu S, Tanaka Y, Hosoi S, Koyanagi S, Yokota T, Mikami B, Minato N. C8/119S mutation of major mite allergen Derf-2 leads to degenerate secondary structure and molecular polymerization and induces potent and exclusive Th1 cell differentiation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:2895-902. [PMID: 10946323 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.5.2895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hyposensitization therapy for atopic diseases has been conducted for decades but suffered from many problems including anaphylactic reactions. We previously developed a mutant protein of the major mite allergen Derf-2, C8/119S, which showed reduced binding to IgE. The C8/119S mutant was shown to exhibit more efficient hyposensitizing effect than Derf-2 in the animal model of allergic bronchial asthma. In the present study, we indicate that C8/119S exhibits markedly augmented immunogenicity for the proliferation of Derf-2-specific human T cells and T cell clones irrespective of the epitope specificity as compared with Derf-2. Furthermore, C8/119S has induced potent and almost exclusive differentiation of Th1 cells from the peripheral blood of atopic patients in vitro. Neither Ag dosage effect nor absence of B cell-mediated Ag presentation could fully account for these effects. C8/119S has been indicated to lose the characteristic beta-barrel structure as judged by circular dichroism spectroscopic analysis and to polymerize solubly in physiological condition. Heating of Derf-2 also caused less stable molecular aggregation, but it hardly affected the secondary structure and failed to induce such a polarity toward the Th1 cell differentiation. These results have indicated that the degenerate secondary structure of C8/119S leading to stable molecular polymerization is primarily responsible for the marked increase in T cell-immunogenicity and the induction of exclusive Th1 cell differentiation in atopic patients. It has been suggested strongly that the recombinant C8/119S protein can provide an effective Ag with the least risk of anaphylaxis for allergen immunotherapy against house dust mite in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Korematsu
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, and Research Institute for Food Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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46
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Karlsson MR, Kahu H, Hanson LA, Telemo E, Dahlgren UI. Tolerance and bystander suppression, with involvement of CD25-positive cells, is induced in rats receiving serum from ovalbumin-fed donors. Immunology 2000; 100:326-33. [PMID: 10929054 PMCID: PMC2327017 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study we have investigated if transfer of serum from rats fed ovalbumin (OVA) leads to specific tolerance and bystander suppression in recipient animals. Rats that received serum from OVA-fed donors had a lower delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction (DTH) both against OVA and the bystander antigen, human serum albumin (HSA), compared with recipients given serum from control-fed animals. The in vitro proliferation of OVA- and HSA-stimulated spleen cells and the serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels against OVA and HSA were also lower in the animals that received serum from OVA-fed animals compared with the controls. There was no reduction of the immune response to HSA if the recipient animals, given serum from OVA-fed donors were immunized with OVA and HSA at separate sites. Depletion of CD25-positive cells from spleen suspensions from rats receiving serum from OVA-fed animals, resulted in a significant increase in proliferation of OVA-stimulated cells in vitro compared with the controls. Tolerogenic activity could be demonstrated, both in a fraction from serum containing structures smaller than 100 000 MW and a fraction with components larger than 100 000 MW, compared with size-related serum fractions obtained from control-fed animals. This implies that the tolerogenic activity could be mediated by more than one serum component. The tolerogenic activity was most prominent in animals receiving the larger size fraction with a more pronounced suppression of the DTH reaction and lower levels of IgG anti-OVA antibodies in serum compared with controls. A novel finding in the present study was that the transfer of serum, collected from rats fed OVA, led to a reduction of the immune response to a bystander antigen in the recipients. This suggests that the induced tolerance is at least partly due to suppression. The suppression could have been mediated by CD25-positive cells since removal of these cells resulted in an increased in vitro proliferation against OVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Immunology, and Department of Endodontics/Oral Diagnosis, University of Göteborg, Sweden
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47
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Pepperl S, Münster J, Mach M, Harris JR, Plachter B. Dense bodies of human cytomegalovirus induce both humoral and cellular immune responses in the absence of viral gene expression. J Virol 2000; 74:6132-46. [PMID: 10846097 PMCID: PMC112112 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.13.6132-6146.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2000] [Accepted: 04/10/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of fibroblast cell cultures with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) leads to the production of significant amounts of defective enveloped particles, termed dense bodies (DB). These noninfectious structures contain major antigenic determinants which are responsible for induction of both the humoral and the cellular immune response against HCMV. We tested the hypothesis that, by virtue of their unique antigenic and structural properties, DB could induce a significant immune response in the absence of infectious virus. Mice were immunized with gradient-purified DB, which were either left untreated or subjected to sequential rounds of sonication and freeze-thawing to prevent cellular entry. Titers of neutralizing antibodies induced by DB were in a range comparable to levels present in convalescent human sera. The virus-neutralizing antibody response was surprisingly durable, with neutralizing antibodies detected 12 months following primary immunization. The HCMV-specific major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted cytolytic T-cell (CTL) response was assayed using mice transgenic for the human HLA-A2 molecule. Immunization with DB led to high levels of HCMV-specific CTL in the absence of de novo viral protein synthesis. Maximal total cytolytic activity in mice immunized with DB was nearly as efficient as the cytolytic activity induced by a standard immunization with murine cytomegalovirus. Furthermore, DB induced a typical T-helper 1 (Th1)-dominated immune response in mice, as determined by cytokine and immunoglobulin G isotype analysis. Induction of humoral and cellular immune responses was achieved without the concomitant use of adjuvant. We thus propose that DB can serve as a basis for the future development of a recombinant nonreplicating vaccine against HCMV. Finally, such particles could be engineered for efficient delivery of antigens from other pathogens to the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pepperl
- Institute for Virology, University of Mainz, Germany
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48
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Jekle A, Obst R, Lang F, Rammensee HG, Gulbins E. CD95/CD95 ligand-mediated counterattack does not block T cell cytotoxicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 272:395-9. [PMID: 10833425 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Expression of CD95 ligand on parenchymal, epithelial, or tumor cells has been suggested to downregulate the immune response and to control lymphocyte activation. Suppression might be mediated by induction of apoptosis or by inhibition of Ca(2+) channels upon CD95 triggering. We, therefore, aimed to employ this model to modify the immune response to an antigen presented to cytotoxic T cells by antigen-presenting MC57 cells. This model would be very useful to specifically downregulate the immune response to autoantigens in autoimmune situations. However, cytotoxic T cell lines tested in the present study were resistant to CD95 ligand expression on antigen-presenting MC57 cells. In addition, coincubation of the lymphocytes with antigen presenting cells failed to block cytotoxicity mediated by the T lymphocytes. We, therefore, conclude that single expression of CD95 ligand on antigen-presenting cells is insufficient to specifically downregulate an immune response by CD8(+-)triggered immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jekle
- Department of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Germany
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49
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Siegel CT, Schreiber K, Meredith SC, Beck-Engeser GB, Lancki DW, Lazarski CA, Fu YX, Rowley DA, Schreiber H. Enhanced growth of primary tumors in cancer-prone mice after immunization against the mutant region of an inherited oncoprotein. J Exp Med 2000; 191:1945-56. [PMID: 10839809 PMCID: PMC2213520 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.11.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/1999] [Accepted: 02/29/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One major objective of tumor immunologists is to prevent cancer development in individuals at high risk. (TG.AC x C57BL/6)F1 mice serve as a model for testing the feasibility of this objective. The mice carry in the germline a mutant ras oncogene that has an arginine at codon 12 instead of glycine present in the wild-type, and after physical (wounding) or chemical promotion, these mice have a high probability for developing papillomas that progress to cancer. Furthermore, F1 mice immunized with Arg(12) mutant ras peptide in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) develop T cells within 10 d that proliferate in vitro on stimulation with the Arg(12) mutant ras peptide. Within 14 d, these mice have delayed-type hypersensitivity to the peptide. Immunization with CFA alone or with a different Arg(12) mutant ras peptide in CFA induced neither response. To determine the effect of immunization on development of tumors, mice immunized 3 wk earlier were painted on the back with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate every 3 d for 8 wk. The time of appearance and the number of papillomas were about the same in immunized and control mice, but the tumors grew faster and became much larger in the mice immunized with the Arg(12) mutant ras peptide. Thus, the immunization failed to protect against growth of papillomas. The peptide-induced CD4(+) T cells preferentially recognized the peptide but not the native mutant ras protein. On the other hand, mice immunized with Arg(12) mutant ras peptide and bearing papillomas had serum antibodies that did bind native mutant ras protein. Together, these studies indicate that active immunization of cancer-prone individuals may result in immune responses that fail to eradicate mutant oncogene-expressing tumor cells, but rather induce a remarkable enhancement of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Schreiber
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | | | | | - David W. Lancki
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | | | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Donald A. Rowley
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Hans Schreiber
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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50
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Lópex-Días de Cerio AL, Casares N, Lasarte JJ, Sarobe P, Pérez-Mediavilla LA, Ruiz M, Prieto J, Borrás-Cuesta F. T(h)1 but not T(h)0 cell help is efficient to induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes by immunization with short synthetic peptides. Int Immunol 1999; 11:2025-34. [PMID: 10590268 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/11.12.2025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization of BALB/c mice with peptide HVSGHRMAWDMMMNWA, encompassing residues 121-135 from hepatitis C virus E1 protein, induced CD4(+) T(h)1 cells as well as a long-lasting CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response in vivo when the peptide was administered s.c. with or without incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Using truncated peptides from this sequence it was shown that the determinant recognized by cytotoxic T cells was encompassed by residues SGHRMAWDM. Deletion of residues from the N-terminus or the C-terminus of the wild-type peptide abrogated its helper character. When Val122 of the wild peptide was replaced by Ala, the ability to induce a cytotoxic response was lost concomitantly with the loss of the T(h)1 pattern of cytokine production. Interestingly, the Ala-modified peptide, when co-immunized with a peptide encompassing residues 323-329 from ovalbumin (OVA), which is able to induce a T(h)1 response in BALB/c mice, restored the capacity of the modified peptide to induce CTL. However, co-immunization of the Ala-modified peptide with a peptide encompassing residues 106-118 from sperm whale myoglobin, which induces a T(h)0 cytokine profile in BALB/c mice, was much less efficient than the OVA peptide to restore CTL induction. These results demonstrate that CTL induction with a short synthetic peptide requires that this peptide contains domains recognized by T(c) cells as well as by T(h)1 cells. For those peptides that do not contain this type of T(h) domain, competent T cell help can be provided by co-immunization with a distinct peptide that is able to stimulate a T(h)1 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Lópex-Días de Cerio
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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